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eng
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Pragmatics & Beyond New Series
279
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Language and Violence
Pragmatic perspectives
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pbns.279
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.279
1
B01
Daniel N. Silva
Silva, Daniel N.
Daniel N.
Silva
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
01
eng
256
vi
250
LAN009030
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
06
01
This book combines scholarship in pragmatics, linguistic anthropology, and philosophy to address the problem of violence in language. How do words wound? What is the relation between physical and linguistic violence? How do racial invectives, misogynous language, homophobic slurs, among other forms of hate speech, affect the body and make us vulnerable to conditions of injurability that language brings about? While investigating the limits that violence poses for everyday speech action, understanding, representation, and our shared frameworks of intelligibility, this collective volume theoretically bridges knowledge from canons in linguistic pragmatics, continental philosophy and linguistic/semiotic anthropology and the dialogic perspective of subjects who are located in the peripheries of South America and Europe. The scholarship gathered here intends to offer a perspective on the violence of words that is attentive to practices and sensibilities that do not always fit into hegemonic ideologies of self and language.
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Chapter
1
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Investigating violence in language
An introduction
1
A01
Daniel N. Silva
Silva, Daniel N.
Daniel N.
Silva
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.p1
Section header
2
01
Part I. The language of violence
Conflict, policing, frontiers
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.02tad
33
56
24
Chapter
3
01
Chapter 1. The invention of violence
1
A01
Renzo Taddei
Taddei, Renzo
Renzo
Taddei
01
This chapter presents and analyzes ethnographic data collected in Buenos Aires among soccer fans that are taken to behave in violent ways. The analysis addresses the relationship between fans and the police force. Using the theoretical framework proposed by Roy Wagner in <i>The Invention of Culture</i>, this text suggests that, with their single-minded focus on order and control, the police project the image of unruliness and resistance to police authority upon the soccer fans, which, in turn, induces the police to neurotically escalate and use violence. The fans, on the other hand, focus on heroic deeds and “protagonism” as part of their processes of individualization, and see the police force as an impediment to achieving their goals, which then leads them to act more energetically – hysterically – in their usual fandom activities. Neurosis and hysteria are used in specific ways, as shall be defined in the text.
10
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JB code
pbns.279.03gal
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78
22
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 2. Voice and silence in the suburbs of São Paulo
State, community and the meanings of violence
1
A01
Ana Paula Galdeano
Galdeano, Ana Paula
Ana Paula
Galdeano
01
In the city of São Paulo the “world of crime” has grown and become just another organizing category of social life. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the meanings of violence in this new context. Using ethnographical studies that were carried out in a public sphere in which police officers, residents and representatives of local institutions talk about insecurity and the “perpetrators” of violence, this article discusses the speech acts and the silences that emerge from these meetings. The study highlights that not only order but also conflict are present when we talk about violence.
10
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JB code
pbns.279.04gol
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104
26
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 3. From the side of the road to the borders of the page
Mapping the legibility of people and words at the margins
1
A01
Ruth Goldstein
Goldstein, Ruth
Ruth
Goldstein
01
Latin America’s Inter-Oceanic Road runs some 5800 kilometers from Peru’s Pacific coast to Brazil’s Atlantic coast. It is Latin America’s newest and longest East-West thoroughfare, a transnational development project involving Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and international sponsors. The road changes the social, political, and economic landscape – cutting through indigenous land in the Peruvian Andes as well as the Peruvian, Brazilian, and Bolivian Amazon. It traverses the analytical and linguistic terrain upon which international governing bodies construct and maintain human rights laws. Among the many people and things traveling along the road are men searching for menial jobs and women destined for the sex-trade. The wording of evolving human rights discourse concerning trafficked persons includes as it excludes, leaving many women who cross borders living in the interstices of society. In these “zones of abandonment” (Biehl 2005) or zones of “non-being” (Fanon 1967) women have no documentation of their existence, may not speak (any of) the (new) country’s language(s), and more often than not, do not know how to read and write. Often, but not always, these men and women are left without a voice, that is to say, without the right words with which to articulate and protect themselves.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.p2
Section header
6
01
Part II. The violence of language
Hate speech, speech act, injuries
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.05sil
107
124
18
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 4. The circulation of violence in discourse
1
A01
Daniel N. Silva
Silva, Daniel N.
