Cover not available
Article published In:
Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
Vol. 5:3 (2015) ► pp.285–321

Acoustic analysis of the rhotic contrast in Chicagoland Spanish

An intergenerational study

| University of Michigan

This paper reports on an acoustic analysis of the phonemic tap-trill contrast (/ɾ/-/r/) for first and second generation speakers of Mexican Spanish who live in the Chicagoland area. First, it is shown that speakers most commonly produce phonemic trills with a single apical occlusion, although there is much individual variation. Second, nearly all speakers realize the tap-trill contrast by means of segmental duration, and this is especially true for speakers who favor zero or one closures in the phonemic trill. These data suggest that heritage speakers make use of the limits of phonetic variation to the extent that phonological contrasts are intact in their grammar. The findings have implications for disentangling the sources of individual variation in heritage pronunciation. Specifically, we propose that between-speaker instabilities in rhotic production result more directly from an inherently variable speech signal than from the language contact situation.

Keywords: heritage speakers, phonology, Spanish, rhotics, individual differences, Chicago Spanish
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
    • 2.1Spanish in the United States: The bilingual context
    • 2.2Spanish rhotic system
    • 2.3Tap and trill articulation
  • 3.Method
    • 3.1Participants
    • 3.2Recording protocol
    • 3.3Acoustic analysis
      • 3.3.1Phonemic trill
      • 3.3.2Phonemic tap
  • 4.Results
    • 4.1Phonemic trill
    • 4.2Phonemic tap
    • 4.3Phonological contrast
  • 5.Discussion
    • 5.1Rhotic contrast
    • 5.2Individual variation
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 24 July 2015
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.5.3.01hen
References
Au, T.K., Oh, J.S., Knightly, L.M., Jun, S-A., & Romo, L
(2008) Salvaging a childhood language. Journal of Memory and Language, 581, 998–1011. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barry, W.J
(1997) Another R-tickle. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 27(1,2), 35–45. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Best, C
(1995) A direct realist perspective on cross-language speech perception. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 171–204). Timonium, MD: York Press.Google Scholar
Blecua Falgueras, B
(2001) Las Vibrantes del Español: Manifestaciones Acústicas y Procesos Fonéticos. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Boersma, P., & Weenink, D
(2014) Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. Version 5.4. Retrieved on October 4, 2014 from [URL].
Bolger, P., & Zapata, G
(2011) Psycholinguistic approaches to language processing in Heritage speakers. The Heritage Language Journal, 8(1), 1–29.Google Scholar
Boyce, S., & Espy-Wilson, C.Y
(1997) Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1011, 3741–3753. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bradley, T.G., & Willis, E.W
(2012) Rhotic variation and contrast in Veracruz Mexican Spanish. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 211, 43–74.Google Scholar
Bullock, B.E
(2009) Prosody in contact in French: A case study from a heritage variety in the USA. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 165–194. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Carballo, G., & Mendoza, E
(2000) Acoustic characteristics of trill productions by groups of Spanish children. Clinical linguistics and phonetics, 14(8), 587–601. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chang, C., Haynes, E., Yao, Y., & Rhodes, R
(2009) The phonetic space of phonological categories in Heritage speakers of Mandarin. In M. Elliott, et al. (Eds.), Proceedings from the 43rd Annual meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: The main session (pp. 31–45). Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Colantoni, L
(2006) Micro and macro sound variation and change in Argentine Spanish. In N. Sagarra & A.J. Toribio (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 9th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 91–102). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Darcy, I., & Krueger, F
(2012) Vowel perception and production in Turkish children acquiring L2 German. Journal of Phonetics, 401, 568–581. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Delattre, P., & Freeman, D
(1968) A dialect study of American r’s by X-ray motion picture. Linguistics, 441, 29–68.Google Scholar
Derrick, D., & Gick, B
(2011) Individual variation in English flaps and taps: A case of categorical phonetics. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 56(3), 307–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dhananjaya, N., Yegnanarayana, B., & Bhaskararao, P
(2012) Acoustical analysis of trill sounds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131(4), 3141–3152. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Docherty, G.J., Watt, D., Llamas, C., Hall, D., & Nycz, J
(2011) Variation in voice onset time along the Scottish-English Border. In 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 591–594). Hong Kong.
