782014504 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LALD 53 GE 15 9789027287489 06 10.1075/lald.53 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code LALD 02 JB code 0925-0123 02 53.00 01 02 Language Acquisition and Language Disorders Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 01 01 Research in Second Language Processing and Parsing Research in Second Language Processing and Parsing 1 B01 01 JB code 581121548 Bill VanPatten VanPatten, Bill Bill VanPatten Texas Tech University 2 B01 01 JB code 600121549 Jill Jegerski Jegerski, Jill Jill Jegerski College of Staten Island, City University of New York 01 eng 11 362 03 03 vii 03 00 351 03 24 JB code LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFD 01 06 02 00 Deals with the field of theory and research on second language processing and parsing. This title offers research using many different languages (for example; Arabic, Spanish, Japanese, French, German, and English) and structures (for example; relative clauses, wh-gaps, gender, and number) to examine various issues in second language processing. 03 00 This volume is the first dedicated to the growing field of theory and research on second language processing and parsing. The fourteen papers in this volume offer cutting-edge research using a number of different languages (e.g., Arabic, Spanish, Japanese, French, German, English) and structures (e.g., relative clauses, wh-gaps, gender, number) to examine various issues in second language processing: first language influence, whether or not non-natives can achieve native-like processing, the roles of context and prosody, the effects of working memory, and others. The researchers include both established scholars and newer voices, all offering important insights into the factors that affect processing and parsing in a second language. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lald.53.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027253156.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027253156.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lald.53.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lald.53.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lald.53.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lald.53.hb.png 01 01 JB code lald.53.00toc 06 10.1075/lald.53.00toc vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 01 JB code lald.53.p1 06 10.1075/lald.53.p1 Section header 2 01 04 Part I. Introduction Part I. Introduction 01 01 JB code lald.53.01van 06 10.1075/lald.53.01van 3 24 22 Article 3 01 04 Second language processing and parsing Second language processing and parsing 01 04 The issues The issues 1 A01 01 JB code 907135019 Bill VanPatten VanPatten, Bill Bill VanPatten Texas Tech University 2 A01 01 JB code 638135020 Jill Jegerski Jegerski, Jill Jill Jegerski College of Staten Island, City University of New York 01 01 JB code lald.53.p2 06 10.1075/lald.53.p2 Section header 4 01 04 Part II. Relative clauses and wh-movement Part II. Relative clauses and wh-movement 01 01 JB code lald.53.02din 06 10.1075/lald.53.02din 27 64 38 Article 5 01 04 Relative clause attachment preferences of Turkish L2 speakers of English Relative clause attachment preferences of Turkish L2 speakers of English 01 04 Shallow parsing in the L2? Shallow parsing in the L2? 1 A01 01 JB code 184135021 Nazik Dinçtopal-Deniz Dinçtopal-Deniz, Nazik Nazik Dinçtopal-Deniz Boðaziçi University & The City University of New York 01 01 JB code lald.53.03ald 06 10.1075/lald.53.03ald 65 86 22 Article 6 01 04 Evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement Evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement 01 04 A study of Najdi Arabic learners of English A study of Najdi Arabic learners of English 1 A01 01 JB code 853135022 Saad Aldwayan Aldwayan, Saad Saad Aldwayan King Saud University 2 A01 01 JB code 103135023 Robert Fiorentino Fiorentino, Robert Robert Fiorentino University of Kansas 3 A01 01 JB code 331135024 Alison Gabriele Gabriele, Alison Alison Gabriele University of Kansas 01 01 JB code lald.53.04cun 06 10.1075/lald.53.04cun 87 110 24 Article 7 01 04 Constraints on L2 learners' processing of wh-dependencies Constraints on L2 learners’ processing of wh-dependencies 01 04 Evidence from eye movements Evidence from eye movements 1 A01 01 JB code 872135025 Ian Cunnings Cunnings, Ian Ian Cunnings University of Essex 2 A01 01 JB code 84135026 Claire Batterham Batterham, Claire Claire Batterham University of Essex 3 A01 01 JB code 342135027 Claudia Felser Felser, Claudia Claudia Felser University of Essex 4 A01 01 JB code 442135028 Harald Clahsen Clahsen, Harald Harald Clahsen University of Essex 01 01 JB code lald.53.p3 06 10.1075/lald.53.p3 Section header 8 01 04 Part III. Gender and number Part III. Gender and number 01 01 JB code lald.53.05kea 06 10.1075/lald.53.05kea 113 134 22 Article 9 01 04 The effects of linear distance and working memory on the processing of gender agreement in Spanish The effects of linear distance and working memory on the processing of gender agreement in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 232135029 Gregory D. Keating Keating, Gregory D. Gregory D. Keating San Diego State University 01 01 JB code lald.53.06ren 06 10.1075/lald.53.06ren 135 156 22 Article 10 01 04 Feature assembly in early stages of L2 acquisition Feature assembly in early stages of L2 acquisition 01 04 Processing evidence from L2 French Processing evidence from L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 695135030 Claire Renaud Renaud, Claire Claire Renaud Arizona State University 01 01 JB code lald.53.p4 06 10.1075/lald.53.p4 Section header 11 01 04 Part IV. Subjects and objects Part IV. Subjects and objects 01 01 JB code lald.53.07mit 06 10.1075/lald.53.07mit 159 176 18 Article 12 01 04 Second language processing in Japanese scrambled sentences Second language processing in Japanese scrambled sentences 1 A01 01 JB code 490135031 Sanako Mitsugi Mitsugi, Sanako Sanako Mitsugi Carnegie Mellon University 2 A01 01 JB code 705135032 Brian MacWhinney MacWhinney, Brian Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University 01 01 JB code lald.53.08har 06 10.1075/lald.53.08har 177 206 30 Article 13 01 04 Second language gap processing of Japanese scrambling under a Simpler Syntax account Second language gap processing of Japanese scrambling under a Simpler Syntax account 1 A01 01 JB code 213135033 Masahiro Hara Hara, Masahiro Masahiro Hara Truman State University 01 01 JB code lald.53.09jac 06 10.1075/lald.53.09jac 207 230 24 Article 14 01 04 The processing of subject-object ambiguities by English and Dutch L2 learners of German The processing of subject-object ambiguities by English and Dutch L2 learners of German 1 A01 01 JB code 516135034 Carrie N. Jackson