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Epistemological issue with keynote article “Different speakers, different grammars: Individual differences in native language attainment” by Ewa Dabrowska
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2:3] 2012
► pp. 219–253
keynote-epistemological-article

Different speakers, different grammars

Individual differences in native language attainment

| Northumbria University

This article reviews several recent studies suggesting that — contrary to a widespread belief — adult monolingual native speakers of the same language do not share the same mental grammar. The studies examined various aspects of linguistic knowledge, including inflectional morphology, passives, quantifiers, and more complex constructions with subordinate clauses. The findings suggest that, in some cases, language learners attend to different cues in the input and end up with different grammars; in others, some speakers extract only fairly specific, ‘local’ generalizations which apply to particular subclasses of items while others acquire more abstract rules which apply ‘across the board’. At least some of these differences are education-related: more educated speakers appear to acquire more general rules, possibly as a result of more varied linguistic experience. These findings have interesting consequences for research on bilingualism, particularly for research on ultimate attainment in second language acquisition, as well as important methodological implications for all language sciences.

Keywords: individual differences, ultimate attainment, first language acquisition, second language acquisition, academic achievement, passive, quantifier, subordination, inflectional morphology
Article outline
  • Polish genitive singular masculine inflection
  • Polish dative singular inflection
  • Four complex English constructions
  • Passives
  • Quantifiers, and passives again
  • Competence or performance?
  • Reasons for individual differences
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 7 September 2012
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.3.01dab
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2022. Constructionist approaches to creativity. Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 10:1 ► pp. 259 ff. DOI logo
Houghton, Zachary N. & Vsevolod Kapatsinski
2023. Are your random effects normal? A simulation study of methods for estimating whether subjects or items come from more than one population by examining the distribution of random effects in mixed-effects logistic regression. Behavior Research Methods DOI logo
HSIAO, Yaling, Nicola J. DAWSON, Nilanjana BANERJI & Kate NATION
2023. The nature and frequency of relative clauses in the language children hear and the language children read: A developmental cross-corpus analysis of English complex grammar. Journal of Child Language 50:3 ► pp. 555 ff. DOI logo
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2015. Explaining phenomena of first and second language acquisition with the constructs of implicit and explicit learning. In Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages [Studies in Bilingualism, 48], ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
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2019. An Individual‐Differences Framework for Comparing Nonnative With Native Speakers: Perspectives From BLC Theory. Language Learning 69:S1 ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Ibbotson, Paul, Diana G. López & Alan J. McKane
2018. Goldilocks Forgetting in Cross-Situational Learning. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Janda, Laura A.
2019. Quantitative perspectives in Cognitive Linguistics. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17:1 ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
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2021. Quantitative perspectives in Cognitive Linguistics. In Corpus Approaches to Language, Thought and Communication [Benjamins Current Topics, 119], ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
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2019. Construal vs. redundancy: Russian aspect in context. Cognitive Linguistics 30:3 ► pp. 467 ff. DOI logo
Jiang, Canzhong & Xu Wen
2022. Constructional network at work in second language acquisition. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 7:1 DOI logo
Johns, Michael A, Jorge R Valdés Kroff & Paola E Dussias
2019. Mixing things up: How blocking and mixing affect the processing of codemixed sentences. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:2 ► pp. 584 ff. DOI logo
Kapatsinski, Vsevolod
2018. Learning Morphological Constructions. In The Construction of Words [Studies in Morphology, 4], ► pp. 547 ff. DOI logo
Karczewski, Daniel & Olga Buivolova
2015. Sensitivity to extralinguistic cues to identify generic and non-generic meaning. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies :10(3) ► pp. 4 ff. DOI logo
Kidd, Evan & Seamus Donnelly
2020. Individual Differences in First Language Acquisition. Annual Review of Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Kathy MinHye, Ryo Maie, Kiyo Suga, Zachary F. Miller & Bronson Hui
2023. Learning Without Awareness by Academic and Nonacademic Samples: An Individual Differences Study. Language Learning 73:4 ► pp. 1087 ff. DOI logo
