Chapter 4
Invariant die and adverbial resumption in the
Ghent dialect
This chapter focusses on the apparent V3 pattern
in (1), which is salient
with some speakers of the Ghent dialect: an initial adverbial
constituent in the root clause, vroeger
(‘formerly’), is separated from the finite verb by an optional
‘pleonastic’ (Vanacker
1980) element, die. The element
die has no impact on the truth value of the
proposition it introduces.
(1)
Vroeger,
(die)
bakten
wij
vier
soorten
brood
Formerly
(die)
baked
we
four
sorts
bread
‘We used to bake four kinds of bread.’
(Gijzenzele
0.28) (Vanacker
1980: 76)
The chapter focusses on the distribution of
resumptive constituents in Standard Dutch and in the Ghent dialect,
comparing Ghent resumptive die with alternative
adverbial resumptives in the Ghent dialect and with the
corresponding StD resumptives. A first analysis is based on the
Poletto/Wolfe V2 typology, which proposes that the Germanic
languages are characterised by a Force-V2 requirement, meaning that
the finite verb moves to Force, via Fin. We argue – in line with the
literature – that the resumptive adverbial dan in
StD and the Ghent dialect is phrasal, it merges TP-internally, moves
via SpecFinP to SpecForceP and satisfies the Force V2-constraint. A
constituent preceding resumptive dan is
clause-external. In contrast, resumptive die in the
Ghent dialect is a head which spells out Force. Because Force is
spelt out by die, the finite verb halts in Fin. The
final part of the chapter speculates on an alternative analysis in
terms of a fully articulated left periphery in which
die is a variant of Force that is specifically
involved in the indirect satisfaction of LP criteria on Top and
Foc.
Article outline
- 1.Scope and goals of the chapter
- 1.1The V2 constraint
- 1.2Resumptive V3
- 1.2.1Argument resumption
- 1.2.2Adverbial resumption
- 1.3Resumption in the Ghent dialect
- 1.3.1Nominal CLD
- 1.3.2Adverbial resumption
- 1.4Goals
- 2.Adverbial resumption: Specialized resumption vs. generalized resumption
- 2.1Specialized resumptives
- 2.2Generalized resumptives
- 2.3Specialized vs. generalized resumptives
- 3.Invariant die in the Ghent dialect
- 3.1The initial adverbial constituent
- 3.1.1Categorial features
- 3.1.2Optionality
- 3.2Discourse function of the resumptive patterns
- 3.2.1Nominal CLD
- 3.2.2Adverbial CLD
- 3.2.3Arguments against the generalized topic analysis
- 3.2.4An additional contrast between specialized resumptives
and invariant die
- 3.3The resumptive constituent
- 3.3.1Focusing
- 3.3.2Mid-position of the resumptive
- 3.3.3P-stranding and resumptive V3 patterns
- 3.4Summary and outline of a derivation
- 4.The cartography of invariant die
resumption
- 4.1The ingredients
- 4.2The options
- 4.3Invariant die as a left peripheral expletive
- 4.4Invariant die as a left peripheral head
- 4.4.1
Invariant die as a root
complementizer
- 4.4.2Some predictions of the analysis
- 4.4.3
Verb first, null operators and invariant
die
- 4.5Enriching the Wolfe/Poletto hypothesis: An articulated left periphery
- 4.5.1The articulated left periphery and indirect satisfaction
of the criteria
- 4.5.2Satisfying the LP criteria by enriched Force
- 4.5.2.1SubjP, the Subject Criterion and subject
extraction
- 4.5.2.2Enriching Force
- 4.5.2.3The derivation of Force-V2
- 5.Summary
-
Notes
-
References
References
Astruc-Aguilera, Lluisa
2005 The form and function of extra-sentential
elements.
Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics 2: 1–25.

Benincà, Paola
2006 A detailed map of the left periphery of medieval
Romance. In
Crosslinguistic Research in Syntax and Semantics:
Negation, Tense and Clausal Architecture,
Raffaella Zanuttini (ed.), 53–86. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.

Borsley, Robert, Tallerman, Maggie & Willis, David
2007 The Syntax of Welsh. Cambridge: CUP.


Broekhuis, Hans & Corver, Norbert
2016 Syntax of Dutch. Verbs and Verb Phrases, Vol. 3,
Chapter 14: Main clause-external elements. Amsterdam: AUP.


Catasso, Nicholas
(
2015)
On Postinitial Aber and Other Syntactic Transgressions: Some Considerations on the Nature of V2 in German.
Journal of Germanic Linguistics, 27(4): 317–365.


Chomsky, Noam & Lasnik, Howard
1977 Filters and control.
Linguistic Inquiry 8: 425–504.

Cinque, Guglielmo
1977 The movement nature of left
dislocation.
Linguistic Inquiry 8: 397–412

Cinque, Guglielmo
1990 Types of A’ Dependencies. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.

D’Avis, Franz Josef
2004 In front of the prefield – inside or outside the clause? In he syntax and semantics of the left periphery,
Horst Lohnstein &
Susanne Trissler (eds), 139–177. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

De Clercq, Karen & Haegeman, Liliane
2018 The typology of V2 and the distribution of
pleonastic DIE in the Ghent dialect.
Front. Psychol. 9: 1342.


