54015210 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code P&bns 242 GE 15 9789027270726 06 10.1075/pbns.242 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code P&bns 02 JB code 0922-842X 02 242.00 01 02 Pragmatics & Beyond New Series Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 01 01 Evaluation in Context Evaluation in Context 1 B01 01 JB code 422189634 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool 2 B01 01 JB code 450189633 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED, Madrid 01 eng 11 429 03 03 xi 03 00 418 03 24 JB code LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFG 01 06 02 00 It is now an acknowledged fact in the world of linguistics that the concept of evaluation is crucial, and that there is very little – if any – discourse that cannot be analyzed through the prism of its evaluative content. This book presents some of the latest developments in the study of this phenomenon. 03 00 It is now an acknowledged fact in the world of linguistics that the concept of evaluation is crucial, and that there is very little – if any – discourse that cannot be analyzed through the prism of its evaluative content. This book presents some of the latest developments in the study of this phenomenon. Released more than a decade later than Hunston and Thompson’s (2000) Evaluation in Text, Evaluation in Context is designed as its sequel, in an attempt to continue, update and extend the different avenues of research opened by the earlier work. Both theoretical and empirical studies on the topic are presented, with the intention of scrutinizing as many of its dimensions as possible, by not only looking at evaluative texts, but also considering the aspects of the discursive context that affect the final evaluative meaning at both the production and reception stages of the evaluative act. The editors’ main objective has been to gather contributions which investigate the manifold faces and phases of evaluation by presenting a wide variety of perspectives that include different linguistic theories (e.g. Axiological Semantics, Functionalism or Politeness Theory), different levels of linguistic description (e.g. phonological, lexical or semantic), and different text types and contexts (e.g. the evaluation found in ironic discourse, the multimodality of media discourse or the world of politics, just to name a few). The volume can be of use not only for scholars who study the evaluative function of language, but also for students who wish to pursue research in the area. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.242.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027256478.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027256478.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.242.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.242.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.242.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.242.hb.png 01 01 JB code pbns.242.s1 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s1 Section header 1 01 04 Section 1: Introduction Section 1: Introduction 01 01 JB code pbns.242.01alb 06 10.1075/pbns.242.01alb 3 24 22 Article 2 01 04 The many faces and phases of evaluation The many faces and phases of evaluation 1 A01 01 JB code 683202299 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia), Madrid, Spain 2 A01 01 JB code 17202300 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool, U.K. 01 01 JB code pbns.242.s2 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s2 Section header 3 01 04 Section 2: Theoretical considerations and approaches to evaluation Section 2: Theoretical considerations and approaches to evaluation 01 01 JB code pbns.242.02fel 06 10.1075/pbns.242.02fel 27 46 20 Article 4 01 04 The emergence of axiology as a key parameter in modern linguistics The emergence of axiology as a key parameter in modern linguistics 01 04 A review of significant contributions from the 1950s to the 1980s A review of significant contributions from the 1950s to the 1980s 1 A01 01 JB code 644202301 Ángel Felices-Lago Felices-Lago, Ángel Ángel Felices-Lago 01 01 JB code pbns.242.03tho 06 10.1075/pbns.242.03tho 47 66 20 Article 5 01 04 AFFECT and emotion, target-value mismatches, and Russian dolls AFFECT and emotion, target-value mismatches, and Russian dolls 01 04 refining the APPRAISAL model refining the APPRAISAL model 1 A01 01 JB code 330202302 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson 01 01 JB code pbns.242.04mac 06 10.1075/pbns.242.04mac 67 92 26 Article 6 01 04 Appraising Appraisal Appraising Appraisal 1 A01 01 JB code 879202303 Mary Macken-Horarik Macken-Horarik, Mary Mary Macken-Horarik 2 A01 01 JB code 918202304 Anne R. Isaac Isaac, Anne R. Anne R. Isaac 01 01 JB code pbns.242.05alb 06 10.1075/pbns.242.05alb 93 116 24 Article 7 01 04 The evaluative palette of verbal irony The evaluative palette of verbal irony 1 A01 01 JB code 108202305 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia), Madrid, Spain 2 A01 01 JB code 331202306 Salvatore Attardo Attardo, Salvatore Salvatore Attardo 01 01 JB code pbns.242.06fel 06 10.1075/pbns.242.06fel 117 136 20 Article 8 01 04 The implementation of the axiological parameter in a verbal subontology for natural language processing The implementation of the axiological parameter in a verbal subontology for natural language processing 1 A01 01 JB code 857202307 Ángel Felices-Lago Felices-Lago, Ángel Ángel Felices-Lago 2 A01 01 JB code 918202308 María Enriqueta Cortés-de-los-Ríos Cortés-de-los-Ríos, María Enriqueta María Enriqueta Cortés-de-los-Ríos 01 01 JB code pbns.242.07kec 06 10.1075/pbns.242.07kec 137 152 16 Article 9 01 04 The evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interaction The evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interaction 1 A01 01 JB code 442202309 Istvan Kecskes Kecskes, Istvan Istvan Kecskes 01 01 JB code pbns.242.08esc 06 10.1075/pbns.242.08esc 153 178 26 Article 10 01 04 Prosody, information structure and evaluation Prosody, information structure and evaluation 1 A01 01 JB code 78202310 M. Victoria Escandell-Vidal Escandell-Vidal, M. Victoria M. Victoria Escandell-Vidal 2 A01 01 JB code 140202311 Victoria Marrero Aguiar Marrero Aguiar, Victoria Victoria Marrero Aguiar 3 A01 01 JB code 457202312 Pilar Pérez Ocón Pérez Ocón, Pilar Pilar Pérez Ocón 01 01 JB code pbns.242.09est 06 10.1075/pbns.242.09est 179 194 16 Article 11 01 04 The evaluation of intonation: pitch range differences in English and in Spanish The evaluation of intonation: pitch range differences in English and in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 910202313 Eva Estebas-Vilaplana Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva Eva Estebas-Vilaplana 01 01 JB code pbns.242.s3 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s3 Section header 12 01 04 Section 3: Evaluation in different contexts Section 3: Evaluation in different contexts 01 01 JB code pbns.242.10bed 06 10.1075/pbns.242.10bed 197 220 24 Article 13 01 04 "An astonishing season of destiny!" Evaluation in blurbs used for advertising TV series “An astonishing season of destiny!” Evaluation in blurbs used for advertising TV series 1 A01 01 JB code 765202314 Monika Bednarek Bednarek, Monika Monika Bednarek 01 01 JB code pbns.242.11car 06 10.1075/pbns.242.11car 221 240 20 Article 14 01 04 Graduation within the scope of Attitude in English and Spanish consumer reviews of books and movies Graduation within the scope of Attitude in English and Spanish consumer reviews of books and movies 1 A01 01 JB code 169202315 Marta Carretero Carretero, Marta Marta Carretero 2 A01 01 JB code 496202316 Maite Taboada Taboada, Maite Maite Taboada 01 01 JB code pbns.242.12deg 06 10.1075/pbns.242.12deg 241 258 18 Article 15 01 