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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Pragmatics & Beyond New Series
323
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Questioning and Answering Practices across Contexts and Cultures
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pbns.323
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https://benjamins.com
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https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.323
1
B01
Cornelia Ilie
Ilie, Cornelia
Cornelia
Ilie
Strömstad Academy, Sweden
01
eng
322
vi
316
LAN009030
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
COMM.CGEN
Communication Studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
06
01
This book showcases innovative research about the multi-functional and dynamic interrelatedness of questioning and answering practices in institution- and culture-specific interactions ranging from under-explored to extensively researched ones: South-Korean talk shows, Japanese interviews, Chinese news interviews, police-civilian interactions in the USA, Italian interviews and courtroom examinations, Japanese parliamentary debates and Prime Minister’s Questions in the UK Parliament.<br />Challenging the view that questions are asked with the purpose of seeking information and eliciting answers, these studies open up new research avenues through insightful investigations and critical scrutiny that problematize the question-answer paradigm, through which meanings are conveyed, negotiated and/or contested, and through which relationships are established, maintained and/or challenged. Significant findings show that questioning and answering strategies are shaped by the specific norms and constraints of particular communities of practice, while at the same time they are shaping the very same communities of practice. This book will appeal to interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners across the linguistic, media, political, legal and social sciences.
05
How and why questioning and answering patterns vary across cultures is a perennial topic for the language sciences. This volume makes an important contribution to this task. It offers innovative explorations of a considerable range of question-answer patterns in institutional genres through empirically diverse and theoretically cutting-edge studies. A most welcome addition to the literature, opening new research avenues.
John Heritage, University of California at Los Angeles
05
The nine contributions to this volume are well-researched and accessible studies adding to the existing body of literature on questioning and answering practices. The volume is organized in a logical way such that the chapters flow thematically from one to the next, even across the different parts of the book. While this volume could serve as a university-level textbook, several chapters in it could also stand alone as weekly readings. [...] Truly a compelling collection of studies in questioning and answering practices in a refreshingly diverse array of contexts and cultures. This volume provides an introduction to topics that may be unfamiliar to junior scholars, while also laying the groundwork for future work in pragmatics in the variety of contexts and cultures it surveys.
Ana-Maria Jerca, York University, Canada, on Linguist List 33.618 (17 February 2022).
05
This engaging and insightful volume edited by Cornelia Ilie presents a diverse collection of contributions to the studies of questioning and answering practices in talk. [...] This timely volume enriches our understanding of questions and answers by offering studies from different perspectives, languages, and contexts, and opens up possibilities for further collaborations. It empirically shows that the interplay of questioning and answering should be understood as a dynamic process, one that needs to be approached with a multitude of considerations such as context, roles played by the participants, etc. This volume is highly recommended for all scholars and researchers interested in the topic of the questioning and answering practices in naturally occurring talk.
Stephanie Hyeri Kim, California State University Northridge, in Journal of Pragmatics 218 (2023).
05
Questioning is one of the most pervasive and significant forms of social interaction in all the contexts of our social and civic lives. This volume offers a rich set of studies of language- and culture-specific questioning practices. An impressive and insightful, culturally eclectic, collection, guided by Cornelia Ilie’s immense experience and scholarship in this field.
Paul Drew, University of York
05
Why should you definitely read this book? Here is the answer: It is a compelling collection of theoretically and empirically very interesting studies that reveal how question-answer sequences work similarly/differently in various institutions across many cultures.
Manfred Kienpointner, University of Innsbruck
05
This engaging book bears the mark of Professor Cornelia Ilie’s long-standing expertise in the analysis of questions and answers. It both enhances and sharpens our understanding of the ways in which the acts of asking and answering questions can reinforce, as well as challenge, socio-cultural discourse styles. Undoubtedly, this volume will become a benchmark for the ongoing research literature.