Eide, Kristin Melum
2011 Norwegian (non-V2) declaratives, resumptive
elements, and the Wackernagel position.
Nordic Journal of Linguistics 34(2): 179–213.


Eide, Kristin Melum & Sollid, Hilde
2007 Om verbplassering og så-konstruksjonen i to
språkmøter.
NOA. Norsk som andrespråk 23: 5–32

Ferraresi, Gisella & Goldbach, Maria
2003 Particles and sentence structure: A historical
perspective. In
Syntactic Structures and Morphological
Information,
Uwe Junghanns &
Luka Szucsich (eds). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.


Haegeman, Liliane
1984
Die and dat in West
Flemish relative clauses. In
Linguistics in the Netherlands,
Hans Bennis &
Wus Van Lessen Kloeke (eds), 83–91. Dordrecht: Foris.

Haegeman, Liliane
1996 Verb second, the split CP and null subjects in
early Dutch finite clauses.
GenGenP.
[URL]
Haegeman, Liliane & Ürögdi, Barbara
2010a Referential CPs and DPs: An operator movement
account.
Theoretical Linguistics 36: 111–152.


Haegeman, Liliane & Ürögdi, Barbara
2010b Operator movement, referentiality and
intervention.
Theoretical Linguistics 36: 233–246.


Haegeman, Liliane & Danckaert, Lieven
2017 Variation in English subject extraction: The case
of hyperactive subjects. In
Studies on Syntactic Cartography,
Fuzhen Si (ed.), 303–335. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.

Haegeman, Liliane & Greco, Ciro
2018 West Flemish V3 and the interaction of syntax and
discourse.
Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 21: 1–56.


Haegeman, Liliane and Ciro Greco
2018 West Flemish V3 and the interaction of syntax and discourse.
Journal of comparative Germanic Linguistics: 49–81.

Haegeman, Liliane & Ürögdi, Barbara
2010a Referential CPs and DPs: An operator movement
account.
Theoretical Linguistics 36: 111–152.


Haegeman, Liliane & Ürögdi, Barbara
2010b Operator movement, referentiality and
intervention.
Theoretical Linguistics 36: 233–246.


van Hoe, Lieven
1981 Enkele syntactische kenmerken van het dialect van
Melle. Licentiate dissertation, Ghent University.

Hoekstra, Eric
1999 On D-pronouns and the movement of Topic
features.
Folia Linguistica XXXIII: 59–74.


Holmberg, Anders
2015 Verb second. In
Syntax. An International Handbook of Contemporary
Syntactic Research, 2nd edn,
Tibor Kiss &
Artemis Alexiadou (eds), 343–384. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Holmberg, Anders
2016 The Syntax of Yes and No. Oxford: OUP.

Holmberg, Anders
2020 On the Bottleneck Hypothesis of V2 in
Swedish. In
Rethinking Verb Second,
Rebecca Woods &
Sam Wolfe (eds). Oxford: OUP.


Hsu, Brian
2017 Verb second and its deviations: An argument for
feature scattering in the left periphery.
Glossa 2: 1–33.


Frey, Werner
2016 On some correlations between formal and interpretative properties of causal clauses. In
Reich, Ingo &
Augustin Speyer (eds.).
Co- and subordination in German and other languages. Special issue of Linguistische Berichte 21, 153–179. Hamburg: Buske.

Jouitteau, Mélanie
2005 La syntaxe comparée du Breton. PhD dissertation, University of Nantes.

Koopman, Hilda J.
2000 Prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and
particles. In
The Syntax of Specifiers and Heads. Collected Essays of
Hilda J. Koopman, 204–260. London: Routledge.

Koopman, Hilda J.
2010 The Dutch PP. In
Mapping Spatial PPs: The Cartography of Syntactic
Structures, Vol. 6,
Guglielmo Cinque &
Luigi Rizzi (eds), 26–74. Oxford: OUP.


Koster, Jan
1978 Why subject sentences don’t exist. In
Recent Transformational Studies in European
Languages,
Samuel Jay Keyser (ed.), 53–64. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.

Ledgeway, Adam
2008 Satisfying V2 in early Romance: Merge vs.
Move.
Journal of Linguistics 44: 437–470.


Ledgeway, Adam
2012 From Latin to Romance: Morphosyntactic Typology and
Change. Oxford: OUP.


Leemans, Emilienne
1966 Syntactische kenmerken van het Gents
dialect. Licentiate dissertation, Ghent University.

Leu, Thomas
2015 Generalized x-to-C in Germanic.
Studia Linguistica 69: 272–303.


Meinunger, André
2004 Verb position, verbal mood and the anchoring
(potential) of sentences. In
The Syntax and Semantics of the Left Periphery,
Horst Lohnstein &
Susanne Trissler (eds), 313–341. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.


Meklenborg, Christine
2020 Adverbial resumptive particles and Verb
second. In
Rethinking Verb Second,
Rebecca Woods &
Sam Wolfe (eds), 90–125. Oxford: OUP.


