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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Janet Giltrow
Giltrow, Janet
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Dieter Stein
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Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
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Genres in the Internet
Innovation, evolution, and genre theory
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Janet Giltrow
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Janet
Giltrow
University of British Columbia
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Dieter Stein
Stein, Dieter
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Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf
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Re-fusing form in genre study
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Amy J. Devitt
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Devitt
University of Kansas
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Current theories of genre based in action neglect form. While recognizing that genre study needed to reject earlier formalism, this chapter argues that genre necessarily encompasses form as part of the fusion of form, substance, and action and should be re-examined as contextualized form. Neither Carolyn Miller nor Mikhail Bakhtin, seminal genre theorists, rejected form but rather rejected formalism. Form in this chapter is defined as the visible results and notable absences of language-use in generic contexts, A contextualized treatment of generic form embeds form into its individual, social, and cultural contexts; recognizes generic form as variable individually, synchronically, and diachronically; balances treatment of generic forms as both unique and shared; and views generic forms as inter-genre-al, interacting with other genres.
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Lies at Wal-Mart
Style and the subversion of genre in the Life at Wal-Mart blog
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Cornelius Puschmann
Puschmann, Cornelius
Cornelius
Puschmann
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
01
Blogs are increasingly popular among private persons, public institutions, nongovernmental organizations and companies. While a range of communicative functions is associated with blogs in the way they are used specifically by corporations, one key area of interest is clearly public relations. This is especially pertinent to large businesses that face a significant amount of criticism in the media. As an example for such a case, this paper presents an analysis of <i>Life at Wal-Mart</i>, an image blog maintained by Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Following a description of corporate blogs as an emerging genre, I will outline how <i>Life at Wal-Mart</i> is used to further specific communicative goals of the company and what the findings indicate for a modern theory of digital genres.
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Situating the public social actions of blog posts
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Kathryn Grafton
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Grafton
University of British Columbia
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This paper responds to Carolyn Miller and Dawn Shepherd’s proposal (2004) that the personal blog acts upon an exigence of self-cultivation and validation. I turn to situational rhetoric (Bitzer 1968; 1980) to further contextualize bloggers’ motives and illustrate how the blog’s presentation of self is constituted rhetorically. Engaging Michael Warner’s theory of publics (2002) and Anne Freadman’s concept of uptake (2002), I argue that bloggers who write public posts about a public event, <i>Canada Reads</i>, participate in two situations—the blog and the event—and their resulting social actions accommodate exigencies belonging to both. By directing attention to the post, we glimpse the intentionality of each mediated self, seen in the varying publics engaged, situations defined, interpretants selected, and exigencies affected.
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“Working consensus” and the rhetorical situation
The homeless blog’s negotiation of public meta-genre
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Elizabeth G. Maurer
Maurer, Elizabeth G.
Elizabeth G.
Maurer
University of British Columbia
01
Examining uptakes of the “homeless blog” (a weblog written by a person who is experiencing or has experienced homelessness), this essay investigates constraints facing marginalized rhetors in their attempts to address rhetorical exigencies in innovative ways via “online genres.” Such rhetors face an environment of public meta-discourse in which readers may mischaracterize their texts according to analogous or “antecedent” (Jamieson 1975) genres. This essay proposes that to understand how rhetors negotiate constraints on their social action and build consensus about their discourse in such conditions, it is useful to consider public meta-genre as informed by “face-work,” Erving Goffman’s (1955; 1959) theory of how subjects engaged in self-presentation negotiate “working consensus” (Goffman 1959), provisionally-agreed-upon understanding of situations and participants. Five months ago, Barbieux, started a Web log about his life (TheHomelessGuy.net). His goals for the “<i>blog</i>” were modest. Mainly, he wanted to show people a different side to homelessness. … The blog started as a whim. He’d heard about <i>blogging, the diarist-style writing that has swept the Web</i>, through friends. (emphasis mine) (Luo 2003, Mar. 17) A few weeks ago, Anya Peters was homeless and living in a car, …. Her contact with the outside world was through <i>an online diary</i>. But this <i>blog</i>, published under the name of Wandering Scribe, was picked up by readers around the world and has provided a remarkable way out of her homelessness. She has written her own <i>escape story</i>. The story of her homelessness and her previous life is going to be turned into a book, with a publishing deal signed and the hardback scheduled to reach the bookshops next Spring. (emphasis mine) (Coughlan 2006, May 31) [Gary] Trudeau draws a street person going to collect his e-mail at the public library, where addresses had been handed out free to the homeless. Looking for potential employers’ responses to his job resume, he posts an address that puts the hype about the universal democracy built into the technoscientific information system into perspective: lunatic@street_level. (Haraway 1997: 6)
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Brave new genre, or generic colonialism?
