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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
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201903041550
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Emotion in Discourse
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B01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
VU Amsterdam
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B01
Laura Alba-Juez
Alba-Juez, Laura
Laura
Alba-Juez
UNED, Madrid
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Interest in human emotion no longer equates to unscientific speculation. 21st-century humanities scholars are paying serious attention to our capacity to express emotions and giving rigorous explanations of affect in language. We are unquestionably witnessing an ‘emotional turn’ not only in linguistics, but also in other fields of scientific research.<br /><i>Emotion in Discourse</i> follows from and reflects on this scholarly awakening to the world of emotion, and in particular, to its intricate relationship with human language. The book presents both the state of the art and the latest research in an effort to unravel the various workings of the expression of emotion in discourse. It takes an interdisciplinary approach, for emotion is a multifarious phenomenon whose functions in language are enlightened by such other disciplines as psychology, neurology, or communication studies. The volume shows not only how emotion manifests at different linguistic levels, but also how it relates to aspects like linguistic appraisal, emotional intelligence or humor, as well as covering its occurrence in various genres, including scientific discourse. As such, the book contributes to an emerging interdisciplinary field which could be labeled “emotionology”, transcending previous linguistic work and providing an updated characterization of how emotion functions in human discourse.
05
The present volume constitutes a valuable contribution for a number of interrelated disciplines, such as linguistics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and communication studies. In fact, its merit is to provide the reader with a wide overview of various scientific perspectives on the study of emotions, contributing to the so-called ‘emotional turn’ not only in linguistics, but also in other fields of scientific research. [...] Overall, the volume constitutes an extremely interesting collection of innovative studies, which represent a significant contribution to the interdisciplinary effort to bring the attention of the scientific community on the relations among emotion, language and society.
Lucia Busso, Aston University, on Linguist List 31.889 (9 November 2019)
05
All the papers in this volume have been carefully researched and amply supported with extensive bibliographical references, and their quality is exactly what we would expect from a selection made by Mckenzie and Alba-Juez [...]. There is no doubt in my mind that this volume is an extremely valuable addition to its field.
Brian Mott, Universidad de Barcelona, in Miscelánea 61 (2020).
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Miscellaneous
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Acknowledgements
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26
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Section header
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Introduction
10
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24
Chapter
3
01
Chapter 1. Emotion processes in discourse
1
A01
Laura Alba-Juez
Alba-Juez, Laura
Laura
Alba-Juez
UNED, Madrid (Spain)
2
A01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
VU Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
20
discourse
20
emotion
20
emotive/expressive function of language
20
evaluation
01
This chapter contextualizes the book as a whole, surveying the study of emotion in discourse and presenting our own view and definition of the phenomenon. We show how functional, cognitive and social linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, in what is labeled the ‘emotional turn’, have ceased to ignore the affective functions of language. This redirection of research has been partly inspired by Appraisal Theory’s interest in identifying the evaluative component of many forms of discourse. But across the social sciences, scholars are recognizing the essential role of emotional phenomena. This has spawned multiple interdisciplinary studies, which bring together students of the mind, social interaction and, crucially for this volume, language, and deliver a better understanding of the psychological, interactional and social processes triggered by emotions. The chapter ends with a brief summary of the remaining thirteen chapters, showing how they together rise to the challenge of identifying the role of emotion in discourse.
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Section I. Emotion, syntax and the lexicon
Taboo words, interjections, axiology, phraseology
10
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54
26
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 2. The multifunctionality of swear/taboo words in television series
1
A01
Monika Bednarek
Bednarek, Monika
Monika
Bednarek
The University of Sydney (Australia)/Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (Germany)
20
affect
20
appraisal
20
emotion
20
expletives
20
media linguistics
20
swear words
20
taboo words
20
TV series
01
This chapter focuses on swear/taboo words, which can be used for the expression of emotion. It combines a theoretical with an applied lens, in first discussing their place in Systemic Functional Linguistics, before examining their use in contemporary US television series. To do so, the chapter makes use of a new corpus of dialogue transcribed from 66 contemporary TV series: the <i>Sydney Corpus of Television Dialogue</i> (SydTV). SydTV is a small, specialized corpus which has been designed to be representative of the language variety of fictional US American TV dialogue. The analysis of SydTV focuses on the frequency, distribution and functions of swear/taboo words, showing that they are a prime example of the multifunctionality of much television dialogue. As I will illustrate with examples, they can be used for characterization, for humor, as a plot device, as a catch-phrase, to create realism, or to control viewer evaluation/emotion.