Peter Bull, Universities of York and Salford
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.323.png
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32
32
Introduction
1
01
Questions we (inter)act with
Interrelatedness of questions and answers in discourse
1
A01
Cornelia Ilie
Ilie, Cornelia
Cornelia
Ilie
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.p1
Section header
2
01
Part I. Questioning and answering strategies in parliamentary discourses
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.02ili
35
70
36
Chapter
3
01
Evasive answers vs. aggressive questions
Parliamentary confrontational practices in Prime Minister’s Questions
1
A01
Cornelia Ilie
Ilie, Cornelia
Cornelia
Ilie
20
answer
20
argument
20
audience
20
government
20
leader of the opposition
20
opposition
20
parliamentary
20
PMQs
20
pragma-rhetorical
20
Prime Minister
20
question
01
The goal of this investigation is to scrutinize the interplay of parliamentary questions and answers in the notoriously polarized PMQs (Prime Minister’s Questions), in terms of three pragmatic criteria: topical focus, addressed target(s), and pursued goal(s). A pragma-rhetorical analysis explores the interrelatedness between the confrontational question-asking behaviour of the Leader of the Opposition (LO) and the evasive question-answering behaviour of the Prime Minister (PM). The findings indicate that (i) the LO Jeremy Corbyn strives to hold the PM accountable not through straightforward questions, but rather by calling into question and attacking the PM Theresa May, her decisions and actions; (ii) the PM, in her turn, rather than providing straightforward answers, confronts the LO’s aggressive questions by partly or fully evading them, by rejecting the questions’ presuppositions, or by counterattacking. The interrelatedness between parliamentary questions and answers provides evidence that both MP Blackford and the PM are pursuing double agendas: on the one hand, an issue-oriented agenda with well-established political goals, and on the other, an audience-oriented agenda adjusted to presumed audience expectations.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.03tan
71
106
36
Chapter
4
01
Japanese politicians’ questions in parliament
Being polite yet forceful?
1
A01
Lidia Tanaka
Tanaka, Lidia
Lidia
Tanaka
20
canonical questions
20
impoliteness
20
Japanese
20
politeness
20
politicians
20
The House of Representatives
01
This chapter addresses the paucity of research on parliamentary discourse in Japan by examining questions used in The House of Representatives Plenary Meetings (2014–2017). This study looks at grammatical, functional and turn-taking aspects to explore Japanese politicians’ questioning strategies and to ascertain whether the canonical <i>ka</i>-question is favored over other types of question forms. It also examines linguistic impoliteness which is noticeable in the discourse on both sides – the questioner and the answerer – or the opposition and the government. The analysis shows that Japanese politicians draw on very polarized questioning and answering strategies. Very polite forms are used but also aggressive linguistic strategies are deployed showing how language is used as a tool to attack the opposing members of Parliament and to defend own policies.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.p2
Section header
5
01
Part II. Questioning and answering strategies in legal and police discourses
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.04gni
109
144
36
Chapter
6
01
Pragmatic functions of question-answer sequences in Italian legal examinations and TV interviews with politicians
1
A01
Augusto Gnisci
Gnisci, Augusto
Augusto
Gnisci
20
coerciveness of questions
20
equivocation of answers
20
examinations
20
interviews
20
legal interaction
20
political interaction
20
sequential analysis
01
The aim of this chapter is to identify the sequential relationship between coerciveness of questions and equivocation of answers when the same 11 politicians were interviewed on TV, and also examined during a criminal trial. Two observers codified each of the 2,757 question-answer sequences of the sample (37 h of video recordings) for coercion and equivocation. The results show that the coerciveness of questions interacts with the context to determine the equivocation of the answer, and so does the equivocation for determining the coercion of the following question. The interactional asymmetry between politicians and questioners displays opposite patterns in the two contexts: in courtrooms, coercion depends strongly on the equivocation of the answer, but the answer depends more on the coercion exerted by the type of the context; on TV, however, equivocation depends strongly on coercion. The subsequent implications are discussed.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.05cas
145
164
20
Chapter
7
01
“You were resisting the whole time!”