Dörnyei, Z
(2005) The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Dörnyei, Z., & Skehan, P
(2003) Individual differences in second language learning. In C.J. Doughty & M.H. Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 589–630). Oxford: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Engstrand, O., Frid, J., & Lindblom, B
(2007) A perceptual bridge between coronal and dorsal /r/. In M.J. Solé, P.S. Beddor, & M. Ohala (Eds.), Experimental approaches to sound change (pp. 175–191). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flege, J.E
(1987a) Effects of equivalence classification on the production of foreign language speech sounds. In A. James & J. Leather (Eds.), Sound patterns in second language acquisition (pp. 9–39). Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Flege, J
(1987b) The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 151, 47–65. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1995) Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 233–277). Timonium, MD: York Press.Google Scholar
Flores-Ferrán, N
(2004) Spanish subject personal pronoun use in New York City Puerto Ricans: Can we rest the case of English contact? Language Variation and Change, 16(1), 49–73. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fought, C
(1999) A majority sound change in a minority community: /u/-fronting in Chicano English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 31, 5–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ghosh Johnson, E
(2005) Mexiqueño? A case study of dialect contact. In S. Evans Wagner (Ed.), Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 11.21 (pp. 91–104).Google Scholar
Gick, B., & Wilson, I
(2006) Excrescent schwa and vowel laxing: Cross-linguistic responses to conflicting articulatory targets. In L.D. Goldstein, H. Whalen, & C.T. Best (Eds.), Laboratory phonology 8 (pp. 635–659). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Godson, L
(2003) Phonetics of language attrition: Vowel production and articulatory setting in the speech of Western Armenian Heritage Speakers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Henriksen, N
(2014) Sociophonetic analysis of phonemic trill variation in two sub-varieties of Peninsular Spanish. Journal of Linguistic Geography, 2(1), 1–21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, N., & Willis, E
(2010) Acoustic characterization of phonemic trill production in Jerezano Andalusian Spanish. In M. Ortega-Llebaria (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Conference on laboratory approaches to Spanish phonology (pp. 115–127). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Hruschka, D.J., Christiansen, M., Blythe, R.A., Croft, W., Heggarty, P., Mufwene, S., Pierrehumbert, J., & Poplack, J
(2009) Building social cognitive models of language change. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(11), 464–469. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hualde, J.I
(2005) The sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Knightly, L., Jun, S.A., Oh, J., & Au, T
(2003) Production benefits of childhood overhearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(1), 465–474. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Konopka, K., & Pierrehumbert, J.B
(2008) Vowels in contact: Mexican Heritage English in Chicago. SALSA, 101, 94–104.Google Scholar
in press). Vowel dynamics of Mexican heritage English: Language contact and phonetic change in a Chicago community. Papers from the 46th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society .
Kuhl, P., & Iverson, P
(1995) Linguistic experience and the “perceptual magnet effect.” In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 121–154). Timonium, MD: York Press.Google Scholar
Labov, W
(1989) The exact description of the speech community: Short a in Philadelphia. In R. Fasold & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), Language change and variation (pp. 1–57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I
(1996) The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H., & Kaushanskaya, M
(2007) The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 501, 940–967. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Martínez Celdrán, E
(1997) El mecanismo de producción de la vibrante apical múltiple. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 81, 85–97.Google Scholar
(1998) Análisis espectrográfico de los sonidos de habla. Barcelona: Ariel.Google Scholar
Martínez Celdrán, E., & Rallo, L
(1995) [ɾ-r]: ¿Dos clases de sonidos? Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 71, 179–194.Google Scholar
Mayer, M
(1969) Frog, Where are you? New York: Dial Press.Google Scholar
Montrul, S
(2005) Second language acquisition and first language loss in adult early bilinguals: exploring some differences and similarities. Second Language Research, 2(3), 199–249. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008) Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: Re-examining the age factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2010) Current issues in Heritage language acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 301, 3–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011) Spanish heritage speakers: Bridging formal linguistics, psycholinguistics, and language teaching. Heritage Language Journal, 8(1), 1–6.Google Scholar
(2012) The grammatical competence of Spanish heritage speakers. In S. Beaudrie & M. Fairclough (Eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the United States (pp. 101–120). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Montrul, S., Foote, R., & Perpiñán, S
(2008) Gender agreement in adult second-language learners and Spanish heritage speakers: The effects of age and context of acquisition. Language Learning, 58(3), 503–553. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Otheguy, R., & Zentella, A.C
(2011) Spanish in New York. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Otheguy, R., Zentella, A.C., & Livert, D
(2007) Language and dialect contact in New York: Toward the formation of a speech community. Language, 83(4), 770–802. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, E
(2008) Trill variation and assibilation in L2 contact Spanish. Presentation at Current approaches to Spanish and Portuguese Second Language Phonology . Minneapolis, MN. February 23, 2008.
