247014672 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LAL 12 GE 15 9789027274779 06 10.1075/lal.12 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code LAL 02 JB code 1569-3112 02 12.00 01 02 Linguistic Approaches to Literature Linguistic Approaches to Literature 01 01 Epistemics of the Virtual Epistemics of the Virtual 1 A01 01 JB code 742141705 Johan F. Hoorn Hoorn, Johan F. Johan F. Hoorn VU University Amsterdam 01 eng 11 241 03 03 x 03 00 231 03 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code PHIL.GEN Philosophy 24 JB code LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 10 PHI004000 12 HPK 01 06 02 00 Proposing a fresh theory of fiction, this title reviews the confusion about perceived realism, metaphor, virtual worlds and the seemingly obvious distinction between what is true and what is false. This title evaluates cognitive theories, philosophical discussion, and topics in biology and physics. 03 00 Proposing a new theory of fiction, this work reviews the confusion about perceived realism, metaphor, virtual worlds and the seemingly obvious distinction between what is true and what is false. The rise of new media, new technology, and creative products and services requires a new examination of what ‘real’ friends are, to what extent scientific novelty is ‘true’, and whether online content is merely ‘figurative’. In this transdisciplinary theory the author evaluates cognitive theories, philosophical discussion, and topics in biology and physics, and places these in the frameworks of computer science and literary theory. The interest of the reader is continuously challenged on matters of truth, fiction, and the shakiness of our belief systems. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lal.12.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027233462.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027233462.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lal.12.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lal.12.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lal.12.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lal.12.hb.png 01 01 JB code lal.12.01int 06 10.1075/lal.12.01int 1 16 16 Chapter 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 01 JB code lal.12.02ch1 06 10.1075/lal.12.02ch1 17 52 36 Chapter 2 01 04 1. The reality-fiction friction 1. The reality-fiction friction 01 01 JB code lal.12.03ch2 06 10.1075/lal.12.03ch2 53 73 21 Chapter 3 01 04 2. Enforcing the concepts 2. Enforcing the concepts 01 04 Genre labeling Genre labeling 01 01 JB code lal.12.04ch3 06 10.1075/lal.12.04ch3 75 123 49 Chapter 4 01 04 3. Derailing the concepts 3. Derailing the concepts 01 04 From metamorphosis to impersonation to metaphor From metamorphosis to impersonation to metaphor 01 01 JB code lal.12.05ch4 06 10.1075/lal.12.05ch4 125 153 29 Chapter 5 01 04 4. Illusions and deviation tolerance 4. Illusions and deviation tolerance 01 01 JB code lal.12.06ch5 06 10.1075/lal.12.06ch5 155 186 32 Chapter 6 01 04 5. Beyond realism 5. Beyond realism 01 04 Virtual people Virtual people 01 01 JB code lal.12.07ch6 06 10.1075/lal.12.07ch6 187 204 18 Chapter 7 01 04 6. Epistemics of the Virtual 6. Epistemics of the Virtual 01 04 Synthesis Synthesis 01 01 JB code lal.12.08tak 06 10.1075/lal.12.08tak 205 206 2 Miscellaneous 8 01 04 Take - Make Take – Make 01 01 JB code lal.12.09ref 06 10.1075/lal.12.09ref 207 220 14 Miscellaneous 9 01 04 References References 01 01 JB code lal.12.10list 06 10.1075/lal.12.10list 221 227 7 Miscellaneous 10 01 04 List of referenced figures List of referenced figures 01 01 JB code lal.12.11ind 06 10.1075/lal.12.11ind 229 231 3 Miscellaneous 11 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120509 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027233462 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 570009106 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LAL 12 Hb 15 9789027233462 06 10.1075/lal.12 13 2011050946 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 600 gr 10 01 JB code LAL 02 1569-3112 02 12.00 01 02 Linguistic Approaches to Literature Linguistic Approaches to Literature 01 01 Epistemics of the Virtual Epistemics of the Virtual 1 A01 01 JB code 742141705 Johan F. Hoorn Hoorn, Johan F. Johan F. Hoorn VU University Amsterdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/742141705 01 eng 11 241 03 03 x 03 00 231 03 01 23 302.2/01 03 2012 P90 04 Communication--Philosophy. 04 Communication and technology. 04 Information technology--Social aspects. 04 Mass media and language. 04 Rhetoric. 10 PHI004000 12 HPK 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code PHIL.GEN Philosophy 24 JB code LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 01 06 02 00 Proposing a fresh theory of fiction, this title reviews the confusion about perceived realism, metaphor, virtual worlds and the seemingly obvious distinction between what is true and what is false. This title evaluates cognitive theories, philosophical discussion, and topics in biology and physics. 03 00 Proposing a new theory of fiction, this work reviews the confusion about perceived realism, metaphor, virtual worlds and the seemingly obvious distinction between what is true and what is false. The rise of new media, new technology, and creative products and services requires a new examination of what ‘real’ friends are, to what extent scientific novelty is ‘true’, and whether online content is merely ‘figurative’. In this transdisciplinary theory the author evaluates cognitive theories, philosophical discussion, and topics in biology and physics, and places these in the frameworks of computer science and literary theory. The interest of the reader is continuously challenged on matters of truth, fiction, and the shakiness of our belief systems. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lal.12.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027233462.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027233462.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lal.12.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lal.12.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lal.12.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lal.12.hb.png 01 01 JB code lal.12.01int 06 10.1075/lal.12.01int 1 16 16 Chapter 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.02ch1 06 10.1075/lal.12.02ch1 17 52 36 Chapter 2 01 04 1. The reality-fiction friction 1. The reality-fiction friction 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter, I attempt to formulate a framework to analyze, understand, and explain the differences between things we consider fiction and things we consider reality. It all starts with the belief system we adhere to, upon which truth is attributed to things encountered in the world. The belief system is established through upbringing (religion, culture, science, education) and updated through personal experience. The belief system is formed through consistent, reliable, and trustworthy behavior of the parents, which induces a feeling of security and safety with the child. Because of this, truth claims have a moral side and ultimately rely on authority. When experiences in the physical world run counter to the belief system, doubt is induced and the feeling of security is no longer guaranteed. This is what fiction does all of the time; it is “unsafe.” If you are a strong believer, the inconsistency with your beliefs will be regarded as ‘wrong perception.’ If you are self-skeptic, the beliefs need adaptation. The belief system predefines what is true and based on that, phenomena in the physical world are classified as fiction or reality (ontological classification). Yet, these are judgments on a global level, trying to categorize the complete instance (e.g., people cannot fly with wax wings). At a more detailed level, fauns and water spirits can have a most realistic allure. The wings may look like real wings, the wax may be real wax, and the person playing Icarus may be a real person. These epistemic appraisals lead to an experience of realism that can be so strong that it overpowers the conceptual classification of a stage play or Virtual Reality environment as fiction.