Assumption of guilt in police-civilian question-response interactions
1
A01
L. Guditus Casey
Casey, L. Guditus
L. Guditus
Casey
20
American English
20
critical discourse analysis (CDA)
20
forensic linguistics
20
framing
20
police
20
police interactions
20
questions
20
race
20
resistance
01
This chapter uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) (Blommaert and Bulcaen 2000) to examine white police interactions with Black civilians in the United States. The syntactic, pragmatic, and discursive evidence in the interactions indicates the officers approach the interactions through an arrest framework based on assumption of civilian guilt. In contrast, it is arguable from the ways civilians ask questions and react to the officers’ accusations they frame the interactions as information exchanges. Because of this difference in framing, officers interpret actions allowable within an information exchange as “resistance” within an arrest framework, justifiying use of force against the civilians. This bias in the way civilians are treated when officers assume guilt problematizes this institutional interaction as unsafe for Black civilians.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.p3
Section header
8
01
Part III. Questioning and answering strategies in interview and TV-show discourses
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.06nak
167
192
26
Chapter
9
01
Constructing interrupting inquiries as cooperative interactions
Question-response-<i>hai</i> ‘yes’ sequences in Japanese interviews
1
A01
Momoko Nakamura
Nakamura, Momoko
Momoko
Nakamura
Kanto Gakuin University
20
interruption
20
interview
20
Japanese
20
main/side activities
20
question
01
This chapter examines how speakers manage the simultaneous occurrence of questioning and interruption. The data are 22 sequences consisting of an interviewer’s interrupting question, the interviewee’s response, and the interviewer’s <i>hai</i> ‘yes’, from 60-minute interviews with eight women. I analyze what discursive strategies the interview participants employ to construct such sequences as cooperative interactions. The analysis shows that: (1) the interviewee constructs the sequence as a side activity, sustaining the status of her narrative as the main activity; (2) the interviewee turns the side activity into a crucial contribution to the interaction; and (3) the interviewer utilizes <i>hai</i> to explicitly transfer speakership to the interviewee. The findings demonstrate the importance of examining questions within sequences of ongoing interaction.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.07kim
193
226
34
Chapter
10
01
Formulation questions and responses in Korean TV talk show interactions
1
A01
Kyu-hyun Kim
Kim, Kyu-hyun
Kyu-hyun
Kim
Kyung Hee University
2
A01
Kyung-hee Suh
Suh, Kyung-hee
Kyung-hee
Suh
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
20
assessment
20
confirmation
20
conversation analysis
20
disconfirmation
20
formulation
20
Korean talk-show
20
master narrative
20
sequence
20
turn design
01
This chapter examines the sequence-organizational role of the host’s formulation questions and the guest’s responses in entertainment-oriented Korean talk-shows. Constructed as a ‘follow-up’ re-presenting the upshot of the guest’s response on the host’s terms, the host’s formulation questions mediate sequence expansion through which an ‘information-oriented’ sequence is transited to an ‘affectively-loaded’ assessment sequence. This transition, contingent on the guest’s confirmation, is co-constructively accomplished; the host’s enticement of the guest’s confirmation is embodied in the turn-design features of formulation questions rendering an ‘obvious’ gist of the guest’s response, or indexing the host’s agentivity and empathic stance. The host’s move to implicate the guest in his/her ‘master-sequential’ transition may be resisted, with the guest, through disconfirmation, promoting a master narrative of his/her own.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.08gao
227
254
28
Chapter
11
01
Devices of alignment
<i>Suoyi</i>- and <i>danshi</i>-prefaced questions in Mandarin Chinese TV news interviews
1
A01
Hua Gao
Gao, Hua
Hua
Gao
Shenzhen University
20
Chinese TV news interview
20
connective
20
conversation analysis
20
interaction
20
question design
01
The Mandarin resultative connective <i>suoyi</i> ‘so’ and adversative connective <i>dan(shi)</i> ‘but’ are found to preface interviewer (IR) questions regularly in Chinese TV news interviews. This study draws on a conversational analysis (CA)-oriented micro-analytical approach and examines the form, placement and function of the two connective-prefaced questions. The findings show that IRs employ, on the one hand, a turn-initial <i>suoyi</i> to preface a declarative, alone or followed by a question tag that invokes a prior interviewee (IE) opinion, and, on the other, a turn-initial <i>dan(shi)</i> to preface either a wh-question or a yes/no question and bring forth a point of contrast and transition for questioning. Both questions not only encode IRs’ epistemic stance, but also display their alignment to IEs’ prior talk in different ways.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.p4
Section header
12
01
Part IV. Questioning and answering as strategies of interpersonal interaction at the public-private discourse interface
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.09red
257
284
28
Chapter
13
01
“Doing being collegial”
Participants’ positioning work in Q&A sessions
1
A01
Elizabeth Reddington
Reddington, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Reddington
Columbia University
2
A01
Ignasi Clemente
Clemente, Ignasi
Ignasi
Clemente
City University of New York
3
A01
Hansun Zhang Waring
Waring, Hansun Zhang
Hansun Zhang
Waring
Columbia University
4
A01
Di Yu
Yu, Di
Di
Yu
Columbia University
20
collegiality
20
conversation analysis
20
identity
20