(2010) Dialect differences and the Bilingual vowel space in Peruvian Spanish. In M. Ortega-Llebaria (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology (pp. 20–30). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Pascual y Cabo, D., & Rothman, J
(2012) The (Il)Logical problem of heritage speaker bilingualism and incomplete acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 33(4), 450–455. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pallier, C., Bosch, L., & Sebastián-Gallés, N
(1997) A limit on behavioral plasticity in speech perception. Cognition, 641, 9–17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pallier, C., Colomé, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N
(2001) The influence of native-language phonology on lexical access: Exemplar-based vs. abstract lexical entries. Psychological Science, 121, 445–449. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Penny, R
(2000) Variation and change in Spanish. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pierrehumbert, J.B., & Clopper, C
(2010) What is LabPhon? and where is it going? Laboratory Phonology, 101, 113–132.Google Scholar
Pires, A., & Rothman, J
(2009) Disentangling sources of incomplete acquisition: An explanation for competence divergence across heritage grammars. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 1–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, M
(2011) Reanalysis in adult heritage language acquisition: A case for attrition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 331, 305–328. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K
(2011) Intrafamilial dialect contact. In M. Díaz-Campos, (Ed.), Handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics (pp. 579–597). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2013) Heritage learners of Spanish. In K. Geeslin (Ed.), The handbook of Spanish second language acquisition (pp. 404–422). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K., & Gorman, L
(2011)  Quinceañeras: Hybridized tradition, language use, and identity in the U.S. In K. Potowski & J. Rothman (Eds.), Bilingual youth: Spanish in English-speaking societies (pp. 57–87). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K., Jegerski, J., & Morgan-Short, K
(2009) The effects of instruction on linguistic development in Spanish heritage language speakers. Language Learning, 591, 537–579. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K., & Matts, J
(2008) MexiRicans: Interethnic language and identity. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 71, 137–160. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K., & Torres, L
in progress). Spanish in Chicago: Dialect contact and language socialization among Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. Oxford University Press.
Proctor, M.I
(2009) Gestural characterization of a phonological class: The liquids. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Quilis, A
(1993) Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Arco.Google Scholar
Quintana, A
(2006) Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol: Estudio sincrónico y diacrónico. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Recasens, D
(1991) On the production characteristics of apicoalveolar taps and trills. Journal of Phonetics, 191, 267–280. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2013) Coarticulation in Catalan dark [l] and the alveolar trill: General implications for sound change. Language and Speech, 56(1), 45–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Recasens, D., & Pallarès, M.D
(1999) A study of /ɾ/ and /r/ in the light of the DAC coarticulation model. Journal of Phonetics, 271, 143–169. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Roeder, R
(2010) Effects of consonantal context on the pronunciation of /æ/ in the English of speakers of Mexican heritage from south central Michigan. In N. Niedzielski & D. Preston (Eds.), Studies in Sociophonetics (pp. 71–89). Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Roller, J
(2011) Taps and trills in Manchego Spanish: Acoustic analysis and phonological, dialectal, and sociolinguistic implications. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Ronquest, R
(2012) An acoustic analysis of heritage Spanish vowels. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Rose, M
(2010) Intervocalic tap and trill production in the acquisition of Spanish as a second language. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 3(2), 379–419. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rothman, J
(2007) Heritage speaker competence differences, language change, and input type: Inflected infinitives in Heritage Brazilian Portuguese. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(4), 359–389. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2009) Understanding the nature and outcomes of early Bilingualism: Romance languages as Heritage languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 145–155. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sankoff, G
(2001) Linguistic outcomes of language contact. In J. Chambers, P. Trudgill, & N. Schilling-Estes (Eds.), The handbook of language variation and change (pp. 638–668). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sawyer, M., & Ranta, L
(2001) Aptitude, individual differences and L2 instruction. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction (pp. 319–353). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schreffler, S.L
(1994) Second-person singular pronoun options in the speech of Salvadorans in Houston, Texas. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 13(1/2), 101–119.Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C
(1994) Langauge contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simonet, M
(2010) Dark and clear laterals in Catalan and Spanish: Interaction of phonetic categories in early bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 381, 663–678. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Solé, M-J
(2002) Aerodynamic characteristics of trills and phonological patterning. Journal of Phonetics, 301, 655–688. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Spajić, S., Ladefoged, P., & Bhaskararao, P
(1996) The trills of Toda. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26(1), 1–21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thomason, S.J., & Kauffman, T
(1988) Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Torres, L., & Potowski, K
(2008) A comparative study of bilingual discourse markers in Chicago Mexican, Puerto Rican, and MexiRican Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism, 12(4), 263–279. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
United States Census
(2010) Retrieved on 20 May 2013 from [URL].
Valdés, G
(2000) Introduction. In Spanish for Native Speakers. AATSP Professional Development Series Handbook for Teachers K-16 (pp. 1–20). New York: Harcourt College.Google Scholar
Valentín-Márquez, W
(2007) Doing Being Boricua: perceptions of national identity and the sociolinguistic distribution of liquid variables in Puerto Rican Spanish. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Wiley, T
(2001) On defining heritage languages and their speakers. In J. Peyton, D. Ranard, & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource (pp. 29–36). McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems.Google Scholar
Willis, E.W
(2005) An initial examination of Southwest Spanish Vowels. Southwest Journal of Lingusitics, 241, 185–198.Google Scholar
(2006) Trill variation in Dominican Spanish: An acoustic examination and comparative analysis. In N. Sagarra & A.J. Toribio (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 9th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 121–131). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
(2007) An Acoustic Study of the “Pre-aspirated Trill” in Narrative Cibaeño Dominican Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 371, 33–49. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Willis, E.W., & Bradley, T.G
(2008) Contrast maintenance of taps and trills in Dominican Spanish: Data and analysis. In L. Colantoni & J. Steele (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology (pp. 87–100). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Winford, D
(2003) An introduction to contact linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Zentella, A.C
(1990) Lexical leveling in four New York City Spanish dialects: linguistic and social factors. Hispania, 731, 1094–1105. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhou, X., Espy-Wilson, C.Y., Boyce, S., Tiede, M., Holland, C., & Choe, A
(2008) A magnetic resonance imaging-based articulatory and acoustic study of “Retroflex” and “Bunched” American English /r/. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(6), 4466–4481. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 30 other publications

Amengual, Mark
2018. Asymmetrical interlingual influence in the production of Spanish and English laterals as a result of competing activation in bilingual language processing. Journal of Phonetics 69 ► pp. 12 ff. DOI logo
Amengual, Mark
2019. Type of early bilingualism and its effect on the acoustic realization of allophonic variants: Early sequential and simultaneous bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:5 ► pp. 954 ff. DOI logo
Anselme, Rémi, François Pellegrino & Dan Dediu
2023. What’s in the r? A review of the usage of the r symbol in the Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Bayram, Fatih, Josh Prada, Diego Pascual y Cabo & Jason Rothman
2016. Why Should Formal Linguistic Approaches to Heritage Language Acquisition Be Linked to Heritage Language Pedagogies?. In Handbook of Comparative Studies on Community Colleges and Global Counterparts [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Bayram, Fatih, Josh Prada, Diego Pascual y Cabo & Jason Rothman
2018. Why Should Formal Linguistic Approaches to Heritage Language Acquisition Be Linked to Heritage Language Pedagogies?. In Handbook of Research and Practice in Heritage Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 187 ff. DOI logo
Bayram, Fatih, Josh Prada, Diego Pascual y Cabo & Jason Rothman
2018. Why Should Formal Linguistic Approaches to Heritage Language Acquisition Be Linked to Heritage Language Pedagogies?. In Handbook of Comparative Studies on Community Colleges and Global Counterparts [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Blair, Kaylyn & Sarah Lease
2021. An Examination of Social, Phonetic, and Lexical Variables on the Lenition of Intervocalic Voiced Stops by Spanish Heritage Speakers. Languages 6:2 ► pp. 108 ff. DOI logo
Chappell, Whitney
2021. Chapter 8. ‘En esta petsa, este anio’. In Aspects of Latin American Spanish Dialectology [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 32], ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
Ciriza, María del Puy & Ahmed Rivera-Campos
2020. Teaching the Spanish trill to L1 English speakers using ultrasound instruction: a preliminary study on pronunciation pedagogy. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 7:1 ► pp. 20 ff. DOI logo
Cummings Ruiz, Laura D. & Silvina Montrul
2020. Assessing Rhotic Production by Bilingual Spanish Speakers. Languages 5:4 ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
D'Alessandro, Roberta, David Natvig & Michael T. Putnam
2021. Addressing Challenges in Formal Research on Moribund Heritage Languages: A Path Forward. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Gabriel, Christoph
2022. Phonetik und Phonologie des Spanischen. In Linguistik im Sprachvergleich, ► pp. 27 ff. DOI logo
Henriksen, Nicholas & Stephen Fafulas
2017. Prosodic timing and language contact: Spanish and Yagua in Amazonian Peru . Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 10:2 ► pp. 225 ff. DOI logo
Henriksen, Nicholas, Shayna Greenley & Amber Galvano
2022. Sociophonetic Investigation of the Spanish Alveolar Trill /r/ in Two Canonical-Trill Varieties. Language and Speech ► pp. 002383092211373 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Ji Young & Gemma Repiso-Puigdelliura
2021. Keeping a Critical Eye on Majority Language Influence: The Case of Uptalk in Heritage Spanish. Languages 6:1 ► pp. 13 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Ji Young & Gemma Repiso-Puigdelliura
2020. Deconstructing Heritage Language Dominance: Effects of Proficiency, Use, and Input on Heritage Speakers’ Production of the Spanish Alveolar Tap. Phonetica 77:1 ► pp. 55 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Ji-Young
2019. Heritage speakers’ use of prosodic strategies in focus marking in Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:5 ► pp. 986 ff. DOI logo
Lease, Sarah
2022. Spanish in Albuquerque, New Mexico: Spanish-English Bilingual Adults’ and Children’s Vocalic Realizations. Languages 7:1 ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
Lev-Ari, Shiri & Sharon Peperkamp
2016. How the demographic makeup of our community influences speech perception. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139:6 ► pp. 3076 ff. DOI logo
Melero-García, Fernando & Alejandro Cisneros
2020. Chapter 14. No es tan simple como parece. In Current Theoretical and Applied Perspectives on Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 27], ► pp. 295 ff. DOI logo
Natvig, David
2022. Variation and stability of American Norwegian /r/ in contact. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 12:6 ► pp. 816 ff. DOI logo
Natvig, David
2022. Lost in Transmission: The Role of Attrition and Input in Heritage Language Development, edited by Bernhard Brehmer and Jeanine Treffers-Daller. Heritage Language Journal 19:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Pollock, Matthew, Gibran Delgado-Díaz, Iraida Galarza, Manuel Díaz-Campos & Erik W. Willis
2023. Chapter 5. The emergence of sound change in two varieties of Spanish. In Innovative Approaches to Research in Hispanic Linguistics [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 38], ► pp. 106 ff. DOI logo
Putnam, Michael T., Tanja Kupisch & Diego Pascual y Cabo
2018. Chapter 12. Different situations, similar outcomes. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 251 ff. DOI logo
Rao, Rajiv
2016. On the nuclear intonational phonology of heritage speakers of Spanish. In Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 49], ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Rao, Rajiv & Emily Kuder
2016. Investigaciones sobre la fonética y la fonología del español como lengua de herencia: implicaciones pedagógicas y curriculares. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research 5:2 ► pp. 99 ff. DOI logo
Repiso-Puigdelliura, Gemma & Ji Young Kim
2021. The missing link in Spanish heritage trill production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:3 ► pp. 454 ff. DOI logo
Reyes, Alexandra Morales, Begoña Arechabaleta-Regulez & Silvina Montrul
2017. The acquisition of rhotics by child L2 and L3 learners. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 3:2 ► pp. 242 ff. DOI logo
Shelton, Michael & Hannah Grant
2018. Syllable weight in monolingual and heritage Spanish. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 11:2 ► pp. 395 ff. DOI logo
Vigil, Donny A.
2018. Rhotics of Taos, New Mexico Spanish: Variation and Change . Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 11:1 ► pp. 215 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.