Daniel N.
Silva
01
This paper examines two hypotheses concerning the relationship between language and violence. (1) Language does not merely represent violence, but enacts its own type of violence. (2) The use of violent language participates in the demarcation of political and subjective viability in the public sphere. I argue that these hypotheses are true to the extent that discourse circulates. I elaborate on two models of discourse circulation: <i>iterability</i>, a concept that Jacques Derrida proposed and that Judith Butler borrows in her understanding of the performativity of hate speech, and <i>communicability</i>, an anthropological concept devised by Charles Briggs to envision the complex infectious character of modern discourses. This paper also looks at the communicability of violent discourse in Brazilian contemporary political life.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.06san
125
140
16
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 5. Racist speech as a linguistic discriminatory practice in Brazil
Between the speech act’s reference and effects
1
A01
Karla Cristina dos Santos Allen
Santos Allen, Karla Cristina dos
Karla Cristina
dos
Santos Allen
01
Brazilian law establishes a difference between the aggravated verbal injury, which is a type of insult that makes use of words or phrases pertaining to race, color, ethnicity, religion, origin or to the condition of the elderly or disabled person, and the crime of prejudice or discrimination, which consists in practicing, inducing or inciting discrimination or prejudice based on race, color, ethnicity, religion or national origin. In this paper I intend to investigate the linguistic criteria used by the judicial system to distinguish the two crimes. Based on a survey of data on legal cases of verbal injury and on interviews with two black Brazilian activists, I also intend to demonstrate the limitation of these criteria.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.07lee
141
168
28
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 6. Free speech, hate speech, and hate beards
Language ideologies of Dutch populism
1
A01
Michiel Leezenberg
Leezenberg, Michiel
Michiel
Leezenberg
01
This paper explores the discourse and verbal strategies of the Dutch ‘Freedom Party’ (PVV), an islamophobic populist party that emerged in the first decade of the twenty-first century. In particular, it focuses on the linguistic ideologies implicit in PVV discourse, arguing that PVV spokespersons systematically construe their own utterances as mere words, and hence as deserving state protection; and the utterances of others as acts, and more specifically as acts of violence, deserving repression or prosecution. This asymmetric linguistic ideology may help us to explore empirical and normative questions concerning violence in language. In particular, the question of violence and responsibility is discussed on the basis of Norwegian Anders Breivik’s 2011 murderous assault on Norwegian social democrats, which explicitly appealed to PVV leader Wilders and his views on Islam.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.p3
Section header
10
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Part III. The intersections of violence, bodies and languages
Epistemology, narrative, corporealities
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.08pin
171
188
18
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 7. On languages, bodies and epistemic violence
1
A01
Joana Plaza Pinto
Pinto, Joana Plaza
Joana Plaza
Pinto
01
This paper discusses the articulations between the differentiations of bodies and the invention of languages. As post-colonial and decolonial authors and feminist authors point out, in spite of their central role in the construction and classification of languages, bodies tend to become invisible in the scholarship. To explore this intersection between scholarship on language and bodies, this paper argues that (1) there are two fields of contemporary studies that can account for the junction of differentiations of bodies and the differentiations of languages, namely feminist studies on intersectionality and studies on metapragmatics and metadiscursive regimes about languages; and (2) epistemic violence is the best category to explain some perverse consequences of this junction, since appropriation and effacement work together to invent <i>languageless</i> differences.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.09lew
189
226
38
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 8. Queering violence and narrative
Voices from a marginalized community
1
A01
Elizabeth Sara Lewis
Lewis, Elizabeth Sara
Elizabeth Sara
Lewis
2
A01
Liliana Cabral Bastos
Bastos, Liliana Cabral