institutional interaction
20
philanthropy communication
20
positioning
20
Q&A sessions
01
This chapter applies conversation analysis to investigate questioning and responding practices in the understudied context of post-presentation question-and-answer (Q&A) sessions. Participants include speakers who represent a U.S. philanthropic foundation and audiences interested in health issues. Examining a corpus of question-answer sequences from four video-recorded Q&A sessions, we find that participants routinely use their multi-unit questioning and responding turns to minimize asymmetry, positioning themselves and their interlocutors as peers with shared concerns. By documenting how presenters and audience members “do collegiality” through questioning and responding practices, the study contributes to research on question-answer sequences in institutional settings, revealing a complex interactional context in which participants work to blur the line between “expert” and “layperson” identities.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.10shi
285
312
28
Chapter
14
01
Question–answer sequences in Japanese first encounters
Wishing to get to know new persons vs. dispreferred behavior of asking questions
1
A01
Yuka Shigemitsu
Shigemitsu, Yuka
Yuka
Shigemitsu
20
answer
20
dispreferred behavior
20
first encounters
20
Japanese
20
male
20
personal territory
20
question
20
social etiquette
20
sociocultural background
01
The aim of this investigation is to examine the relationship between information-eliciting questions and their corresponding answers that occur in first encounters between male interlocutors in a Japanese semi-formal academic context. This topic acquires a special significance in the context of Japanese culture, where asking questions is regarded as dispreferred verbal behavior. Five types of constraints on initiating question-based conversations in a Japanese social-cultural context have been identified: (i) questions may compel the recipient to speak; (ii) questions may invade the recipient’s personal territory; (iii) questions may reveal conflict between interlocutors; (iv) questions may interrupt someone’s ongoing talk; and (v) questions may reveal the respondent’s inability to answer. The analysis points to a paradox regarding the discursive behaviour of Japanese males: they show a desire to get acquainted with each other, while at the same time they are reluctant to ask questions which might cause uncomfortable feelings.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.index
313
316
4
Miscellaneous
15
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20210726
2021
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027209153
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
99.00
EUR
R
01
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
149.00
USD
S
90027500
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
P&bns 323 Hb
15
9789027209153
13
2021016882
BB
01
P&bns
02
0922-842X
Pragmatics & Beyond New Series
323
01
Questioning and Answering Practices across Contexts and Cultures
01
pbns.323
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.323
1
B01
Cornelia Ilie
Ilie, Cornelia
Cornelia
Ilie
Strömstad Academy, Sweden
01
eng
322
vi
316
LAN009030
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
COMM.CGEN
Communication Studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
06
01
This book showcases innovative research about the multi-functional and dynamic interrelatedness of questioning and answering practices in institution- and culture-specific interactions ranging from under-explored to extensively researched ones: South-Korean talk shows, Japanese interviews, Chinese news interviews, police-civilian interactions in the USA, Italian interviews and courtroom examinations, Japanese parliamentary debates and Prime Minister’s Questions in the UK Parliament.<br />Challenging the view that questions are asked with the purpose of seeking information and eliciting answers, these studies open up new research avenues through insightful investigations and critical scrutiny that problematize the question-answer paradigm, through which meanings are conveyed, negotiated and/or contested, and through which relationships are established, maintained and/or challenged. Significant findings show that questioning and answering strategies are shaped by the specific norms and constraints of particular communities of practice, while at the same time they are shaping the very same communities of practice. This book will appeal to interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners across the linguistic, media, political, legal and social sciences.
05
How and why questioning and answering patterns vary across cultures is a perennial topic for the language sciences. This volume makes an important contribution to this task. It offers innovative explorations of a considerable range of question-answer patterns in institutional genres through empirically diverse and theoretically cutting-edge studies. A most welcome addition to the literature, opening new research avenues.
John Heritage, University of California at Los Angeles
05
The nine contributions to this volume are well-researched and accessible studies adding to the existing body of literature on questioning and answering practices. The volume is organized in a logical way such that the chapters flow thematically from one to the next, even across the different parts of the book. While this volume could serve as a university-level textbook, several chapters in it could also stand alone as weekly readings. [...] Truly a compelling collection of studies in questioning and answering practices in a refreshingly diverse array of contexts and cultures. This volume provides an introduction to topics that may be unfamiliar to junior scholars, while also laying the groundwork for future work in pragmatics in the variety of contexts and cultures it surveys.