Debates over ancestry in Internet diaries
1
A01
Laurie McNeill
McNeill, Laurie
Laurie
McNeill
University of British Columbia
01
This chapter analyses online users’ debates about the generic classification and ancestry of “blogs” and “Internet diaries,” looking in particular at users’ defensive definitions and meta-generic commentary that would distinguish the blog from the diary. I argue that these directives draw on traditional generic stereotypes, reproduced from print culture, that associate the diary with the narcissistic, feminine, and amateur, qualities apparently antithetical to self-styled “bloggers.” Since actual practice does not necessarily support a tenable distinction between blogs and diaries, I suggest that such genre claims arise from and protect particular communities’ ideals about the World Wide Web—and therefore its forms of communication—as novel. These often-heated commentaries offer opportunities to explore how communities understand and invest in genre in an evolving situation. A blog is not a diary. A diary is where you store private information and self reflection about your life, snapshotted feelings, etc. A blog is publicly there for anyone to see….A blog is a living autobiography… –Austin (2006 19 Oct.) <i>Weblog, n</i>. A frequently updated web site consisting of personal observations, excerpts from other sources, etc., typically run by a single person, and usually with hyperlinks to other sites; an online journal or diary. –<i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2003) Defining “blog” is a fool’s errand. –Jeff Jarvis (2005 27 Aug.).
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Online, multimedia case studies for professional education
Revisioning concepts of genre recognition
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David Russell
Russell, David
David
Russell
Iowa State University
2
A01
David Fisher
Fisher, David
David
Fisher
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
01
As communication in both formal education and workplaces is more and more mediated by onlind content managements systems, it is possible to simulate online within professional education the systems of genres that characterize professional work. Our research group has been designing, teaching with, and researching online, multimedia, fictional case studies for professional education, which dynamically represent the genre systems and communicative practices of organizations. The theoretical underpinnings of the simulation and the pedagogy lie in a New Rhetoric or activity approach to genre. A qualitative analysis of students’ responses suggests that this approach may successfully address problem of the lack of transfer of genre knowledge from formal schooling to professional work.
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Nation, book, medium
New technologies and their genres
1
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Miranda Burgess
Burgess, Miranda
Miranda
Burgess
University of British Columbia
01
This essay examines some ‘new media’ practices of the 1990s together with late twentieth-century critical commentaries on computer-mediated communication and electronic textuality. It compares both with discussions of changes in communications technologies and readerships from the turn of the nineteenth century. Based on observations about narrative form—especially the mutual metaphoricity of the nation and the book—in conjunction with the associated qualities of self-consciousness about sociability, historicity, and mediatedness that emerge from this study, I propose an understanding of genre formation as a characteristic, and under-recognized, response to the experience of media change and outline the possible contributions a more self-conscious theory of genre could make to existing theories of media, mediation, and media succession.
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Critical genres
Generic changes of literary criticism in computer-mediated communication
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A01
Sebastian Domsch
Domsch, Sebastian
Sebastian
Domsch
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
01
The genre of literary criticism has always strained under the antagonism of an inherently dialogical structure piercing its generic boundaries, and a strong monologizing tendency to gain more or less absolute critical authority. The generic markers of criticism create a distance both to their object and their addressee that tries to make answers/comments impossible. This is about to change drastically in the near future, as critical genres are migrating to the internet, and are now arguably evolving into new genres by processes of delimitation and iterative re-dialogisation. This article takes a close look at the generic changes that critical discourse experiences while being transformed by the possibilities of computer-mediated communication.
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A model for describing ‘new’ and ‘old’ properties of CMC genres
A
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The case of digital folklore
1
A01
Theresa Heyd
Heyd, Theresa
Theresa
Heyd
The University of Texas a Dallas
01
While genre theory has become one of the central paradigms for CMC studies, these approaches face a dilemma: while they are often firmly rooted in the functionalist framework of ‘Swalesian’ genre theory, they strive to describe digital genres as new, emergent or at least hybrid – positions that are not easily reconciled. This paper suggests a way out by proposing a two-level structure for genre ecologies: a function-based superlevel that will usually be established from traditional discourse which branches into emergent subgenres on a lower, form- and content-based level. This two-level model is established in detail around the test case of digital folklore; it is also shown how the model can be extended to other domains of CMC discourse.
