This paper reports results on the acquisition of the English /s/ – /z/ phonemic contrast by native speakers of Spanish. The central finding is that some of the research participants exhibited a covert contrast between these segments in their interlanguage productions. Acoustic analysis revealed that four of the participants produced a statistically reliable distinction between English [s] and [z], however, this difference was not perceived by the transcribers who were phonetically trained, native speakers of English. The existence of a stage of covert contrast in L2 phonology is eminently plausible, given the progressive nature of phonological acquisition, and brings the learning of second-language contrasts into conformity with findings in the areas of L1 acquisition and phonologically disordered speech.
1998The emergence of the unmarked. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20: 261–280.
Cancino, H., Rosansky, E. & Schumann, J.
1978The acquisition of English negative and interrogatives by native speakers of Spanish, in Second Language Acquisition,E. Hatch (ed). Rowley MA: Newbury House.
Carlisle, R.S.
1998The acquisition of onsets in a markedness relationship: A longitudinal study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20: 245–260.
Cho, T.
1999Specification of Intergestural Timing and Gestural Overlap: EMA and EPG Studies, MA thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
Cho, T.
2001Effects of morpheme boundaries on intergestural timing: Evidence from Korean. Phonetica 58: 129–162.
Crystal, T.H. & House, A.S.
1988Segmental durations in connected-speech signals: Current results. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83: 1553–1573.
Eckman, F.
1981On the naturalness of interlanguage phonological rules. Language Learning 31: 195–216.
Eckman, F. & Iverson, G.
1994Pronunciation difficulties in ESL: Coda consonants in English interlanguage. In First and Second Language Phonology,M. Yavas (ed.), 251–266. San Diego CA: Singular.
Eckman, F., Iverson, G., Fox, R.A., Jacewicz, E. & Lee, S.
2011Explicit training and implicit learning of L2 phonemic contrasts. In Implicit and Explicit Conditions, Processes and Knowledge in SLA Bilingualism, C. Sanz & R. P. Leow (eds), 159–174. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Eckman, F. & Iverson, G.
2013The role of the native language in the acquisition of L2 phonemic contrasts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35: 1–26.
Flege, J.E.
1987The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics 15: 47–65.
Forrest, K., Weismer, G., Hodge, M., Dinnsen, D. A. & Elbert, M.
1990Statistical analysis of word-initial /k/ and /t/ produced by normal and phonologically disordered children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 4: 327–340.
Garcia, A.
2013Allophonic Variation in the Spanish Sibilant Fricative. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee.
Gierut, J.A. & Dinnsen, D.
1986On word-initial voicing: Converging sources of evidence in phonologically disordered speech. Language and Speech 29: 97–114.
Hammerly, H.
1982Contrastive phonology and error analysis. IRAL 20: 17–32.
Harris, J.
1969Spanish Phonology. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Harris, J.
1983Syllable Structure and Stress in Spanish. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Hewlett, N.
1988Acoustic properties of /k/ and /t/ in normal and phonologically disordered speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 2: 29–45.
House, A.S.
1961On vowel duration in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 33: 1174–1182.
Hualde, José Ignacio
2005The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: CUP.
Iverson, G. & Salmons, J.
1995Aspiration and Laryngeal Representation in Germanic. Phonology 12: 369–396.
Kiparsky, P.
1982Lexical phonology and morphology. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm,I.S. Yang (ed.), 3–91. Seoul: Hanshin.
Kornfeld, J.R. & Goehl, H.
1974A new twist to an old observation: Kids know more than they say. In Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Parasession on Natural Phonology, 210–219. Chicago IL: CLS.
Lado, R.
1957Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press.
Lehiste, I.
1972The timing of utterances and linguistic boundaries. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 51: 2018–2024.
Lim, Jin-A & Oh, Mira
2008Covert contrast in second language acquisition. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Korean Linguistics, International Circle of Korean Linguistics (ed.), 202–203. New York NY: SUNY at Binghamton & Cornell University.
Macken, M.A. & Barton, D.
1980A longitudinal study of the acquisition of the voicing contrast in American-English word-initial stops, as measured by voice onset time. Journal of Child Language 7: 41–74.
Major, R.
1994Chronological and stylistic aspects of second language acquisition of consonant clusters. Language Learning 44: 655–680.
Martínez-Gil, F.
2003Resolving rule-ordering paradoxes of serial derivations: An optimality theoretical account of the interaction of spirantization and voicing assimilation in Peninsular Spanish. In Theory, Practice, and Acquisition, P. Kempchinsky & C-E. Piñeros (eds), 40 – 67. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.
Maxwell, E.M., & Weismer, G.
1982The contribution of phonological, acoustic, and perceptual techniques to the characterization of a misarticulating child’s voice contrast for stops. Applied Psycholinguistics 3: 29–43.
Ohala, J.J.
1974Experimental historical phonology. In Historical Linguistics,
II:
Theory and Description in Phonology. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh, 2-7 Sept. 1973, J.M. Anderson & C. Jones (eds), 353–389. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Ritchie, W.
1968On the explanation of phonic interference. Language Learning 18:183–197.
Scobbie, J.M.
1998Interactions between the acquisition of phonetics and phonology. In Papers from the 34th annual regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Vol. II, M.C. Gruber, D. Higgins, K. Olson & T. Wysocki (eds), 343–358. Chicago IL: CLS.
Scobbie, J.E., Gibbon, F., Hardcastle, W.J. & Fletcher, P.
2000Covert contrast as a stage in the acquisition of phonetics and phonology. In Papers in Laboratory Phonology, V: Language Acquisition and the Lexicon, M. Broe & J. Pierrehumbert (eds), 194–203. Cambridge: CUP.
Smith, B.L.
1979A phonetic analysis of consonant devoicing in children’s speech. Journal of Child Language 6: 19–28.
Smith, C.L.
1997The devoicing of /z/ in American English: Effects of local and prosodic context. Journal of Phonetics 25: 471–500.
Stevens, K.N., Blumstein, S.E., Glicksman, L., Burton, M. & Kurowski, K.
1992Acoustic and perceptual characteristics of voicing in fricatives and fricative clusters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91: 2979–3000.
2018. Foreign Accent. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
Song, Jae Yung & Fred Eckman
2019. Covert contrasts in the acquisition of English high front vowels by native speakers of Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish. Language Acquisition 26:4 ► pp. 436 ff.
Song, Jae Yung & Fred Eckman
2021. Using ultrasound tongue imaging to study covert contrasts in second-language learners’ acquisition of English vowels. Language Acquisition 28:4 ► pp. 344 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 november 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.