04 Register diversification in evaluative language: the case of scientific writing Register diversification in evaluative language: the case of scientific writing 1 A01 01 JB code 17202317 Stefania Degaetano-Ortlieb Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania Stefania Degaetano-Ortlieb 2 A01 01 JB code 195202318 Elke Teich Teich, Elke Elke Teich 01 01 JB code pbns.242.13hid 06 10.1075/pbns.242.13hid 259 280 22 Article 16 01 04 The role of negative-modal synergies in Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species The role of negative-modal synergies in Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species 1 A01 01 JB code 736202319 Laura Hidalgo-Downing Hidalgo-Downing, Laura Laura Hidalgo-Downing 01 01 JB code pbns.242.14rys 06 10.1075/pbns.242.14rys 281 302 22 Article 17 01 04 Exploring academic argumentation in course-related blogs through ENGAGEMENT Exploring academic argumentation in course-related blogs through ENGAGEMENT 1 A01 01 JB code 135202320 Marianna Ryshina-Pankova Ryshina-Pankova, Marianna Marianna Ryshina-Pankova 01 01 JB code pbns.242.15bre 06 10.1075/pbns.242.15bre 303 320 18 Article 18 01 04 Multimodal analysis of controversy in the media Multimodal analysis of controversy in the media 1 A01 01 JB code 648202321 Ruth Breeze Breeze, Ruth Ruth Breeze 01 01 JB code pbns.242.16mar 06 10.1075/pbns.242.16mar 321 344 24 Article 19 01 04 The expression of evaluation in weekly news magazines in English The expression of evaluation in weekly news magazines in English 1 A01 01 JB code 181202322 Elena Martínez Caro Martínez Caro, Elena Elena Martínez Caro 01 01 JB code pbns.242.17mil 06 10.1075/pbns.242.17mil 345 366 22 Article 20 01 04 Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender 01 04 A corpus-assisted comparative study of `register-idiosyncratic' meaning in Congressional debate A corpus-assisted comparative study of ‘register-idiosyncratic’ meaning in Congressional debate 1 A01 01 JB code 879202323 Donna R. Miller Miller, Donna R. Donna R. Miller 2 A01 01 JB code 79202324 Jane H. Johnson Johnson, Jane H. Jane H. Johnson 01 01 JB code pbns.242.18rom 06 10.1075/pbns.242.18rom 367 386 20 Article 21 01 04 Evaluation in emotion narratives Evaluation in emotion narratives 1 A01 01 JB code 600202325 Manuela Romano Romano, Manuela Manuela Romano 01 01 JB code pbns.242.19san 06 10.1075/pbns.242.19san 387 412 26 Article 22 01 04 Evaluative discourse and politeness in university students' communication through social networking sites Evaluative discourse and politeness in university students' communication through social networking sites 1 A01 01 JB code 38202326 Carmen Santamaría García Santamaría García, Carmen Carmen Santamaría García 01 01 JB code pbns.242.20ind 06 10.1075/pbns.242.20ind 413 418 6 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20140204 C 2014 John Benjamins D 2014 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027256478 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 124012610 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code P&bns 242 Eb 15 9789027270726 06 10.1075/pbns.242 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code P&bns 02 0922-842X 02 242.00 01 02 Pragmatics & Beyond New Series Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-pbns 01 02 Pragmatics & Beyond New Series (vols. 1–259 1988–2015) 05 02 P&bns (vols. 1–259, 1988–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-pragmatics 01 02 Subject collection: Pragmatics (804 titles, 1978–2015) 05 02 Pragmatics (1978–2015) 01 01 Evaluation in Context Evaluation in Context 1 B01 01 JB code 422189634 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/422189634 2 B01 01 JB code 450189633 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED, Madrid 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/450189633 01 eng 11 429 03 03 xi 03 00 418 03 01 23 420.1/41 03 2014 PE1422 04 English language--Discourse analysis. 10 LAN009000 12 CFG 24 JB code LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 It is now an acknowledged fact in the world of linguistics that the concept of evaluation is crucial, and that there is very little – if any – discourse that cannot be analyzed through the prism of its evaluative content. This book presents some of the latest developments in the study of this phenomenon. 03 00 It is now an acknowledged fact in the world of linguistics that the concept of evaluation is crucial, and that there is very little – if any – discourse that cannot be analyzed through the prism of its evaluative content. This book presents some of the latest developments in the study of this phenomenon. Released more than a decade later than Hunston and Thompson’s (2000) Evaluation in Text, Evaluation in Context is designed as its sequel, in an attempt to continue, update and extend the different avenues of research opened by the earlier work. Both theoretical and empirical studies on the topic are presented, with the intention of scrutinizing as many of its dimensions as possible, by not only looking at evaluative texts, but also considering the aspects of the discursive context that affect the final evaluative meaning at both the production and reception stages of the evaluative act. The editors’ main objective has been to gather contributions which investigate the manifold faces and phases of evaluation by presenting a wide variety of perspectives that include different linguistic theories (e.g. Axiological Semantics, Functionalism or Politeness Theory), different levels of linguistic description (e.g. phonological, lexical or semantic), and different text types and contexts (e.g. the evaluation found in ironic discourse, the multimodality of media discourse or the world of politics, just to name a few). The volume can be of use not only for scholars who study the evaluative function of language, but also for students who wish to pursue research in the area. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.242.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027256478.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027256478.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.242.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.242.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.242.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.242.hb.png 01 01 JB code pbns.242.s1 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s1 Section header 1 01 04 Section 1: Introduction Section 1: Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.01alb 06 10.1075/pbns.242.01alb 3 24 22 Article 2 01 04 The many faces and phases of evaluation The many faces and phases of evaluation 1 A01 01 JB code 683202299 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia), Madrid, Spain 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/683202299 2 A01 01 JB code 17202300 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool, U.K. 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/17202300 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.s2 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s2 Section header 3 01 04 Section 2: Theoretical considerations and approaches to evaluation Section 2: Theoretical considerations and approaches to evaluation 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.02fel 06 10.1075/pbns.242.02fel 27 46 20 Article 4 01 04 The emergence of axiology as a key parameter in modern linguistics The emergence of axiology as a key parameter in modern linguistics 01 04 A review of significant contributions from the 1950s to the 1980s A review of significant contributions from the 1950s to the 1980s 1 A01 01 JB code 644202301 Ángel Felices-Lago Felices-Lago, Ángel Ángel Felices-Lago 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/644202301 01 eng 30 00