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290
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Questions for genre theory from the blogosphere
1
A01
Carolyn R. Miller
Miller, Carolyn R.
Carolyn R.
Miller
North Carolina State University
2
A01
Dawn Shepherd
Shepherd, Dawn
Dawn
Shepherd
North Carolina State University
01
The blog illustrates well the constant change that characterizes electronic media. With a rapidity equal to that of their initial adoption, blogs became not a single genre but a multiplicity. To explore the relationship between the centrifugal forces of change and the centripetal tendencies of recurrence and typification, we extend our earlier study of personal blogs with a contrasting study of the kairos, technological affordances, rhetorical features, and exigence for what we call public affairs blogs. At the same time, we explore the relationship between genre and medium, examining genre evolution in the context of changing technological affordances. We conclude that genre and medium must be distinguished and that the aesthetic satisfactions of genre help account for recurrence in an environment of change.
10
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JB code
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291
294
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Index
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JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
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20091028
2009
John Benjamins
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9789027254337
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2009025635
BB
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P&bns
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0922-842X
Pragmatics & Beyond New Series
188
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Genres in the Internet
Issues in the theory of genre
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pbns.188
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https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.188
1
B01
Janet Giltrow
Giltrow, Janet
Janet
Giltrow
University of British Columbia
2
B01
Dieter Stein
Stein, Dieter
Dieter
Stein
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
01
eng
310
ix
294
LAN009000
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
06
01
This volume brings together for the first time pragmatic, rhetorical, and literary perspectives on genre, mapping theoretical frontiers and initiating a long overdue conversation amongst these methodologies. The diverse approaches represented in this volume meet on common ground staked by Internet communication: an arena challenging to traditional ideas of genre which assume a conventional stability at odds with the unceasing innovations of online discourse. Drawing on and developing new ideas of genre, the research reported in this volume shows, on the contrary, that genre study is a powerful means of testing commonplaces about the Internet world and, in turn, that the Internet is a fertile field for theorising genre.
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Genres in the Internet
Innovation, evolution, and genre theory
1
A01
Janet Giltrow
Giltrow, Janet
Janet
Giltrow
University of British Columbia
2
A01
Dieter Stein
Stein, Dieter
Dieter
Stein
Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf
10
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JB code
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48
22
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Re-fusing form in genre study
1
A01
Amy J. Devitt
Devitt, Amy J.
Amy J.
Devitt
University of Kansas
01
Current theories of genre based in action neglect form. While recognizing that genre study needed to reject earlier formalism, this chapter argues that genre necessarily encompasses form as part of the fusion of form, substance, and action and should be re-examined as contextualized form. Neither Carolyn Miller nor Mikhail Bakhtin, seminal genre theorists, rejected form but rather rejected formalism. Form in this chapter is defined as the visible results and notable absences of language-use in generic contexts, A contextualized treatment of generic form embeds form into its individual, social, and cultural contexts; recognizes generic form as variable individually, synchronically, and diachronically; balances treatment of generic forms as both unique and shared; and views generic forms as inter-genre-al, interacting with other genres.
10
01
JB code
pbns.188.03pus
49
84
36
Article
4
01
Lies at Wal-Mart
Style and the subversion of genre in the Life at Wal-Mart blog
1
A01
Cornelius Puschmann
Puschmann, Cornelius
Cornelius
Puschmann
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
01
Blogs are increasingly popular among private persons, public institutions, nongovernmental organizations and companies. While a range of communicative functions is associated with blogs in the way they are used specifically by corporations, one key area of interest is clearly public relations. This is especially pertinent to large businesses that face a significant amount of criticism in the media. As an example for such a case, this paper presents an analysis of <i>Life at Wal-Mart</i>, an image blog maintained by Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Following a description of corporate blogs as an emerging genre, I will outline how <i>Life at Wal-Mart</i> is used to further specific communicative goals of the company and what the findings indicate for a modern theory of digital genres.
10
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JB code
pbns.188.04gra
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112
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Article
5
01
Situating the public social actions of blog posts
1
A01
Kathryn Grafton
Grafton, Kathryn
Kathryn
Grafton
University of British Columbia
01
This paper responds to Carolyn Miller and Dawn Shepherd’s proposal (2004) that the personal blog acts upon an exigence of self-cultivation and validation. I turn to situational rhetoric (Bitzer 1968; 1980) to further contextualize bloggers’ motives and illustrate how the blog’s presentation of self is constituted rhetorically. Engaging Michael Warner’s theory of publics (2002) and Anne Freadman’s concept of uptake (2002), I argue that bloggers who write public posts about a public event, <i>Canada Reads</i>, participate in two situations—the blog and the event—and their resulting social actions accommodate exigencies belonging to both. By directing attention to the post, we glimpse the intentionality of each mediated self, seen in the varying publics engaged, situations defined, interpretants selected, and exigencies affected.
