Linguistic assumptions of an individual speaker-hearer are subtly reflected in analyses of code switching that assign switches to “conversational strategies,” categories that are treated as if they existed prior to, and independent of, actual interactions. While such categories provide convenient rubrics for many common and significant social functions of code switching, they fail to capture the interactionally emergent functions of many switches. In this article I highlight such locally emergent functions of code switching among Dominican American high school students by examining several transcripts of intra-group, peer interaction from a conversation analytic perspective. Many switches in such peer interaction are better explained in terms of the sequential, conversational management activities achieved by interlocutors than by pre-defined categories of switches.
(1982) Introduction. In H. Aarsleff, From Locke to Saussure: Essays on the Study of Language and Intellectual History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 3–41.
Alfonzetti, Giovanna
(1998) The conversational dimension in code-switching between Italian and dialect in Sicily. In Peter Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 180–211.
Alvarez-Cáccamo, Celso
(1998) From ‘switching code’ to ‘code-switching’: Towards a reconceptualisation of communicative codes. In J.C. Peter Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, interaction and identity. New York: Routledge, pp. 29–48.
Atkinson, J. Maxwell and Paul Drew
(1979) Order in Court: The Organisation of Verbal Interaction in Judicial Settings. London: Macmillan.
(1988) A conversation analytic approach to codeswitching and transfer. In M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 187–213.
(1995) The pragmatics of code-switching: A sequential approach. In Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken (eds.), One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–135.
Auer, J.C. Peter
(1998) Introduction: Bilingual conversation revisited. In J.C. Peter Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, interaction and identity. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–24. BoP
Auer, J.C. Peter
(ed.) (1998) Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. New York: Routledge. BoP
Austin, J.L.
(1962) How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bailey, Benjamin
(2000) Language and negotiation of ethnic/racial identity among Dominican Americans. Language in Society 29.4. BoP
Bailey, Benjamin
forthcoming) Multi-variety language and multiple identities of Dominican Americans. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology.
Bateson, Gregory
(1972) Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine.
Blom, Jan-Peter, and John Gumperz
(1972) Code-switching in Norway. In J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 407–34. BoP
Bloomfield, Leonard
(1933) Language. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Chomsky, Noam
(1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clyne, Michael
(1987) Constraints on code switching: How universal are they?Linguistics 251: 739–64.
Duany, Jorge
(1994) Ethnicity, identity, and music: An anthropological analysis of the Dominican Merengue. In Gerhard Behague (ed.), Music and Black Ethnicity: The Caribbean and South America. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, pp. 65–90.
Duranti, Alessandro
(1993) Intentionality and truth: An ethnographic critique. Cultural Anthropology 81: 214–45.
Duranti, Alessandro, and Charles Goodwin
(eds.) (1992) Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BoP
(1971) Bilingualism in the Barrio. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. BoP
Franceschini, Rita
(1998) Code-switching and the notion of code in linguistics: Proposals for a dual focus model. In J.C. Peter Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, interaction and identity. New York: Routledge, pp. 51–72.
Gal, Susan
(1979) Language Shift. New York: Academic Press. BoP
Gal, Susan
(1988) The political economy of code choice. In M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 245–264.
Garfinkel, Harold
(1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. BoP
Goffman, Erving
(1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper and Row. BoP
Goffman, Erving
(1981) Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. BoP
Gonzalez, Nancie
(1975) Patterns of Dominican Ethnicity. In John Bennett (ed.), The New Ethnicity: Perspectives from Ethnology (1973 Proceedings of The American Ethnological Society). New York: West Publishing Company, pp. 110–123.
Goodwin, Charles
(1981) Conversational Organization: Interaction Between Speakers and Hearers. New York: Academic Press. BoP
Goodwin, Charles, and Alessandro Duranti
(1992) Rethinking context: An introduction. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, pp. 1–42. BoP
Goodwin, Charles, and M.H. Goodwin
(1992) Assessments and the construction of context. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, pp. 147–189. BoP
Gumperz, John
(1982) Discourse Strategies. New York: Cambridge University Press. BoP
Gumperz, John
(1992) Contextualization and understanding. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, pp. 229–252.
Gumperz, John, and Dell Hymes
(eds.) (1972) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Basil Blackwell. BoP
Gumperz, John, and Eduardo Hernández-Chavez
(1975) Cognitive aspects of bilingual communication. In Hernández-Chavez, Beltramo, and Cohen (eds.), El Lenguaje de los Chicanos. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 154–163.