This article sets out to provide a summarized historical survey of some relevant contributions to axiological semantics from linguists included in the two most influential linguistic traditions from the 50s to the late 70s: structural linguistics and transformational-generative grammar. In fact, even if their representative opinions at that time could now be regarded as incidental, it would be unfair to claim that some of their intuitions and principles have not been crucial in illuminating essential aspects of the parameter of axiological evaluation in modern linguistics. In this respect, it is worth highlighting the ideas disseminated by key figures of the Saussurean or Chomskyan traditions from the perspective given by half a century of evolution in the field. For that purpose contributions are included from authors such as Apresjan, Bally, Coseriu, Ducháček, Fodor, Grzegorek, Guiraud, Katz, Klima, Pottier, Stati, and Ullmann, among others.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.03tho 06 10.1075/pbns.242.03tho 47 66 20 Article 5 01 04 AFFECT and emotion, target-value mismatches, and Russian dolls AFFECT and emotion, target-value mismatches, and Russian dolls 01 04 refining the APPRAISAL model refining the APPRAISAL model 1 A01 01 JB code 330202302 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/330202302 01 eng 30 00

The focus in this chapter is on the evaluative systems of attitude, as modelled in the appraisal framework. While fully accepting the validity of the model, I explore three practical issues that arise in applying it. The first concerns the question of whether affect, the core area of attitude, should be distinguished from the more general field of emotion talk, and, if so, how. The second issue arises because two related but distinct criteria are used to distinguish judgements and appreciations: the kind of entity evaluated (the target) and the value ascribed to it. As a result, there may be an apparent mismatch between these two criteria. The third difficulty can be called the ‘Russian doll’ dilemma. An expression of one category of attitude may function as a token (an indirect expression) of a different category; and that token may itself function as an indirect expression of yet another category, and so on. This poses problems for a study of evaluation which relies on quantitative analysis. I suggest my own principles to help make life a little easier for anyone engaged in analysing evaluation in text.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.04mac 06 10.1075/pbns.242.04mac 67 92 26 Article 6 01 04 Appraising Appraisal Appraising Appraisal 1 A01 01 JB code 879202303 Mary Macken-Horarik Macken-Horarik, Mary Mary Macken-Horarik 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/879202303 2 A01 01 JB code 918202304 Anne R. Isaac Isaac, Anne R. Anne R. Isaac 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/918202304 01 eng 30 00

Appraisal is a term referring to systems within Systemic Functional Linguistics that map evaluative language. This chapter reviews two Appraisal systems (Attitude and Graduation) and assesses their viability for analysing evaluation in narratives and students’ written responses to these. Within this context, a crucial affordance of Appraisal is its semantic orientation, which allows analysts to capture the delicate interweaving of explicit and implicit attitudes that powerfully positions readers of narratives. However, the sprawling, cumulative and context-sensitive nature of evaluation requires a rigorous methodology for using Appraisal for coding purposes. We address this challenge, proposing a cline of implicitness that relates degrees of reliability to instances of evaluation depending on their textual and/or cultural/institutional environments.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.05alb 06 10.1075/pbns.242.05alb 93 116 24 Article 7 01 04 The evaluative palette of verbal irony The evaluative palette of verbal irony 1 A01 01 JB code 108202305 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia), Madrid, Spain 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/108202305 2 A01 01 JB code 331202306 Salvatore Attardo Attardo, Salvatore Salvatore Attardo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331202306 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter we present the results of both a theoretical and empirical study on the evaluative character of verbal irony. Our main research concern was to provide evidence as to whether all cases of verbal irony are ‘critical’ in nature or not, both by means of theoretical reflection and by presenting the results of a survey whose questions were mainly oriented toward the identification of ironical situations by English native speakers. For our analysis of the evaluative content of ironic utterances we draw on the findings of studies such as Thompson and Hunston (2000), Martin and White (2005), or Bednarek (2008a). The results of the survey show that the great majority of speakers recognized the different evaluative shades of the ironical situations presented, which gave grounds for accepting our hypothesis that the essence of verbal irony is not to be found in its possible implied criticism, but in a finer, more subtle aspect of the phenomenon which has to do with a clash or contradiction at different linguistic/discursive levels.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.06fel 06 10.1075/pbns.242.06fel 117 136 20 Article 8 01 04 The implementation of the axiological parameter in a verbal subontology for natural language processing The implementation of the axiological parameter in a verbal subontology for natural language processing 1 A01 01 JB code 857202307 Ángel Felices-Lago Felices-Lago, Ángel Ángel Felices-Lago 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/857202307 2 A01 01 JB code 918202308 María Enriqueta Cortés-de-los-Ríos Cortés-de-los-Ríos, María Enriqueta María Enriqueta Cortés-de-los-Ríos 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/918202308 01 eng 30 00

FunGramKB (FGKB), on the one hand, is a multipurpose lexico-conceptual knowledge base for natural language processing (NLP) systems and comprises three major interrelated knowledge level modules: lexical, grammatical and conceptual. At the conceptual level the core ontology is presented as a hierarchical catalogue of the concepts that a person has in mind and a repository where semantic knowledge is stored. Axiology, on the other hand, is widely considered to be a primitive, basic or key parameter, among others, in the architecture of meaning construction at different levels. This parameter can be traced back to the three subontologies into which FunGramKB can be split: #ENTITY for nouns, # EVENT for verbs, and #QUALITY for adjectives. Even if most of the specific research conducted so far has been devoted to the category #QUALITY, there is no reason to consider verbs as less of an axiological category. Consequently, in this chapter we shall concentrate on the subontology # EVENT and explore how the main categories and features of the axiological parameter (good-bad or positive-negative [+/−]) are represented and encoded within FunGramKB ontology, particularly inside semantic properties such as basic or terminal concepts and meaning postulates, or syntactic operators, such as modality or polarity.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.07kec 06 10.1075/pbns.242.07kec 137 152 16 Article 9 01 04 The evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interaction The evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interaction 1 A01 01 JB code 442202309 Istvan Kecskes Kecskes, Istvan Istvan Kecskes 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/442202309 01 eng 30 00

This chapter aims to examine the evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interactions. The subject of inquiry is a unique formula whose use is tied to certain reoccurring situations. Situation-bound utterances (SBU) are frequently used in any language because these expressions serve as interactional patterns and rituals that usually mean the same to all speakers of a particular speech community. In a way, SBUs are reflections of the way native speakers of a language think. But what happens if the users of SBUs belong to different speech communities having a variety of L1s other than English? Will SBUs still keep their evaluative function (if any) when used in intercultural communication? These questions are very important if we accept that evaluative functions of language are culture- and language-specific. In order to answer the questions the chapter sets out to discuss the role of context in which situation-bound utterances are used.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.08esc 06 10.1075/pbns.242.08esc 153 178 26 Article 10 01 04 Prosody, information structure and evaluation Prosody, information structure and evaluation 1 A01 01 JB code 78202310 M. Victoria Escandell-Vidal Escandell-Vidal, M. Victoria M. Victoria Escandell-Vidal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78202310 2 A01 01 JB code 140202311 Victoria Marrero Aguiar Marrero Aguiar, Victoria Victoria Marrero Aguiar 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/140202311 3 A01 01 JB code 457202312 Pilar Pérez Ocón Pérez Ocón, Pilar Pilar Pérez Ocón 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/457202312 01 eng 30 00