Jackson, Carrie N. Carrie N. Jackson The Pennsylvania State University 01 01 JB code lald.53.10mal 06 10.1075/lald.53.10mal 231 256 26 Article 15 01 04 Connections between processing, production and placement Connections between processing, production and placement 01 04 Acquiring object pronouns in spanish as a second language Acquiring object pronouns in spanish as a second language 1 A01 01 JB code 24135035 Paul A. Malovrh Malovrh, Paul A. Paul A. Malovrh University of South Carolina 2 A01 01 JB code 84135036 James F. Lee Lee, James F. James F. Lee University of New South Wales 01 01 JB code lald.53.p5 06 10.1075/lald.53.p5 Section header 16 01 04 Part V. Phonology and lexicon Part V. Phonology and lexicon 01 01 JB code lald.53.11sho 06 10.1075/lald.53.11sho 259 280 22 Article 17 01 04 The exploitation of fine phonetic detail in the processing of L2 French The exploitation of fine phonetic detail in the processing of L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 641135037 Ellenor M. Shoemaker Shoemaker, Ellenor M. Ellenor M. Shoemaker The University of Texas at Austin 01 01 JB code lald.53.12tok 06 10.1075/lald.53.12tok 281 294 14 Article 18 01 04 Translation ambiguity Translation ambiguity 01 04 Consequences for learning and processing Consequences for learning and processing 1 A01 01 JB code 442135038 Natasha Tokowicz Tokowicz, Natasha Natasha Tokowicz University of Pittsburgh 2 A01 01 JB code 641135039 Tamar Degani Degani, Tamar Tamar Degani University of Pittsburgh 01 01 JB code lald.53.p6 06 10.1075/lald.53.p6 Section header 19 01 04 Part VI. Prosody and context Part VI. Prosody and context 01 01 JB code lald.53.13fer 06 10.1075/lald.53.13fer 297 320 24 Article 20 01 04 Reading aloud in two languages Reading aloud in two languages 01 04 The interplay of syntax and prosody The interplay of syntax and prosody 1 A01 01 JB code 282135040 Eva M. Fernández Fernández, Eva M. Eva M. Fernández Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York 01 01 JB code lald.53.14rei 06 10.1075/lald.53.14rei 321 344 24 Article 21 01 04 Near-nativelike processing of contrastive focus in L2 French Near-nativelike processing of contrastive focus in L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 853135041 Robert Reichle Reichle, Robert Robert Reichle Northern Illinois University 01 01 JB code lald.53.15ind 06 10.1075/lald.53.15ind 345 348 4 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Author index Author index 01 01 JB code lald.53.23sub 06 10.1075/lald.53.23sub 349 351 3 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20101215 C 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027253156 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 832008473 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LALD 53 Eb 15 9789027287489 06 10.1075/lald.53 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code LALD 02 0925-0123 02 53.00 01 02 Language Acquisition and Language Disorders Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-lald 01 02 Language Acquisition and Language Disorders (vols. 1–58, 1989–2015) 05 02 LALD (vols. 1–58, 1989–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-psychology 01 02 Subject collection: Psychology (246 titles, 1978–2015) 05 02 Psychology (1978–2015) 01 01 Research in Second Language Processing and Parsing Research in Second Language Processing and Parsing 1 B01 01 JB code 581121548 Bill VanPatten VanPatten, Bill Bill VanPatten Texas Tech University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/581121548 2 B01 01 JB code 600121549 Jill Jegerski Jegerski, Jill Jill Jegerski College of Staten Island, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/600121549 01 eng 11 362 03 03 vii 03 00 351 03 01 22 418.0072 03 2010 P118.2 04 Second language acquisition. 10 LAN009000 12 CFD 24 JB code LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Deals with the field of theory and research on second language processing and parsing. This title offers research using many different languages (for example; Arabic, Spanish, Japanese, French, German, and English) and structures (for example; relative clauses, wh-gaps, gender, and number) to examine various issues in second language processing. 03 00 This volume is the first dedicated to the growing field of theory and research on second language processing and parsing. The fourteen papers in this volume offer cutting-edge research using a number of different languages (e.g., Arabic, Spanish, Japanese, French, German, English) and structures (e.g., relative clauses, wh-gaps, gender, number) to examine various issues in second language processing: first language influence, whether or not non-natives can achieve native-like processing, the roles of context and prosody, the effects of working memory, and others. The researchers include both established scholars and newer voices, all offering important insights into the factors that affect processing and parsing in a second language. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lald.53.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027253156.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027253156.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lald.53.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lald.53.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lald.53.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lald.53.hb.png 01 01 JB code lald.53.00toc 06 10.1075/lald.53.00toc vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.p1 06 10.1075/lald.53.p1 Section header 2 01 04 Part I. Introduction Part I. Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.01van 06 10.1075/lald.53.01van 3 24 22 Article 3 01 04 Second language processing and parsing Second language processing and parsing 01 04 The issues The issues 1 A01 01 JB code 907135019 Bill VanPatten VanPatten, Bill Bill VanPatten Texas Tech University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/907135019 2 A01 01 JB code 638135020 Jill Jegerski Jegerski, Jill Jill Jegerski College of Staten Island, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/638135020 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.p2 06 10.1075/lald.53.p2 Section header 4 01 04 Part II. Relative clauses and wh-movement Part II. Relative clauses and wh-movement 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.02din 06 10.1075/lald.53.02din 27 64 38 Article 5 01 04 Relative clause attachment preferences of Turkish L2 speakers of English Relative clause attachment preferences of Turkish L2 speakers of English 01 04 Shallow parsing in the L2? Shallow parsing in the L2? 1 A01 01 JB code 184135021 Nazik Dinçtopal-Deniz Dinçtopal-Deniz, Nazik Nazik Dinçtopal-Deniz Boðaziçi University & The City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/184135021 01 eng 03 00