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Chapter 3. The syntax of an emotional expletive in English
1
A01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
VU Amsterdam (Netherlands)
20
emotion
20
expletives
20
focus
20
Functional Discourse Grammar
01
Various linguists have identified linguistic phenomena that express emotions rather than purely ideational or discursive meanings. From the viewpoint of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) adopted here, emotion is visible above all as an overlay on structures that communicate interpersonal and representational meanings. This is particularly apparent for ‘expletives’, words which are in themselves meaningless but ‘fill out’ the clause with an expression of emotion. This chapter focuses on the expletive use of <i>fuck</i>, <i>fucking</i>, <i>fucking well</i> and <i>the fuck</i> and their precisely delineable complementary syntactic distributions. The positioning of these expletives is identified for all types of syntactic phrase and nine kinds of pronoun, including the phenomenon of tmesis in, for example, <i>im-fucking-possible</i>. The items are identified as grammatical rather than lexical and as functioning as optional pragmatic markers, specifically as realizing an operator of emotional emphasis (EmoEmph) on Focused or Contrasted Subacts at FDG’s Interpersonal Level. This analysis is validated by examining the grammaticality or discourse-acceptability of all possible exceptions, and the repercussions are explored for the Morphosyntactic Level, where the syntactic distribution of the items is actually effected.
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7
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Chapter 4. Interjections and emotions
The case of <i>gosh</i>
1
A01
Angela Downing
Downing, Angela
Angela
Downing
Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
2
A01
Elena Martínez Caro
Martínez Caro, Elena
Elena
Martínez Caro
Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
20
emotion
20
euphemistic
20
interjection
20
pragmatic marker
01
Interjections in general can be considered linguistic expressions of emotions and attitudes, constituting complete and self-contained utterances. Though all languages are believed to have ‘emotive interjections’, the literature on interjections and emotions has proved to be sparse, while studies on specific interjections are particularly uncommon. This study investigates the interjection <i>gosh</i>, which we propose to analyze as an expletive secondary interjection, originally used in the area of religion as a euphemistic replacement of ‘God’. With the religious connection practically severed, <i>gosh</i> can be revealed as non-stigmatized and, in general, positively-valued. It is clearly a mild expletive, with a wide range of emotive, cognitive and discourse-structure uses. By exploring components of the BNC and COCA corpora, this chapter contributes to the study of <i>gosh</i> in terms of further formal and functional features (position and syntactic peripheral behavior, discourse role in conversation, dialogic character) together with possible differences between British and American English. Looking at the behavior of <i>gosh</i> in our data, we claim that it is an interjection that functions as a pragmatic marker in present-day English.
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8
01
Chapter 5. Expressing emotions without emotional lexis
A crosslinguistic approach to the phraseology of the emotions in Spanish and English
1
A01
Ruth Breeze
Breeze, Ruth
Ruth
Breeze
University of Navarra (Spain)
2
A01
Manuel Casado-Velarde
Casado-Velarde, Manuel
Manuel
Casado-Velarde
University of Navarra (Spain)
20
conceptual metaphor
20
emotional control
20
emotions
20
phraseology
20
vagueness
01
Cross-linguistic studies of phraseology enable us to draw increasingly accurate maps of the specific ways different languages express emotions. This chapter focuses on the phraseology used to express emotions in Spanish, taking English as its point of comparison. We situate the topic within the broad perspective of the presence, absence and control of the emotions, centering exclusively on expressions consisting of non-emotional lexis. First, we investigate phrases indicating presence and absence of emotions in Spanish and English. Second, we examine emotional control and lack of control, finding different patterns in the use of the underlying container metaphor. Finally, we explore linguistic affordances for expressing uncomfortable but vague emotions. We conclude with some comparisons between Spanish and English phraseology.
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9
01
Chapter 6. The value of left and right
1
A01
Ad Foolen
Foolen, Ad
Ad
Foolen
Radboud University, Nijmegen (Netherlands)
20
axiology
20
emotion
20
handedness
20
image schema
20
laterality
20
left
20
right
01
This chapter focuses on the emotive value (‘axiology’) of words for left and right in different languages. As a general picture, an asymmetry emerges, with a positive value for right and a negative one for left. The chapter further explores whether this asymmetry is reflected in other domains like in cognitive behavior, culture, and the brain. Special attention is paid to the question whether the left-right dimension should be considered as an image schema in cognitive-linguistic theorizing and whether the axiological dimension should be considered as an integral part of this and other image schemas. In general, the chapter argues that research on the axiological value of words for left and right contributes to insights in the role of laterality in general, including the lateralization of language, handedness and emotion.