Kirsch, Simon, Carolin Elser, Elena Barbieri, Dorothee Kümmerer, Cornelius Weiller & Mariacristina Musso
2022. Syntax Acquisition in Healthy Adults and Post-Stroke Individuals: The Intriguing Role of Grammatical Preference, Statistical Learning, and Education. Brain Sciences 12:5 ► pp. 616 ff. DOI logo
Klassen, Rachel, Björn Lundquist & Marit Westergaard
2023. L1 Grammatical Gender Variation through the Representation in the Lexicon. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 52:2 ► pp. 359 ff. DOI logo
Koch, Nikolas, Antje Endesfelder Quick & Stefan Hartmann
2020. Individual differences in discourse priming. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 34 ► pp. 186 ff. DOI logo
Koornneef, Arnout & Eric Reuland
2016. On the Shallow Processing (Dis)Advantage: Grammar and Economy. Frontiers in Psychology 7 DOI logo
Kozachenko, Oleksiy, Vitaliia Tozhyieva & Liudmyla Yakovenko
2023. Updated profile of an adult Ukrainian learning Polish as a foreign language. Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K D Ushynsky 2023:4 (145) ► pp. 30 ff. DOI logo
Krause, Elif, Tanja Rinker & Carsten Eulitz
2020. Chapter 7. Investigating the effects of L1 proficiency and CLI. In Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 60], ► pp. 127 ff. DOI logo
Kupisch, Tanja & Jason Rothman
2018. Terminology matters! Why difference is not incompleteness and how early child bilinguals are heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 22:5 ► pp. 564 ff. DOI logo
Lahmann, Cornelia, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Monika S. Schmid
2016. Factors Affecting Grammatical and Lexical Complexity of Long‐Term L2 Speakers’ Oral Proficiency. Language Learning 66:2 ► pp. 354 ff. DOI logo
Linkov, Václav
2017. Psychology is not primarily Empirical Science: A Comparison of Cultures in the Lexical Hypothesis Tradition as a Failure of Introspection. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 51:2 ► pp. 285 ff. DOI logo
Llompart, Miquel & Ewa Dąbrowska
2023. “Foreign” language aptitude predicts individual differences in native grammatical proficiency. Linguistics 61:5 ► pp. 1165 ff. DOI logo
Lloyd-Smith, Anika, Fatih Bayram & Michael Iverson
2020. Chapter 4. The effects of heritage language experience on lexical and morphosyntactic outcomes. In Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 60], ► pp. 63 ff. DOI logo
López-Beltrán, Priscila & Matthew T. Carlson
2020. How usage-based approaches to language can contribute to a unified theory of heritage grammars. Linguistics Vanguard 6:1 DOI logo
Madlener, Karin, Katrin Skoruppa & Heike Behrens
2017. Gradual development of constructional complexity in German spatial language. Cognitive Linguistics 28:4 DOI logo
Matusevych, Yevgen, Afra Alishahi & Ad Backus
2016. Modelling verb selection within argument structure constructions. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31:10 ► pp. 1215 ff. DOI logo
Mañas Navarrete, I., E. Rosado Villegas, S. Mujcinovic & N. Fullana Rivera
2024. Acquisition of modal readings of the Imperfect tense in L2 Spanish. Language Acquisition ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Meisel, Jürgen M.
2017. Bilingual Acquisition. In The Handbook of Psycholinguistics, ► pp. 635 ff. DOI logo
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2021. Diversity and divergence in bilingual acquisition. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 40:1 ► pp. 65 ff. DOI logo
Menke, Mandy R. & Paul A. Malovrh
2021. Chapter 2. The (limited) contributions of proficiency assessments in defining advancedness. In Advancedness in Second Language Spanish [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 31], ► pp. 18 ff. DOI logo
Mompean, Jose A.
2022. /r/-sandhi in the speech of Queen Elizabeth II. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 52:2 ► pp. 246 ff. DOI logo
Montero-Melis, Guillermo
2021. Consistency in Motion Event Encoding Across Languages. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Munro, Murray J.
2023. Listening to the “noise” in the data. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 9:2 ► pp. 192 ff. DOI logo
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2019. Norms of correctness and rationality in research on code-switching. In Normativity in Language and Linguistics [Studies in Language Companion Series, 209], ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
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2023. When exceptions matter: bilinguals regulate their dominant language to exploit structural constraints in sentence production. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 38:2 ► pp. 217 ff. DOI logo
Navarro-Torres, Christian A., Dalia L. Garcia, Vrinda Chidambaram & Judith F. Kroll
2019. Cognitive Control Facilitates Attentional Disengagement during Second Language Comprehension. Brain Sciences 9:5 ► pp. 95 ff. DOI logo
Nini, Andrea
2023. A Theory of Linguistic Individuality for Authorship Analysis, DOI logo