Ana-Maria Jerca, York University, Canada, on Linguist List 33.618 (17 February 2022).
05
This engaging and insightful volume edited by Cornelia Ilie presents a diverse collection of contributions to the studies of questioning and answering practices in talk. [...] This timely volume enriches our understanding of questions and answers by offering studies from different perspectives, languages, and contexts, and opens up possibilities for further collaborations. It empirically shows that the interplay of questioning and answering should be understood as a dynamic process, one that needs to be approached with a multitude of considerations such as context, roles played by the participants, etc. This volume is highly recommended for all scholars and researchers interested in the topic of the questioning and answering practices in naturally occurring talk.
Stephanie Hyeri Kim, California State University Northridge, in Journal of Pragmatics 218 (2023).
05
Questioning is one of the most pervasive and significant forms of social interaction in all the contexts of our social and civic lives. This volume offers a rich set of studies of language- and culture-specific questioning practices. An impressive and insightful, culturally eclectic, collection, guided by Cornelia Ilie’s immense experience and scholarship in this field.
Paul Drew, University of York
05
Why should you definitely read this book? Here is the answer: It is a compelling collection of theoretically and empirically very interesting studies that reveal how question-answer sequences work similarly/differently in various institutions across many cultures.
Manfred Kienpointner, University of Innsbruck
05
This engaging book bears the mark of Professor Cornelia Ilie’s long-standing expertise in the analysis of questions and answers. It both enhances and sharpens our understanding of the ways in which the acts of asking and answering questions can reinforce, as well as challenge, socio-cultural discourse styles. Undoubtedly, this volume will become a benchmark for the ongoing research literature.
Peter Bull, Universities of York and Salford
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.323.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027209153.jpg
04
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027209153.tif
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09
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27
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10
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1
32
32
Introduction
1
01
Questions we (inter)act with
Interrelatedness of questions and answers in discourse
1
A01
Cornelia Ilie
Ilie, Cornelia
Cornelia
Ilie
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.p1
Section header
2
01
Part I. Questioning and answering strategies in parliamentary discourses
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.02ili
35
70
36
Chapter
3
01
Evasive answers vs. aggressive questions
Parliamentary confrontational practices in Prime Minister’s Questions
1
A01
Cornelia Ilie
Ilie, Cornelia
Cornelia
Ilie
20
answer
20
argument
20
audience
20
government
20
leader of the opposition
20
opposition
20
parliamentary
20
PMQs
20
pragma-rhetorical
20
Prime Minister
20
question
01
The goal of this investigation is to scrutinize the interplay of parliamentary questions and answers in the notoriously polarized PMQs (Prime Minister’s Questions), in terms of three pragmatic criteria: topical focus, addressed target(s), and pursued goal(s). A pragma-rhetorical analysis explores the interrelatedness between the confrontational question-asking behaviour of the Leader of the Opposition (LO) and the evasive question-answering behaviour of the Prime Minister (PM). The findings indicate that (i) the LO Jeremy Corbyn strives to hold the PM accountable not through straightforward questions, but rather by calling into question and attacking the PM Theresa May, her decisions and actions; (ii) the PM, in her turn, rather than providing straightforward answers, confronts the LO’s aggressive questions by partly or fully evading them, by rejecting the questions’ presuppositions, or by counterattacking. The interrelatedness between parliamentary questions and answers provides evidence that both MP Blackford and the PM are pursuing double agendas: on the one hand, an issue-oriented agenda with well-established political goals, and on the other, an audience-oriented agenda adjusted to presumed audience expectations.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.03tan
71
106
36
Chapter
4
01
Japanese politicians’ questions in parliament
Being polite yet forceful?