The goal of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of how prosodic lengthening in Spanish can be a means of marking information structure, particularly when an entire propositional content is involved. We test empirically the correlation between a form of prosodic marking used to identify a piece of content as already introduced in discourse – verum focus being a particular case of this general distinction – and evaluative values such as insistence and impatience. Native speakers consistently identify, in a perceptual experiment, the lengthened pattern with those discourse situations that involve repetition, often associated with insistence and impatience, and identify the nuclear stress as the locus of the marking.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.09est 06 10.1075/pbns.242.09est 179 194 16 Article 11 01 04 The evaluation of intonation: pitch range differences in English and in Spanish The evaluation of intonation: pitch range differences in English and in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 910202313 Eva Estebas-Vilaplana Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva Eva Estebas-Vilaplana 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/910202313 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates evaluation with respect to the hearer and it shows how evaluation permeates the phonological level of linguistic description. In particular, it examines how interlocutors of different cultural backgrounds, namely, English and Spanish, perceive and evaluate certain utterances as polite or rude based on their pitch range. A perception test was designed by means of which 15 native hearers of each language evaluated different productions of the word mandarins/mandarinas which only differed with respect to their F0 scaling. The results confirmed that pitch range differences have an effect on the evaluation of sentences cross-linguistically. Whereas low pitch range productions were interpreted as “polite” in Spanish and as “rude” in English, utterances with a high pitch displacement were judged as “over-excited” in Spanish and as “polite” in English. The results corroborate the status of intonation as an off-record strategy used to signal attitude.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.s3 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s3 Section header 12 01 04 Section 3: Evaluation in different contexts Section 3: Evaluation in different contexts 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.10bed 06 10.1075/pbns.242.10bed 197 220 24 Article 13 01 04 "An astonishing season of destiny!" Evaluation in blurbs used for advertising TV series “An astonishing season of destiny!” Evaluation in blurbs used for advertising TV series 1 A01 01 JB code 765202314 Monika Bednarek Bednarek, Monika Monika Bednarek 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/765202314 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter I explore evaluation in DVD blurbs (the text on the back of DVD box sets for TV series), which promote television series to potential buyers. The approach taken to the analysis of evaluation is corpus linguistics, and this chapter reports on findings from a pilot study examining the blurbs for 50 contemporary American television series. A combination of frequency analysis and concordancing is used to examine the use of evaluation in these discourse types in terms of frequency, dispersion and functionality. The findings suggest that the discourse type of the DVD blurb is linguistically restricted – although not in terms of specific lexico-grammatical items, but rather in terms of pragmatic functions, and that it has much in common with both traditional advertising and book blurbs.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.11car 06 10.1075/pbns.242.11car 221 240 20 Article 14 01 04 Graduation within the scope of Attitude in English and Spanish consumer reviews of books and movies Graduation within the scope of Attitude in English and Spanish consumer reviews of books and movies 1 A01 01 JB code 169202315 Marta Carretero Carretero, Marta Marta Carretero 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/169202315 2 A01 01 JB code 496202316 Maite Taboada Taboada, Maite Maite Taboada 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/496202316 01 eng 30 00

This chapter reports research on evaluative language in English and Spanish consumer-generated reviews on books and movies. Within the Appraisal framework, a contrastive study is carried out on the spans of Graduation embedded in spans of Attitude in 64 reviews. A qualitative analysis, covering a syntactic description of these expressions of Graduation and proposals for doubtful cases, is followed by a quantitative analysis based on the parameters of language, subtypes of Graduation, product evaluated and positive or negative evaluation. The results show that the overall distribution of the main subtypes of Graduation spans in the English and the Spanish reviews is similar, but the consideration of each parameter in detail uncovers a number of differences between the reviews written in the two languages. In particular, the results point to possible pervasive differences in the expression of Affect in English and Spanish.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.12deg 06 10.1075/pbns.242.12deg 241 258 18 Article 15 01 04 Register diversification in evaluative language: the case of scientific writing Register diversification in evaluative language: the case of scientific writing 1 A01 01 JB code 17202317 Stefania Degaetano-Ortlieb Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania Stefania Degaetano-Ortlieb 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/17202317 2 A01 01 JB code 195202318 Elke Teich Teich, Elke Elke Teich 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/195202318 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter, we investigate register diversification in evaluative language focusing on scientific writing. For this purpose, we explore selected epistemic and attitudinal variants of evaluative expressions. We consider (1) the situational context of these expressions according to Systemic Functional Linguistics and register theory (cf. Halliday and Hasan 1985; Biber 2006) and (2) selected aspects of their syntagmatic contexts (cf. Hunston 2011). The research questions we pose are (a) which typical evaluative expressions occur in scientific research articles and (b) whether the usage of particular evaluative expressions is rather discipline-specific or discipline-neutral. To answer these questions, we carry out a corpus-based analysis on a corpus of scientific research articles from nine scientific disciplines, combining quantitative and qualitative analytic methods.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.13hid 06 10.1075/pbns.242.13hid 259 280 22 Article 16 01 04 The role of negative-modal synergies in Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species The role of negative-modal synergies in Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species 1 A01 01 JB code 736202319 Laura Hidalgo-Downing Hidalgo-Downing, Laura Laura Hidalgo-Downing 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/736202319 01 eng 30 00

This chapter explores the role of negative-modal synergies in the expression of authorial stance and intersubjective positioning in Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species. As markers of stance, both negation and modality contribute to the expression of evaluation in discourse, though little attention has been paid to the co-occurrence of both types of markers. Drawing on corpus-based methods, I first identify the recurrent discourse pattern which gives rise to a semantic prosody of negative-modal meaning throughout The Origin of Species as compared to Voyage of the Beagle. Second, I discuss how this discourse pattern reflects Darwin’s positioning in the presentation of his Theory of Natural Selection. An analysis of the resources which express intersubjective positioning reveals the tension between conflicting goals in Darwin’s presentation of his new theory, namely, the expression of certainty regarding his insights and discoveries and the need to be cautious in communicating them. Thus, the various patterns of (co)-occurrence of negation, modality and personal pronouns construe specific authorial positions against the backdrop of competing scientific theories and in anticipation of readers’ potential disagreement.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.14rys 06 10.1075/pbns.242.14rys 281 302 22 Article 17 01 04 Exploring academic argumentation in course-related blogs through ENGAGEMENT Exploring academic argumentation in course-related blogs through ENGAGEMENT 1 A01 01 JB code 135202320 Marianna Ryshina-Pankova Ryshina-Pankova, Marianna Marianna Ryshina-Pankova 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135202320 01 eng 30 00

This study uses a functional linguistic framework, the system of ENGAGEMENT (Martin and White 2005), to explore academic argumentation in course-related blogs from the standpoint of the ways in which blog writers make space for new knowledge against the background of other knowers’ ideas and ways they support their claims with evidence. The results reveal a significant presence of strategies typical of academic reasoning and suggest that it is a pattern of alternation between expanding and contracting options that lies behind more successful arguments. These findings tentatively confirm the conduciveness of the blog medium for practicing academic argumentation and point out the significance of the ENGAGEMENT framework as an analytical approach to academic argumentation and its usefulness for scaffolding learner argumentative writing.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.15bre 06 10.1075/pbns.242.15bre 303 320 18 Article 18 01 04 Multimodal analysis of controversy in the media Multimodal analysis of controversy in the media 1 A01 01 JB code 648202321 Ruth Breeze Breeze, Ruth Ruth Breeze 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/648202321 01 eng 30 00