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Section II. Pragmatics and emotion
Cyberemotion, the emotion of humor, pragmatic (epistemic) markers of emotion
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188
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11
01
Chapter 7. A cognitive pragmatics of the phatic Internet
1
A01
Francisco Yus
Yus, Francisco
Francisco
Yus
University of Alicante (Spain)
20
contextual constraints
20
emotions in phatic communication
20
Internet-mediated communication
20
non-propositional effects
20
phatic effects
20
relevance theory
01
Phatic interpretations are typically defined as those arising from an intention to create and maintain ties and social bonds, rather than an intention to transfer substantive information. As such, they are not typical instances of communication in which the eventual relevance centers upon the value of explicitly communicated content. Nowadays we are witnessing the so-called <i>phatic Internet</i>, in which the propositional content transferred to other users is increasingly irrelevant but the effects that this content generates (in terms of emotions and feelings of connection, sociability, group membership, friends’ acknowledgment and mutual awareness, etc.) are utterly relevant. This chapter will argue that it is mainly the feelings and emotions that are generated from phatic interactions (as well as phatic implicatures) that demand an extension of the scope of analysis and new terminology. Specifically, the term <i>phatic effects</i> will be proposed and applied to Internet-mediated communication. These effects are devoid of the qualities of intentionality and propositionality but are nevertheless essential to understanding why many users spend hours exchanging (apparently) irrelevant content with one another through the Net.
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12
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Chapter 8. Humor and mirth
Emotions, embodied cognition, and sustained humor
1
A01
Salvatore Attardo
Attardo, Salvatore
Salvatore
Attardo
Texas A&M University-Commerce (USA)
20
embodied cognition
20
emotion
20
humor
20
laughter
20
mirror neurons
20
mirth
20
smiling
20
sustained humor
20
synchronicity
01
The chapter describes a virtuous circle (feedback loop) whereby sustained humor (i.e., humorous exchanges lasting more than three turns) may occur, despite the tendency of speakers to return to the unmarked, serious mode of communication. Since humor is often accompanied by cues of humorous intention/interpretation on the part of both speaker and hearer and given the tendency to mirror one’s interlocutor’s gestures, these cues may be reciprocated (e.g., smiling synchrony). However, due to the facial feedback hypothesis of embodied cognition, producing a facial gesture associated with an emotion leads the subject to experience that emotion. Hence, speakers who mimic the facial cues of humorous intention may end up experiencing the same emotion of mirth that the other speaker is experiencing and this in turn may lead them to have the intention of producing more humor, hence triggering a virtuous circle that may continue for extended periods of time.
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13
01
Chapter 9. <i>My anger was justified surely?</i>
Epistemic markers across British English and German Emotion Events
1
A01
Nina-Maria Fronhofer
Fronhofer, Nina-Maria
Nina-Maria
Fronhofer
University of Augsburg (Germany)
20
contrastive discourse analysis
20
corpus linguistics
20
Emotion Event
20
epistemic markers
20
intersubjective positioning
01
In this chapter, I explore the role of epistemic markers as sub-units of analysis in Emotion Events, in particular ANGER events, from a cross-linguistic perspective. The corpus study extends the Emotion Event Model and reports on findings based on 248 written narratives experimentally elicited from British English and German university students. Overall, German writers displayed more ANGER events than the British and males used more epistemic markers than females. In the British Emotion Events, more markers of ‘low’ certainty were used in contrast to more markers of ‘high’ certainty in the German ones. The findings underline the importance of epistemic markers for the modeling of emotion discourse.
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14
01
Section III. Interdisciplinary studies
Emotion in linguistics and psychology
10
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247
278
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15
01
Chapter 10. Emotion and language ‘at work’
The relationship between Trait Emotional Intelligence and communicative competence as manifested at the workplace
1
A01
Laura Alba-Juez
Alba-Juez, Laura
Laura
Alba-Juez
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia – UNED (Spain)
2
A01
Juan-Carlos Pérez-González
Pérez-González, Juan-Carlos
Juan-Carlos
Pérez-González
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia – UNED (Spain)
20
emotion
20
emotion at the workplace
20
emotional competences
20
language
20
pragmalinguistic competence
20
Trait Emotional Intelligence
01
This chapter presents an interdisciplinary approach to the study of emotion in language by exploring the relationship between the competences associated with Emotional Intelligence (EI) and the communicative competences involved in the verbal expression of emotion and/or appraisal, with a special emphasis on the emotional communication found at the workplace. Our main hypothesis is that emotional intelligence skills and (emotion) communication skills influence each other: people who show communicative dexterity in dealing with emotionally challenging situations are most likely to show high levels of emotional intelligence, and vice-versa. We conducted a survey among engineering companies which measured both Trait Emotional Intelligence and communicative pragmatic competence with regard to staff responses to emotionally challenging situations. The data were assessed with reference to emotional granularity, emotional diversity, speech act theory, emotion and emotional talk, and e-implicatures. Our results show a quadratic (inverted-U) relationship between the two variables in question, proving a positive (but non-linear) correlation between emotional intelligence and pragmalinguistic competence.