Heller, Monica
(1988) Introduction. In M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–24. BoP
Heller, Monica
(1992) The politics of code-switching and language choice. In Carole Eastman (ed.), Codeswitching. Cleveland, Avon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 123–142.
Heller, Monica
(1995) Language choice, social institutions, and symbolic domination. Language in Society 24.3: 373–406. BoP
Heritage, John
(1984a) Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Heritage, John
(1984b) A change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement. In J. Atkinson & J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 299–345. BoP
Heritage, John, and J.M. Atkinson
(1984) Introduction. In Atkinson and Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, pp. 1–15. BoP
Hill, Jane, and Kenneth Hill
(1986) Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of Syncretic Language in Central Mexico. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. BoP
Keenan, Elinor Ochs
(1976) The universality of conversational postulates. Language in Society 51: 67–80. BoP
Kroskrity, Paul
(1993) Language, History, and Identity: Ethnolinguistic Studies of the Arizona Tewa. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. BoP
Labov, William
(1971) The notion of ‘system’ in creole languages. In D. Hymes (ed.), Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 447–72.
Lerner, Gene H.
(1991) On the syntax of sentences-in-progress. Language in Society 201: 441–458. BoP
Lerner, Gene H.
(1996) On the ‘semi-permeable’ character of grammatical units in conversation: Conditional entry into the turn space of another speaker. In E. Ochs, E.A. Schegloff and S.A. Thompson (eds.), Interaction and Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 238–276.
Levinson, Stephen
(1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BoP.
Lipski, John
(1985) Linguistic Aspects of Spanish-English Language Switching. Tempe: Arizona State University, Center for Latin American Studies.
McClure, Erica
(1977) Aspects of code-switching in the discourse of bilingual Mexican-American children. In M. Saville-Troike (ed.), Linguistics and Anthropology, GURT. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 93–115.
Meeuwis, Michael, and Jan Blommaert
(1994) The “markedness model” and the absence of society. Multilingua 131: 387–423.
Milroy, Lesley and Li Wei
(1995) A social network approach to code-switching: The example of a bilingual community in Britain. In Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken (eds.), One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 137–157. BoP
Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia
(1972) Signifying, loud-talking, and marking. In Kochman (ed.), Rappin’ and Stylin’ Out: Communication in Urban Black America. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 315–335.
Morgan, Marcyliena
(1996) Conversational signifying: Grammar and indirectness among African American women. In Ochs, Schegloff, & Thompson (eds.), Interaction and Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 405–34.
Moya Pons, Frank
(1995) The Dominican Republic: A National History. New Rochelle, NY: The Hispaniola Book Corporation.
Moya Pons, Frank
(1996) Dominican national identity: A historical perspective. Punto 7 Review: A Journal of Marginal Discourse 3(Fall). 11: 14–25.
Myers-Scotton, Carole
(1993a) Dueling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Myers-Scotton, Carole
(1993b) Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BoP
Ochs, Elinor
(1979) Transcription as theory. In Elinor Ochs and Bambi Schieffelin (eds.), Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, pp. 43–72. BoP
Ochs, Elinor
(1992) Indexing gender. In A. Duranti & C. Goodwin (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 335–58.
(eds.) (1996) Interaction and Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press. BoP
Pfaff, Carole
(1979) Constraints on language mixing. Language 551: 291–318.
Poplack, Shana
(1981) Syntactic structure and social function of codeswitching. In Richard Durán (ed.), Latino Language and Communicative Behavior. Norwood, NJ: ABLEX, pp. 169–184.
Poplack, Shana
(1982) [1980]“Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español”: Toward a typology of code-switching. In J. Amastae and L. Elías-Olivares (eds.), Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 230–263.
Poplack, Shana
(1988) Contrasting patterns of codeswitching in two communities. In M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 215–244.
Poplack, Shana, David Sankoff, and Christopher Miller
(1988) The social correlates and linguistic consequences of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics 26.1: 47–104.
Psathas, G.
(ed.) (1979) Everyday language: Studies in Ethnomethodology. New York: Irvington. BoP
(1982) The things we do with words: Ilongot speech acts and speech act theory in philosophy. Language in Society 111: 203–37. BoP
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel Schegloff, & Gail Jefferson
(1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language 50.4: 696–735. BoP
Sankoff, D., and S. Poplack
(1981) A formal grammar for code-switching. Papers in Linguistics 141: 3–46.