10
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JB code
pbns.188.05mau
113
142
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Article
6
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“Working consensus” and the rhetorical situation
The homeless blog’s negotiation of public meta-genre
1
A01
Elizabeth G. Maurer
Maurer, Elizabeth G.
Elizabeth G.
Maurer
University of British Columbia
01
Examining uptakes of the “homeless blog” (a weblog written by a person who is experiencing or has experienced homelessness), this essay investigates constraints facing marginalized rhetors in their attempts to address rhetorical exigencies in innovative ways via “online genres.” Such rhetors face an environment of public meta-discourse in which readers may mischaracterize their texts according to analogous or “antecedent” (Jamieson 1975) genres. This essay proposes that to understand how rhetors negotiate constraints on their social action and build consensus about their discourse in such conditions, it is useful to consider public meta-genre as informed by “face-work,” Erving Goffman’s (1955; 1959) theory of how subjects engaged in self-presentation negotiate “working consensus” (Goffman 1959), provisionally-agreed-upon understanding of situations and participants. Five months ago, Barbieux, started a Web log about his life (TheHomelessGuy.net). His goals for the “<i>blog</i>” were modest. Mainly, he wanted to show people a different side to homelessness. … The blog started as a whim. He’d heard about <i>blogging, the diarist-style writing that has swept the Web</i>, through friends. (emphasis mine) (Luo 2003, Mar. 17) A few weeks ago, Anya Peters was homeless and living in a car, …. Her contact with the outside world was through <i>an online diary</i>. But this <i>blog</i>, published under the name of Wandering Scribe, was picked up by readers around the world and has provided a remarkable way out of her homelessness. She has written her own <i>escape story</i>. The story of her homelessness and her previous life is going to be turned into a book, with a publishing deal signed and the hardback scheduled to reach the bookshops next Spring. (emphasis mine) (Coughlan 2006, May 31) [Gary] Trudeau draws a street person going to collect his e-mail at the public library, where addresses had been handed out free to the homeless. Looking for potential employers’ responses to his job resume, he posts an address that puts the hype about the universal democracy built into the technoscientific information system into perspective: lunatic@street_level. (Haraway 1997: 6)
10
01
JB code
pbns.188.06mcn
143
162
20
Article
7
01
Brave new genre, or generic colonialism?
Debates over ancestry in Internet diaries
1
A01
Laurie McNeill
McNeill, Laurie
Laurie
McNeill
University of British Columbia
01
This chapter analyses online users’ debates about the generic classification and ancestry of “blogs” and “Internet diaries,” looking in particular at users’ defensive definitions and meta-generic commentary that would distinguish the blog from the diary. I argue that these directives draw on traditional generic stereotypes, reproduced from print culture, that associate the diary with the narcissistic, feminine, and amateur, qualities apparently antithetical to self-styled “bloggers.” Since actual practice does not necessarily support a tenable distinction between blogs and diaries, I suggest that such genre claims arise from and protect particular communities’ ideals about the World Wide Web—and therefore its forms of communication—as novel. These often-heated commentaries offer opportunities to explore how communities understand and invest in genre in an evolving situation. A blog is not a diary. A diary is where you store private information and self reflection about your life, snapshotted feelings, etc. A blog is publicly there for anyone to see….A blog is a living autobiography… –Austin (2006 19 Oct.) <i>Weblog, n</i>. A frequently updated web site consisting of personal observations, excerpts from other sources, etc., typically run by a single person, and usually with hyperlinks to other sites; an online journal or diary. –<i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2003) Defining “blog” is a fool’s errand. –Jeff Jarvis (2005 27 Aug.).
10
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JB code
pbns.188.07rus
163
192
30
Article
8
01
Online, multimedia case studies for professional education
Revisioning concepts of genre recognition
1
A01
David Russell
Russell, David
David
Russell
Iowa State University
2
A01
David Fisher
Fisher, David
David
Fisher
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
01
As communication in both formal education and workplaces is more and more mediated by onlind content managements systems, it is possible to simulate online within professional education the systems of genres that characterize professional work. Our research group has been designing, teaching with, and researching online, multimedia, fictional case studies for professional education, which dynamically represent the genre systems and communicative practices of organizations. The theoretical underpinnings of the simulation and the pedagogy lie in a New Rhetoric or activity approach to genre. A qualitative analysis of students’ responses suggests that this approach may successfully address problem of the lack of transfer of genre knowledge from formal schooling to professional work.