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01
Chapter 11. The effects of linguistic proficiency, Trait Emotional Intelligence and in-group advantage on emotion recognition by British and American English L1 users
1
A01
Jean-Marc Dewaele
Dewaele, Jean-Marc
Jean-Marc
Dewaele
Birkbeck, Birkbeck and UCL, University of London (UK)
2
A01
Pernelle Lorette
Lorette, Pernelle
Pernelle
Lorette
Birkbeck, Birkbeck and UCL, University of London (UK)
3
A01
Konstantinos V. Petrides
Petrides, Konstantinos V.
Konstantinos V.
Petrides
Birkbeck, Birkbeck and UCL, University of London (UK)
20
culture
20
emotion recognition
20
English
20
linguistic proficiency
20
Trait Emotional Intelligence
01
This chapter focuses on individual differences in emotion recognition ability (ERA) of 150 British and 151 American first language (L1) users of English (151 females, 150 males). Individual differences in ERA have been linked to linguistic, cultural and psychological profiles of individuals. The analysis of ERA scores based on correct identification of emotions portrayed six video clips by a British L1 English-speaking actress showed that participants who scored higher on linguistic proficiency and Trait Emotional Intelligence (Trait EI) were better at recognizing emotions. Cultural background had no apparent effect. Participants with lower levels of linguistic proficiency relied more heavily on their Trait EI to recognize the emotions.
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17
01
Chapter 12. Rethinking Martin & White’s <sc>affect taxonomy
A psychologically-inspired approach to the linguistic expression of emotion
1
A01
Miguel-Ángel Benítez-Castro
Benítez-Castro, Miguel-Ángel
Miguel-Ángel
Benítez-Castro
Universities of Zaragoza and Granada respectively (Spain)
2
A01
Encarnación Hidalgo-Tenorio
Hidalgo-Tenorio, Encarnación
Encarnación
Hidalgo-Tenorio
Universities of Zaragoza and Granada respectively (Spain)
20
affect
20
appraisal
20
emotion
20
linguistics
20
psychology
01
Utterance production/interpretation depends unmistakably on emotional contexts. This makes the analysis of emotion in language fascinating and difficult, as it permeates all levels of linguistic description. Appraisal Theory is a powerful instrument intended to capture the subtleties of emotion in discourse. Its status as an open-ended tool, though, reveals a need for more sharply defined categories. Whilst the <sc>appreciation</sc> subsystem has already been elaborated, <sc>affect</sc> seems to require further refinement. In this chapter, we do so by using corpus evidence and drawing inspiration mainly from three psychological approaches to emotion: appraisal theories, construction theories and neuroscience. In emphasizing the notion of goal as the foundation of all emotion types, our revised model aims to describe emotional instances in more detail.
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Section IV. Emotion in different discourse types
Journalistic and scientific discourse
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356
22
Chapter
19
01
Chapter 13. Victims, heroes and villains in newsbites
A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Spanish eviction crisis in <i>El País</i>
1
A01
Isabel Alonso Belmonte
Alonso Belmonte, Isabel
Isabel
Alonso Belmonte
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain)
20
emotional meaning
20
eviction crisis
20
news actors
20
newsbites
20
Spanish
01
This chapter explores, from a systemic-functional perspective, the role that emotional meaning plays in the press representation of news actors in the Spanish housing crisis. By drawing both on the Appraisal framework and on the transitivity distinctions made in Systemic Functional Linguistics, 139 newsbites published in the Spanish newspaper <i>El País</i> and tagged with “desahucios” (“forced evictions”) were collected and analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the results. Findings show that: (a) <i>El País</i> triggers emotional responses from their audience by representing social actors in the eviction crisis as emotionally suffering victims, as sympathetic heroes or as dehumanized financial and political villains, and (b) journalists strategically use emotional meaning as encoded in verbal processes to highlight the differences in the press representation of the main news actors in the Spanish eviction crisis. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the social issue under analysis and are discussed in relation to previous literature in Critical Media Discourse Analysis.
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386
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20
01
Chapter 14. <i>Promoemotional</i> science?
Emotion and intersemiosis in graphical abstracts
1
A01
Carmen Sancho Guinda
Sancho Guinda, Carmen
Carmen
Sancho Guinda
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain)
20
academic scientific discourse
20
emotion
20
graphical abstract
20
hybridization
20
visual literacy
01
In this chapter I explore how the visual mode favors the expression of <i>emotion</i> in <i>graphical abstracts</i>, an academic genre increasingly demanded by high-impact scientific journals. My starting point is the set of expectations aroused by written scholarly discourse with regard to attitudinal projection, as well as recent research on emotion in computer-mediated communication in general. Next, I examine the major challenges posed by graphical abstracts and analyze the emotional language of some actual samples from researchers publishing in high-impact journals. My findings identify a hybridization of the genre and suggest that the presence of emotion may relate to the adoption of roles other than those of scientist, such as journalist, advertiser, and entertainer.
