In this chapter, we first discuss the role that pragmatics has played in the development of (im)politeness theory, and the recent move towards a middle ground that integrates classic and discursive approaches to (im)politeness. We outline the key tenets of integrative pragmatics that afford such a move, before illustrating how these can be implemented through a case study focusing on an incident in Big Brother UK where the (ostensibly) jocular use of a racial slur by a contestant caused offence and the subsequent removal of that contestant from the show. Our analyses draw from multiple methods, including those of interactional pragmatics and corpus pragmatics. In this way, we aim to both highlight the fundamentally pragmatic basis of (im)politeness, as well as the need for a nuanced and complex theorisation that integrates multiple perspectives and methods of analysis.
2010 “A Genre Approach to the Study of Im-politeness.” International Review of Pragmatics 2 (1): 46–94.
Blitvich, Pilar Garcés-Conejos
2013 “Introduction: Face, Identity and Politeness. Looking Backward, Moving Forward: From Goffman to Practice Theory.” Journal of Politeness Research 9 (1): 1–33.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
1987 “Indirectness and Politeness in Requests: Same or Different ?” Journal of Pragmatics 11: 131–146.
Bourdieu, Pierre
1977Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bousfield, Derek, and Alison Johnson
2007 “When Respect is Impolite: The Pragmatic Uses of Naming Strategies in Confrontational Institutional Talk.” Paper presented at the Third Symposium on Politeness, University of Leeds, 2–4 July 2007.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson
1987Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, Herbert H.
1996Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, Jonathan
2011aImpoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, Jonathan
2011b “Politeness and Impoliteness.” In Pragmatics of Society, ed. by Karin Aijmer, and Gisle Andersen, 393–438. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Culpeper, Jonathan
2015 “Impoliteness Strategies.” In Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatics, Culture and Society, ed. by Alessandro Capone, and Jacob Mey, 421–445. New York: Springer.
Culpeper, Jonathan, and Michael Haugh
2014Pragmatics and the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Eelen, Gino
2001A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Escandell-Vidal, Victoria
1998 “Politeness: A Relevant Issue for Relevance Theory.” Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 11: 45–57.
Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor
1984Social Cognition. 7th ed. New York: Random House.
Foucault, Michel
1972Archaeology of Knowledge. Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith. London: Tavistock.
Garfinkel, Harold
1956 “Conditions of Successful Degradation Ceremonies.” American Journal of Sociology 61 (5): 420–424.
Gibbs, Raymond Jr.
1999Intentions in the Experience of Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, Erving
1956 “Embarassment and Social Organisation.” American Journal of Sociology 62: 264–271.
Goffman, Erving
1981Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Grainger, Karen
2011 “ ‘First Order’ and ‘Second Order’ Politeness: Institutional and Intercultural Contexts.” In Discursive Approaches to Politeness, ed. by LPRG, 167–188. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Grainger, Karen
2013 “Of Babies and Bath Water: Is there any Place for Austin and Grice in Interpersonal Pragmatics?” Journal of Pragmatics 58: 27–38.
Grice, H. P.
1975 “Logic and Conversation.” In Syntax and Semantics, Volume 3. Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole, and Jerry Morgan, 41–58. New York: Academic Press.
Grice, H. P.
1989Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Haugh, Michael
2003 “Anticipated versus Inferred Politeness.” Multilingua 22 (4): 397–413.
Haugh, Michael
2007a “The Co-constitution of Politeness Implicature in Conversation.” Journal of Pragmatics 39 (1): 84–110.
Haugh, Michael
2007b “The Discursive Challenge to Politeness Theory: An Interactional Alternative.” Journal of Politeness Research 3 (2): 295–317.
Haugh, Michael
2008 “The Place of Intention in the Interactional Achievement of Implicature.” In Intention, Common Ground and the Egocentric Speaker-Hearer, ed. by Istvan Kecskes, and Jacob Mey, 45–85. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Haugh, Michael
2013 “Im/politeness, Social Practice and the Participation Order.” Journal of Pragmatics 58: 52–72.
Haugh, Michael
2015Im/politeness Implicatures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Haugh, Michael
2016 “‘Just kidding’: Teasing and Claims to Non-serious Intent.” Journal of Pragmatics 95: 120–136.
Haugh, Michael, and Derek Bousfield
2012 “Mock Impoliteness, Jocular Mockery and Jocular Abuse in Australian and British English.” Journal of Pragmatics 44 (9): 1099–1114.
Haugh, Michael, and Dániel Z. Kádár
2017 “Intercultural (Im)politeness.” In Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness, ed. by Jonathan Culpeper, Michael Haugh, and Dániel Z. Kádár, 601–632. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hay, Jennifer
1994 “Jocular Abuse Patterns in Mixed-group Interaction.” Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics 6: 26–55.
Holmes, Janet, and Meredith Marra
2002 “Over the Edge? Subversive Humor between Colleagues and Friends.” Humor 15(1): 65–87.
Holmes, Janet, Meredith Marra, and Bernadette Vine
2011Leadership, Discourse and Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holmes, Janet, Meredith Marra, and Bernadette Vine. 2012
Politeness and Impoliteness in Ethnic Varieties of New Zealand English ” Journal of Pragmatics44 (9): 1063–1076.
Holmes, Janet, and Stephanie Schnurr
2005 “Politeness, Humour and Gender in the Workplace: Negotiating Norms and Identifying Contestation.” Journal of Politeness Research 1 (1): 121–149.