Liliana Cabral
Bastos
01
This chapter argues that it is useful to take a queer stance on studying narratives about violence in marginalized communities, considering “queer” a position countering <i>any</i> type of normalization that produces stigmatized margins (Halperin 1995; Louro 2004), not limited to gender and sexuality. Normative, marginalizing discourses, (re)produced by the media, “the talk of crime” (Caldeira 2000) and hate speech (Butler 1997) tend to characterize Brazilian <i>favelas</i> as dangerous places filled with violent criminals, homogenizing and further stigmatizing their residents (Kokoreff 2003; Valladares 2005). We examine how experiences of violence and daily life are constructed in adolescent <i>favela</i> residents’ narratives, focusing on how they destabilize certain aspects of the normative, marginalizing and homogenizing discourses of the media, and how violence and narrative itself are queered in their constructions.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.10bia
227
248
22
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 9. Discursive constructions of deviance in the narratives of a prison inmate
1
A01
Liana de Andrade Biar
de Andrade Biar, Liana
Liana
de Andrade Biar
01
This chapter aims at identifying a specific type of discourse about violence: the stories of adherence to drug trafficking, their emergence in the research context and the processes of identity construction resulting from said context. The data comes from fieldwork done during 2009 in one of the main prison institutions in Brazil. Interviews were realized with inmate members of Rio de Janeiro criminal gangs who attended the prison school. These interviews were then qualitatively analyzed, from a micro-perspective approach, in light both of studies on oral narratives, based on interactional sociolinguistics, and of identity studies, especially those which consider narrative discourse as a privileged locus for social identity construction and analysis. From the analysis of the narratives’ structure systems of coherence, it was possible to understand the way in which inmates neutralize the force of values and of accepting order so as to give new meaning to deviant actions, as being pleasant or respectable.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.index
249
250
2
Miscellaneous
14
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20171109
2017
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027256843
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
95.00
EUR
R
01
00
80.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
143.00
USD
S
141017394
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
P&bns 279 Hb
15
9789027256843
13
2017018297
BB
01
P&bns
02
0922-842X
Pragmatics & Beyond New Series
279
01
Language and Violence
Pragmatic perspectives
01
pbns.279
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.279
1
B01
Daniel N. Silva
Silva, Daniel N.
Daniel N.
Silva
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
01
eng
256
vi
250
LAN009030
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
06
01
This book combines scholarship in pragmatics, linguistic anthropology, and philosophy to address the problem of violence in language. How do words wound? What is the relation between physical and linguistic violence? How do racial invectives, misogynous language, homophobic slurs, among other forms of hate speech, affect the body and make us vulnerable to conditions of injurability that language brings about? While investigating the limits that violence poses for everyday speech action, understanding, representation, and our shared frameworks of intelligibility, this collective volume theoretically bridges knowledge from canons in linguistic pragmatics, continental philosophy and linguistic/semiotic anthropology and the dialogic perspective of subjects who are located in the peripheries of South America and Europe. The scholarship gathered here intends to offer a perspective on the violence of words that is attentive to practices and sensibilities that do not always fit into hegemonic ideologies of self and language.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.279.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027256843.jpg
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027256843.tif
06
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.279.hb.png
07
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.279.png
25
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.279.hb.png
27
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.279.hb.png
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.01sil
1
30
30
Chapter
1
01
Investigating violence in language
An introduction
1
A01
Daniel N. Silva
Silva, Daniel N.
Daniel N.