Monolingual Turkish speakers, highly proficient Turkish speakers of English as a second language (L2), and native English speakers participated in online self-paced reading tasks and offline pen-and-paper questionnaires testing the processing of relative clause (RC) attachment ambiguities. Experimental stimuli in the online task consisted of temporarily and globally ambiguous sentences. Temporarily ambiguous sentences were disambiguated using animacy information carried by the NPs in the complex genitive NP. The offline task consisted of globally ambiguous sentences. The results of the online and offline tasks showed that both first language (L1) groups preferred to attach the RC to the low noun phrase (NP), both with animate and inanimate antecedents. Results for the L2 group, however, differed in the online and offline tasks. In the online task, they preferred to attach the RC high with animate antecedents, but showed a tendency to attach it low with inanimate antecedents. In the offline task, on the other hand, they showed a high attachment preference throughout. Results are discussed in relation to the Shallow Structure Hypothesis of Clahsen and Felser (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c).

01 01 JB code lald.53.03ald 06 10.1075/lald.53.03ald 65 86 22 Article 6 01 04 Evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement Evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement 01 04 A study of Najdi Arabic learners of English A study of Najdi Arabic learners of English 1 A01 01 JB code 853135022 Saad Aldwayan Aldwayan, Saad Saad Aldwayan King Saud University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/853135022 2 A01 01 JB code 103135023 Robert Fiorentino Fiorentino, Robert Robert Fiorentino University of Kansas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/103135023 3 A01 01 JB code 331135024 Alison Gabriele Gabriele, Alison Alison Gabriele University of Kansas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331135024 01 eng 03 00

Recent proposals have suggested that second language learners, unlike native speakers, are ‘shallow processors’ in that they do not make use of abstract syntactic knowledge in parsing, relying instead on lexical semantic knowledge and pragmatic notions such as plausibility (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a,b). The present study tested whether Najdi Arabic learners of English process whdependencies incrementally and whether they use knowledge of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement. A group of advanced L2 learners (n = 40) as well as a control group of English native speakers (n = 40) participated in a self-paced reading study, which was based on Stowe (1986). The results of two experiments suggest that non-native processing is, like native processing, incremental and guided by syntactic constraints.

01 01 JB code lald.53.04cun 06 10.1075/lald.53.04cun 87 110 24 Article 7 01 04 Constraints on L2 learners' processing of wh-dependencies Constraints on L2 learners’ processing of wh-dependencies 01 04 Evidence from eye movements Evidence from eye movements 1 A01 01 JB code 872135025 Ian Cunnings Cunnings, Ian Ian Cunnings University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/872135025 2 A01 01 JB code 84135026 Claire Batterham Batterham, Claire Claire Batterham University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/84135026 3 A01 01 JB code 342135027 Claudia Felser Felser, Claudia Claudia Felser University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/342135027 4 A01 01 JB code 442135028 Harald Clahsen Clahsen, Harald Harald Clahsen University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/442135028 01 eng 03 00

Using the eye-movement monitoring technique, the present study examined whether wh-dependency formation is sensitive to island constraints in second language (L2) sentence comprehension, and whether the presence of an intervening relative clause island has any effects on learners’ ability to ultimately resolve long wh-dependencies. Participants included proficient learners of L2 English from typologically different language backgrounds (German, Chinese), as well as a group of native English-speaking controls. Our results indicate that both the learners and the native speakers were sensitive to relative clause islands during processing, irrespective of typological differences between the learners’ L1s, but that the learners had more difficulty than native speakers linking distant wh-fillers to their lexical subcategorizers during processing. We provide a unified processing-based account for our findings.

01 01 JB code lald.53.p3 06 10.1075/lald.53.p3 Section header 8 01 04 Part III. Gender and number Part III. Gender and number 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.05kea 06 10.1075/lald.53.05kea 113 134 22 Article 9 01 04 The effects of linear distance and working memory on the processing of gender agreement in Spanish The effects of linear distance and working memory on the processing of gender agreement in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 232135029 Gregory D. Keating Keating, Gregory D. Gregory D. Keating San Diego State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/232135029 01 eng 03 00

This study investigates the effects of linear distance and working memory on native and advanced L2 Spanish speakers’ on-line sensitivity to violations of grammatical gender. Using eye-tracking, participants were tested on agreement violations on predicative adjectives located one, four, and seven words away from a controller noun. The results revealed that linear distance influenced both groups’ sensitivity to gender anomalies, albeit at different points on the linear distance continuum. Furthermore, each group’s sensitivity to gender violations emerged at different points in the eye-movement record. The reading span analysis revealed that the advanced learners’ sensitivity to gender errors during first-pass reading was moderated by individual differences in working memory. The results are discussed in light of the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (Clahsen & Felser, 2006b).

01 01 JB code lald.53.06ren 06 10.1075/lald.53.06ren 135 156 22 Article 10 01 04 Feature assembly in early stages of L2 acquisition Feature assembly in early stages of L2 acquisition 01 04 Processing evidence from L2 French Processing evidence from L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 695135030 Claire Renaud Renaud, Claire Claire Renaud Arizona State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/695135030 01 eng 03 00

Based on the feature assembly hypothesis (e.g. Lardiere, 2009), and assuming a universal parser, early stages of second language (L2) acquisition are investigated in this paper. Using a methodology that combines reading time and acceptability judgment data, it is argued that L2 learners’ processing relies on a universal parser that allows the selection of uninterpretable features (even those that are not selected in the learners’ first language, such as uGender) based on a universal store. The data also suggest that these features are (re-)assembled, as shown by the asymmetries in the reading time data, which are taken to reflect different computational costs associated with different computations (i.e. feature checking and feature underspecification).

01 01 JB code lald.53.p4 06 10.1075/lald.53.p4 Section header 11 01 04 Part IV. Subjects and objects Part IV. Subjects and objects 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.07mit 06 10.1075/lald.53.07mit 159 176 18 Article 12 01 04 Second language processing in Japanese scrambled sentences Second language processing in Japanese scrambled sentences 1 A01 01 JB code 490135031 Sanako Mitsugi Mitsugi, Sanako Sanako Mitsugi Carnegie Mellon University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/490135031 2 A01 01 JB code 705135032 Brian MacWhinney MacWhinney, Brian Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/705135032 01 eng 03 00

This study used self-paced reading to examine the processing of Japanese ditransitive scrambling by both native speakers and by second language (L2) learners of Japanese. Because Japanese places the verb at the end of the clause, the impact of verb-based expectations should be less than it is in English (Trueswell, Tanenhaus & Kello, 1993). Instead of the verb-driven processing, Japanese processing relies on case markers, and decisions of structure-building are made locally without any delay (e.g., Miyamoto, 2002). If learners are able to utilize the information encoded by case markers, there should not be any extra processing load involved in scrambled sentences. Fifteen native speakers, 16 first language (L1) Korean intermediate-level learners, and 16 L1 English intermediate-level learners participated in the study. The conditions included canonical order, accusative scramble order, dative scramble order and dative-accusative scramble order. The results demonstrated that there are no significant differences in reading times among word-order types. These findings indicate that (1) Japanese native speakers make use of case-marked arguments as reliable cues for incremental processing, and (2) L2 learners can acquire this processing strategy at native-like levels, regardless of their L1 backgrounds.