10
01
JB code
pbns.188.08bur
193
220
28
Article
9
01
Nation, book, medium
New technologies and their genres
1
A01
Miranda Burgess
Burgess, Miranda
Miranda
Burgess
University of British Columbia
01
This essay examines some ‘new media’ practices of the 1990s together with late twentieth-century critical commentaries on computer-mediated communication and electronic textuality. It compares both with discussions of changes in communications technologies and readerships from the turn of the nineteenth century. Based on observations about narrative form—especially the mutual metaphoricity of the nation and the book—in conjunction with the associated qualities of self-consciousness about sociability, historicity, and mediatedness that emerge from this study, I propose an understanding of genre formation as a characteristic, and under-recognized, response to the experience of media change and outline the possible contributions a more self-conscious theory of genre could make to existing theories of media, mediation, and media succession.
10
01
JB code
pbns.188.09dom
221
238
18
Article
10
01
Critical genres
Generic changes of literary criticism in computer-mediated communication
1
A01
Sebastian Domsch
Domsch, Sebastian
Sebastian
Domsch
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
01
The genre of literary criticism has always strained under the antagonism of an inherently dialogical structure piercing its generic boundaries, and a strong monologizing tendency to gain more or less absolute critical authority. The generic markers of criticism create a distance both to their object and their addressee that tries to make answers/comments impossible. This is about to change drastically in the near future, as critical genres are migrating to the internet, and are now arguably evolving into new genres by processes of delimitation and iterative re-dialogisation. This article takes a close look at the generic changes that critical discourse experiences while being transformed by the possibilities of computer-mediated communication.
10
01
JB code
pbns.188.10hey
239
262
24
Article
11
01
A model for describing ‘new’ and ‘old’ properties of CMC genres
A
model for describing ‘new’ and ‘old’ properties of CMC genres
The case of digital folklore
1
A01
Theresa Heyd
Heyd, Theresa
Theresa
Heyd
The University of Texas a Dallas
01
While genre theory has become one of the central paradigms for CMC studies, these approaches face a dilemma: while they are often firmly rooted in the functionalist framework of ‘Swalesian’ genre theory, they strive to describe digital genres as new, emergent or at least hybrid – positions that are not easily reconciled. This paper suggests a way out by proposing a two-level structure for genre ecologies: a function-based superlevel that will usually be established from traditional discourse which branches into emergent subgenres on a lower, form- and content-based level. This two-level model is established in detail around the test case of digital folklore; it is also shown how the model can be extended to other domains of CMC discourse.
10
01
JB code
pbns.188.11mil
263
290
28
Article
12
01
Questions for genre theory from the blogosphere
1
A01
Carolyn R. Miller
Miller, Carolyn R.
Carolyn R.
Miller
North Carolina State University
2
A01
Dawn Shepherd
Shepherd, Dawn
Dawn
Shepherd
North Carolina State University
01
The blog illustrates well the constant change that characterizes electronic media. With a rapidity equal to that of their initial adoption, blogs became not a single genre but a multiplicity. To explore the relationship between the centrifugal forces of change and the centripetal tendencies of recurrence and typification, we extend our earlier study of personal blogs with a contrasting study of the kairos, technological affordances, rhetorical features, and exigence for what we call public affairs blogs. At the same time, we explore the relationship between genre and medium, examining genre evolution in the context of changing technological affordances. We conclude that genre and medium must be distinguished and that the aesthetic satisfactions of genre help account for recurrence in an environment of change.
10
01
JB code
pbns.188.12ind
291
294
4
Article
13
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20091028
2009
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
01
245
mm
02
164
mm
08
725
gr
01
JB
1
John Benjamins Publishing Company
+31 20 6304747
+31 20 6739773
bookorder@benjamins.nl
01
https://benjamins.com
01
WORLD
US CA MX
21
10
20
01
02
JB
1
00
99.00
EUR
R
02
02
JB
1
00
104.94
EUR
R
01
JB
10
bebc
+44 1202 712 934
+44 1202 712 913
sales@bebc.co.uk
03
GB
21
20
02
02
JB
1
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
JB
2
John Benjamins North America
+1 800 562-5666
+1 703 661-1501
benjamins@presswarehouse.com
01
https://benjamins.com
01
US CA MX
21
20
01
gen
02
JB
1
00
149.00
USD