In a world dominated by the Internet, it is becoming increasingly important to develop analytical tools that can take in multiple dimensions of media texts. This chapter presents a multimodal analysis of a corpus of online news­paper texts about controversies surrounding the wearing of religious items by Muslims, Sikhs and Christians, which received considerable media coverage in Britain in early 2010. Although the text itself generally provides a balanced account of the issues, a comparison of the results across modes shows that the groups are evaluated differently in visual images, headlines and direct quotations. This study represents a step on the road to devising an integrative model for multimodal analysis.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.16mar 06 10.1075/pbns.242.16mar 321 344 24 Article 19 01 04 The expression of evaluation in weekly news magazines in English The expression of evaluation in weekly news magazines in English 1 A01 01 JB code 181202322 Elena Martínez Caro Martínez Caro, Elena Elena Martínez Caro 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/181202322 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates the expression of evaluation in a corpus collected from weekly news magazines in English in an attempt to address two main research questions. I investigate, first, the linguistic patterns regularly associated with the expression of evaluation in this written register and, second, the place of evaluative expressions in this discourse type and the implications for the organization of the text. The analysis has identified five main patterns associated with evaluation: copular constructions, cleft constructions, lexical means, markers of modality and other devices, such as conditional or comparative clauses in contexts of evaluation. For the second question, evaluation has been found to concentrate in some texts either at the end or at a point where it reflects the views of a third party in the story. However, there is insufficient evidence to claim that in news magazines evaluation tends to occur at boundary points in the text.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.17mil 06 10.1075/pbns.242.17mil 345 366 22 Article 20 01 04 Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender 01 04 A corpus-assisted comparative study of `register-idiosyncratic' meaning in Congressional debate A corpus-assisted comparative study of ‘register-idiosyncratic’ meaning in Congressional debate 1 A01 01 JB code 879202323 Donna R. Miller Miller, Donna R. Donna R. Miller 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/879202323 2 A01 01 JB code 79202324 Jane H. Johnson Johnson, Jane H. Jane H. Johnson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/79202324 01 eng 30 00

This chapter continues investigation into register-idiosyncratic features of evaluation in parliamentary debate (Miller 2007; Miller and Johnson 2009, to appear), reporting findings regarding the phraseology it is * time to/for/that in a corpus of US congressional speech on the Iraq war. Quantitative data are tested for saliency against both general and political corpora. Qualitative analysis focuses on the enactment of APPRAISAL systems (Martin and White 2005). Methodology involves “shunting” (Halliday 2002 [1961]: 45), and a focus on “coupling” (Martin 2000: 163–164) which affords attitude (Martin and White 2005: 62 ff.; Miller and Johnson, to appear). The chapter examines how appraisers’ choices are affected by party/gender, recognizing that choice may transcend register boundaries due to both the ‘repertoire’ of the individual and his/her ideologically saturated ‘reservoir’ of culturally specific ways of meaning (Martin 2010: 23).

01 01 JB code pbns.242.18rom 06 10.1075/pbns.242.18rom 367 386 20 Article 21 01 04 Evaluation in emotion narratives Evaluation in emotion narratives 1 A01 01 JB code 600202325 Manuela Romano Romano, Manuela Manuela Romano 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/600202325 01 eng 30 00

Narratives are cognitive means of organizing and constructing our experience in a particular way. In emotion narratives, narrators do more than report propositional information; they need to attract the listener’s empathy and understanding. By applying sociocognitive and functional models of language and discourse (Herman 2003; Redeker 2006; Bernárdez 2008) in order to complement the Labovian approach to narratives, this study shows (i) that, in this specific text type, evaluation – the expression of the narrator’s emotions – is not an independent section, but suffuses the whole texts from beginning to end, and (ii) that the recurrent linguistic and pragmatic strategies chosen in order to disclose highly personal information – discourse markers, repetitions, repairs, profusion of details, etc. – are related to the specific linguistic activity and discourse context.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.19san 06 10.1075/pbns.242.19san 387 412 26 Article 22 01 04 Evaluative discourse and politeness in university students' communication through social networking sites Evaluative discourse and politeness in university students' communication through social networking sites 1 A01 01 JB code 38202326 Carmen Santamaría García Santamaría García, Carmen Carmen Santamaría García 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38202326 01 eng 30 00

This chapter explores evaluative discourse on social networking sites (henceforth SNSs), paying special attention to the role played by the expression of attitude and positive politeness in the management of interpersonal rapport. The corpus for the study consists of a random sample of 100 messages exchanged among university students in the United Kingdom and the United States on a particular site, i.e., Facebook, during the two-year period 2010–2012. Analysis is approached from the theories of appraisal (Martin and White 2005; Bednarek 2008) and politeness (Brown and Levinson 1987); and the methodology for processing the data borrows quantitative techniques from Corpus Linguistics. The findings indicate that specific contextual features of SNSs seem to trigger the production of attitudinal meanings of affect, judgement and appreciation, which are exploited for the relational work involved in the construction and maintenance of positive face.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.20ind 06 10.1075/pbns.242.20ind 413 418 6 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.242 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20140204 C 2014 John Benjamins D 2014 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027256478 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027270726 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD
350012609 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code P&bns 242 Hb 15 9789027256478 06 10.1075/pbns.242 13 2013042484 00 BB 08 905 gr 10 01 JB code P&bns 02 0922-842X 02 242.00 01 02 Pragmatics & Beyond New Series Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 01 01 Evaluation in Context Evaluation in Context 1 B01 01 JB code 422189634 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/422189634 2 B01 01 JB code 450189633 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED, Madrid 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/450189633 01 eng 11 429 03 03 xi 03 00 418 03 01 23 420.1/41 03 2014 PE1422 04 English language--Discourse analysis. 10 LAN009000 12 CFG 24 JB code LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 It is now an acknowledged fact in the world of linguistics that the concept of evaluation is crucial, and that there is very little – if any – discourse that cannot be analyzed through the prism of its evaluative content. This book presents some of the latest developments in the study of this phenomenon. 03 00 It is now an acknowledged fact in the world of linguistics that the concept of evaluation is crucial, and that there is very little – if any – discourse that cannot be analyzed through the prism of its evaluative content. This book presents some of the latest developments in the study of this phenomenon. Released more than a decade later than Hunston and Thompson’s (2000) Evaluation in Text, Evaluation in Context is designed as its sequel, in an attempt to continue, update and extend the different avenues of research opened by the earlier work. Both theoretical and empirical studies on the topic are presented, with the intention of scrutinizing as many of its dimensions as possible, by not only looking at evaluative texts, but also considering the aspects of the discursive context that affect the final evaluative meaning at both the production and reception stages of the evaluative act. The editors’ main objective has been to gather contributions which investigate the manifold faces and phases of evaluation by presenting a wide variety of perspectives that include different linguistic theories (e.g. Axiological Semantics, Functionalism or Politeness Theory), different levels of linguistic description (e.g. phonological, lexical or semantic), and different text types and contexts (e.g. the evaluation found in ironic discourse, the multimodality of media discourse or the world of politics, just to name a few). The volume can be of use not only for scholars who study the evaluative function of language, but also for students who wish to pursue research in the area. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.242.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027256478.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027256478.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.242.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.242.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.242.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.242.hb.png 01 01 JB code pbns.242.s1 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s1 Section header 1 01 04 Section 1: Introduction Section 1: Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.01alb 06 10.1075/pbns.242.01alb 3 24 22 Article 2 01 04 The many faces and phases of evaluation The many faces and phases of evaluation 1 A01 01 JB code 683202299 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia), Madrid, Spain 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/683202299 2 A01 01 JB code 17202300 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool, U.K. 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/17202300 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.s2 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s2 Section header 3 01 04 Section 2: Theoretical considerations and approaches to evaluation Section 2: Theoretical considerations and approaches to evaluation 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.02fel 06 10.1075/pbns.242.02fel 27 46 20 Article 4 01 04 The emergence of axiology as a key parameter in modern linguistics The emergence of axiology as a key parameter in modern linguistics 01 04 A review of significant contributions from the 1950s to the 1980s A review of significant contributions from the 1950s to the 1980s 1 A01 01 JB code 644202301 Ángel Felices-Lago Felices-Lago, Ángel Ángel Felices-Lago 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/644202301 01 eng 30 00