Silva
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.p1
Section header
2
01
Part I. The language of violence
Conflict, policing, frontiers
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.02tad
33
56
24
Chapter
3
01
Chapter 1. The invention of violence
1
A01
Renzo Taddei
Taddei, Renzo
Renzo
Taddei
01
This chapter presents and analyzes ethnographic data collected in Buenos Aires among soccer fans that are taken to behave in violent ways. The analysis addresses the relationship between fans and the police force. Using the theoretical framework proposed by Roy Wagner in <i>The Invention of Culture</i>, this text suggests that, with their single-minded focus on order and control, the police project the image of unruliness and resistance to police authority upon the soccer fans, which, in turn, induces the police to neurotically escalate and use violence. The fans, on the other hand, focus on heroic deeds and “protagonism” as part of their processes of individualization, and see the police force as an impediment to achieving their goals, which then leads them to act more energetically – hysterically – in their usual fandom activities. Neurosis and hysteria are used in specific ways, as shall be defined in the text.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.03gal
57
78
22
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 2. Voice and silence in the suburbs of São Paulo
State, community and the meanings of violence
1
A01
Ana Paula Galdeano
Galdeano, Ana Paula
Ana Paula
Galdeano
01
In the city of São Paulo the “world of crime” has grown and become just another organizing category of social life. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the meanings of violence in this new context. Using ethnographical studies that were carried out in a public sphere in which police officers, residents and representatives of local institutions talk about insecurity and the “perpetrators” of violence, this article discusses the speech acts and the silences that emerge from these meetings. The study highlights that not only order but also conflict are present when we talk about violence.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.04gol
79
104
26
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 3. From the side of the road to the borders of the page
Mapping the legibility of people and words at the margins
1
A01
Ruth Goldstein
Goldstein, Ruth
Ruth
Goldstein
01
Latin America’s Inter-Oceanic Road runs some 5800 kilometers from Peru’s Pacific coast to Brazil’s Atlantic coast. It is Latin America’s newest and longest East-West thoroughfare, a transnational development project involving Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and international sponsors. The road changes the social, political, and economic landscape – cutting through indigenous land in the Peruvian Andes as well as the Peruvian, Brazilian, and Bolivian Amazon. It traverses the analytical and linguistic terrain upon which international governing bodies construct and maintain human rights laws. Among the many people and things traveling along the road are men searching for menial jobs and women destined for the sex-trade. The wording of evolving human rights discourse concerning trafficked persons includes as it excludes, leaving many women who cross borders living in the interstices of society. In these “zones of abandonment” (Biehl 2005) or zones of “non-being” (Fanon 1967) women have no documentation of their existence, may not speak (any of) the (new) country’s language(s), and more often than not, do not know how to read and write. Often, but not always, these men and women are left without a voice, that is to say, without the right words with which to articulate and protect themselves.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.p2
Section header
6
01
Part II. The violence of language
Hate speech, speech act, injuries
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.05sil
107
124
18
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 4. The circulation of violence in discourse
1
A01
Daniel N. Silva
Silva, Daniel N.
Daniel N.
Silva
01
This paper examines two hypotheses concerning the relationship between language and violence. (1) Language does not merely represent violence, but enacts its own type of violence. (2) The use of violent language participates in the demarcation of political and subjective viability in the public sphere. I argue that these hypotheses are true to the extent that discourse circulates. I elaborate on two models of discourse circulation: <i>iterability</i>, a concept that Jacques Derrida proposed and that Judith Butler borrows in her understanding of the performativity of hate speech, and <i>communicability</i>, an anthropological concept devised by Charles Briggs to envision the complex infectious character of modern discourses. This paper also looks at the communicability of violent discourse in Brazilian contemporary political life.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.06san
125
140
16
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 5. Racist speech as a linguistic discriminatory practice in Brazil
Between the speech act’s reference and effects
1
A01
Karla Cristina dos Santos Allen
Santos Allen, Karla Cristina dos
Karla Cristina
dos
Santos Allen
01