01 01 JB code lald.53.08har 06 10.1075/lald.53.08har 177 206 30 Article 13 01 04 Second language gap processing of Japanese scrambling under a Simpler Syntax account Second language gap processing of Japanese scrambling under a Simpler Syntax account 1 A01 01 JB code 213135033 Masahiro Hara Hara, Masahiro Masahiro Hara Truman State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/213135033 01 eng 03 00

This self-paced reading study provides evidence of second language (L2) learners’ ability to perform syntactic gap processing while reading sentences with scrambling in Japanese. Due to the verb-finality of Japanese, syntactic gap processing occurs before the verb’s argument structure information becomes available. The two scrambling conditions included in the study were constructed by dislocating the direct object of a double object construction either a short distance (short scrambling) or farther away (long scrambling) from its canonical pre-verbal position. Both conditions involve syntactic gap processing at the pre-verbal position; however, there is greater difficulty narrowing syntactic predictions at the pre-verbal position in the long than in the short scrambling condition (Nakatani & Gibson, 2008). The study included advanced Korean and Chinese learners and native speakers of Japanese (24 participants per group). The Korean learners showed a reading slowdown at the pre-verbal gap-implicating region in the short scrambling condition but not in the long scrambling condition as the latter apparently overtaxed their cognitive resources. The Chinese learners exhibited no evidence of syntactic gap processing in either scrambling condition. The article proposes a unified account under Simpler Syntax (Culicover & Jackendoff, 2005) of how learners process short- and long-distance scrambling. The account allows for the view that under a high computational demand, learners’ gap processing may result in structurally underspecified but nevertheless legitimate representation of an input string, which is accomplished by making adjustments in the syntax–semantics interface rules and without overreliance on semantic–pragmatic information.

01 01 JB code lald.53.09jac 06 10.1075/lald.53.09jac 207 230 24 Article 14 01 04 The processing of subject-object ambiguities by English and Dutch L2 learners of German The processing of subject-object ambiguities by English and Dutch L2 learners of German 1 A01 01 JB code 516135034 Carrie N. Jackson Jackson, Carrie N. Carrie N. Jackson The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/516135034 01 eng 03 00

This self-paced reading study explored how English and Dutch L2 learners of German process subject-object ambiguities in German and whether the location of the lexical verb influences on-line processing among L2 learners. Reading time results at the disambiguating region revealed a subject-first preference, regardless of the location of the lexical verb, for all three groups. This highlights the potential for native-like L2 processing. At the same time, however, differences emerged in reading times between the two L2 learner groups on later segments, suggesting that the L1 can influence L2 processing, even among advanced learners.

01 01 JB code lald.53.10mal 06 10.1075/lald.53.10mal 231 256 26 Article 15 01 04 Connections between processing, production and placement Connections between processing, production and placement 01 04 Acquiring object pronouns in spanish as a second language Acquiring object pronouns in spanish as a second language 1 A01 01 JB code 24135035 Paul A. Malovrh Malovrh, Paul A. Paul A. Malovrh University of South Carolina 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/24135035 2 A01 01 JB code 84135036 James F. Lee Lee, James F. James F. Lee University of New South Wales 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/84135036 01 eng 03 00

In this paper we examine parallel developments in the input processing and production of grammatical form among intermediate and advanced level second language learners. To do so, we analyze the results gathered from two experiments on the same participants using object pronouns in Spanish as the target structure. Object pronouns in Spanish include information on case, person and number, but vary on gender marking. Although they occur in several word order patterns, we investigate only OV, that is, the preverbal placement of the pronoun with a simple finite verb. The data consist of a study in which learners processed subject/object relations. The sentence set contained 36 target sentences with 4 examples of each of the following pronouns: first person singular and plural, third person singular and plural, second person singular, dative and accusative uses, and masculine and feminine third person accusative case forms. The sentences were constructed such that the target sentence was the second of two and was of the word order pattern OVS. These data are analysed for correctly identifying who performed the action of the verb, that is, for correct OVS processing. The production data consisted of an oral retelling of a silent film that had been designed specifically to elicit object pronouns. The production data contain all of the forms used in the processing data set except second person singular. These data were analysed for accurate production of form and accurate placement of the pronoun in OV contexts. Our results suggest that processing, production and placement develop in parallel ways, not independently. First, as accurate OVS processing increases so does accurate production and placement in OV contexts. Second, the same morphological factors that affect processing also affect production and placement. Third, both processing, production and placement of first person pronouns is more accurate than that of third person pronouns. Fourth, homophonous forms are more difficult to process, produce and place accurately than are non-homophonous forms. We argue that accurate placement, i.e. the syntax of object pronouns, may be the trigger to developing accurate forms. Learners first fully acquire OV placement while still showing morphological variability in production and processing.

01 01 JB code lald.53.p5 06 10.1075/lald.53.p5 Section header 16 01 04 Part V. Phonology and lexicon Part V. Phonology and lexicon 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.11sho 06 10.1075/lald.53.11sho 259 280 22 Article 17 01 04 The exploitation of fine phonetic detail in the processing of L2 French The exploitation of fine phonetic detail in the processing of L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 641135037 Ellenor M. Shoemaker Shoemaker, Ellenor M. Ellenor M. Shoemaker The University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/641135037 01 eng 03 00