This article sets out to provide a summarized historical survey of some relevant contributions to axiological semantics from linguists included in the two most influential linguistic traditions from the 50s to the late 70s: structural linguistics and transformational-generative grammar. In fact, even if their representative opinions at that time could now be regarded as incidental, it would be unfair to claim that some of their intuitions and principles have not been crucial in illuminating essential aspects of the parameter of axiological evaluation in modern linguistics. In this respect, it is worth highlighting the ideas disseminated by key figures of the Saussurean or Chomskyan traditions from the perspective given by half a century of evolution in the field. For that purpose contributions are included from authors such as Apresjan, Bally, Coseriu, Ducháček, Fodor, Grzegorek, Guiraud, Katz, Klima, Pottier, Stati, and Ullmann, among others.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.03tho 06 10.1075/pbns.242.03tho 47 66 20 Article 5 01 04 AFFECT and emotion, target-value mismatches, and Russian dolls AFFECT and emotion, target-value mismatches, and Russian dolls 01 04 refining the APPRAISAL model refining the APPRAISAL model 1 A01 01 JB code 330202302 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/330202302 01 eng 30 00

The focus in this chapter is on the evaluative systems of attitude, as modelled in the appraisal framework. While fully accepting the validity of the model, I explore three practical issues that arise in applying it. The first concerns the question of whether affect, the core area of attitude, should be distinguished from the more general field of emotion talk, and, if so, how. The second issue arises because two related but distinct criteria are used to distinguish judgements and appreciations: the kind of entity evaluated (the target) and the value ascribed to it. As a result, there may be an apparent mismatch between these two criteria. The third difficulty can be called the ‘Russian doll’ dilemma. An expression of one category of attitude may function as a token (an indirect expression) of a different category; and that token may itself function as an indirect expression of yet another category, and so on. This poses problems for a study of evaluation which relies on quantitative analysis. I suggest my own principles to help make life a little easier for anyone engaged in analysing evaluation in text.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.04mac 06 10.1075/pbns.242.04mac 67 92 26 Article 6 01 04 Appraising Appraisal Appraising Appraisal 1 A01 01 JB code 879202303 Mary Macken-Horarik Macken-Horarik, Mary Mary Macken-Horarik 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/879202303 2 A01 01 JB code 918202304 Anne R. Isaac Isaac, Anne R. Anne R. Isaac 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/918202304 01 eng 30 00

Appraisal is a term referring to systems within Systemic Functional Linguistics that map evaluative language. This chapter reviews two Appraisal systems (Attitude and Graduation) and assesses their viability for analysing evaluation in narratives and students’ written responses to these. Within this context, a crucial affordance of Appraisal is its semantic orientation, which allows analysts to capture the delicate interweaving of explicit and implicit attitudes that powerfully positions readers of narratives. However, the sprawling, cumulative and context-sensitive nature of evaluation requires a rigorous methodology for using Appraisal for coding purposes. We address this challenge, proposing a cline of implicitness that relates degrees of reliability to instances of evaluation depending on their textual and/or cultural/institutional environments.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.05alb 06 10.1075/pbns.242.05alb 93 116 24 Article 7 01 04 The evaluative palette of verbal irony The evaluative palette of verbal irony 1 A01 01 JB code 108202305 Laura Alba-Juez Alba-Juez, Laura Laura Alba-Juez UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia), Madrid, Spain 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/108202305 2 A01 01 JB code 331202306 Salvatore Attardo Attardo, Salvatore Salvatore Attardo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331202306 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter we present the results of both a theoretical and empirical study on the evaluative character of verbal irony. Our main research concern was to provide evidence as to whether all cases of verbal irony are ‘critical’ in nature or not, both by means of theoretical reflection and by presenting the results of a survey whose questions were mainly oriented toward the identification of ironical situations by English native speakers. For our analysis of the evaluative content of ironic utterances we draw on the findings of studies such as Thompson and Hunston (2000), Martin and White (2005), or Bednarek (2008a). The results of the survey show that the great majority of speakers recognized the different evaluative shades of the ironical situations presented, which gave grounds for accepting our hypothesis that the essence of verbal irony is not to be found in its possible implied criticism, but in a finer, more subtle aspect of the phenomenon which has to do with a clash or contradiction at different linguistic/discursive levels.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.06fel 06 10.1075/pbns.242.06fel 117 136 20 Article 8 01 04 The implementation of the axiological parameter in a verbal subontology for natural language processing The implementation of the axiological parameter in a verbal subontology for natural language processing 1 A01 01 JB code 857202307 Ángel Felices-Lago Felices-Lago, Ángel Ángel Felices-Lago 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/857202307 2 A01 01 JB code 918202308 María Enriqueta Cortés-de-los-Ríos Cortés-de-los-Ríos, María Enriqueta María Enriqueta Cortés-de-los-Ríos 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/918202308 01 eng 30 00

FunGramKB (FGKB), on the one hand, is a multipurpose lexico-conceptual knowledge base for natural language processing (NLP) systems and comprises three major interrelated knowledge level modules: lexical, grammatical and conceptual. At the conceptual level the core ontology is presented as a hierarchical catalogue of the concepts that a person has in mind and a repository where semantic knowledge is stored. Axiology, on the other hand, is widely considered to be a primitive, basic or key parameter, among others, in the architecture of meaning construction at different levels. This parameter can be traced back to the three subontologies into which FunGramKB can be split: #ENTITY for nouns, # EVENT for verbs, and #QUALITY for adjectives. Even if most of the specific research conducted so far has been devoted to the category #QUALITY, there is no reason to consider verbs as less of an axiological category. Consequently, in this chapter we shall concentrate on the subontology # EVENT and explore how the main categories and features of the axiological parameter (good-bad or positive-negative [+/−]) are represented and encoded within FunGramKB ontology, particularly inside semantic properties such as basic or terminal concepts and meaning postulates, or syntactic operators, such as modality or polarity.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.07kec 06 10.1075/pbns.242.07kec 137 152 16 Article 9 01 04 The evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interaction The evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interaction 1 A01 01 JB code 442202309 Istvan Kecskes Kecskes, Istvan Istvan Kecskes 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/442202309 01 eng 30 00