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Miscellaneous
22
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Name index
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Miscellaneous
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Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
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20190327
2019
John Benjamins B.V.
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1
B01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
VU Amsterdam
2
B01
Laura Alba-Juez
Alba-Juez, Laura
Laura
Alba-Juez
UNED, Madrid
01
eng
409
xi
397
LAN009030
v.2006
CFG
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LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
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JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
06
01
Interest in human emotion no longer equates to unscientific speculation. 21st-century humanities scholars are paying serious attention to our capacity to express emotions and giving rigorous explanations of affect in language. We are unquestionably witnessing an ‘emotional turn’ not only in linguistics, but also in other fields of scientific research.<br /><i>Emotion in Discourse</i> follows from and reflects on this scholarly awakening to the world of emotion, and in particular, to its intricate relationship with human language. The book presents both the state of the art and the latest research in an effort to unravel the various workings of the expression of emotion in discourse. It takes an interdisciplinary approach, for emotion is a multifarious phenomenon whose functions in language are enlightened by such other disciplines as psychology, neurology, or communication studies. The volume shows not only how emotion manifests at different linguistic levels, but also how it relates to aspects like linguistic appraisal, emotional intelligence or humor, as well as covering its occurrence in various genres, including scientific discourse. As such, the book contributes to an emerging interdisciplinary field which could be labeled “emotionology”, transcending previous linguistic work and providing an updated characterization of how emotion functions in human discourse.
05
The present volume constitutes a valuable contribution for a number of interrelated disciplines, such as linguistics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and communication studies. In fact, its merit is to provide the reader with a wide overview of various scientific perspectives on the study of emotions, contributing to the so-called ‘emotional turn’ not only in linguistics, but also in other fields of scientific research. [...] Overall, the volume constitutes an extremely interesting collection of innovative studies, which represent a significant contribution to the interdisciplinary effort to bring the attention of the scientific community on the relations among emotion, language and society.
Lucia Busso, Aston University, on Linguist List 31.889 (9 November 2019)
05
All the papers in this volume have been carefully researched and amply supported with extensive bibliographical references, and their quality is exactly what we would expect from a selection made by Mckenzie and Alba-Juez [...]. There is no doubt in my mind that this volume is an extremely valuable addition to its field.
Brian Mott, Universidad de Barcelona, in Miscelánea 61 (2020).
04
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Acknowledgements
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Introduction
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26
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Chapter
3
01
Chapter 1. Emotion processes in discourse
1
A01
Laura Alba-Juez
Alba-Juez, Laura
Laura
Alba-Juez
UNED, Madrid (Spain)
2
A01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
VU Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
20
discourse
20
emotion
20
emotive/expressive function of language
20
evaluation
01
This chapter contextualizes the book as a whole, surveying the study of emotion in discourse and presenting our own view and definition of the phenomenon. We show how functional, cognitive and social linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, in what is labeled the ‘emotional turn’, have ceased to ignore the affective functions of language. This redirection of research has been partly inspired by Appraisal Theory’s interest in identifying the evaluative component of many forms of discourse. But across the social sciences, scholars are recognizing the essential role of emotional phenomena. This has spawned multiple interdisciplinary studies, which bring together students of the mind, social interaction and, crucially for this volume, language, and deliver a better understanding of the psychological, interactional and social processes triggered by emotions. The chapter ends with a brief summary of the remaining thirteen chapters, showing how they together rise to the challenge of identifying the role of emotion in discourse.
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Section I. Emotion, syntax and the lexicon
Taboo words, interjections, axiology, phraseology
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Chapter 2. The multifunctionality of swear/taboo words in television series
1
A01
Monika Bednarek
Bednarek, Monika
Monika
Bednarek
The University of Sydney (Australia)/Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (Germany)
20
affect
20
appraisal
20
emotion
20
expletives
20
media linguistics
20
swear words
20
taboo words
20
TV series
01
This chapter focuses on swear/taboo words, which can be used for the expression of emotion. It combines a theoretical with an applied lens, in first discussing their place in Systemic Functional Linguistics, before examining their use in contemporary US television series. To do so, the chapter makes use of a new corpus of dialogue transcribed from 66 contemporary TV series: the <i>Sydney Corpus of Television Dialogue</i> (SydTV). SydTV is a small, specialized corpus which has been designed to be representative of the language variety of fictional US American TV dialogue. The analysis of SydTV focuses on the frequency, distribution and functions of swear/taboo words, showing that they are a prime example of the multifunctionality of much television dialogue. As I will illustrate with examples, they can be used for characterization, for humor, as a plot device, as a catch-phrase, to create realism, or to control viewer evaluation/emotion.
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Chapter 3. The syntax of an emotional expletive in English
1
A01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
VU Amsterdam (Netherlands)
20
emotion
20
expletives
20
focus
20
Functional Discourse Grammar
01
Various linguists have identified linguistic phenomena that express emotions rather than purely ideational or discursive meanings. From the viewpoint of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) adopted here, emotion is visible above all as an overlay on structures that communicate interpersonal and representational meanings. This is particularly apparent for ‘expletives’, words which are in themselves meaningless but ‘fill out’ the clause with an expression of emotion. This chapter focuses on the expletive use of <i>fuck</i>, <i>fucking</i>, <i>fucking well</i> and <i>the fuck</i> and their precisely delineable complementary syntactic distributions. The positioning of these expletives is identified for all types of syntactic phrase and nine kinds of pronoun, including the phenomenon of tmesis in, for example, <i>im-fucking-possible</i>. The items are identified as grammatical rather than lexical and as functioning as optional pragmatic markers, specifically as realizing an operator of emotional emphasis (EmoEmph) on Focused or Contrasted Subacts at FDG’s Interpersonal Level. This analysis is validated by examining the grammaticality or discourse-acceptability of all possible exceptions, and the repercussions are explored for the Morphosyntactic Level, where the syntactic distribution of the items is actually effected.
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Chapter 4. Interjections and emotions
The case of <i>gosh</i>
1
A01
Angela Downing
Downing, Angela
Angela
Downing
Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
2
A01
Elena Martínez Caro
Martínez Caro, Elena
Elena
Martínez Caro
Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
20
emotion
20
euphemistic
20
interjection
20
pragmatic marker
01
Interjections in general can be considered linguistic expressions of emotions and attitudes, constituting complete and self-contained utterances. Though all languages are believed to have ‘emotive interjections’, the literature on interjections and emotions has proved to be sparse, while studies on specific interjections are particularly uncommon. This study investigates the interjection <i>gosh</i>, which we propose to analyze as an expletive secondary interjection, originally used in the area of religion as a euphemistic replacement of ‘God’. With the religious connection practically severed, <i>gosh</i> can be revealed as non-stigmatized and, in general, positively-valued. It is clearly a mild expletive, with a wide range of emotive, cognitive and discourse-structure uses. By exploring components of the BNC and COCA corpora, this chapter contributes to the study of <i>gosh</i> in terms of further formal and functional features (position and syntactic peripheral behavior, discourse role in conversation, dialogic character) together with possible differences between British and American English. Looking at the behavior of <i>gosh</i> in our data, we claim that it is an interjection that functions as a pragmatic marker in present-day English.
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Chapter 5. Expressing emotions without emotional lexis
A crosslinguistic approach to the phraseology of the emotions in Spanish and English
1
A01
Ruth Breeze
Breeze, Ruth
Ruth
Breeze
University of Navarra (Spain)
2
A01
Manuel Casado-Velarde
Casado-Velarde, Manuel
Manuel
Casado-Velarde
University of Navarra (Spain)
20
conceptual metaphor
20
emotional control
20
emotions
20
phraseology
20
vagueness
01
Cross-linguistic studies of phraseology enable us to draw increasingly accurate maps of the specific ways different languages express emotions. This chapter focuses on the phraseology used to express emotions in Spanish, taking English as its point of comparison. We situate the topic within the broad perspective of the presence, absence and control of the emotions, centering exclusively on expressions consisting of non-emotional lexis. First, we investigate phrases indicating presence and absence of emotions in Spanish and English. Second, we examine emotional control and lack of control, finding different patterns in the use of the underlying container metaphor. Finally, we explore linguistic affordances for expressing uncomfortable but vague emotions. We conclude with some comparisons between Spanish and English phraseology.
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Chapter 6. The value of left and right
1
A01
Ad Foolen
Foolen, Ad
Ad
Foolen
Radboud University, Nijmegen (Netherlands)
20
axiology
20
emotion
20
handedness
20
image schema
20
laterality
20
left
20
right
01
This chapter focuses on the emotive value (‘axiology’) of words for left and right in different languages. As a general picture, an asymmetry emerges, with a positive value for right and a negative one for left. The chapter further explores whether this asymmetry is reflected in other domains like in cognitive behavior, culture, and the brain. Special attention is paid to the question whether the left-right dimension should be considered as an image schema in cognitive-linguistic theorizing and whether the axiological dimension should be considered as an integral part of this and other image schemas. In general, the chapter argues that research on the axiological value of words for left and right contributes to insights in the role of laterality in general, including the lateralization of language, handedness and emotion.
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Section II. Pragmatics and emotion
Cyberemotion, the emotion of humor, pragmatic (epistemic) markers of emotion
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Chapter 7. A cognitive pragmatics of the phatic Internet
1
A01
Francisco Yus
Yus, Francisco
Francisco
Yus
University of Alicante (Spain)
20
contextual constraints
20
emotions in phatic communication
20
Internet-mediated communication
20
non-propositional effects
20
phatic effects
20
relevance theory
01
Phatic interpretations are typically defined as those arising from an intention to create and maintain ties and social bonds, rather than an intention to transfer substantive information. As such, they are not typical instances of communication in which the eventual relevance centers upon the value of explicitly communicated content. Nowadays we are witnessing the so-called <i>phatic Internet</i>, in which the propositional content transferred to other users is increasingly irrelevant but the effects that this content generates (in terms of emotions and feelings of connection, sociability, group membership, friends’ acknowledgment and mutual awareness, etc.) are utterly relevant. This chapter will argue that it is mainly the feelings and emotions that are generated from phatic interactions (as well as phatic implicatures) that demand an extension of the scope of analysis and new terminology. Specifically, the term <i>phatic effects</i> will be proposed and applied to Internet-mediated communication. These effects are devoid of the qualities of intentionality and propositionality but are nevertheless essential to understanding why many users spend hours exchanging (apparently) irrelevant content with one another through the Net.
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01
Chapter 8. Humor and mirth
Emotions, embodied cognition, and sustained humor
1
A01
Salvatore Attardo
Attardo, Salvatore
Salvatore
Attardo
Texas A&M University-Commerce (USA)
20
embodied cognition
20
emotion
20
humor
20
laughter
20
mirror neurons
20
mirth
20
smiling
20
sustained humor
20
synchronicity
01
The chapter describes a virtuous circle (feedback loop) whereby sustained humor (i.e., humorous exchanges lasting more than three turns) may occur, despite the tendency of speakers to return to the unmarked, serious mode of communication. Since humor is often accompanied by cues of humorous intention/interpretation on the part of both speaker and hearer and given the tendency to mirror one’s interlocutor’s gestures, these cues may be reciprocated (e.g., smiling synchrony). However, due to the facial feedback hypothesis of embodied cognition, producing a facial gesture associated with an emotion leads the subject to experience that emotion. Hence, speakers who mimic the facial cues of humorous intention may end up experiencing the same emotion of mirth that the other speaker is experiencing and this in turn may lead them to have the intention of producing more humor, hence triggering a virtuous circle that may continue for extended periods of time.
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Chapter
13
01
Chapter 9. <i>My anger was justified surely?</i>
Epistemic markers across British English and German Emotion Events
1
A01
Nina-Maria Fronhofer
Fronhofer, Nina-Maria
Nina-Maria
Fronhofer
University of Augsburg (Germany)
20
contrastive discourse analysis
20
corpus linguistics
20
Emotion Event
20
epistemic markers
20
intersubjective positioning
01
In this chapter, I explore the role of epistemic markers as sub-units of analysis in Emotion Events, in particular ANGER events, from a cross-linguistic perspective. The corpus study extends the Emotion Event Model and reports on findings based on 248 written narratives experimentally elicited from British English and German university students. Overall, German writers displayed more ANGER events than the British and males used more epistemic markers than females. In the British Emotion Events, more markers of ‘low’ certainty were used in contrast to more markers of ‘high’ certainty in the German ones. The findings underline the importance of epistemic markers for the modeling of emotion discourse.
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Section III. Interdisciplinary studies
Emotion in linguistics and psychology
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278
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Chapter 10. Emotion and language ‘at work’
The relationship between Trait Emotional Intelligence and communicative competence as manifested at the workplace
1
A01
Laura Alba-Juez
Alba-Juez, Laura
Laura
Alba-Juez
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia – UNED (Spain)
2
A01
Juan-Carlos Pérez-González
Pérez-González, Juan-Carlos
Juan-Carlos
Pérez-González
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia – UNED (Spain)
20
emotion
20
emotion at the workplace
20
emotional competences
20
language
20
pragmalinguistic competence
20
Trait Emotional Intelligence
01
This chapter presents an interdisciplinary approach to the study of emotion in language by exploring the relationship between the competences associated with Emotional Intelligence (EI) and the communicative competences involved in the verbal expression of emotion and/or appraisal, with a special emphasis on the emotional communication found at the workplace. Our main hypothesis is that emotional intelligence skills and (emotion) communication skills influence each other: people who show communicative dexterity in dealing with emotionally challenging situations are most likely to show high levels of emotional intelligence, and vice-versa. We conducted a survey among engineering companies which measured both Trait Emotional Intelligence and communicative pragmatic competence with regard to staff responses to emotionally challenging situations. The data were assessed with reference to emotional granularity, emotional diversity, speech act theory, emotion and emotional talk, and e-implicatures. Our results show a quadratic (inverted-U) relationship between the two variables in question, proving a positive (but non-linear) correlation between emotional intelligence and pragmalinguistic competence.
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16
01
Chapter 11. The effects of linguistic proficiency, Trait Emotional Intelligence and in-group advantage on emotion recognition by British and American English L1 users
1
A01
Jean-Marc Dewaele
Dewaele, Jean-Marc
Jean-Marc
Dewaele
Birkbeck, Birkbeck and UCL, University of London (UK)
2
A01
Pernelle Lorette
Lorette, Pernelle
Pernelle
Lorette
Birkbeck, Birkbeck and UCL, University of London (UK)
3
A01
Konstantinos V. Petrides
Petrides, Konstantinos V.
Konstantinos V.
Petrides
Birkbeck, Birkbeck and UCL, University of London (UK)
20
culture
20
emotion recognition
20
English
20
linguistic proficiency
20
Trait Emotional Intelligence
01
This chapter focuses on individual differences in emotion recognition ability (ERA) of 150 British and 151 American first language (L1) users of English (151 females, 150 males). Individual differences in ERA have been linked to linguistic, cultural and psychological profiles of individuals. The analysis of ERA scores based on correct identification of emotions portrayed six video clips by a British L1 English-speaking actress showed that participants who scored higher on linguistic proficiency and Trait Emotional Intelligence (Trait EI) were better at recognizing emotions. Cultural background had no apparent effect. Participants with lower levels of linguistic proficiency relied more heavily on their Trait EI to recognize the emotions.
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Chapter 12. Rethinking Martin & White’s <sc>affect taxonomy
A psychologically-inspired approach to the linguistic expression of emotion
1
A01
Miguel-Ángel Benítez-Castro
Benítez-Castro, Miguel-Ángel
Miguel-Ángel
Benítez-Castro
Universities of Zaragoza and Granada respectively (Spain)
2
A01
Encarnación Hidalgo-Tenorio
Hidalgo-Tenorio, Encarnación
Encarnación
Hidalgo-Tenorio
Universities of Zaragoza and Granada respectively (Spain)
20
affect
20
appraisal
20
emotion
20
linguistics
20
psychology
01
Utterance production/interpretation depends unmistakably on emotional contexts. This makes the analysis of emotion in language fascinating and difficult, as it permeates all levels of linguistic description. Appraisal Theory is a powerful instrument intended to capture the subtleties of emotion in discourse. Its status as an open-ended tool, though, reveals a need for more sharply defined categories. Whilst the <sc>appreciation</sc> subsystem has already been elaborated, <sc>affect</sc> seems to require further refinement. In this chapter, we do so by using corpus evidence and drawing inspiration mainly from three psychological approaches to emotion: appraisal theories, construction theories and neuroscience. In emphasizing the notion of goal as the foundation of all emotion types, our revised model aims to describe emotional instances in more detail.
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Section IV. Emotion in different discourse types
Journalistic and scientific discourse
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Chapter 13. Victims, heroes and villains in newsbites
A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Spanish eviction crisis in <i>El País</i>
1
A01
Isabel Alonso Belmonte
Alonso Belmonte, Isabel
Isabel
Alonso Belmonte
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain)
20
emotional meaning
20
eviction crisis
20
news actors
20
newsbites
20
Spanish
01
This chapter explores, from a systemic-functional perspective, the role that emotional meaning plays in the press representation of news actors in the Spanish housing crisis. By drawing both on the Appraisal framework and on the transitivity distinctions made in Systemic Functional Linguistics, 139 newsbites published in the Spanish newspaper <i>El País</i> and tagged with “desahucios” (“forced evictions”) were collected and analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the results. Findings show that: (a) <i>El País</i> triggers emotional responses from their audience by representing social actors in the eviction crisis as emotionally suffering victims, as sympathetic heroes or as dehumanized financial and political villains, and (b) journalists strategically use emotional meaning as encoded in verbal processes to highlight the differences in the press representation of the main news actors in the Spanish eviction crisis. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the social issue under analysis and are discussed in relation to previous literature in Critical Media Discourse Analysis.
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Chapter 14. <i>Promoemotional</i> science?
Emotion and intersemiosis in graphical abstracts
1
A01
Carmen Sancho Guinda
Sancho Guinda, Carmen
Carmen
Sancho Guinda
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain)
20
academic scientific discourse
20
emotion
20
graphical abstract
20
hybridization
20
visual literacy
01
In this chapter I explore how the visual mode favors the expression of <i>emotion</i> in <i>graphical abstracts</i>, an academic genre increasingly demanded by high-impact scientific journals. My starting point is the set of expectations aroused by written scholarly discourse with regard to attitudinal projection, as well as recent research on emotion in computer-mediated communication in general. Next, I examine the major challenges posed by graphical abstracts and analyze the emotional language of some actual samples from researchers publishing in high-impact journals. My findings identify a hybridization of the genre and suggest that the presence of emotion may relate to the adoption of roles other than those of scientist, such as journalist, advertiser, and entertainer.
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Miscellaneous
22
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Name index
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Miscellaneous
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Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
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