01 01 JB code lal.12.03ch2 06 10.1075/lal.12.03ch2 53 73 21 Chapter 3 01 04 2. Enforcing the concepts 2. Enforcing the concepts 01 04 Genre labeling Genre labeling 01 eng 30 00

Putting a genre label on a product of fiction is convenient to bypass the difficulties in the fiction-reality discussion. You can stop thinking because the label says what it is and you know what to expect. Genre helps to reinforce your concepts and classifications. However, the genre discussion is a mine field of its own. There is quite some confusion about the epistemic meaning of ‘reality soap,’ ‘social realism,’ or ‘virtual reality.’ This chapter treats a number of issues in genre theory such as the dynamics of genre, its pragmatic use, and its relation to schemata and cognitive scripts. In addition, it presents a reality-based genre taxonomy to overcome the inconsistencies of individual genre labels and incorporates this taxonomy into the fiction-reality framework.

01 01 JB code lal.12.04ch3 06 10.1075/lal.12.04ch3 75 123 49 Chapter 4 01 04 3. Derailing the concepts 3. Derailing the concepts 01 04 From metamorphosis to impersonation to metaphor From metamorphosis to impersonation to metaphor 01 eng 30 00

Sometimes things happen that disrupt our world view. That we should be capable of adapting our understanding of the world is well-illustrated by biological metamorphosis or shape-shifting, which happens when an organism goes through a sharp change of physical structure (cf. butterflies, frogs, salamanders). If you cannot let go of fixed concepts, caterpillar and butterfly appear to be two unrelated animals. Metamorphosis occurs frequently and does not only happen to animals but to humans and dead matter as well. For many organisms, shifting into another form has great advantages, for example, to avoid danger or attract sexual attention. Because metamorphosis occurs so often and urges to reconsider the boundaries of ontological classes and the attribution of truth, this chapter discusses the position of metamorphosis in the theory of fiction. It offers a set of rules to distinguish different types of metamorphosis and demonstrates the relation between metamorphosis and impersonation, personification, and metaphor. Finally, this chapter offers a theory of how metaphor takes metamorphosis from shifting forms into shifting meanings as well.