1
A01
Lidia Tanaka
Tanaka, Lidia
Lidia
Tanaka
20
canonical questions
20
impoliteness
20
Japanese
20
politeness
20
politicians
20
The House of Representatives
01
This chapter addresses the paucity of research on parliamentary discourse in Japan by examining questions used in The House of Representatives Plenary Meetings (2014–2017). This study looks at grammatical, functional and turn-taking aspects to explore Japanese politicians’ questioning strategies and to ascertain whether the canonical <i>ka</i>-question is favored over other types of question forms. It also examines linguistic impoliteness which is noticeable in the discourse on both sides – the questioner and the answerer – or the opposition and the government. The analysis shows that Japanese politicians draw on very polarized questioning and answering strategies. Very polite forms are used but also aggressive linguistic strategies are deployed showing how language is used as a tool to attack the opposing members of Parliament and to defend own policies.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.p2
Section header
5
01
Part II. Questioning and answering strategies in legal and police discourses
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.04gni
109
144
36
Chapter
6
01
Pragmatic functions of question-answer sequences in Italian legal examinations and TV interviews with politicians
1
A01
Augusto Gnisci
Gnisci, Augusto
Augusto
Gnisci
20
coerciveness of questions
20
equivocation of answers
20
examinations
20
interviews
20
legal interaction
20
political interaction
20
sequential analysis
01
The aim of this chapter is to identify the sequential relationship between coerciveness of questions and equivocation of answers when the same 11 politicians were interviewed on TV, and also examined during a criminal trial. Two observers codified each of the 2,757 question-answer sequences of the sample (37 h of video recordings) for coercion and equivocation. The results show that the coerciveness of questions interacts with the context to determine the equivocation of the answer, and so does the equivocation for determining the coercion of the following question. The interactional asymmetry between politicians and questioners displays opposite patterns in the two contexts: in courtrooms, coercion depends strongly on the equivocation of the answer, but the answer depends more on the coercion exerted by the type of the context; on TV, however, equivocation depends strongly on coercion. The subsequent implications are discussed.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.05cas
145
164
20
Chapter
7
01
“You were resisting the whole time!”
Assumption of guilt in police-civilian question-response interactions
1
A01
L. Guditus Casey
Casey, L. Guditus
L. Guditus
Casey
20
American English
20
critical discourse analysis (CDA)
20
forensic linguistics
20
framing
20
police
20
police interactions
20
questions
20
race
20
resistance
01
This chapter uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) (Blommaert and Bulcaen 2000) to examine white police interactions with Black civilians in the United States. The syntactic, pragmatic, and discursive evidence in the interactions indicates the officers approach the interactions through an arrest framework based on assumption of civilian guilt. In contrast, it is arguable from the ways civilians ask questions and react to the officers’ accusations they frame the interactions as information exchanges. Because of this difference in framing, officers interpret actions allowable within an information exchange as “resistance” within an arrest framework, justifiying use of force against the civilians. This bias in the way civilians are treated when officers assume guilt problematizes this institutional interaction as unsafe for Black civilians.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.p3
Section header
8
01
Part III. Questioning and answering strategies in interview and TV-show discourses
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.06nak
167
192
26
Chapter
9
01
Constructing interrupting inquiries as cooperative interactions
Question-response-<i>hai</i> ‘yes’ sequences in Japanese interviews
1
A01
Momoko Nakamura
Nakamura, Momoko
Momoko
Nakamura
Kanto Gakuin University
20
interruption
20
interview
20
Japanese
20
main/side activities
20
question
01
This chapter examines how speakers manage the simultaneous occurrence of questioning and interruption. The data are 22 sequences consisting of an interviewer’s interrupting question, the interviewee’s response, and the interviewer’s <i>hai</i> ‘yes’, from 60-minute interviews with eight women. I analyze what discursive strategies the interview participants employ to construct such sequences as cooperative interactions. The analysis shows that: (1) the interviewee constructs the sequence as a side activity, sustaining the status of her narrative as the main activity; (2) the interviewee turns the side activity into a crucial contribution to the interaction; and (3) the interviewer utilizes <i>hai</i> to explicitly transfer speakership to the interviewee. The findings demonstrate the importance of examining questions within sequences of ongoing interaction.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.07kim
193
226
34
Chapter
10
01
Formulation questions and responses in Korean TV talk show interactions
1
A01
Kyu-hyun Kim
Kim, Kyu-hyun
Kyu-hyun
Kim
Kyung Hee University
2
A01
Kyung-hee Suh
Suh, Kyung-hee
Kyung-hee
Suh
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
20
assessment
20
confirmation
20
conversation analysis
20
disconfirmation
20
formulation
20
Korean talk-show
20