Huang, Yan
2007Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jary, Mark
1998 “Relevance Theory and the Communication of Politeness.” Journal of Pragmatics 30 (1): 1–19.
Jefferson, Gail
1979 “Technique for Inviting Laughter and its Subsequent Acceptance-Declination.” In Everyday Language. Studies in Ethnomethodology, ed. by George Psathas, 79–95. New York: Irvington.
2013Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kilgarriff, Adam, Pavel Rychly, Pavel Smrz, and David Tugwell
2004 “The Sketch Engine.” In Proceedings of the EURALEX Conference, 105–116. Lorient, France.
Lakoff, Robin
1973 “The Logic of Politeness; or Minding your P’s and Q’s.”Chicago Linguistics Society 9: 292–305.
Leech, Geoffrey N.
1983Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Leech, Geoffrey N.
2003 “An Anatomy of Politeness in Communication”International Journal of Pragmatics 14: 101–123.
Leech, Geoffrey N.
2007 “Politeness: Is there an East-West Divide?” Journal of Politeness Research3 (2): 167–206.
Leech, Geoffrey N.
2014The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lerner, Gene
2013 “On the Place of Hesitating in Delicate Formulations: A Turn-Constructional Infrastructure for Collaborative Indiscretion.” In Conversational Repair and Human Understanding, ed. by Makoto Hayashi, Geoffrey Raymond, and Jack Sidnell, 95–134. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C.
1983Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C.
1995 “Interactional Biases in Human Thinking.” In Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence, ed. by Esther N. Goody, 221–260. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C.
2000Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalised Conversational Implicature. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press.
Locher, Miriam A.
2006 “Polite Behaviour within Relational Work. The Discursive Approach to Politeness” Multilingua25 (3): 249–267.
Locher, Miriam A.
2012 “Politeness Research from Past to Future, with a Special Focus on the Discursive Approach.” In New Perspectives on (Im)Politeness and Interpersonal Communication, ed. byLucía Fenandez-Amaya, Maria de la O. Hernandez-Lopez, Reyes Gomez Moron, Manuel Padilla Cruz, Manuel Mejias Borrero, and Marianna Relinque Barranca, 1–22. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press.
Locher, Miriam A.
2015“Interpersonal Pragmatics and its Link to (Im)politeness Research” Journal of Pragmatics86: 5–10.
Locher, Miriam A., and Derek Bousfield
2008 “Introduction: Impoliteness and Power in Language.” In Impoliteness in Language, ed. by Derek Bousfield, and Miriam Locher, 1–13. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Locher, Miriam, and Richard Watts
2005 “Politeness Theory and Relational Work.” Journal of Politeness Research 1 (1): 9–34.
1983Apologies and Remedial Interchanges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pomerantz, Anita
1984 “Pursuing a Response.” In Structures of Social Action. Studies in Conversation Analysis, ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson, and John Heritage, 152–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, Jeffrey D.
2004 “The Sequential Organisation of Explicit Apologies in Naturally Occurring English.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 37 (3): 291–330.
Schneider, Klaus P.
2017 “Pragmatic Competence and Pragmatic Variation.” In Doing Intercultural Pragmatics: Cognitive, Linguisticand Sociopragmatic Perspectives on Language Use, ed. by Rachel Giora, and Michael Haugh, 315–333. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Searle, John
1969Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, John
1975 “Indirect Speech Acts.” In Syntax and Semantics, Volume 3. Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole, and Jerry Morgan, 59–82. New York: Academic Press.
Spencer-Oatey, Helen
2005 “(Im)Politeness, Face and Perceptions of Rapport: Unpackaging their Bases and Interrelationships.” Journal of Politeness Research 1 (1): 95–120.
Sperber, Dan, and Deirdre Wilson
1995Relevance: Communication and Cognition:2nd ed. Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, U.S.A. Blackwell.
Terkourafi, Marina
2001 “Politeness in Cypriot Greek: A Frame-based Approach.” PhD diss. University of Cambridge.
Terkourafi, Marina
2005a “Beyond the Micro-level in Politeness Research.” Journal of Politeness Research 1 (2): 237–262.
Terkourafi, Marina
2005b “Pragmatic Correlates of Frequency of Use: The Case for a Notion of ‘Minimal Context’.” In Reviewing Linguistic Thought: Converging Trends for the 21st Century, Sophia Marmaridou, Kiki Nikiforidou, and Eleni Antonopoulou. 209–233. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Thomas, Jenny
1995Meaning in Interaction. An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.
van der Bom, Isabelle, and Sara Mills
2015 “A Discursive Approach to the Analysis of Politeness Data.” Journal of Politeness Research 11 (2): 179–206.
Verschueren, Jef
1999Understanding Pragmatics. London: Arnold.
Watts, Richard J.
2003Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2018 “Translation studies and pragmatics”. In Pragmatics and Its Interfaces, ed.by Cornelia Ilie and Neal R. Norrick, 143–161. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi:
2020. La modestie à la française à travers l’acte de l’éloge de soi. Analyse comparative français / américain des procédés pragmatiques de modification utilisés dans les résumés Linkedin. Travaux de linguistique n° 79:2 ► pp. 101 ff.
2020. Discourse of discipline: Communicative strategies in coaches' speech. Fizicka kultura 74:1 ► pp. 47 ff.
Yang, Na
2022. Sinkeviciute, Valeria: Conversational humour and (im)politeness: a pragmatic analysis of social interaction
. Journal of Politeness Research 18:2 ► pp. 451 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 may 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.