62016707 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SCL 73 GE 15 9789027267900 06 10.1075/scl.73 13 2015032964 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SCL 02 JB code 1388-0373 02 73.00 01 02 Studies in Corpus Linguistics Studies in Corpus Linguistics 01 01 Corpora, Grammar and Discourse Corpora, Grammar and Discourse 1 B01 01 JB code 239150898 Nicholas Groom Groom, Nicholas Nicholas Groom University of Birmingham 2 B01 01 JB code 258150897 Maggie Charles Charles, Maggie Maggie Charles University of Oxford 3 B01 01 JB code 896150899 Suganthi John John, Suganthi Suganthi John University of Birmingham 01 eng 11 326 03 03 xvi 03 00 310 03 24 JB code LIN.COMPUT Computational & corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFX 01 06 02 00 This book showcases a variety of current corpus-based approaches to the study of grammar and discourse, and makes a case for seeing grammar and discourse as fundamentally inter-related phenomena. 03 00 Corpus linguistics has had a revolutionary impact on grammar and discourse research. Not only has it opened up entirely new theoretical perspectives and methodological possibilities for both fields, but it has also to a considerable extent erased the boundaries that have traditionally been drawn between them. This book showcases a variety of current corpus-based approaches to the study of grammar and discourse, and makes a case for seeing grammar and discourse as fundamentally inter-related phenomena. The book features contributions from leading experts in cognitive linguistics, construction grammar, critical discourse studies, genre and register analysis, phraseology, language learning and teaching, languages for specific purposes, second language acquisition, sociolinguistics, systemic functional linguistics and text linguistics. An essential reference point for future research, Corpora, Grammar and Discourse has been edited in honour of Susan Hunston, whose own work has consistently pushed at the boundaries of corpus-based research on grammar and discourse for over three decades. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/scl.73.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027210708.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027210708.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/scl.73.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/scl.73.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/scl.73.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/scl.73.hb.png 01 01 JB code scl.73.001ack 06 10.1075/scl.73.001ack vii viii 2 Article 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 01 JB code scl.73.002con 06 10.1075/scl.73.002con ix xiv 6 Article 2 01 04 List of Contributors List of Contributors 01 01 JB code scl.73.003for 06 10.1075/scl.73.003for xv xvi 2 Article 3 01 04 Editors' foreword Editors’ foreword 01 01 JB code scl.73.01int 06 10.1075/scl.73.01int 1 20 20 Article 4 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Corpora, grammar, and discourse analysis: Recent trends, current challenges Corpora, grammar, and discourse analysis: Recent trends, current challenges 1 A01 01 JB code 388247987 Nicholas Groom Groom, Nicholas Nicholas Groom University of Birmingham 2 A01 01 JB code 766247988 Maggie Charles Charles, Maggie Maggie Charles University of Oxford 3 A01 01 JB code 829247989 Suganthi John John, Suganthi Suganthi John University of Birmingham 01 01 JB code scl.73.02tho 06 10.1075/scl.73.02tho 21 42 22 Article 5 01 04 Chapter 1. Pattern grammar and transitivity analysis Chapter 1. Pattern grammar and transitivity analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 218247990 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool 01 01 JB code scl.73.03rom 06 10.1075/scl.73.03rom 43 72 30 Article 6 01 04 Chapter 2. Using COBUILD grammar patterns for a large-scale analysis of verb-argument constructions Chapter 2. Using COBUILD grammar patterns for a large-scale analysis of verb-argument constructions 01 04 Exploring corpus data and speaker knowledge Exploring corpus data and speaker knowledge 1 A01 01 JB code 489247991 Ute Römer Römer, Ute