Schegloff, Emanuel
(1972) Sequencing in conversational openings. In Gumperz & Hymes (eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Basil Blackwell, pp. 346–80.
(1977) The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 531: 361–82. BoP
Schegloff, Emanuel, and Harvey Sacks
(1973) Opening up closings. Semiotica 7.4: 289–327. BoP
Schenkein, J.N.
(ed.) (1978) Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction. New York: Academic Press.
Searle, John
(1969) Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BoP
Sebba, Mark
(1993) London Jamaican. Harlow, England: Longman. BoP
Silié, Rubén
(1989) Esclavitud y prejuicio de color en Santo Domingo. Boletin de Antropologia Americana 1201: 163–70.
Silverstein, Michael
(1976) Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In Keith Basso & Henry Selby (eds.), Meaning in Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 11–56.
Stroud, Christopher
(1992) The problem of intention and meaning in code-switching. Text 12.1: 127–155. BoP
Stroud, Christopher
(1998) Perspectives on cultural variability of discourse and some implications for code-switching. In Peter Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 321–348.
Wei, Li
(1994) Three Generations, Two Languages, One Family. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. BoP
Wei, Li
(1998) The ‘why’ and ‘how’ questions in the analysis of conversational code-switching. In Peter Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 156–176.
Weinreich, Uriel
(1953) Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: The Linguistic Circle of New York. BoP
Wolfson, Nessa
(1982) CHP: The Conversational Historical Present Tense in American English Narrative. Dordrecht: Foris. BoP
Zentella, Ana Celia
(1990) Returned migration, language, and identity: Puerto Rican bilinguals in Dos Worlds/Two Mundos. In F. Coulmas (ed.), Spanish in the USA: New Quandaries and Prospects. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 841: 81–100.
Zentella, Ana Celia
(1997) Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. BoP
Cited by
Cited by 18 other publications
Bailey, Benjamin
2000. The Language of Multiple Identities among Dominican Americans. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 10:2 ► pp. 190 ff.
Bailey, Benjamin
2005. The Language of Multiple Identities among Dominican Americans. In Intercultural Discourse and Communication, ► pp. 255 ff.
Bailey, Benjamin
2007. Shifting Negotiations of Identity in a Dominican American Community. Latino Studies 5:2 ► pp. 157 ff.
Blackledge, Adrian & Aneta Pavlenko
2001. Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. International Journal of Bilingualism 5:3 ► pp. 243 ff.
Bolden, Galina B.
2012. Across languages and cultures: Brokering problems of understanding in conversational repair. Language in Society 41:1 ► pp. 97 ff.
Cashman, Holly R. & Ashley M. Williams
2008. Introduction: Accomplishing identity in bilingual interaction. MULT 27:1-2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Greer, Tim
2013. Scandinavian bilingual and L2 interaction: A view from afar. International Journal of Bilingualism 17:2 ► pp. 237 ff.
Janabi, Marrit, Elisabeth Duursma, Margot Bochane, Stefani Ribeiro Knijnik & Hans Bogaardt
2022. Native language development of Dutch–English bilingual children in Australia. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 4:1
2020. Codeswitching practices from “other tongues” to the “mother tongue” in the provincial Philippine classroom. Linguistics and Education 55 ► pp. 100780 ff.
Owodally, Ambarin Mooznah Auleear
2011. Multilingual Language and Literacy Practices and Social Identities in Sunni Madrassahs in Mauritius: A Case Study. Reading Research Quarterly 46:2 ► pp. 134 ff.
Perrino, Sabina
2018. Exclusionary intimacies: Racialized language in Veneto, Northern Italy. Language & Communication 59 ► pp. 28 ff.
2002. Educational Policy for the Transnational Dominican Community. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 1:4 ► pp. 317 ff.
Relaño Pastor, Ana María & David Poveda
2020. Native speakerism and the construction of CLIL competence in teaching partnerships: reshaping participation frameworks in the bilingual classroom. Language and Education 34:5 ► pp. 469 ff.
Tamtomo, Kristian
2019. The creation of monolanguaging space in akrámáJavanese language performance. Language in Society 48:1 ► pp. 95 ff.
2022. And She Be like ‘Tenemos Frijoles en la Casa’: Code-Switching and Identity Construction on YouTube. Languages 7:3 ► pp. 219 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 september 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.