Brazilian law establishes a difference between the aggravated verbal injury, which is a type of insult that makes use of words or phrases pertaining to race, color, ethnicity, religion, origin or to the condition of the elderly or disabled person, and the crime of prejudice or discrimination, which consists in practicing, inducing or inciting discrimination or prejudice based on race, color, ethnicity, religion or national origin. In this paper I intend to investigate the linguistic criteria used by the judicial system to distinguish the two crimes. Based on a survey of data on legal cases of verbal injury and on interviews with two black Brazilian activists, I also intend to demonstrate the limitation of these criteria.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.07lee
141
168
28
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 6. Free speech, hate speech, and hate beards
Language ideologies of Dutch populism
1
A01
Michiel Leezenberg
Leezenberg, Michiel
Michiel
Leezenberg
01
This paper explores the discourse and verbal strategies of the Dutch ‘Freedom Party’ (PVV), an islamophobic populist party that emerged in the first decade of the twenty-first century. In particular, it focuses on the linguistic ideologies implicit in PVV discourse, arguing that PVV spokespersons systematically construe their own utterances as mere words, and hence as deserving state protection; and the utterances of others as acts, and more specifically as acts of violence, deserving repression or prosecution. This asymmetric linguistic ideology may help us to explore empirical and normative questions concerning violence in language. In particular, the question of violence and responsibility is discussed on the basis of Norwegian Anders Breivik’s 2011 murderous assault on Norwegian social democrats, which explicitly appealed to PVV leader Wilders and his views on Islam.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.p3
Section header
10
01
Part III. The intersections of violence, bodies and languages
Epistemology, narrative, corporealities
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.08pin
171
188
18
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 7. On languages, bodies and epistemic violence
1
A01
Joana Plaza Pinto
Pinto, Joana Plaza
Joana Plaza
Pinto
01
This paper discusses the articulations between the differentiations of bodies and the invention of languages. As post-colonial and decolonial authors and feminist authors point out, in spite of their central role in the construction and classification of languages, bodies tend to become invisible in the scholarship. To explore this intersection between scholarship on language and bodies, this paper argues that (1) there are two fields of contemporary studies that can account for the junction of differentiations of bodies and the differentiations of languages, namely feminist studies on intersectionality and studies on metapragmatics and metadiscursive regimes about languages; and (2) epistemic violence is the best category to explain some perverse consequences of this junction, since appropriation and effacement work together to invent <i>languageless</i> differences.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.09lew
189
226
38
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 8. Queering violence and narrative
Voices from a marginalized community
1
A01
Elizabeth Sara Lewis
Lewis, Elizabeth Sara
Elizabeth Sara
Lewis
2
A01
Liliana Cabral Bastos
Bastos, Liliana Cabral
Liliana Cabral
Bastos
01
This chapter argues that it is useful to take a queer stance on studying narratives about violence in marginalized communities, considering “queer” a position countering <i>any</i> type of normalization that produces stigmatized margins (Halperin 1995; Louro 2004), not limited to gender and sexuality. Normative, marginalizing discourses, (re)produced by the media, “the talk of crime” (Caldeira 2000) and hate speech (Butler 1997) tend to characterize Brazilian <i>favelas</i> as dangerous places filled with violent criminals, homogenizing and further stigmatizing their residents (Kokoreff 2003; Valladares 2005). We examine how experiences of violence and daily life are constructed in adolescent <i>favela</i> residents’ narratives, focusing on how they destabilize certain aspects of the normative, marginalizing and homogenizing discourses of the media, and how violence and narrative itself are queered in their constructions.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.10bia
227
248
22
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 9. Discursive constructions of deviance in the narratives of a prison inmate
1
A01
Liana de Andrade Biar
de Andrade Biar, Liana
Liana
de Andrade Biar
01
This chapter aims at identifying a specific type of discourse about violence: the stories of adherence to drug trafficking, their emergence in the research context and the processes of identity construction resulting from said context. The data comes from fieldwork done during 2009 in one of the main prison institutions in Brazil. Interviews were realized with inmate members of Rio de Janeiro criminal gangs who attended the prison school. These interviews were then qualitatively analyzed, from a micro-perspective approach, in light both of studies on oral narratives, based on interactional sociolinguistics, and of identity studies, especially those which consider narrative discourse as a privileged locus for social identity construction and analysis. From the analysis of the narratives’ structure systems of coherence, it was possible to understand the way in which inmates neutralize the force of values and of accepting order so as to give new meaning to deviant actions, as being pleasant or respectable.
10
01
JB code
pbns.279.index
249
250
2
Miscellaneous
14
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20171109
2017
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
08
595
gr
01
JB
1
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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