master narrative
20
sequence
20
turn design
01
This chapter examines the sequence-organizational role of the host’s formulation questions and the guest’s responses in entertainment-oriented Korean talk-shows. Constructed as a ‘follow-up’ re-presenting the upshot of the guest’s response on the host’s terms, the host’s formulation questions mediate sequence expansion through which an ‘information-oriented’ sequence is transited to an ‘affectively-loaded’ assessment sequence. This transition, contingent on the guest’s confirmation, is co-constructively accomplished; the host’s enticement of the guest’s confirmation is embodied in the turn-design features of formulation questions rendering an ‘obvious’ gist of the guest’s response, or indexing the host’s agentivity and empathic stance. The host’s move to implicate the guest in his/her ‘master-sequential’ transition may be resisted, with the guest, through disconfirmation, promoting a master narrative of his/her own.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.08gao
227
254
28
Chapter
11
01
Devices of alignment
<i>Suoyi</i>- and <i>danshi</i>-prefaced questions in Mandarin Chinese TV news interviews
1
A01
Hua Gao
Gao, Hua
Hua
Gao
Shenzhen University
20
Chinese TV news interview
20
connective
20
conversation analysis
20
interaction
20
question design
01
The Mandarin resultative connective <i>suoyi</i> ‘so’ and adversative connective <i>dan(shi)</i> ‘but’ are found to preface interviewer (IR) questions regularly in Chinese TV news interviews. This study draws on a conversational analysis (CA)-oriented micro-analytical approach and examines the form, placement and function of the two connective-prefaced questions. The findings show that IRs employ, on the one hand, a turn-initial <i>suoyi</i> to preface a declarative, alone or followed by a question tag that invokes a prior interviewee (IE) opinion, and, on the other, a turn-initial <i>dan(shi)</i> to preface either a wh-question or a yes/no question and bring forth a point of contrast and transition for questioning. Both questions not only encode IRs’ epistemic stance, but also display their alignment to IEs’ prior talk in different ways.
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JB code
pbns.323.p4
Section header
12
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Part IV. Questioning and answering as strategies of interpersonal interaction at the public-private discourse interface
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.09red
257
284
28
Chapter
13
01
“Doing being collegial”
Participants’ positioning work in Q&A sessions
1
A01
Elizabeth Reddington
Reddington, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Reddington
Columbia University
2
A01
Ignasi Clemente
Clemente, Ignasi
Ignasi
Clemente
City University of New York
3
A01
Hansun Zhang Waring
Waring, Hansun Zhang
Hansun Zhang
Waring
Columbia University
4
A01
Di Yu
Yu, Di
Di
Yu
Columbia University
20
collegiality
20
conversation analysis
20
identity
20
institutional interaction
20
philanthropy communication
20
positioning
20
Q&A sessions
01
This chapter applies conversation analysis to investigate questioning and responding practices in the understudied context of post-presentation question-and-answer (Q&A) sessions. Participants include speakers who represent a U.S. philanthropic foundation and audiences interested in health issues. Examining a corpus of question-answer sequences from four video-recorded Q&A sessions, we find that participants routinely use their multi-unit questioning and responding turns to minimize asymmetry, positioning themselves and their interlocutors as peers with shared concerns. By documenting how presenters and audience members “do collegiality” through questioning and responding practices, the study contributes to research on question-answer sequences in institutional settings, revealing a complex interactional context in which participants work to blur the line between “expert” and “layperson” identities.
10
01
JB code
pbns.323.10shi
285
312
28
Chapter
14
01
Question–answer sequences in Japanese first encounters
Wishing to get to know new persons vs. dispreferred behavior of asking questions
1
A01
Yuka Shigemitsu
Shigemitsu, Yuka
Yuka
Shigemitsu
20
answer
20
dispreferred behavior
20
first encounters
20
Japanese
20
male
20
personal territory
20
question
20
social etiquette
20
sociocultural background
01
The aim of this investigation is to examine the relationship between information-eliciting questions and their corresponding answers that occur in first encounters between male interlocutors in a Japanese semi-formal academic context. This topic acquires a special significance in the context of Japanese culture, where asking questions is regarded as dispreferred verbal behavior. Five types of constraints on initiating question-based conversations in a Japanese social-cultural context have been identified: (i) questions may compel the recipient to speak; (ii) questions may invade the recipient’s personal territory; (iii) questions may reveal conflict between interlocutors; (iv) questions may interrupt someone’s ongoing talk; and (v) questions may reveal the respondent’s inability to answer. The analysis points to a paradox regarding the discursive behaviour of Japanese males: they show a desire to get acquainted with each other, while at the same time they are reluctant to ask questions which might cause uncomfortable feelings.
10
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JB code
pbns.323.index
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316
4
Miscellaneous
15
01
Index
02
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