01 01 JB code lal.12.05ch4 06 10.1075/lal.12.05ch4 125 153 29 Chapter 5 01 04 4. Illusions and deviation tolerance 4. Illusions and deviation tolerance 01 eng 30 00

The present chapter offers a signal-detection account of decision making in the fiction domain. Ontological classification, the fiction-reality confusion, the perception of metamorphosis; these phenomena are all liable to the effects of signal strength, personal sensitivity, and tolerance levels to determine in or out, yes or no, true or false. We look into the mechanism that regulates individual tolerance to find out that when the signal-to-noise ratio approaches one (1), illusion transpires. This chapter also shows that perceptual illusions are necessary for us to effectively navigate the world; hence, trusting on fiction as if it were reality is our second nature. We will look at the creation of illusions from a data-driven as well as a more conceptual level and then I will incorporate our findings in the fiction-reality framework.

01 01 JB code lal.12.06ch5 06 10.1075/lal.12.06ch5 155 186 32 Chapter 6 01 04 5. Beyond realism 5. Beyond realism 01 04 Virtual people Virtual people 01 eng 30 00

Previously, I argued that the decision for fiction and reality was based on individual sensitivity and tolerance as related to signal strength. However, such decisions for ‘real’ or ‘unreal’ are the end phase of a larger process of epistemic appraisal. In addition, we also identified in earlier chapters a contamination between the attribution of truth and ethical considerations. This chapter argues that truth attribution and perception of realism have an affective component. The best way to illustrate this is to look at how we respond to virtual people. Not only do we have to deal with those who pretend being someone else (cf. the phisher), we also respond emotionally to fictional characters, whether we can interact with them (e.g., game characters, embodied agents, avatars, robots) or not (e.g., in novels, movies, soap series, reality shows, or theater play). In many of these cases, epistemic appraisals are affected by emotionally-laden factors. This chapter will also look at characters with a symbolic or figurative side and at humanoid robots that are meant to replace real people at certain tasks. Moreover, we will touch upon the possibilities of interacting with virtual people by connecting the computer directly to our brains (cf. cyborgs) and how that may relate to moral reasoning.

01 01 JB code lal.12.07ch6 06 10.1075/lal.12.07ch6 187 204 18 Chapter 7 01 04 6. Epistemics of the Virtual 6. Epistemics of the Virtual 01 04 Synthesis Synthesis 01 eng 30 00

The lessons learned throughout this book are combined in this chapter and integrated into a semi-formal process model of how the epistemics of the virtual work. This framework accounts for the fiction-reality confusion, attribution of truth, perceived realism, and metaphor as well as the experiential side of dealing with virtual people (e.g., ethical behavior). Its purpose is not only to improve our understanding of fiction with a sophisticated framework of analysis but also to lay the foundation for formal models to equip our virtual counterparts with so that everybody stays on the same page when holding the virtual against the actual. This is the book’s final chapter and essentially an annotation of the final chart. To avoid repetition, I put more effort in constructing the chart than in its textual explanation, which is actually a summary of the book as a whole.