Mikkelsen, Line
2015 VP anaphora and verb-second order in
Danish.
Journal of Linguistics 51: 595–643.


Noonan, Máire
2017 Dutch and German R-pronouns and
P-stranding. In
The Structure of Words at the Interfaces,
Heather Newell,
Máire Noonan,
Glyne Piggott &
Lisa deMena Travis (eds). Oxford: OUP.

Nordström, Jackie
2010 The Swedish så-construction, a
new point of departure.
Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 8: 37–63.

Poletto, Cecilia
2013 On V2 types. In
The Bloomsbury Companion to Syntax,
Sylvia Luraghi &
Claudia Parodi (eds), 154–164. London: Bloomsbury.

Poletto, Cecilia
2014 Word Order in Old Italian. Oxford: OUP.


van Reenen, Pieter & Schøsler, Lene
Rizzi, Luigi
1997 The fine structure of the left
periphery. In
Elements of Grammar,
Liliane Haegeman (eds), 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer.


Rizzi, Luigi
2004 Locality and the left periphery. In
Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic
Structures, Vol. 3,
Adriana Belletti (ed.), 223–251. Oxford: OUP.

Rizzi, Luigi
2006 On the form of chains: Criterial positions and
ECP effects. In
Wh-movement: Moving On,
Lisa Cheng &
Norbert Corver (eds), 97–133. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.

Rizzi, Luigi & Shlonsky, Ur
2006 Satisfying the subject criterion by a non
subject: English locative inversion and heavy NP
shift. In
Phases of Interpretation,
Mara Frascarelli (ed.), 341–361. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.


Rizzi, Luigi & Shlonsky, Ur
2007 Strategies of subject extraction. In
Interfaces + Recursion = Language? Chomsky’s Minimalism
and the View from Syntax-semantics,
Uli Sauerland &
Hans-Martin Gärtner (eds), 115–160. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Roberts, Ian
2004 The C-system in Brythonic Celtic languages, V2,
and the EPP. In
The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 3,
Luigi Rizzi (ed.), 297–327. Oxford: OUP.

Roberts, Ian
2005 Principles and Parameters in a VSO Language: A Case
Study in Welsh. Oxford: OUP.


Roberts, Ian & Roussou, Anna
2002 The extended projection principle as a condition
on the tense dependency. In
Subjects, Expletives and the EPP,
Peter Svenonius (ed.), 125–155. Oxford: OUP.

Rullman, Hotze & Zwart, C. Jan-Wouter
1996 On saying dat
. In
Progress in Linguistics,
Roel Jonkes,
Edith Kaan &
Anko Wiegel (eds), 249–259. The Hague: Mouton.

Salvesen, Christine Meklenborg
Salvi, Giampaolo
2004 La formazione della struttura di frase romanza. Ordine delle parole e clitici dal latino alle lingue romanze antiche, Tübingen: Niemeyer 2004, pp. VIII+228 (
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, Band 323).

Starke, Michal
2001 Move Dissolved into Merge. A Theory of
Locality. PhD dissertation, University of Genea.

Sollid, Hilde & Eide, Kristin Melum
2007 On verb second and the så-construction in two
Mainland Scandinavian contact situations.
Nordlyd 34(3).


Vanacker, Valère F.
1980 Een Vlaams adverbiaal steuntje. In
Liber Amicorum Weijnen, Een bundel opstellen aan Prof.
dr. A. Weijnen bij zijn zeventigste verjaardag,
Joep Kruijsen (eds), 73–78. Assen: Van Gorcum.

Vance, Barbara S.
1997 Syntactic Change in Medieval French: Verb-Second and
Null Subjects [
Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
41]. Dordrecht: Kluwer.


Vanelli, Laura, Renzi, Lorenzo & Benincà, Paola
1985 Typologie des pronoms sujets dans les langues
romanes. In
Linguistique descriptive: Phonétique, morphologie et
lexique. Actes du XVIIe Congrès International de
Linguistique et Philologie Romanes, Aix-en-Provence, 29
août-3 septembre 1983. Aix-en-Provence: Université de Provence.

de Vries, Mark
2009 The left and right periphery in
Dutch.
The Linguistic Review 26: 291–327.


Williams, Edwin
1977 Discourse and logical form.
Linguistic Inquiry 8: 101–139.

Wolfe, Sam
2015a Microvariation in Medieval Romance Syntax, A
Comparative Study. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.

Wolfe, Sam
2015b The nature of Old Spanish verb second
reconsidered.
Lingua 164: 132–155.


Wolfe, Sam
2016 On the left periphery of V2
languages.
Selected papers from the 41st Incontro di Grammatica
Generativa. Rivista di Grammatica Generativa 38: 287–310.

Wolfe, Sam
Under review.
Probing the syntax of a problematic particle: Old
French ‘SI’ revisited.
Zwart, Jan-Wouter
1997 Morphosyntax of Verb Movement. A Minimalist Approach to
the Syntax of Dutch. Dordrecht: Kluwer.


Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Karen De Clercq, Liliane Haegeman, Terje Lohndal & Christine Meklenborg
2023.
Adverbial Resumption in Verb Second Languages,

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 31 october 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.