Scholars have used a range of labels to describe the subjective experience of entering a narrative and losing awareness of the actual, immediate world (e.g., absorption, transportation, engagement). This chapter begins by considering these labels at metaphorical and conceptual levels, suggesting that metaphoric descriptions of the phenomena are insufficient for understanding the experience at conceptual and theoretical levels. The chapter then conceptually describes constructs that are central to research on narrative engagement and locates them as core to a narrative experience, partially overlapping with narrative experience or distinct from but correlated with the experience. It concludes with considerations related to the measurement of different aspects of experiences with narratives.
(2002) The Cambridge introduction to narrative. Cambridge: CUP.
Bilandzic, H.
(2006) The perception of distance in the cultivation process: A theoretical consideration of the relationship between television content, processing experience, and perceived distance. Communication Theory, 16(3), 333–355.
Bilandzic, H., & Busselle, R. W.
(2011) Enjoyment of films as a function of narrative experience, perceived realism and transportability. Communications-European Journal of Communication Research, 36(1), 29–50.
Bruner, J.
(1986) Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Busselle, R. W., & Bilandzic, H.
(2008) Fictionality and perceived realism in experiencing stories: A model of narrative comprehension and engagement. Communication Theory, 18(2), 255–280.
Busselle, R. W., & Bilandzic, H.
(2009) Measuring narrative engagement. Media Psychology, 12(4), 321–347.
Busselle, R. W., & Bilandzic, H.
(2012) Cultivation and the perceived realism of stories. In M. Michael, J. Shanahan, & N. Signorielli (Eds.), Living with television now. Advances in cultivation theory and research (pp. 168–186). Bern: Peter Lang.
Busselle, R. W., & Greenberg, B. S.
(2000) The nature of television realism judgments: A reevaluation of their conceptualization and measurement. Mass Communication and Society, 3, 249–268.
Cohen, J.
(2001) Defining identification: a theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4(3), 245–264. .
Cohen, J., Tal-Or, N., & Mazor-Tregerman, M.
(2015) The tempering effect of transportation: Exploring the effects of transportation and identification during exposure to controversial two-sided narratives. Journal of Communication, 65(2), 237–258.
Csikszentmihalyi, M.
(1975) Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M.
(1990) Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
de Graaf, A., Hoeken, H., Sanders, J., & Beentjes, H.
(2009) The role of dimensions of narrative engagement in narrative persuasion. Communications-European Journal of Communication Research, 34(4), 385–405.
Fludernik, M.
(2010) Towards a ‘natural’ narratology (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Freedman, J. L.
(1964) Involvement, discrepancy, and change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 290–295.
Gerrig, R. J.
(1993) Experiencing narrative worlds. On the psychological activities of reading. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Green, M. C.
(2004) Transportation into narrative worlds: The role of prior knowledge and perceived realism. Discourse Processes, 38(2), 247–266.
Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C.
(2000) The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721.
Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C.
(2002) In the mind’s eye. Transportation-imagery model of narrative persuasion. In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations (pp. 315–341). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Green, M. C., Brock, T. C., & Kaufman, G. F.
(2004) Understanding media enjoyment: The role of transportation into narrative worlds. Communication Theory, 14, 311–327.
Hall, A.
(2003) Reading realism: Audiences’ evaluations of the reality of media texts. Journal of Communication, 53(4), 624–641.
Hall, A., & Zwarun, L.
(2012) Challenging entertainment: enjoyment, transportation, and need for cognition in relation to fictional films viewed online. Mass Communication and Society, 15(3), 384–406.
Hoeken, H., & Sinkeldam, J.
(2014) The role of identification and perception of just outcome in evoking emotions in narrative persuasion. Journal of Communication, 64(5), 935–955.
Holland, N. N.
(2008) Spider-Man? Sure! The neuroscience of suspending disbelief. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 33(4), 312–320.
Johnson, B. K., & Rosenbaum, J. E.
(2015) Spoiler alert: Consequences of narrative spoilers for dimensions of enjoyment, appreciation, and transportation. Communication Research, 42(8), 1068–1088.
Krakowiak, K. M., & Oliver, M. B.
(2012) When good characters do bad things: Examining the effect of moral ambiguity on enjoyment. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 117–135.
Kuijpers, M. M., Hakemulder, F., Tan, E. S., & Doicaru, M. M.
(2004) Presence, explicated. Communication Theory, 14(1), 27–50.
Lombard, M., & Ditton, T.
(1997) At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2).
Mazzocco, P. J., & Brock, T. C.
(2006) Understanding the role of mental imagery in persuasion: A cognitive resources model. In L. R. Kahle & C. H. Kim (Eds.), Image and psychology of marketing communication (pp. 65–78). Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Murphy, S. T., Frank, L. B., Moran, M. B., & Patnoe-Woodley, P.