01 01 JB code lal.12.08tak 06 10.1075/lal.12.08tak 205 206 2 Miscellaneous 8 01 04 Take - Make Take – Make 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.09ref 06 10.1075/lal.12.09ref 207 220 14 Miscellaneous 9 01 04 References References 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.10list 06 10.1075/lal.12.10list 221 227 7 Miscellaneous 10 01 04 List of referenced figures List of referenced figures 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.11ind 06 10.1075/lal.12.11ind 229 231 3 Miscellaneous 11 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/lal.12 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120509 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 91 18 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 99.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 91 18 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 149.00 USD
806009107 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LAL 12 Eb 15 9789027274779 06 10.1075/lal.12 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code LAL 02 1569-3112 02 12.00 01 02 Linguistic Approaches to Literature Linguistic Approaches to Literature 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-philosophy 01 02 Subject collection: Philosophy (254 titles, 1969–2015) 05 02 Philosophy (1969–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-literarystudies 01 02 Subject collection: Literary Studies (221 titles, 1971–2015) 05 02 Literary Studies (1971–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-lal 01 02 Linguistic Approaches to Literature (vols. 1–20, 2002–2015) 05 02 LAL (vols. 1–20, 2002–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 Epistemics of the Virtual Epistemics of the Virtual 1 A01 01 JB code 742141705 Johan F. Hoorn Hoorn, Johan F. Johan F. Hoorn VU University Amsterdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/742141705 01 eng 11 241 03 03 x 03 00 231 03 01 23 302.2/01 03 2012 P90 04 Communication--Philosophy. 04 Communication and technology. 04 Information technology--Social aspects. 04 Mass media and language. 04 Rhetoric. 10 PHI004000 12 HPK 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code PHIL.GEN Philosophy 24 JB code LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 01 06 02 00 Proposing a fresh theory of fiction, this title reviews the confusion about perceived realism, metaphor, virtual worlds and the seemingly obvious distinction between what is true and what is false. This title evaluates cognitive theories, philosophical discussion, and topics in biology and physics. 03 00 Proposing a new theory of fiction, this work reviews the confusion about perceived realism, metaphor, virtual worlds and the seemingly obvious distinction between what is true and what is false. The rise of new media, new technology, and creative products and services requires a new examination of what ‘real’ friends are, to what extent scientific novelty is ‘true’, and whether online content is merely ‘figurative’. In this transdisciplinary theory the author evaluates cognitive theories, philosophical discussion, and topics in biology and physics, and places these in the frameworks of computer science and literary theory. The interest of the reader is continuously challenged on matters of truth, fiction, and the shakiness of our belief systems. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lal.12.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027233462.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027233462.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lal.12.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lal.12.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lal.12.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lal.12.hb.png 01 01 JB code lal.12.01int 06 10.1075/lal.12.01int 1 16 16 Chapter 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.02ch1 06 10.1075/lal.12.02ch1 17 52 36 Chapter 2 01 04 1. The reality-fiction friction 1. The reality-fiction friction 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter, I attempt to formulate a framework to analyze, understand, and explain the differences between things we consider fiction and things we consider reality. It all starts with the belief system we adhere to, upon which truth is attributed to things encountered in the world. The belief system is established through upbringing (religion, culture, science, education) and updated through personal experience. The belief system is formed through consistent, reliable, and trustworthy behavior of the parents, which induces a feeling of security and safety with the child. Because of this, truth claims have a moral side and ultimately rely on authority. When experiences in the physical world run counter to the belief system, doubt is induced and the feeling of security is no longer guaranteed. This is what fiction does all of the time; it is “unsafe.” If you are a strong believer, the inconsistency with your beliefs will be regarded as ‘wrong perception.’ If you are self-skeptic, the beliefs need adaptation. The belief system predefines what is true and based on that, phenomena in the physical world are classified as fiction or reality (ontological classification). Yet, these are judgments on a global level, trying to categorize the complete instance (e.g., people cannot fly with wax wings). At a more detailed level, fauns and water spirits can have a most realistic allure. The wings may look like real wings, the wax may be real wax, and the person playing Icarus may be a real person. These epistemic appraisals lead to an experience of realism that can be so strong that it overpowers the conceptual classification of a stage play or Virtual Reality environment as fiction.

01 01 JB code lal.12.03ch2 06 10.1075/lal.12.03ch2 53 73 21 Chapter 3 01 04 2. Enforcing the concepts 2. Enforcing the concepts 01 04 Genre labeling Genre labeling 01 eng 30 00

Putting a genre label on a product of fiction is convenient to bypass the difficulties in the fiction-reality discussion. You can stop thinking because the label says what it is and you know what to expect. Genre helps to reinforce your concepts and classifications. However, the genre discussion is a mine field of its own. There is quite some confusion about the epistemic meaning of ‘reality soap,’ ‘social realism,’ or ‘virtual reality.’ This chapter treats a number of issues in genre theory such as the dynamics of genre, its pragmatic use, and its relation to schemata and cognitive scripts. In addition, it presents a reality-based genre taxonomy to overcome the inconsistencies of individual genre labels and incorporates this taxonomy into the fiction-reality framework.

