Progressives in Irish English are categorised and described in terms of twenty basic and extended functions, determined by lexical, syntactic and pragmatic criteria. Quantitative information derived from a set of corpora is then used as the basis for historical comparisons within Irish English and synchronic comparisons with English English data. Explanations are offered for the often considerably higher frequencies of the progressive in Irish English. Extended functions are shown to be the result of subjectification and grammaticalisation. The paper concludes that the progressive in Irish English is Janus-like, incorporating functions transferred from Irish and consequently originating in Irish English, and also functions shared with British English and, by implication, world Englishes. Keywords: Irish English; ICE-Ireland; progressives; frequencies; subjectification
Aarts, Bas, Close, Joanne, Leech, Geoffrey & Wallis, Sean
(eds)2013The Verb Phrase in English: Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora. Cambridge: CUP.
Aitchison, Jean
1991Language change. Progress or Decay? Cambridge: CUP.
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan & Finegan, Edward
1999Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman.
Carter, Ronald & McCarthy, Michael
2006Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge: CUP.
Celle, Angès & Smith, Nicholas
2010Beyond aspect: Will be -ing and shall be -ing. English Language and Linguistics 14(2): 239–269.
Clarke, Sandra
2004Newfoundland English: Morphology and syntax. In Kortmannet al. (eds), 303–318.
Clarke, Sandra
2010Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh: EUP.
Coates, Jennifer
1983The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm.
Collins, Peter
2008The progressive aspect in World Englishes: A corpus-based study. Australian Journal of Linguistics 28(2): 225–249.
Collins, Peter
2009The progressive. In Comparative Studies in Australia and New Zealand English: Grammar and Beyond [Varieties of English around the World G39], Pam Peters, Peter Collins & Adam Smith (eds), 115–123. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Comrie, Bernard
1976Aspect. An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge: CUP.
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani & Paulasto, Heli
2008English and Celtic in Contact. London: Routledge.
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani & Paulasto, Heli
2009Digging for roots: Universals and contact in regional varieties of English. In Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond, Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola & Heli Paulasto (eds), 231–261. London: Routledge.
FitzGerald, Garret
1984Estimates for baronies of minimal levels of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 94. Section C. 117–155.
Greenbaum, Sidney
1996Exploring English Worldwide. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gut, Ulrike & Fuchs, Robert
2013Progressive aspect in Nigerian English. Journal of English Linguistics 41(3): 243–267.
Harris, John
1993The grammar of Irish English. In Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles, James Milroy & Lesley Milroy (eds), 139–186. London: Longman.
Henry, Patrick Leo
1957An Anglo-Irish Dialect of North Roscommon. Dublin: Department of English, University College Dublin.
Hickey, Raymond
2007Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge: CUP.
Hickey, Raymond
2012aStandard Irish English. In Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World, Raymond Hickey (ed.), 96–116. Cambridge: CUP.
Hickey, Raymond
2012bSupraregionalisation. In English Historical Linguistics, Laurel J. Brinton & Alexander Bergs (eds), 2060–2075. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Huddleston Rodney & Pullum, Geoffrey
2002The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.
ICE-GB
1998ICE-GB: The International Corpus of English: The British Component. CD-ROM. London: Survey of English Usage.
Kallen, Jeffrey
2013Irish English, Vol. 2: The Republic of Ireland. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Kallen, Jeffrey & Kirk, John
2008ICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Kirk, John M.
2004The Northern Ireland Transcribed Corpus of Speech, 2nd edn.
Kirk, John M. & Ó Baoill, Donall P.
(eds)2001Language Links: The Languages of Scotland and Ireland. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Kirk, John M. & Kallen, Jeffrey L.
2007Assessing Celticity in a corpus of Irish Standard English. In The Celtic Languages in Contact, Hildegard Tristram (ed.), 270–288. Potsdam: Potsdam University Press.
Kirk, John M. & Kallen, Jeffrey L.
2010How Scottish is Irish Standard English? In Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, Robert McColl Millar (ed.), 178–213. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland. [URL]
Kirk, John M., Kallen, Jeffrey L. & Filppula, Markku
2008The progressive in British and Irish Standard English. Paper presented at 13th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Methods XIII), Leeds, 4-8 August.
Kirk, John M., Kallen, Jeffrey L., Lowry, Orla, Rooney, Anne & Mannion, Margaret
2011International Corpus of English: Ireland Component. The ICE-Ireland Corpus: Version 1.2.2. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast and Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. (beta version completed 2003; v. 1.2 released 2007; v. 1.2.1 released December 2009).
Kortmann, Bernd & Upton, Clive
(eds)2008Varieties of English, 1: The British Isles. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2001Observations on the progressive in Hiberno-English. In Kirk & Ó Baoill (eds), 43–58.
Siemund, Peter
2004Substrate, superstrate and universals: Perfect constructions in Irish English. In Dialectology Meets Typology. Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective, Bernd Kortmann (ed.), 67–96. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Smith, Nicholas
2005A Corpus-based Investigation of Recent Change in the Use of the Progressive in British English. Ph.D. dissertation, Lancaster University.
Smith, Nicholas & Leech, Geoffrey
2013Verb structures in twentieth-century British English. In Aartset al. (eds), 68–98.
Smith, Nicholas & Rayson, Paul
2007Recent change and variation in the British English use of the progressive passive. ICAME Journal 31: 129–159.
Smitterberg, Erik
2005The Progressive in 19th-century English: A Process of Intregration. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Suoniemi, Paula
2010Variation in the progressive in World Englishes: Some preliminary findings. In English Corpus Linguistics: Looking Back, Moving Forward, Sebastian Hoffmann, Paul Rayson & Geoffrey Leech (eds), 205–215. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Svartvik, Jan
(ed.)1990The London-Lund Corpus of Spoken English: Description and Research. Lund: Gleerup/Liber.
Svartvik, Jan & Quirk, Randolph
1980A Corpus of English Conversation. Lund: Gleerup/Liber.
Todd, Loreto
1999Green English: Ireland’s Influence on the English Language. Dublin: O’Brien Press.
Traugott, Elizabeth C.
1995Subjectification in grammaticalisation. In Subjectivity and Subjectivisation: Linguistic Perspectives, Dieter Stein and Susan Wright (eds), 31–54. Cambridge: CUP.
Tristram, Hildegard
(ed.)2003The Celtic Englishes III. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 november 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.