(2011) Involved, transported, or emotional? Exploring the determinants of change in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in entertainment-education. Journal of Communication, 61(3).
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M.
(2009) Flow theory and research. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 195–206). Oxford: OUP.
Nell, V.
(1988) Lost in a book. The psychology of reading for pleasure. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Nomura, R., Hino, K., Shimazu, M., Liang, Y., & Okada, T.
(2015) Emotionally excited eyeblink-rate variability predicts an experience of transportation into the narrative world. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.
Perse, E. M.
(1990) Involvement with local television news. Cognitive and emotional dimensions. Human Communication Research, 16(4), 556–581.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T.
(1979) Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 1915–1926.
Qin, H., Rau, P. L. P., & Salvendy, G.
(2009) Measuring player immersion in the computer game narrative. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 25(2), 107–133.
Ryan, M.
(2007) Toward a definition of narrative. In D. Herman (Ed.), Cambridge companion to narrative (pp. 22–35). Cambridge: CUP.
Salmon, C. T.
(1986) Perspectives on involvement in consumer and communication research. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt (Eds.), Progress in communication sciences (pp. 243–268). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Segal, E. M.
(1995) Narrative comprehension and the role of deictic shift theory. In J. F. Duchan, G. A. Bruder, & L. E. Hewitt (Eds.), Deixis in narrative: A cognitive science perspective (pp. 3–17). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Shapiro, M. A., & Kim, H. K.
(2012) Realism judgments and mental resources: A cue processing model of media narrative realism. Media Psychology, 15(1), 93–119.
Sherif, C. W., Sherif, M., & Nebergall, R. E.
(1965) Attitude and attitude change. The social judgment-involvement approach. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
Sherif, M., & Cantril, H.
(1947) The psychology of ego-involvements: Social attitudes and identifications. New York, NY: Wiley.
Sherry, J. L.
(2004) Flow and media enjoyment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 328–347.
Sukalla, F., Bilandzic, H., Bolls, P. D., & Busselle, R. W.
(2015) Embodiment of narrative engagement. Connecting self-reported narrative engagement to psychophysiological measures. Journal of Media Psychology, 1–12.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C.
(1986) The social identity theory of intergroup conflict. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
Tal-Or, N., & Cohen, J.
(2010) Understanding audience involvement: Conceptualizing and manipulating identification and transportation. Poetics, 38(4), 402–418.
Tellegen, A., & Atkinson, G.
(1974) Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (absorption), a trait related to hypnotic-susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83(3), 268–277.
Wild, T. C., Kuiken, D., & Schopflocher, D.
(1995) The role of absorption in experiential involvement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 569–579.
Williams, F., Rice, R. E., & Rogers, E. M.
(1988) Research methods and the new media. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Wirth, W.
(2006) Involvement. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 199–213). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wirth, W., Hartmann, T., Böcking, S., Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., Schramm, H., & Jancke, P.
(2007) A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences. Media Psychology, 9(3), 493–525.
Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C.
(1995) The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6, 292–297.
Cited by
Cited by 10 other publications
Busselle, Rick & Tanja Vierrether
2022. Linking Epistemic Monitoring to Perceived Realism: the Impact of Story-World Inconsistency on Realism and Engagement. Media Psychology 25:5 ► pp. 689 ff.
Herrmann, Björn & Ingrid S. Johnsrude
2020. Absorption and Enjoyment During Listening to Acoustically Masked Stories. Trends in Hearing 24 ► pp. 233121652096785 ff.
Homolar, Alexandra
2022. A call to arms: Hero–villain narratives in US security discourse. Security Dialogue 53:4 ► pp. 324 ff.
2018. The year’s work in stylistics 2017. Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 27:4 ► pp. 329 ff.
Pianzola, Federico
2021. Presence, flow, and narrative absorption questionnaires: a scoping review. Open Research Europe 1 ► pp. 11 ff.
Pianzola, Federico
2021. Presence, flow, and narrative absorption questionnaires: a scoping review. Open Research Europe 1 ► pp. 11 ff.
Pianzola, Federico, Giuseppe Riva, Karin Kukkonen & Fabrizia Mantovani
2021. Presence, flow, and narrative absorption: an interdisciplinary theoretical exploration with a new spatiotemporal integrated model based on predictive processing. Open Research Europe 1 ► pp. 28 ff.
Pianzola, Federico, Giuseppe Riva, Karin Kukkonen & Fabrizia Mantovani
2021. Presence, flow, and narrative absorption: an interdisciplinary theoretical exploration with a new spatiotemporal integrated model based on predictive processing. Open Research Europe 1 ► pp. 28 ff.
Scholl, Jasper, Markus Pandrea & Renske van Enschot
2022. How to help your depressed friend? The effects of interactive health narratives on cognitive and transformative learning. Frontiers in Communication 7
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.