This chapter aims to examine the evaluative function of situation-bound utterances in intercultural interactions. The subject of inquiry is a unique formula whose use is tied to certain reoccurring situations. Situation-bound utterances (SBU) are frequently used in any language because these expressions serve as interactional patterns and rituals that usually mean the same to all speakers of a particular speech community. In a way, SBUs are reflections of the way native speakers of a language think. But what happens if the users of SBUs belong to different speech communities having a variety of L1s other than English? Will SBUs still keep their evaluative function (if any) when used in intercultural communication? These questions are very important if we accept that evaluative functions of language are culture- and language-specific. In order to answer the questions the chapter sets out to discuss the role of context in which situation-bound utterances are used.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.08esc 06 10.1075/pbns.242.08esc 153 178 26 Article 10 01 04 Prosody, information structure and evaluation Prosody, information structure and evaluation 1 A01 01 JB code 78202310 M. Victoria Escandell-Vidal Escandell-Vidal, M. Victoria M. Victoria Escandell-Vidal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78202310 2 A01 01 JB code 140202311 Victoria Marrero Aguiar Marrero Aguiar, Victoria Victoria Marrero Aguiar 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/140202311 3 A01 01 JB code 457202312 Pilar Pérez Ocón Pérez Ocón, Pilar Pilar Pérez Ocón 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/457202312 01 eng 30 00

The goal of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of how prosodic lengthening in Spanish can be a means of marking information structure, particularly when an entire propositional content is involved. We test empirically the correlation between a form of prosodic marking used to identify a piece of content as already introduced in discourse – verum focus being a particular case of this general distinction – and evaluative values such as insistence and impatience. Native speakers consistently identify, in a perceptual experiment, the lengthened pattern with those discourse situations that involve repetition, often associated with insistence and impatience, and identify the nuclear stress as the locus of the marking.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.09est 06 10.1075/pbns.242.09est 179 194 16 Article 11 01 04 The evaluation of intonation: pitch range differences in English and in Spanish The evaluation of intonation: pitch range differences in English and in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 910202313 Eva Estebas-Vilaplana Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva Eva Estebas-Vilaplana 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/910202313 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates evaluation with respect to the hearer and it shows how evaluation permeates the phonological level of linguistic description. In particular, it examines how interlocutors of different cultural backgrounds, namely, English and Spanish, perceive and evaluate certain utterances as polite or rude based on their pitch range. A perception test was designed by means of which 15 native hearers of each language evaluated different productions of the word mandarins/mandarinas which only differed with respect to their F0 scaling. The results confirmed that pitch range differences have an effect on the evaluation of sentences cross-linguistically. Whereas low pitch range productions were interpreted as “polite” in Spanish and as “rude” in English, utterances with a high pitch displacement were judged as “over-excited” in Spanish and as “polite” in English. The results corroborate the status of intonation as an off-record strategy used to signal attitude.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.s3 06 10.1075/pbns.242.s3 Section header 12 01 04 Section 3: Evaluation in different contexts Section 3: Evaluation in different contexts 01 eng 01 01 JB code pbns.242.10bed 06 10.1075/pbns.242.10bed 197 220 24 Article 13 01 04 "An astonishing season of destiny!" Evaluation in blurbs used for advertising TV series “An astonishing season of destiny!” Evaluation in blurbs used for advertising TV series 1 A01 01 JB code 765202314 Monika Bednarek Bednarek, Monika Monika Bednarek 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/765202314 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter I explore evaluation in DVD blurbs (the text on the back of DVD box sets for TV series), which promote television series to potential buyers. The approach taken to the analysis of evaluation is corpus linguistics, and this chapter reports on findings from a pilot study examining the blurbs for 50 contemporary American television series. A combination of frequency analysis and concordancing is used to examine the use of evaluation in these discourse types in terms of frequency, dispersion and functionality. The findings suggest that the discourse type of the DVD blurb is linguistically restricted – although not in terms of specific lexico-grammatical items, but rather in terms of pragmatic functions, and that it has much in common with both traditional advertising and book blurbs.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.11car 06 10.1075/pbns.242.11car 221 240 20 Article 14 01 04 Graduation within the scope of Attitude in English and Spanish consumer reviews of books and movies Graduation within the scope of Attitude in English and Spanish consumer reviews of books and movies 1 A01 01 JB code 169202315 Marta Carretero Carretero, Marta Marta Carretero 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/169202315 2 A01 01 JB code 496202316 Maite Taboada Taboada, Maite Maite Taboada 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/496202316 01 eng 30 00

This chapter reports research on evaluative language in English and Spanish consumer-generated reviews on books and movies. Within the Appraisal framework, a contrastive study is carried out on the spans of Graduation embedded in spans of Attitude in 64 reviews. A qualitative analysis, covering a syntactic description of these expressions of Graduation and proposals for doubtful cases, is followed by a quantitative analysis based on the parameters of language, subtypes of Graduation, product evaluated and positive or negative evaluation. The results show that the overall distribution of the main subtypes of Graduation spans in the English and the Spanish reviews is similar, but the consideration of each parameter in detail uncovers a number of differences between the reviews written in the two languages. In particular, the results point to possible pervasive differences in the expression of Affect in English and Spanish.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.12deg 06 10.1075/pbns.242.12deg 241 258 18 Article 15 01 04 Register diversification in evaluative language: the case of scientific writing Register diversification in evaluative language: the case of scientific writing 1 A01 01 JB code 17202317 Stefania Degaetano-Ortlieb Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania Stefania Degaetano-Ortlieb 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/17202317 2 A01 01 JB code 195202318 Elke Teich Teich, Elke Elke Teich 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/195202318 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter, we investigate register diversification in evaluative language focusing on scientific writing. For this purpose, we explore selected epistemic and attitudinal variants of evaluative expressions. We consider (1) the situational context of these expressions according to Systemic Functional Linguistics and register theory (cf. Halliday and Hasan 1985; Biber 2006) and (2) selected aspects of their syntagmatic contexts (cf. Hunston 2011). The research questions we pose are (a) which typical evaluative expressions occur in scientific research articles and (b) whether the usage of particular evaluative expressions is rather discipline-specific or discipline-neutral. To answer these questions, we carry out a corpus-based analysis on a corpus of scientific research articles from nine scientific disciplines, combining quantitative and qualitative analytic methods.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.13hid 06 10.1075/pbns.242.13hid 259 280 22 Article 16 01 04 The role of negative-modal synergies in Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species The role of negative-modal synergies in Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species 1 A01 01 JB code 736202319 Laura Hidalgo-Downing Hidalgo-Downing, Laura Laura Hidalgo-Downing 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/736202319 01 eng 30 00

This chapter explores the role of negative-modal synergies in the expression of authorial stance and intersubjective positioning in Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species. As markers of stance, both negation and modality contribute to the expression of evaluation in discourse, though little attention has been paid to the co-occurrence of both types of markers. Drawing on corpus-based methods, I first identify the recurrent discourse pattern which gives rise to a semantic prosody of negative-modal meaning throughout The Origin of Species as compared to Voyage of the Beagle. Second, I discuss how this discourse pattern reflects Darwin’s positioning in the presentation of his Theory of Natural Selection. An analysis of the resources which express intersubjective positioning reveals the tension between conflicting goals in Darwin’s presentation of his new theory, namely, the expression of certainty regarding his insights and discoveries and the need to be cautious in communicating them. Thus, the various patterns of (co)-occurrence of negation, modality and personal pronouns construe specific authorial positions against the backdrop of competing scientific theories and in anticipation of readers’ potential disagreement.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.14rys 06 10.1075/pbns.242.14rys 281 302 22 Article 17 01 04 Exploring academic argumentation in course-related blogs through ENGAGEMENT Exploring academic argumentation in course-related blogs through ENGAGEMENT 1 A01 01 JB code 135202320 Marianna Ryshina-Pankova Ryshina-Pankova, Marianna Marianna Ryshina-Pankova 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135202320 01 eng 30 00

This study uses a functional linguistic framework, the system of ENGAGEMENT (Martin and White 2005), to explore academic argumentation in course-related blogs from the standpoint of the ways in which blog writers make space for new knowledge against the background of other knowers’ ideas and ways they support their claims with evidence. The results reveal a significant presence of strategies typical of academic reasoning and suggest that it is a pattern of alternation between expanding and contracting options that lies behind more successful arguments. These findings tentatively confirm the conduciveness of the blog medium for practicing academic argumentation and point out the significance of the ENGAGEMENT framework as an analytical approach to academic argumentation and its usefulness for scaffolding learner argumentative writing.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.15bre 06 10.1075/pbns.242.15bre 303 320 18 Article 18 01 04 Multimodal analysis of controversy in the media Multimodal analysis of controversy in the media 1 A01 01 JB code 648202321 Ruth Breeze Breeze, Ruth Ruth Breeze 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/648202321 01 eng 30 00

In a world dominated by the Internet, it is becoming increasingly important to develop analytical tools that can take in multiple dimensions of media texts. This chapter presents a multimodal analysis of a corpus of online news­paper texts about controversies surrounding the wearing of religious items by Muslims, Sikhs and Christians, which received considerable media coverage in Britain in early 2010. Although the text itself generally provides a balanced account of the issues, a comparison of the results across modes shows that the groups are evaluated differently in visual images, headlines and direct quotations. This study represents a step on the road to devising an integrative model for multimodal analysis.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.16mar 06 10.1075/pbns.242.16mar 321 344 24 Article 19 01 04 The expression of evaluation in weekly news magazines in English The expression of evaluation in weekly news magazines in English 1 A01 01 JB code 181202322 Elena Martínez Caro Martínez Caro, Elena Elena Martínez Caro 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/181202322 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates the expression of evaluation in a corpus collected from weekly news magazines in English in an attempt to address two main research questions. I investigate, first, the linguistic patterns regularly associated with the expression of evaluation in this written register and, second, the place of evaluative expressions in this discourse type and the implications for the organization of the text. The analysis has identified five main patterns associated with evaluation: copular constructions, cleft constructions, lexical means, markers of modality and other devices, such as conditional or comparative clauses in contexts of evaluation. For the second question, evaluation has been found to concentrate in some texts either at the end or at a point where it reflects the views of a third party in the story. However, there is insufficient evidence to claim that in news magazines evaluation tends to occur at boundary points in the text.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.17mil 06 10.1075/pbns.242.17mil 345 366 22 Article 20 01 04 Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender 01 04 A corpus-assisted comparative study of `register-idiosyncratic' meaning in Congressional debate A corpus-assisted comparative study of ‘register-idiosyncratic’ meaning in Congressional debate 1 A01 01 JB code 879202323 Donna R. Miller Miller, Donna R. Donna R. Miller 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/879202323 2 A01 01 JB code 79202324 Jane H. Johnson Johnson, Jane H. Jane H. Johnson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/79202324 01 eng 30 00

This chapter continues investigation into register-idiosyncratic features of evaluation in parliamentary debate (Miller 2007; Miller and Johnson 2009, to appear), reporting findings regarding the phraseology it is * time to/for/that in a corpus of US congressional speech on the Iraq war. Quantitative data are tested for saliency against both general and political corpora. Qualitative analysis focuses on the enactment of APPRAISAL systems (Martin and White 2005). Methodology involves “shunting” (Halliday 2002 [1961]: 45), and a focus on “coupling” (Martin 2000: 163–164) which affords attitude (Martin and White 2005: 62 ff.; Miller and Johnson, to appear). The chapter examines how appraisers’ choices are affected by party/gender, recognizing that choice may transcend register boundaries due to both the ‘repertoire’ of the individual and his/her ideologically saturated ‘reservoir’ of culturally specific ways of meaning (Martin 2010: 23).

01 01 JB code pbns.242.18rom 06 10.1075/pbns.242.18rom 367 386 20 Article 21 01 04 Evaluation in emotion narratives Evaluation in emotion narratives 1 A01 01 JB code 600202325 Manuela Romano Romano, Manuela Manuela Romano 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/600202325 01 eng 30 00

Narratives are cognitive means of organizing and constructing our experience in a particular way. In emotion narratives, narrators do more than report propositional information; they need to attract the listener’s empathy and understanding. By applying sociocognitive and functional models of language and discourse (Herman 2003; Redeker 2006; Bernárdez 2008) in order to complement the Labovian approach to narratives, this study shows (i) that, in this specific text type, evaluation – the expression of the narrator’s emotions – is not an independent section, but suffuses the whole texts from beginning to end, and (ii) that the recurrent linguistic and pragmatic strategies chosen in order to disclose highly personal information – discourse markers, repetitions, repairs, profusion of details, etc. – are related to the specific linguistic activity and discourse context.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.19san 06 10.1075/pbns.242.19san 387 412 26 Article 22 01 04 Evaluative discourse and politeness in university students' communication through social networking sites Evaluative discourse and politeness in university students' communication through social networking sites 1 A01 01 JB code 38202326 Carmen Santamaría García Santamaría García, Carmen Carmen Santamaría García 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38202326 01 eng 30 00

This chapter explores evaluative discourse on social networking sites (henceforth SNSs), paying special attention to the role played by the expression of attitude and positive politeness in the management of interpersonal rapport. The corpus for the study consists of a random sample of 100 messages exchanged among university students in the United Kingdom and the United States on a particular site, i.e., Facebook, during the two-year period 2010–2012. Analysis is approached from the theories of appraisal (Martin and White 2005; Bednarek 2008) and politeness (Brown and Levinson 1987); and the methodology for processing the data borrows quantitative techniques from Corpus Linguistics. The findings indicate that specific contextual features of SNSs seem to trigger the production of attitudinal meanings of affect, judgement and appreciation, which are exploited for the relational work involved in the construction and maintenance of positive face.

01 01 JB code pbns.242.20ind 06 10.1075/pbns.242.20ind 413 418 6 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
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