Chapter 3
Offers, refusals and professional status
Article outline
- 3.1Communicative act structure: Preparatory, head and supportive acts
- 3.1.1Preparatory acts and professional status
- a.Greetings
- i.H-greeting structure
- ii.Name + G-greeting & G-greeting + name structures
- iii.H-greeting + address + familiarisation structures
- b.Familiarisation
- i.How-are-you? & How-do-you-do? structures
- ii.(Self) introduction and justification
- iii.(Physical) rapprochement
- c.Grounders
- i.Rest grounders
- ii.Reunion grounders
- iii.Relaxation grounders
- 3.1.2Head acts (types) and professional status
- a.Simple head acts: Simple offer head act = Simple refusal head act
- i.Simple offer head act = Simple refusal head act
- b.Mixed head acts: Simple offer head = Complex refusal head and vice versa
- i.Simple offer head act = Refusal + Thanks/Address or = Thanks + Refusal
- ii.Simple offer head act = Refusal (/+Thanks + PM + Apology) + Reason
- iii.Simple offer head act = Conditional + (Refusal/+Thanks/+) Reason
- c.Complex head acts: Complex offer head act = Complex refusal head act
- i.PM + Offer or Offer + PM = Thanks + (Address/+Conditional+) Reason or = PM/Apology/Refusal + Thanks (+Reason)
- ii.Name/Address + Offer (vice versa) = Interjection/Refusal (+Address) + Thanks/+Reason or = Interjection + Apology + Conditional + Reason
- iii.Third-party imperative offer = Apology/Thanks/Refusal + Reason or = Interjection + Address + Thanks (+Address) + Reason
- 3.1.3Supportive acts and professional status
- a.Insistence act: Offer or offer refusal insistence
- b.Explication act: Refusal questioning and refusal explication
- c.Refusal acceptance act: Letting the offeree off the hook
- d.Postponement act: Offer or acceptance postponement
- e.Promise act: Of acceptance
- f.Alternative offer act: Offering something else
- g.Closing act: On a cooperative note
- 3.2Offer utterances: Realisation strategies and pragmatic functions
- 3.2.1Preference strategy in offer utterances
- a.Question offeree preference
- b.Question offeree interest
- c.Question offeree (future) action
- d.Question offeree choice
- e.Suggestory formula
- 3.2.2Imperative strategy in offer utterances
- a.Offeree imperative or action
- b.Third-party imperative or action
- c.State offerer permission
- d.Offer deictic
- e.State offeree invitation
- 3.2.3Execution strategy in offer utterances
- a.Question offeree ability
- b.Question offerer ability
- c.State offerer desire
- d.Request offeree permission
- e.Offerer-offeree (future) action
- f.Offerer accomplished action
- 3.2.4Declarative strategy in offer utterances
- 3.3Offer refusal utterances: Realisation strategies and pragmatic functions
- 3.3.1Impediment strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 3.3.2Direct refusal strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 3.3.3Preference strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 3.3.4Inability strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 3.3.5Postponement strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 3.4Professional status in offers and offer refusals: Postcolonial pragmatic components
- 3.4.1Address forms
- a.Honorifics
- b.Attention getters
- c.Name: Surname and first name
- d.Endearment terms
- e.Camaraderie or friendship terms
- f.Kinship terms
- 3.4.2Gender
- 3.4.3Social status and level of imposition
- 3.4.4Religion
- 3.4.5Collectivist cultures and in-group norms
- 3.5Summary: Professional status between Ghana and Cameroon
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Notes