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2016. For a radically usage-based diachronic construction grammar. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 30 ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2017. The development of non-deontic be bound to in a radically usage-based diachronic construction grammar perspective. Lingua 199 ► pp. 72 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2019. The decline of the Deontic nci construction in Late Modern English. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6:1 ► pp. 22 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2019. The author and the text in radically usage-based diachronic construction grammar, or why historical linguists have started analysing text again. Functions of Language 26:1 ► pp. 56 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Individual differences in the decline of the Deontic nci construction. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 9:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Pajunen, Anneli & Esa Itkonen
2019. Intuition and beyond. In Normativity in Language and Linguistics [Studies in Language Companion Series, 209], ► pp. 213 ff. DOI logo
PEREK, FLORENT
2023. Construction Grammar and Usage‐Based Theory. In The Handbook of Usage‐Based Linguistics, ► pp. 215 ff. DOI logo
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2019. Differential Access: Asymmetries in Accessing Features and Building Representations in Heritage Language Grammars. Languages 4:4 ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
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2022. ON COMPLEXITY AND DIVERGENCE IN HERITAGE LANGUAGE GRAMMARS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:3 ► pp. 818 ff. DOI logo
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2023. On the interaction of age, cognitive abilities, print exposure and pronoun type in pronoun resolution. In Individual Differences in Anaphora Resolution [Language Faculty and Beyond, 18], ► pp. 68 ff. DOI logo
Piepers, Joske, Ad Backus & Jos Swanenberg
2023. ‘It’ Is Not for Everyone: Variation in Speakers’ Evaluation of Sociopragmatic Pronouns in Limburgian. Languages 8:4 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
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2016. Constructional contamination: How does it work and how do we measure it?. Folia Linguistica 50:2 DOI logo
Plath, Jennifer & Dominik Leiss
2018. The impact of linguistic complexity on the solution of mathematical modelling tasks. ZDM 50:1-2 ► pp. 159 ff. DOI logo
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2023. The role of interactional and cognitive mechanisms in the evolution of (proto)language(s). Lingua 282 ► pp. 103458 ff. DOI logo
Quick, Antje Endesfelder & Ad Backus
2022. A Usage-Based Approach to Pattern Finding: The Traceback Method Meets Code-Mixing. Languages 7:2 ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
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2014. A Prolegomenon to the Construct of the Native Speaker: Heritage Speaker Bilinguals are Natives Too!. Applied Linguistics 35:1 ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
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Sanches de Oliveira, Guilherme & Maggie Bullock Oliveira
2022. Bilingualism is always cognitively advantageous, but this doesn’t mean what you think it means. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Schmid, Monika S.
2016. Multi-factorial Studies: Populations and Linguistic Features. In Designing Research on Bilingual Development [SpringerBriefs in Linguistics, ], ► pp. 13 ff. DOI logo
Shadrova, Anna, Pia Linscheid, Julia Lukassek, Anke Lüdeling & Sarah Schneider
2021. A Challenge for Contrastive L1/L2 Corpus Studies: Large Inter- and Intra-Individual Variation Across Morphological, but Not Global Syntactic Categories in Task-Based Corpus Data of a Homogeneous L1 German Group. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Si, Aung & T. Mark Ellison
2023. Inter-individual differences in Hindi–English code-switching: A quantitative approach. International Journal of Bilingualism 27:3 ► pp. 306 ff. DOI logo
Singleton, David
2019. Discussion. European Journal of Higher Education 9:3 ► pp. 343 ff. DOI logo
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Stoops, Anastasia & Jessica L. Montag
2023. Effects of individual differences in text exposure on sentence comprehension. Scientific Reports 13:1 DOI logo
Street, James A.
2017. This is the native speaker that the non-native speaker outperformed: Individual, education-related differences in the processing and interpretation of Object Relative Clauses by native and non-native speakers of English. Language Sciences 59 ► pp. 192 ff. DOI logo
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2020. More lexically-specific knowledge and individual differences in adult native speakers' processing of the English passive. Language Sciences 78 ► pp. 101254 ff. DOI logo
Ströbel, Marcus, Elma Kerz & Daniel Wiechmann
2020. The Relationship Between First and Second Language Writing: Investigating the Effects of First Language Complexity on Second Language Complexity in Advanced Stages of Learning. Language Learning 70:3 ► pp. 732 ff. DOI logo
Sullivan, Karen
2015. If you study a word do you use it more often? Lexical repetition priming in a corpus of Natural Semantic Metalanguage publications. Corpora 10:3 ► pp. 277 ff. DOI logo
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SUN, HE, BIN YIN, NUR FARINA BEGUM BINTE AMSAH & BETH ANN O'BRIEN
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