01 01 JB code lal.12.04ch3 06 10.1075/lal.12.04ch3 75 123 49 Chapter 4 01 04 3. Derailing the concepts 3. Derailing the concepts 01 04 From metamorphosis to impersonation to metaphor From metamorphosis to impersonation to metaphor 01 eng 30 00

Sometimes things happen that disrupt our world view. That we should be capable of adapting our understanding of the world is well-illustrated by biological metamorphosis or shape-shifting, which happens when an organism goes through a sharp change of physical structure (cf. butterflies, frogs, salamanders). If you cannot let go of fixed concepts, caterpillar and butterfly appear to be two unrelated animals. Metamorphosis occurs frequently and does not only happen to animals but to humans and dead matter as well. For many organisms, shifting into another form has great advantages, for example, to avoid danger or attract sexual attention. Because metamorphosis occurs so often and urges to reconsider the boundaries of ontological classes and the attribution of truth, this chapter discusses the position of metamorphosis in the theory of fiction. It offers a set of rules to distinguish different types of metamorphosis and demonstrates the relation between metamorphosis and impersonation, personification, and metaphor. Finally, this chapter offers a theory of how metaphor takes metamorphosis from shifting forms into shifting meanings as well.

01 01 JB code lal.12.05ch4 06 10.1075/lal.12.05ch4 125 153 29 Chapter 5 01 04 4. Illusions and deviation tolerance 4. Illusions and deviation tolerance 01 eng 30 00

The present chapter offers a signal-detection account of decision making in the fiction domain. Ontological classification, the fiction-reality confusion, the perception of metamorphosis; these phenomena are all liable to the effects of signal strength, personal sensitivity, and tolerance levels to determine in or out, yes or no, true or false. We look into the mechanism that regulates individual tolerance to find out that when the signal-to-noise ratio approaches one (1), illusion transpires. This chapter also shows that perceptual illusions are necessary for us to effectively navigate the world; hence, trusting on fiction as if it were reality is our second nature. We will look at the creation of illusions from a data-driven as well as a more conceptual level and then I will incorporate our findings in the fiction-reality framework.

01 01 JB code lal.12.06ch5 06 10.1075/lal.12.06ch5 155 186 32 Chapter 6 01 04 5. Beyond realism 5. Beyond realism 01 04 Virtual people Virtual people 01 eng 30 00

Previously, I argued that the decision for fiction and reality was based on individual sensitivity and tolerance as related to signal strength. However, such decisions for ‘real’ or ‘unreal’ are the end phase of a larger process of epistemic appraisal. In addition, we also identified in earlier chapters a contamination between the attribution of truth and ethical considerations. This chapter argues that truth attribution and perception of realism have an affective component. The best way to illustrate this is to look at how we respond to virtual people. Not only do we have to deal with those who pretend being someone else (cf. the phisher), we also respond emotionally to fictional characters, whether we can interact with them (e.g., game characters, embodied agents, avatars, robots) or not (e.g., in novels, movies, soap series, reality shows, or theater play). In many of these cases, epistemic appraisals are affected by emotionally-laden factors. This chapter will also look at characters with a symbolic or figurative side and at humanoid robots that are meant to replace real people at certain tasks. Moreover, we will touch upon the possibilities of interacting with virtual people by connecting the computer directly to our brains (cf. cyborgs) and how that may relate to moral reasoning.

01 01 JB code lal.12.07ch6 06 10.1075/lal.12.07ch6 187 204 18 Chapter 7 01 04 6. Epistemics of the Virtual 6. Epistemics of the Virtual 01 04 Synthesis Synthesis 01 eng 30 00

The lessons learned throughout this book are combined in this chapter and integrated into a semi-formal process model of how the epistemics of the virtual work. This framework accounts for the fiction-reality confusion, attribution of truth, perceived realism, and metaphor as well as the experiential side of dealing with virtual people (e.g., ethical behavior). Its purpose is not only to improve our understanding of fiction with a sophisticated framework of analysis but also to lay the foundation for formal models to equip our virtual counterparts with so that everybody stays on the same page when holding the virtual against the actual. This is the book’s final chapter and essentially an annotation of the final chart. To avoid repetition, I put more effort in constructing the chart than in its textual explanation, which is actually a summary of the book as a whole.

01 01 JB code lal.12.08tak 06 10.1075/lal.12.08tak 205 206 2 Miscellaneous 8 01 04 Take - Make Take – Make 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.09ref 06 10.1075/lal.12.09ref 207 220 14 Miscellaneous 9 01 04 References References 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.10list 06 10.1075/lal.12.10list 221 227 7 Miscellaneous 10 01 04 List of referenced figures List of referenced figures 01 eng 01 01 JB code lal.12.11ind 06 10.1075/lal.12.11ind 229 231 3 Miscellaneous 11 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/lal.12 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120509 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027233462 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027274779 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD