1026675 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code P&bns 312 Eb 15 9789027260826 06 10.1075/pbns.312 13 2020020139 DG 002 02 01 P&bns 02 0922-842X Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 312 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Manners, Norms and Transgressions in the History of English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Literary and linguistic approaches</Subtitle> 01 pbns.312 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.312 1 B01 Andreas H. Jucker Jucker, Andreas H. Andreas H. Jucker University of Zurich 2 B01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 01 eng 306 viii 298 LAN009030 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.ENGL English literature & literary studies 06 01 This volume traces the multifaceted concept of manners in the history of English from the late medieval through the early and late modern periods right up to the present day. It focuses in particular on transgressions of manners and norms of behaviour as an analytical tool to shed light on the discourse of polite conduct and styles of writing. The papers collected in this volume adopt both literary and linguistic perspectives. The fictional sources range from medieval romances and Shakespearean plays to eighteenth-century drama, Lewis Carroll’s Alice books and present-day television comedy drama. The non-fictional data includes conduct books, medical debates and petitions written by lower class women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The contributions focus in particular on the following questions: What are the social and political ideologies behind rules of etiquette and norms of interaction, and what can we learn from blunders and other transgressions? 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.312.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207463.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207463.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.312.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.312.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.312.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.312.hb.png 10 01 JB code pbns.312.pre vii viii 2 To be specified 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code pbns.312.01taa 1 23 23 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Manners, norms and transgressions</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introduction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 2 A01 Andreas H. Jucker Jucker, Andreas H. Andreas H. Jucker University of Zurich 20 diachrony 20 history of politeness 20 language history 20 manners 20 norms 20 politeness 20 transgressions 01 In this volume we focus on different types of manners, norms and their transgressions. One kind of transgression can be called “blunders” and deals with violations of accepted behaviour, conduct or manners. A second kind draws more attention to language use in interpersonal communication with violations of pragmatic principles or breaking the norms of appropriate writing styles. In this introduction, we first outline the change in the appropriation of manners in different periods discussed in this book. We then proceed to the theoretical background and suggest an overall line of diachronic changes. Our approach falls at the interface between language and literature, which is discussed before the chapter summaries. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.02sil 25 49 25 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Ipomedon</i> and the elusive nature of blunders in the courtly literature of medieval England</TitleText> 1 A01 Tatjana Silec-Plessis Silec-Plessis, Tatjana Tatjana Silec-Plessis Sorbonne Université 20 Anglo-Norman literature 20 Ipomadon 20 Ipomedon 20 medieval ethics 20 medieval literary theory 20 Middle English literature 20 pragmatics 20 translation 01 When the word <i>blonder</i>, which comes from Old Norse, appeared in the English language in the late fourteenth century, it had a stronger and more negative meaning than its Present-Day reflex: rather than an embarrassing faux-pas, blunders always had potentially serious repercussions, not only for their perpetrators, but also for the society they lived in. This is exemplified in an Anglo-Norman romance called <i>Ipomedon</i>, in which the hero and the heroine’s youthful gaffes have grave consequences. This poem was later adapted for English-speaking audiences with the characters’ errors of judgment slightly modified. The changes made by the English compilers are analysed in this paper as they shed light on the evolution of politeness strategies (understood then as courtly behaviours) throughout the Middle Ages in England. They also show how difficult it was during that period to even consider the possibility of any transgression being a minor one. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.03per 51 74 24 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Unrestrained acting and norms of behaviour</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Excess and instruction in <i>The Legend of Good Women</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Laura Pereira Domínguez Pereira Domínguez, Laura Laura Pereira Domínguez Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 20 bodily movement 20 conduct 20 Geoffrey Chaucer 20 Medieval literature 20 performance 20 The Legend of Good Women 20 virtue 01 This paper analyses two stories of <i>The Legend of Good Women</i>, by Geoffrey Chaucer, as examples of the reception of Ovidian tradition in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in Europe. The main characters of these fictions embody desired virtues for women, but a closer scrutiny reveals that these supposedly exemplary characters transgress the limits of the morality of the period through actions and gestures that would not be acceptable for real women. These descriptions of ethically unrestrained bodily movement cannot be read as literal norms of conduct. Rather, these actions are used as a means to achieve the emotional experience. This paper examines how these actions are depicted and what their relation is to the overall meaning of the narrative. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.04kiz 75 99 25 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Blunders and (un)intentional offence in Shakespeare</TitleText> 1 A01 Urszula Kizelbach Kizelbach, Urszula Urszula Kizelbach Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań 20 banter 20 blunder 20 comedy 20 embarrassability 20 face-threatening acts 20 humour 20 impoliteness 20 intentionality 20 William Shakespeare 01 Neither literary nor linguistic investigations seem to offer a clear pragmatic description of blunder. Blunders in social communication are popularly associated with gaffes, which are incidental offences that could have been avoided if the speaker had foreseen their offensive or perplexing consequences. It has been claimed (Wierzbicka 2003) that errors and blunders are mostly committed when speakers venture into “unsafe territory” (2003: 283), which makes it easier to make a serious mistake or to embarrass the interlocutor by not taking enough care or not thinking enough. Blunders in Early Modern literature, however, have never been pragmatically analysed even though they form a distinctive linguistic feature of some Shakespearean characters’ speech. This chapter analyses the linguistic behaviour of two comedy characters from Shakespeare’s plays, Mistress Quickly and Falstaff, with special emphasis on the effects of their blunders and how blunders affect both the speaker and the hearer. The aim of the chapter is twofold. First, I try to provide a pragmatic definition of blunder in relation to speech act theory and intentionality and explain how blunders are pragmatically different from gaffes. Next, I describe the perlocutionary effects of blunders based on the examples of Shakespeare characters’ speech and demonstrate how blunders can be employed as a means of literary characterisation. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.05juc 101 120 20 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The discourse of manners and politeness in Restoration and eighteenth-century drama</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">discourse of manners and politeness in Restoration and eighteenth-century drama</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Andreas H. Jucker Jucker, Andreas H. Andreas H. Jucker University of Zurich 20 Aphra Behn 20 eighteenth-century drama 20 manners 20 Oliver Goldsmith 20 politeness 20 Restoration drama 20 Richard Steele 01 The eighteenth century is often referred to as the age of politeness, and the term <i>politeness</i> has been argued to be a key term in a variety of settings at this time. This paper sets out to investigate the discourse of politeness and, more generally, the discourse of manners during this period and the period leading up to it (1660 to 1790). It focuses on the vocabulary used in talking about manners and politeness and on the way this vocabulary is used in actual interactions. In a first step, it investigates several large corpora and what they can tell us about the development of the vocabulary of manners and politeness before it zooms in, in a second step, on a more detailed investigation of three comedies of the period: Aphra Behn’s <i>The Town-Fop: or Sir Timothy Tawdrey</i> (1676), Sir Richard Steele’s <i>The Conscious Lovers</i> (1722), and Oliver Goldsmith’s <i>She Stoops to Conquer, or The Mistakes of a Night</i> (1773). A close reading and a careful analysis of the discourse of manners and politeness, and crucially the discourse of violations of manners and politeness, in these three plays reveals a significant shift from a preoccupation with honour and reputation in the Restoration period to the politeness of a good character in the early eighteenth century and finally to a concern for polished and somewhat superficial manners in the late eighteenth century. The three comedies thus mirror in a detailed and nuanced way what the development of the vocabulary of manners and politeness suggests in a broad-brush perspective on a much larger scale. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.06kuk 121 140 20 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“This Demon Anger”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Politeness, conversation and control in eighteenth-century conduct books for young women1</Subtitle> 1 A01 Erzsi Kukorelly Kukorelly, Erzsi Erzsi Kukorelly University of Geneva 20 anger 20 conduct books 20 conduct of life 20 eighteenth century 20 politeness 20 young women 01 This chapter examines the representation and correction of anger in conduct books written for young women in eighteenth-century Britain. An introductory section places the admonition against anger in the context of John Locke’s and Lord Shaftesbury’s discussions of, respectively, rational conduct and polite sociability. Then, I succinctly identify ideal womanly conduct as emanating from three main sources: self-control in body and mind, obedience coupled with rationality, and a consciousness of the world that produces self-consciousness and an attendant desire to conform to social rules. Anger is then shown to break with all three of these: an angry woman no longer controls her body and her mind; she is both disobedient and irrational; and she disregards the constant and critical gaze of society, thus risking loss of reputation. Ultimately, anger hinders young women in what was their main objective, attracting the best possible husband. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.07taa 141 163 23 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A medical debate of “heated pamphleteering” in the early eighteenth century</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">medical debate of “heated pamphleteering” in the early eighteenth century</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 20 argumentation 20 discourse analysis 20 inoculation controversy 20 insults 20 polite society 20 sarcasm 20 styles of writing 20 verbal aggression 01 This chapter probes into the controversy of smallpox inoculation that followed soon after the novel method was introduced into England and culminated in the second decade of the eighteenth century. Polemical argumentation displays verbal aggression, and irony and sarcasm take the upper hand in interpersonal language use that bursts into personal insults in a pamphlet that serves as data for the empirical part. The method of analysis is qualitative discourse analysis in a multi-layered contextual frame in accordance with the historical pragmatic approach. The analysis shows how transgressions of the prevailing norms are exploited and presents a far cry from the recommended Royal Society style of writing science as well as from the more rhetorical way of argumentation favoured in contemporary polite society; even an old pattern of scholastic argumentation is revived to poke fun at the target. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.08shv 165 182 18 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Transgressions as a socialisation strategy in Samuel Richardson’s <i>The Apprentice’s Vade Mecum</i> (1734)</TitleText> 1 A01 Polina Shvanyukova Shvanyukova, Polina Polina Shvanyukova University of Bergamo 20 apprentices 20 conduct manuals 20 didactic advice literature 20 eighteenth century 20 instructional writing 20 manners and norms 20 rhetorical strategies 20 transgressions 01 Conduct manuals disseminating norms of behaviour were popular in Early and Late Modern England. In this contribution I offer a close reading of an influential eighteenth-century conduct manual for newly apprenticed boys, Samuel Richardson’s <i>The Apprentice’s Vade Mecum</i> (Richardson 2012[1734]). In my analysis of its contents I aim to identify the specific set of norms of conduct young apprentices were impelled to comply with, in an attempt to shed light on the ways in which representations of acts of transgressive behaviour in didactic advice literature were instrumental in the process of indoctrinating social novices about the norms of the dominant world order. I then examine the distinctive traits of the author’s instructive language, that is to say, the specific linguistic strategies Richardson employs in order to deliver his instructions in the most efficient, unequivocal and accessible way. Finally, I argue that in Richardson’s in-depth treatment of transgressive acts we find evidence of the existence of a coherent code of anti-normative behaviour. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.09nur 183 212 30 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Variations from letter-writing manuals</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02"><i>Humble petitions</i> signed by women in Late Modern London</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nuria Calvo Cortés Calvo Cortés, Nuria Nuria Calvo Cortés Universidad Complutense de Madrid 20 Bank of England 20 Foundling Hospital 20 instruction manuals 20 Late Modern English 20 letter-writing 20 petitions 01 The present study analyses two sets of 25 petitions each. They were signed by different women who possibly belonged to lower social ranks, and they were addressed to the governors of the Foundling Hospital and the Bank of England. These were most probably men who occupied high positions in society. The study focuses on the comparison between the information present in the manuals and the petitions selected for this study. The petitioners had different needs and their circumstances also varied. This is reflected in the results, which show differences, and also similarities, between the two sets of petitions. Furthermore, most display some features found in the manuals, but not all of them follow the rules or recommendations faithfully. The writers, who cannot always be identified and may not have been the same as the signees, seem to have been aware of the existence of letter-writing manuals, but they may not have had first-hand contact with them. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.10erm 213 246 34 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Impoliteness in Blunderland</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Carroll’s Alice books and the manners in which manners fail</Subtitle> 1 A01 Isabel Ermida Ermida, Isabel Isabel Ermida Universidade do Minho 20 ambiguity 20 face 20 humour 20 impoliteness 20 incongruity 20 infelicity 20 manners 20 nonsense 20 speech act 20 wordplay 01 Lewis Carroll’s <i>Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland</i> (1865) and <i>Through the Looking-Glass</i> (1871), two linguistic treatises in disguise, create ingenious fantasy worlds where the rules of language and the conventions of communication are turned upside down. What is (semantically) illogical or (pragmatically) inappropriate confounds Alice, who struggles to make sense of nonsense and to keep the order of a polite, rational world in place. In her dialogues with anthropomorphic animals and objects, ambiguity and fallacy coexist with interactive manipulation, while her communicative expectations crumble and comic misunderstandings arise. <br />This article looks into the construction of linguistic and pragmatic transgressions in Carroll’s acclaimed books with a view to unveiling their contribution to impoliteness. On the one hand, the paper analyses the structural mechanisms of wordplay vis-à-vis phonetic, morpho-syntactic and lexical ambiguity. On the other, it examines the pragmatic strategies whereby speech-act infelicities, conversational maxim violations, and bald-on-record clashes contribute to reversing the established conventions of (polite) social interaction. The premise guiding the analysis is that the pervasive existence of double meaning and incongruity in the Alice books underlies not only linguistic phenomena such as punning, neologism, and relexicalisation, but also interactive patterns, in which the expected norms of courteous conduct in social exchanges do not obtain. The antithetical and script-oppositional (hence, humorous) nature of this process defrauds outsider Alice – the victim, but at times the happy recipient, of the uncooperative challenges of this inverted, refracted, teasingly nonsensical world. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.11buc 247 269 23 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“Collect a thousand loyalty points and you get a free coffin”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Creative impoliteness in the TV comedy drama <i>Doc Martin</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Steve Buckledee Buckledee, Steve Steve Buckledee University of Cagliari 20 asymmetrical power relationships 20 conversational implicature 20 entertaining impoliteness 20 implicational impoliteness 20 intentionality 20 quality face 20 relational face 20 social identity face 01 The British comedy drama <i>Doc Martin</i> is set in the fictional fishing village of Portwenn in Cornwall, where the community’s only medical practitioner, Dr Martin Ellingham, is known to be brilliant as regards the clinical aspects of his profession but totally devoid of even the most basic interpersonal skills. He is habitually gruff, ill-tempered and extremely rude to patients, and indeed to the entire population of Portwenn. <br />This paper draws upon Brown and Levinson’s (1987) pioneering study of face-threatening acts and politeness, but also Spencer-Oatey’s more recent work (2007, 2008) on quality face, social identity face and relational face. The concept of creative impoliteness owes much to Culpeper’s view (1996, 2005, 2011) of impoliteness as a phenomenon related to situated behaviours that conflict with interlocutors’ expectations, wishes and notions of what ought to be said or done during interaction. The aim is to demonstrate how Dr Ellingham’s rudeness does not consist of unoriginal insults or standard terms of offence – if it did, viewers would quickly switch off – but involves highly creative use of language and thus serves as the main source of humour in the TV series. In <i>Doc Martin</i> imaginative script writers and a skilled actor create a character who in real life would be insupportable, but on the TV screen is a comic monster. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.12pel 271 293 23 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“Meaning you have been known to act rashly”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">How Molly Weasley negotiates her identity as a moral authority in conflicts in the <i>Harry Potter</i> series</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jana Pelclová Pelclová, Jana Jana Pelclová Masaryk University 20 conventionalised impoliteness 20 Harry Potter 20 implicational impoliteness 20 impoliteness 20 manners 20 Molly Weasley 20 moral authority 01 Molly Weasley, a mother character in J. K. Rowling’s <i>Harry Potter</i> series, represents a moral authority whose system of moral values and principles that governs her family is also recognised and highly appreciated by other characters in the books and by the readers. However, even Molly Weasley becomes engaged in conflictual situations in which she transgresses her morality and chooses impoliteness to control her interlocutor’s inappropriate behaviour. Such situations enable her to negotiate her identity as a moral authority and to be perceived as a complex character. Drawing upon Culpeper’s (2011) theoretical framework of impoliteness, the objective of the paper is to study how Molly Weasley employs conventionalised and implicational impoliteness in her direct speeches, which functions her impolite formulas have, and how both the triggers and functions are determined by her relation with her interlocutor. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.nam 295 296 2 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code pbns.312.sub 297 298 2 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20200811 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027207463 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 95.00 EUR R 01 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 143.00 USD S 146026674 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code P&bns 312 Hb 15 9789027207463 13 2020020138 BB 01 P&bns 02 0922-842X Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 312 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Manners, Norms and Transgressions in the History of English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Literary and linguistic approaches</Subtitle> 01 pbns.312 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.312 1 B01 Andreas H. Jucker Jucker, Andreas H. Andreas H. Jucker University of Zurich 2 B01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 01 eng 306 viii 298 LAN009030 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.ENGL English literature & literary studies 06 01 This volume traces the multifaceted concept of manners in the history of English from the late medieval through the early and late modern periods right up to the present day. It focuses in particular on transgressions of manners and norms of behaviour as an analytical tool to shed light on the discourse of polite conduct and styles of writing. The papers collected in this volume adopt both literary and linguistic perspectives. The fictional sources range from medieval romances and Shakespearean plays to eighteenth-century drama, Lewis Carroll’s Alice books and present-day television comedy drama. The non-fictional data includes conduct books, medical debates and petitions written by lower class women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The contributions focus in particular on the following questions: What are the social and political ideologies behind rules of etiquette and norms of interaction, and what can we learn from blunders and other transgressions? 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.312.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207463.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207463.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.312.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.312.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.312.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.312.hb.png 10 01 JB code pbns.312.pre vii viii 2 To be specified 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code pbns.312.01taa 1 23 23 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Manners, norms and transgressions</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introduction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 2 A01 Andreas H. Jucker Jucker, Andreas H. Andreas H. Jucker University of Zurich 20 diachrony 20 history of politeness 20 language history 20 manners 20 norms 20 politeness 20 transgressions 01 In this volume we focus on different types of manners, norms and their transgressions. One kind of transgression can be called “blunders” and deals with violations of accepted behaviour, conduct or manners. A second kind draws more attention to language use in interpersonal communication with violations of pragmatic principles or breaking the norms of appropriate writing styles. In this introduction, we first outline the change in the appropriation of manners in different periods discussed in this book. We then proceed to the theoretical background and suggest an overall line of diachronic changes. Our approach falls at the interface between language and literature, which is discussed before the chapter summaries. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.02sil 25 49 25 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Ipomedon</i> and the elusive nature of blunders in the courtly literature of medieval England</TitleText> 1 A01 Tatjana Silec-Plessis Silec-Plessis, Tatjana Tatjana Silec-Plessis Sorbonne Université 20 Anglo-Norman literature 20 Ipomadon 20 Ipomedon 20 medieval ethics 20 medieval literary theory 20 Middle English literature 20 pragmatics 20 translation 01 When the word <i>blonder</i>, which comes from Old Norse, appeared in the English language in the late fourteenth century, it had a stronger and more negative meaning than its Present-Day reflex: rather than an embarrassing faux-pas, blunders always had potentially serious repercussions, not only for their perpetrators, but also for the society they lived in. This is exemplified in an Anglo-Norman romance called <i>Ipomedon</i>, in which the hero and the heroine’s youthful gaffes have grave consequences. This poem was later adapted for English-speaking audiences with the characters’ errors of judgment slightly modified. The changes made by the English compilers are analysed in this paper as they shed light on the evolution of politeness strategies (understood then as courtly behaviours) throughout the Middle Ages in England. They also show how difficult it was during that period to even consider the possibility of any transgression being a minor one. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.03per 51 74 24 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Unrestrained acting and norms of behaviour</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Excess and instruction in <i>The Legend of Good Women</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Laura Pereira Domínguez Pereira Domínguez, Laura Laura Pereira Domínguez Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 20 bodily movement 20 conduct 20 Geoffrey Chaucer 20 Medieval literature 20 performance 20 The Legend of Good Women 20 virtue 01 This paper analyses two stories of <i>The Legend of Good Women</i>, by Geoffrey Chaucer, as examples of the reception of Ovidian tradition in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in Europe. The main characters of these fictions embody desired virtues for women, but a closer scrutiny reveals that these supposedly exemplary characters transgress the limits of the morality of the period through actions and gestures that would not be acceptable for real women. These descriptions of ethically unrestrained bodily movement cannot be read as literal norms of conduct. Rather, these actions are used as a means to achieve the emotional experience. This paper examines how these actions are depicted and what their relation is to the overall meaning of the narrative. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.04kiz 75 99 25 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Blunders and (un)intentional offence in Shakespeare</TitleText> 1 A01 Urszula Kizelbach Kizelbach, Urszula Urszula Kizelbach Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań 20 banter 20 blunder 20 comedy 20 embarrassability 20 face-threatening acts 20 humour 20 impoliteness 20 intentionality 20 William Shakespeare 01 Neither literary nor linguistic investigations seem to offer a clear pragmatic description of blunder. Blunders in social communication are popularly associated with gaffes, which are incidental offences that could have been avoided if the speaker had foreseen their offensive or perplexing consequences. It has been claimed (Wierzbicka 2003) that errors and blunders are mostly committed when speakers venture into “unsafe territory” (2003: 283), which makes it easier to make a serious mistake or to embarrass the interlocutor by not taking enough care or not thinking enough. Blunders in Early Modern literature, however, have never been pragmatically analysed even though they form a distinctive linguistic feature of some Shakespearean characters’ speech. This chapter analyses the linguistic behaviour of two comedy characters from Shakespeare’s plays, Mistress Quickly and Falstaff, with special emphasis on the effects of their blunders and how blunders affect both the speaker and the hearer. The aim of the chapter is twofold. First, I try to provide a pragmatic definition of blunder in relation to speech act theory and intentionality and explain how blunders are pragmatically different from gaffes. Next, I describe the perlocutionary effects of blunders based on the examples of Shakespeare characters’ speech and demonstrate how blunders can be employed as a means of literary characterisation. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.05juc 101 120 20 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The discourse of manners and politeness in Restoration and eighteenth-century drama</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">discourse of manners and politeness in Restoration and eighteenth-century drama</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Andreas H. Jucker Jucker, Andreas H. Andreas H. Jucker University of Zurich 20 Aphra Behn 20 eighteenth-century drama 20 manners 20 Oliver Goldsmith 20 politeness 20 Restoration drama 20 Richard Steele 01 The eighteenth century is often referred to as the age of politeness, and the term <i>politeness</i> has been argued to be a key term in a variety of settings at this time. This paper sets out to investigate the discourse of politeness and, more generally, the discourse of manners during this period and the period leading up to it (1660 to 1790). It focuses on the vocabulary used in talking about manners and politeness and on the way this vocabulary is used in actual interactions. In a first step, it investigates several large corpora and what they can tell us about the development of the vocabulary of manners and politeness before it zooms in, in a second step, on a more detailed investigation of three comedies of the period: Aphra Behn’s <i>The Town-Fop: or Sir Timothy Tawdrey</i> (1676), Sir Richard Steele’s <i>The Conscious Lovers</i> (1722), and Oliver Goldsmith’s <i>She Stoops to Conquer, or The Mistakes of a Night</i> (1773). A close reading and a careful analysis of the discourse of manners and politeness, and crucially the discourse of violations of manners and politeness, in these three plays reveals a significant shift from a preoccupation with honour and reputation in the Restoration period to the politeness of a good character in the early eighteenth century and finally to a concern for polished and somewhat superficial manners in the late eighteenth century. The three comedies thus mirror in a detailed and nuanced way what the development of the vocabulary of manners and politeness suggests in a broad-brush perspective on a much larger scale. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.06kuk 121 140 20 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“This Demon Anger”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Politeness, conversation and control in eighteenth-century conduct books for young women1</Subtitle> 1 A01 Erzsi Kukorelly Kukorelly, Erzsi Erzsi Kukorelly University of Geneva 20 anger 20 conduct books 20 conduct of life 20 eighteenth century 20 politeness 20 young women 01 This chapter examines the representation and correction of anger in conduct books written for young women in eighteenth-century Britain. An introductory section places the admonition against anger in the context of John Locke’s and Lord Shaftesbury’s discussions of, respectively, rational conduct and polite sociability. Then, I succinctly identify ideal womanly conduct as emanating from three main sources: self-control in body and mind, obedience coupled with rationality, and a consciousness of the world that produces self-consciousness and an attendant desire to conform to social rules. Anger is then shown to break with all three of these: an angry woman no longer controls her body and her mind; she is both disobedient and irrational; and she disregards the constant and critical gaze of society, thus risking loss of reputation. Ultimately, anger hinders young women in what was their main objective, attracting the best possible husband. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.07taa 141 163 23 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A medical debate of “heated pamphleteering” in the early eighteenth century</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">medical debate of “heated pamphleteering” in the early eighteenth century</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 20 argumentation 20 discourse analysis 20 inoculation controversy 20 insults 20 polite society 20 sarcasm 20 styles of writing 20 verbal aggression 01 This chapter probes into the controversy of smallpox inoculation that followed soon after the novel method was introduced into England and culminated in the second decade of the eighteenth century. Polemical argumentation displays verbal aggression, and irony and sarcasm take the upper hand in interpersonal language use that bursts into personal insults in a pamphlet that serves as data for the empirical part. The method of analysis is qualitative discourse analysis in a multi-layered contextual frame in accordance with the historical pragmatic approach. The analysis shows how transgressions of the prevailing norms are exploited and presents a far cry from the recommended Royal Society style of writing science as well as from the more rhetorical way of argumentation favoured in contemporary polite society; even an old pattern of scholastic argumentation is revived to poke fun at the target. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.08shv 165 182 18 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Transgressions as a socialisation strategy in Samuel Richardson’s <i>The Apprentice’s Vade Mecum</i> (1734)</TitleText> 1 A01 Polina Shvanyukova Shvanyukova, Polina Polina Shvanyukova University of Bergamo 20 apprentices 20 conduct manuals 20 didactic advice literature 20 eighteenth century 20 instructional writing 20 manners and norms 20 rhetorical strategies 20 transgressions 01 Conduct manuals disseminating norms of behaviour were popular in Early and Late Modern England. In this contribution I offer a close reading of an influential eighteenth-century conduct manual for newly apprenticed boys, Samuel Richardson’s <i>The Apprentice’s Vade Mecum</i> (Richardson 2012[1734]). In my analysis of its contents I aim to identify the specific set of norms of conduct young apprentices were impelled to comply with, in an attempt to shed light on the ways in which representations of acts of transgressive behaviour in didactic advice literature were instrumental in the process of indoctrinating social novices about the norms of the dominant world order. I then examine the distinctive traits of the author’s instructive language, that is to say, the specific linguistic strategies Richardson employs in order to deliver his instructions in the most efficient, unequivocal and accessible way. Finally, I argue that in Richardson’s in-depth treatment of transgressive acts we find evidence of the existence of a coherent code of anti-normative behaviour. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.09nur 183 212 30 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Variations from letter-writing manuals</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02"><i>Humble petitions</i> signed by women in Late Modern London</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nuria Calvo Cortés Calvo Cortés, Nuria Nuria Calvo Cortés Universidad Complutense de Madrid 20 Bank of England 20 Foundling Hospital 20 instruction manuals 20 Late Modern English 20 letter-writing 20 petitions 01 The present study analyses two sets of 25 petitions each. They were signed by different women who possibly belonged to lower social ranks, and they were addressed to the governors of the Foundling Hospital and the Bank of England. These were most probably men who occupied high positions in society. The study focuses on the comparison between the information present in the manuals and the petitions selected for this study. The petitioners had different needs and their circumstances also varied. This is reflected in the results, which show differences, and also similarities, between the two sets of petitions. Furthermore, most display some features found in the manuals, but not all of them follow the rules or recommendations faithfully. The writers, who cannot always be identified and may not have been the same as the signees, seem to have been aware of the existence of letter-writing manuals, but they may not have had first-hand contact with them. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.10erm 213 246 34 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Impoliteness in Blunderland</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Carroll’s Alice books and the manners in which manners fail</Subtitle> 1 A01 Isabel Ermida Ermida, Isabel Isabel Ermida Universidade do Minho 20 ambiguity 20 face 20 humour 20 impoliteness 20 incongruity 20 infelicity 20 manners 20 nonsense 20 speech act 20 wordplay 01 Lewis Carroll’s <i>Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland</i> (1865) and <i>Through the Looking-Glass</i> (1871), two linguistic treatises in disguise, create ingenious fantasy worlds where the rules of language and the conventions of communication are turned upside down. What is (semantically) illogical or (pragmatically) inappropriate confounds Alice, who struggles to make sense of nonsense and to keep the order of a polite, rational world in place. In her dialogues with anthropomorphic animals and objects, ambiguity and fallacy coexist with interactive manipulation, while her communicative expectations crumble and comic misunderstandings arise. <br />This article looks into the construction of linguistic and pragmatic transgressions in Carroll’s acclaimed books with a view to unveiling their contribution to impoliteness. On the one hand, the paper analyses the structural mechanisms of wordplay vis-à-vis phonetic, morpho-syntactic and lexical ambiguity. On the other, it examines the pragmatic strategies whereby speech-act infelicities, conversational maxim violations, and bald-on-record clashes contribute to reversing the established conventions of (polite) social interaction. The premise guiding the analysis is that the pervasive existence of double meaning and incongruity in the Alice books underlies not only linguistic phenomena such as punning, neologism, and relexicalisation, but also interactive patterns, in which the expected norms of courteous conduct in social exchanges do not obtain. The antithetical and script-oppositional (hence, humorous) nature of this process defrauds outsider Alice – the victim, but at times the happy recipient, of the uncooperative challenges of this inverted, refracted, teasingly nonsensical world. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.11buc 247 269 23 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“Collect a thousand loyalty points and you get a free coffin”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Creative impoliteness in the TV comedy drama <i>Doc Martin</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Steve Buckledee Buckledee, Steve Steve Buckledee University of Cagliari 20 asymmetrical power relationships 20 conversational implicature 20 entertaining impoliteness 20 implicational impoliteness 20 intentionality 20 quality face 20 relational face 20 social identity face 01 The British comedy drama <i>Doc Martin</i> is set in the fictional fishing village of Portwenn in Cornwall, where the community’s only medical practitioner, Dr Martin Ellingham, is known to be brilliant as regards the clinical aspects of his profession but totally devoid of even the most basic interpersonal skills. He is habitually gruff, ill-tempered and extremely rude to patients, and indeed to the entire population of Portwenn. <br />This paper draws upon Brown and Levinson’s (1987) pioneering study of face-threatening acts and politeness, but also Spencer-Oatey’s more recent work (2007, 2008) on quality face, social identity face and relational face. The concept of creative impoliteness owes much to Culpeper’s view (1996, 2005, 2011) of impoliteness as a phenomenon related to situated behaviours that conflict with interlocutors’ expectations, wishes and notions of what ought to be said or done during interaction. The aim is to demonstrate how Dr Ellingham’s rudeness does not consist of unoriginal insults or standard terms of offence – if it did, viewers would quickly switch off – but involves highly creative use of language and thus serves as the main source of humour in the TV series. In <i>Doc Martin</i> imaginative script writers and a skilled actor create a character who in real life would be insupportable, but on the TV screen is a comic monster. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.12pel 271 293 23 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“Meaning you have been known to act rashly”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">How Molly Weasley negotiates her identity as a moral authority in conflicts in the <i>Harry Potter</i> series</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jana Pelclová Pelclová, Jana Jana Pelclová Masaryk University 20 conventionalised impoliteness 20 Harry Potter 20 implicational impoliteness 20 impoliteness 20 manners 20 Molly Weasley 20 moral authority 01 Molly Weasley, a mother character in J. K. Rowling’s <i>Harry Potter</i> series, represents a moral authority whose system of moral values and principles that governs her family is also recognised and highly appreciated by other characters in the books and by the readers. However, even Molly Weasley becomes engaged in conflictual situations in which she transgresses her morality and chooses impoliteness to control her interlocutor’s inappropriate behaviour. Such situations enable her to negotiate her identity as a moral authority and to be perceived as a complex character. Drawing upon Culpeper’s (2011) theoretical framework of impoliteness, the objective of the paper is to study how Molly Weasley employs conventionalised and implicational impoliteness in her direct speeches, which functions her impolite formulas have, and how both the triggers and functions are determined by her relation with her interlocutor. 10 01 JB code pbns.312.nam 295 296 2 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code pbns.312.sub 297 298 2 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20200811 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 685 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 100 10 01 02 JB 1 00 95.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 100.70 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 10 02 02 JB 1 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 10 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 143.00 USD