French is a language that poses particular difficulties for the second language (L2) learner in the processing of continuous speech. The phonological processes of liaison and enchainement (resyllabification), can render syllable and word boundaries ambiguous (e.g. un air ‘a melody’ and un nerf ‘a nerve’, both [oe˜ne˜]). Some research has suggested that speakers of French give listeners acoustic cues to word boundaries by varying the duration of liaison and initial consonants and that access to mental representations in the lexicon is facilitated by these cues (e.g. Spinelli, McQueen & Cutler, 2003); however no study to date has directly demonstrated that durational differences are exploited in the online segmentation of speech. One way to directly test the exploitation of duration as a parsing cue by both native and non-native speakers is to manipulate and exaggerate this single acoustic factor while holding all other factors constant. To this end, the current study employed ambiguous French phrases in which the pivotal consonants (i.e. the /n/ in un air/nerf) had been instrumentally shortened and lengthened while the rest of the phrase remained unaltered. Eighteen native speakers of French and 18 advanced late learners of L2 French were tested on an AX discrimination task and a forced-choice identification task employing these manipulated stimuli. The results suggest that duration alone can indeed modulate the lexical interpretation of sequences rendered ambiguous by liaison in spoken French. In addition, although a good deal of variance was observed in both participant groups, five out of 18 non-native participants scored at or above the native mean on both perceptual tasks. These results are particularly interesting in that they suggest that not only can advanced L2 learners develop native-like sensitivity to non-contrastive phonological variation in a L2, but that these learners can exploit this information in L2 speech processing.

01 01 JB code lald.53.12tok 06 10.1075/lald.53.12tok 281 294 14 Article 18 01 04 Translation ambiguity Translation ambiguity 01 04 Consequences for learning and processing Consequences for learning and processing 1 A01 01 JB code 442135038 Natasha Tokowicz Tokowicz, Natasha Natasha Tokowicz University of Pittsburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/442135038 2 A01 01 JB code 641135039 Tamar Degani Degani, Tamar Tamar Degani University of Pittsburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/641135039 01 eng 03 00

Translation ambiguity occurs when a word in one language can be translated in more than one way into another language. This cross-language phenomenon comes from several sources of within-language ambiguity including lexical ambiguity, polysemy, and near-synonymy. We review the existing research on translation ambiguity, including its consequences for vocabulary learning, for lexical processing (e.g., translation performance), and for meaning representation. When possible, we discuss how the impact of translation ambiguity is affected by or interacts with the source of the ambiguity (i.e., near-synonymy vs. lexical ambiguity) and L2 proficiency level.

01 01 JB code lald.53.p6 06 10.1075/lald.53.p6 Section header 19 01 04 Part VI. Prosody and context Part VI. Prosody and context 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.13fer 06 10.1075/lald.53.13fer 297 320 24 Article 20 01 04 Reading aloud in two languages Reading aloud in two languages 01 04 The interplay of syntax and prosody The interplay of syntax and prosody 1 A01 01 JB code 282135040 Eva M. Fernández Fernández, Eva M. Eva M. Fernández Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/282135040 01 eng 03 00

This paper examines bilingual speech production and constitutes part of an investigation designed to address two separate but interconnected questions. First, do different aspects of prosody relate differently to different syntactic categories? Second, do syntax-prosody correspondences differ between the two languages of a bilingual, and is this modulated by language history? Participants were native speakers of Spanish who were also early acquirers of English, exposed to the language from birth or from between 4 and 6 years of age. They read aloud translation-equivalent passages in English and Spanish. Acoustic analyses of the recorded speech examined phrasing (as indexed in pause durations between words) at key syntactic boundaries throughout the passage. The data demonstrate that early acquirers of English have similar phrasing preferences in both English and Spanish, based on syntactic boundaries. However, reading in Spanish is more disfluent, particularly for participants with less formal exposure to the language.

01 01 JB code lald.53.14rei 06 10.1075/lald.53.14rei 321 344 24 Article 21 01 04 Near-nativelike processing of contrastive focus in L2 French Near-nativelike processing of contrastive focus in L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 853135041 Robert Reichle Reichle, Robert Robert Reichle Northern Illinois University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/853135041 01 eng 03 00

In this ERP study, native speakers and high- and low-proficiency L2 speakers of French were visually presented with instantiations of informational focus and contrastive focus. 14-channel electroencephalograms were recorded, and mean amplitude was calculated for windows 200–400 ms and 500–700 ms post-target word. For the processing of contrastive focus, native speakers showed a widespread increase in negativity compared to the processing of informational focus. High-proficiency L2 subjects also showed signs of increased negativity; low-proficiency L2 subjects did not. These results suggest the possibility of near-nativelike processing for high-proficiency L2 learners, but not for low-proficiency L2 learners; this finding is consistent with other recent ERP studies of L2 processing (e.g. Osterhout et al., 2006).

01 01 JB code lald.53.15ind 06 10.1075/lald.53.15ind 345 348 4 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Author index Author index 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.23sub 06 10.1075/lald.53.23sub 349 351 3 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/lald.53 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20101215 C 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027253156 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027287489 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD
898008472 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LALD 53 Hb 15 9789027253156 06 10.1075/lald.53 13 2010038018 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 810 gr 10 01 JB code LALD 02 0925-0123 02 53.00 01 02 Language Acquisition and Language Disorders Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 01 01 Research in Second Language Processing and Parsing Research in Second Language Processing and Parsing 1 B01 01 JB code 581121548 Bill VanPatten VanPatten, Bill Bill VanPatten Texas Tech University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/581121548 2 B01 01 JB code 600121549 Jill Jegerski Jegerski, Jill Jill Jegerski College of Staten Island, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/600121549 01 eng 11 362 03 03 vii 03 00 351 03 01 22 418.0072 03 2010 P118.2 04 Second language acquisition. 10 LAN009000 12 CFD 24 JB code LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Deals with the field of theory and research on second language processing and parsing. This title offers research using many different languages (for example; Arabic, Spanish, Japanese, French, German, and English) and structures (for example; relative clauses, wh-gaps, gender, and number) to examine various issues in second language processing. 03 00 This volume is the first dedicated to the growing field of theory and research on second language processing and parsing. The fourteen papers in this volume offer cutting-edge research using a number of different languages (e.g., Arabic, Spanish, Japanese, French, German, English) and structures (e.g., relative clauses, wh-gaps, gender, number) to examine various issues in second language processing: first language influence, whether or not non-natives can achieve native-like processing, the roles of context and prosody, the effects of working memory, and others. The researchers include both established scholars and newer voices, all offering important insights into the factors that affect processing and parsing in a second language. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lald.53.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027253156.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027253156.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lald.53.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lald.53.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lald.53.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lald.53.hb.png 01 01 JB code lald.53.00toc 06 10.1075/lald.53.00toc vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.p1 06 10.1075/lald.53.p1 Section header 2 01 04 Part I. Introduction Part I. Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.01van 06 10.1075/lald.53.01van 3 24 22 Article 3 01 04 Second language processing and parsing Second language processing and parsing 01 04 The issues The issues 1 A01 01 JB code 907135019 Bill VanPatten VanPatten, Bill Bill VanPatten Texas Tech University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/907135019 2 A01 01 JB code 638135020 Jill Jegerski Jegerski, Jill Jill Jegerski College of Staten Island, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/638135020 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.p2 06 10.1075/lald.53.p2 Section header 4 01 04 Part II. Relative clauses and wh-movement Part II. Relative clauses and wh-movement 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.02din 06 10.1075/lald.53.02din 27 64 38 Article 5 01 04 Relative clause attachment preferences of Turkish L2 speakers of English Relative clause attachment preferences of Turkish L2 speakers of English 01 04 Shallow parsing in the L2? Shallow parsing in the L2? 1 A01 01 JB code 184135021 Nazik Dinçtopal-Deniz Dinçtopal-Deniz, Nazik Nazik Dinçtopal-Deniz Boðaziçi University & The City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/184135021 01 eng 03 00

Monolingual Turkish speakers, highly proficient Turkish speakers of English as a second language (L2), and native English speakers participated in online self-paced reading tasks and offline pen-and-paper questionnaires testing the processing of relative clause (RC) attachment ambiguities. Experimental stimuli in the online task consisted of temporarily and globally ambiguous sentences. Temporarily ambiguous sentences were disambiguated using animacy information carried by the NPs in the complex genitive NP. The offline task consisted of globally ambiguous sentences. The results of the online and offline tasks showed that both first language (L1) groups preferred to attach the RC to the low noun phrase (NP), both with animate and inanimate antecedents. Results for the L2 group, however, differed in the online and offline tasks. In the online task, they preferred to attach the RC high with animate antecedents, but showed a tendency to attach it low with inanimate antecedents. In the offline task, on the other hand, they showed a high attachment preference throughout. Results are discussed in relation to the Shallow Structure Hypothesis of Clahsen and Felser (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c).

01 01 JB code lald.53.03ald 06 10.1075/lald.53.03ald 65 86 22 Article 6 01 04 Evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement Evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement 01 04 A study of Najdi Arabic learners of English A study of Najdi Arabic learners of English 1 A01 01 JB code 853135022 Saad Aldwayan Aldwayan, Saad Saad Aldwayan King Saud University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/853135022 2 A01 01 JB code 103135023 Robert Fiorentino Fiorentino, Robert Robert Fiorentino University of Kansas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/103135023 3 A01 01 JB code 331135024 Alison Gabriele Gabriele, Alison Alison Gabriele University of Kansas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331135024 01 eng 03 00

Recent proposals have suggested that second language learners, unlike native speakers, are ‘shallow processors’ in that they do not make use of abstract syntactic knowledge in parsing, relying instead on lexical semantic knowledge and pragmatic notions such as plausibility (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a,b). The present study tested whether Najdi Arabic learners of English process whdependencies incrementally and whether they use knowledge of syntactic constraints in the processing of wh-movement. A group of advanced L2 learners (n = 40) as well as a control group of English native speakers (n = 40) participated in a self-paced reading study, which was based on Stowe (1986). The results of two experiments suggest that non-native processing is, like native processing, incremental and guided by syntactic constraints.

01 01 JB code lald.53.04cun 06 10.1075/lald.53.04cun 87 110 24 Article 7 01 04 Constraints on L2 learners' processing of wh-dependencies Constraints on L2 learners’ processing of wh-dependencies 01 04 Evidence from eye movements Evidence from eye movements 1 A01 01 JB code 872135025 Ian Cunnings Cunnings, Ian Ian Cunnings University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/872135025 2 A01 01 JB code 84135026 Claire Batterham Batterham, Claire Claire Batterham University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/84135026 3 A01 01 JB code 342135027 Claudia Felser Felser, Claudia Claudia Felser University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/342135027 4 A01 01 JB code 442135028 Harald Clahsen Clahsen, Harald Harald Clahsen University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/442135028 01 eng 03 00

Using the eye-movement monitoring technique, the present study examined whether wh-dependency formation is sensitive to island constraints in second language (L2) sentence comprehension, and whether the presence of an intervening relative clause island has any effects on learners’ ability to ultimately resolve long wh-dependencies. Participants included proficient learners of L2 English from typologically different language backgrounds (German, Chinese), as well as a group of native English-speaking controls. Our results indicate that both the learners and the native speakers were sensitive to relative clause islands during processing, irrespective of typological differences between the learners’ L1s, but that the learners had more difficulty than native speakers linking distant wh-fillers to their lexical subcategorizers during processing. We provide a unified processing-based account for our findings.

01 01 JB code lald.53.p3 06 10.1075/lald.53.p3 Section header 8 01 04 Part III. Gender and number Part III. Gender and number 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.05kea 06 10.1075/lald.53.05kea 113 134 22 Article 9 01 04 The effects of linear distance and working memory on the processing of gender agreement in Spanish The effects of linear distance and working memory on the processing of gender agreement in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 232135029 Gregory D. Keating Keating, Gregory D. Gregory D. Keating San Diego State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/232135029 01 eng 03 00

This study investigates the effects of linear distance and working memory on native and advanced L2 Spanish speakers’ on-line sensitivity to violations of grammatical gender. Using eye-tracking, participants were tested on agreement violations on predicative adjectives located one, four, and seven words away from a controller noun. The results revealed that linear distance influenced both groups’ sensitivity to gender anomalies, albeit at different points on the linear distance continuum. Furthermore, each group’s sensitivity to gender violations emerged at different points in the eye-movement record. The reading span analysis revealed that the advanced learners’ sensitivity to gender errors during first-pass reading was moderated by individual differences in working memory. The results are discussed in light of the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (Clahsen & Felser, 2006b).

01 01 JB code lald.53.06ren 06 10.1075/lald.53.06ren 135 156 22 Article 10 01 04 Feature assembly in early stages of L2 acquisition Feature assembly in early stages of L2 acquisition 01 04 Processing evidence from L2 French Processing evidence from L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 695135030 Claire Renaud Renaud, Claire Claire Renaud Arizona State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/695135030 01 eng 03 00

Based on the feature assembly hypothesis (e.g. Lardiere, 2009), and assuming a universal parser, early stages of second language (L2) acquisition are investigated in this paper. Using a methodology that combines reading time and acceptability judgment data, it is argued that L2 learners’ processing relies on a universal parser that allows the selection of uninterpretable features (even those that are not selected in the learners’ first language, such as uGender) based on a universal store. The data also suggest that these features are (re-)assembled, as shown by the asymmetries in the reading time data, which are taken to reflect different computational costs associated with different computations (i.e. feature checking and feature underspecification).

01 01 JB code lald.53.p4 06 10.1075/lald.53.p4 Section header 11 01 04 Part IV. Subjects and objects Part IV. Subjects and objects 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.07mit 06 10.1075/lald.53.07mit 159 176 18 Article 12 01 04 Second language processing in Japanese scrambled sentences Second language processing in Japanese scrambled sentences 1 A01 01 JB code 490135031 Sanako Mitsugi Mitsugi, Sanako Sanako Mitsugi Carnegie Mellon University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/490135031 2 A01 01 JB code 705135032 Brian MacWhinney MacWhinney, Brian Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/705135032 01 eng 03 00

This study used self-paced reading to examine the processing of Japanese ditransitive scrambling by both native speakers and by second language (L2) learners of Japanese. Because Japanese places the verb at the end of the clause, the impact of verb-based expectations should be less than it is in English (Trueswell, Tanenhaus & Kello, 1993). Instead of the verb-driven processing, Japanese processing relies on case markers, and decisions of structure-building are made locally without any delay (e.g., Miyamoto, 2002). If learners are able to utilize the information encoded by case markers, there should not be any extra processing load involved in scrambled sentences. Fifteen native speakers, 16 first language (L1) Korean intermediate-level learners, and 16 L1 English intermediate-level learners participated in the study. The conditions included canonical order, accusative scramble order, dative scramble order and dative-accusative scramble order. The results demonstrated that there are no significant differences in reading times among word-order types. These findings indicate that (1) Japanese native speakers make use of case-marked arguments as reliable cues for incremental processing, and (2) L2 learners can acquire this processing strategy at native-like levels, regardless of their L1 backgrounds.

01 01 JB code lald.53.08har 06 10.1075/lald.53.08har 177 206 30 Article 13 01 04 Second language gap processing of Japanese scrambling under a Simpler Syntax account Second language gap processing of Japanese scrambling under a Simpler Syntax account 1 A01 01 JB code 213135033 Masahiro Hara Hara, Masahiro Masahiro Hara Truman State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/213135033 01 eng 03 00

This self-paced reading study provides evidence of second language (L2) learners’ ability to perform syntactic gap processing while reading sentences with scrambling in Japanese. Due to the verb-finality of Japanese, syntactic gap processing occurs before the verb’s argument structure information becomes available. The two scrambling conditions included in the study were constructed by dislocating the direct object of a double object construction either a short distance (short scrambling) or farther away (long scrambling) from its canonical pre-verbal position. Both conditions involve syntactic gap processing at the pre-verbal position; however, there is greater difficulty narrowing syntactic predictions at the pre-verbal position in the long than in the short scrambling condition (Nakatani & Gibson, 2008). The study included advanced Korean and Chinese learners and native speakers of Japanese (24 participants per group). The Korean learners showed a reading slowdown at the pre-verbal gap-implicating region in the short scrambling condition but not in the long scrambling condition as the latter apparently overtaxed their cognitive resources. The Chinese learners exhibited no evidence of syntactic gap processing in either scrambling condition. The article proposes a unified account under Simpler Syntax (Culicover & Jackendoff, 2005) of how learners process short- and long-distance scrambling. The account allows for the view that under a high computational demand, learners’ gap processing may result in structurally underspecified but nevertheless legitimate representation of an input string, which is accomplished by making adjustments in the syntax–semantics interface rules and without overreliance on semantic–pragmatic information.

01 01 JB code lald.53.09jac 06 10.1075/lald.53.09jac 207 230 24 Article 14 01 04 The processing of subject-object ambiguities by English and Dutch L2 learners of German The processing of subject-object ambiguities by English and Dutch L2 learners of German 1 A01 01 JB code 516135034 Carrie N. Jackson Jackson, Carrie N. Carrie N. Jackson The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/516135034 01 eng 03 00

This self-paced reading study explored how English and Dutch L2 learners of German process subject-object ambiguities in German and whether the location of the lexical verb influences on-line processing among L2 learners. Reading time results at the disambiguating region revealed a subject-first preference, regardless of the location of the lexical verb, for all three groups. This highlights the potential for native-like L2 processing. At the same time, however, differences emerged in reading times between the two L2 learner groups on later segments, suggesting that the L1 can influence L2 processing, even among advanced learners.

01 01 JB code lald.53.10mal 06 10.1075/lald.53.10mal 231 256 26 Article 15 01 04 Connections between processing, production and placement Connections between processing, production and placement 01 04 Acquiring object pronouns in spanish as a second language Acquiring object pronouns in spanish as a second language 1 A01 01 JB code 24135035 Paul A. Malovrh Malovrh, Paul A. Paul A. Malovrh University of South Carolina 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/24135035 2 A01 01 JB code 84135036 James F. Lee Lee, James F. James F. Lee University of New South Wales 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/84135036 01 eng 03 00

In this paper we examine parallel developments in the input processing and production of grammatical form among intermediate and advanced level second language learners. To do so, we analyze the results gathered from two experiments on the same participants using object pronouns in Spanish as the target structure. Object pronouns in Spanish include information on case, person and number, but vary on gender marking. Although they occur in several word order patterns, we investigate only OV, that is, the preverbal placement of the pronoun with a simple finite verb. The data consist of a study in which learners processed subject/object relations. The sentence set contained 36 target sentences with 4 examples of each of the following pronouns: first person singular and plural, third person singular and plural, second person singular, dative and accusative uses, and masculine and feminine third person accusative case forms. The sentences were constructed such that the target sentence was the second of two and was of the word order pattern OVS. These data are analysed for correctly identifying who performed the action of the verb, that is, for correct OVS processing. The production data consisted of an oral retelling of a silent film that had been designed specifically to elicit object pronouns. The production data contain all of the forms used in the processing data set except second person singular. These data were analysed for accurate production of form and accurate placement of the pronoun in OV contexts. Our results suggest that processing, production and placement develop in parallel ways, not independently. First, as accurate OVS processing increases so does accurate production and placement in OV contexts. Second, the same morphological factors that affect processing also affect production and placement. Third, both processing, production and placement of first person pronouns is more accurate than that of third person pronouns. Fourth, homophonous forms are more difficult to process, produce and place accurately than are non-homophonous forms. We argue that accurate placement, i.e. the syntax of object pronouns, may be the trigger to developing accurate forms. Learners first fully acquire OV placement while still showing morphological variability in production and processing.

01 01 JB code lald.53.p5 06 10.1075/lald.53.p5 Section header 16 01 04 Part V. Phonology and lexicon Part V. Phonology and lexicon 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.11sho 06 10.1075/lald.53.11sho 259 280 22 Article 17 01 04 The exploitation of fine phonetic detail in the processing of L2 French The exploitation of fine phonetic detail in the processing of L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 641135037 Ellenor M. Shoemaker Shoemaker, Ellenor M. Ellenor M. Shoemaker The University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/641135037 01 eng 03 00

French is a language that poses particular difficulties for the second language (L2) learner in the processing of continuous speech. The phonological processes of liaison and enchainement (resyllabification), can render syllable and word boundaries ambiguous (e.g. un air ‘a melody’ and un nerf ‘a nerve’, both [oe˜ne˜]). Some research has suggested that speakers of French give listeners acoustic cues to word boundaries by varying the duration of liaison and initial consonants and that access to mental representations in the lexicon is facilitated by these cues (e.g. Spinelli, McQueen & Cutler, 2003); however no study to date has directly demonstrated that durational differences are exploited in the online segmentation of speech. One way to directly test the exploitation of duration as a parsing cue by both native and non-native speakers is to manipulate and exaggerate this single acoustic factor while holding all other factors constant. To this end, the current study employed ambiguous French phrases in which the pivotal consonants (i.e. the /n/ in un air/nerf) had been instrumentally shortened and lengthened while the rest of the phrase remained unaltered. Eighteen native speakers of French and 18 advanced late learners of L2 French were tested on an AX discrimination task and a forced-choice identification task employing these manipulated stimuli. The results suggest that duration alone can indeed modulate the lexical interpretation of sequences rendered ambiguous by liaison in spoken French. In addition, although a good deal of variance was observed in both participant groups, five out of 18 non-native participants scored at or above the native mean on both perceptual tasks. These results are particularly interesting in that they suggest that not only can advanced L2 learners develop native-like sensitivity to non-contrastive phonological variation in a L2, but that these learners can exploit this information in L2 speech processing.

01 01 JB code lald.53.12tok 06 10.1075/lald.53.12tok 281 294 14 Article 18 01 04 Translation ambiguity Translation ambiguity 01 04 Consequences for learning and processing Consequences for learning and processing 1 A01 01 JB code 442135038 Natasha Tokowicz Tokowicz, Natasha Natasha Tokowicz University of Pittsburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/442135038 2 A01 01 JB code 641135039 Tamar Degani Degani, Tamar Tamar Degani University of Pittsburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/641135039 01 eng 03 00

Translation ambiguity occurs when a word in one language can be translated in more than one way into another language. This cross-language phenomenon comes from several sources of within-language ambiguity including lexical ambiguity, polysemy, and near-synonymy. We review the existing research on translation ambiguity, including its consequences for vocabulary learning, for lexical processing (e.g., translation performance), and for meaning representation. When possible, we discuss how the impact of translation ambiguity is affected by or interacts with the source of the ambiguity (i.e., near-synonymy vs. lexical ambiguity) and L2 proficiency level.

01 01 JB code lald.53.p6 06 10.1075/lald.53.p6 Section header 19 01 04 Part VI. Prosody and context Part VI. Prosody and context 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.13fer 06 10.1075/lald.53.13fer 297 320 24 Article 20 01 04 Reading aloud in two languages Reading aloud in two languages 01 04 The interplay of syntax and prosody The interplay of syntax and prosody 1 A01 01 JB code 282135040 Eva M. Fernández Fernández, Eva M. Eva M. Fernández Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/282135040 01 eng 03 00

This paper examines bilingual speech production and constitutes part of an investigation designed to address two separate but interconnected questions. First, do different aspects of prosody relate differently to different syntactic categories? Second, do syntax-prosody correspondences differ between the two languages of a bilingual, and is this modulated by language history? Participants were native speakers of Spanish who were also early acquirers of English, exposed to the language from birth or from between 4 and 6 years of age. They read aloud translation-equivalent passages in English and Spanish. Acoustic analyses of the recorded speech examined phrasing (as indexed in pause durations between words) at key syntactic boundaries throughout the passage. The data demonstrate that early acquirers of English have similar phrasing preferences in both English and Spanish, based on syntactic boundaries. However, reading in Spanish is more disfluent, particularly for participants with less formal exposure to the language.

01 01 JB code lald.53.14rei 06 10.1075/lald.53.14rei 321 344 24 Article 21 01 04 Near-nativelike processing of contrastive focus in L2 French Near-nativelike processing of contrastive focus in L2 French 1 A01 01 JB code 853135041 Robert Reichle Reichle, Robert Robert Reichle Northern Illinois University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/853135041 01 eng 03 00

In this ERP study, native speakers and high- and low-proficiency L2 speakers of French were visually presented with instantiations of informational focus and contrastive focus. 14-channel electroencephalograms were recorded, and mean amplitude was calculated for windows 200–400 ms and 500–700 ms post-target word. For the processing of contrastive focus, native speakers showed a widespread increase in negativity compared to the processing of informational focus. High-proficiency L2 subjects also showed signs of increased negativity; low-proficiency L2 subjects did not. These results suggest the possibility of near-nativelike processing for high-proficiency L2 learners, but not for low-proficiency L2 learners; this finding is consistent with other recent ERP studies of L2 processing (e.g. Osterhout et al., 2006).

01 01 JB code lald.53.15ind 06 10.1075/lald.53.15ind 345 348 4 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Author index Author index 01 eng 01 01 JB code lald.53.23sub 06 10.1075/lald.53.23sub 349 351 3 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/lald.53 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20101215 C 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 26 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 99.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 26 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 149.00 USD