Ute Römer Georgia State University 2 A01 01 JB code 573247992 Matthew Brook O'Donnell O'Donnell, Matthew Brook Matthew Brook O'Donnell University of Pennsylvania 3 A01 01 JB code 473247993 Nick C. Ellis Ellis, Nick C. Nick C. Ellis University of Michigan 01 01 JB code scl.73.04fra 06 10.1075/scl.73.04fra 73 96 24 Article 7 01 04 Chapter 3. "Hugh's across all that" Chapter 3. “Hugh’s across all that” 01 04 Some changing uses of prepositions Some changing uses of prepositions 1 A01 01 JB code 653247994 Gill Francis Francis, Gill Gill Francis 01 01 JB code scl.73.05stu 06 10.1075/scl.73.05stu 97 116 20 Article 8 01 04 Chapter 4. The textual functions of lexis Chapter 4. The textual functions of lexis 1 A01 01 JB code 899247995 Michael Stubbs Stubbs, Michael Michael Stubbs 01 01 JB code scl.73.06hoe 06 10.1075/scl.73.06hoe 117 144 28 Article 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Examining associations between lexis and textual position in hard news stories, or according to a study by Chapter 5. Examining associations between lexis and textual position in hard news stories, or according to a study by… 1 A01 01 JB code 344247996 Michael Hoey Hoey, Michael Michael Hoey University of Liverpool 2 A01 01 JB code 497247997 Matthew Brook O'Donnell O'Donnell, Matthew Brook Matthew Brook O'Donnell University of Pennsylvania 01 01 JB code scl.73.07war 06 10.1075/scl.73.07war 145 160 16 Article 10 01 04 Chapter 6. I mean I only really wanted to dry me towels because Chapter 6. I mean I only really wanted to dry me towels because … 01 04 Organisational frameworks across modes, registers, and genres Organisational frameworks across modes, registers, and genres 1 A01 01 JB code 143247998 Martin Warren Warren, Martin Martin Warren Hong Kong Polytechnic University 01 01 JB code scl.73.08bon 06 10.1075/scl.73.08bon 161 182 22 Article 11 01 04 Chapter 7. Probably most important of all Chapter 7. Probably most important of all 01 04 Importance markers in academic and popular history articles Importance markers in academic and popular history articles 1 A01 01 JB code 413247999 Marina Bondi Bondi, Marina Marina Bondi University of Modena and Reggio Emilia 01 01 JB code scl.73.09but 06 10.1075/scl.73.09but 183 210 28 Article 12 01 04 Chapter 8. Chatting in the academy Chapter 8. Chatting in the academy 01 04 Informality in spoken academic discourse Informality in spoken academic discourse 1 A01 01 JB code 681248000 Paula Buttery Buttery, Paula Paula Buttery University of Cambridge 2 A01 01 JB code 19248001 Michael McCarthy McCarthy, Michael Michael McCarthy 3 A01 01 JB code 240248002 Ronald Carter Carter, Ronald Ronald Carter University of Nottingham 01 01 JB code scl.73.10aij 06 10.1075/scl.73.10aij 211 234 24 Article 13 01 04 Chapter 9. General extenders in learner language Chapter 9. General extenders in learner language 1 A01 01 JB code 398248003 Karin Aijmer Aijmer, Karin Karin Aijmer University of Gothenburg 01 01 JB code scl.73.11wil 06 10.1075/scl.73.11wil 235 256 22 Article 14 01 04 Chapter 10. Language description and language learning Chapter 10. Language description and language learning 01 04 The pedagogic corpus and learners as researchers The pedagogic corpus and learners as researchers 1 A01 01 JB code 643248004 Dave Willis Willis, Dave Dave Willis 2 A01 01 JB code 969248005 Jane Willis Willis, Jane Jane Willis 01 01 JB code scl.73.12bed 06 10.1075/scl.73.12bed 257 282 26 Article 15 01 04 Chapter 11. "What we contrarians already know" Chapter 11. “What we contrarians already know” 01 04 Individual and communal aspects of attitudinal identity Individual and communal aspects of attitudinal identity 1 A01 01 JB code 143248006 Monika Bednarek Bednarek, Monika Monika Bednarek 01 01 JB code scl.73.13bak 06 10.1075/scl.73.13bak 283 300 18 Article 16 01 04 Chapter 12. Does Britain need any more foreign doctors? Inter-analyst consistency and corpus-assisted (critical) discourse analysis Chapter 12. Does Britain need any more foreign doctors? Inter-analyst consistency and corpus-assisted (critical) discourse analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 385248007 Paul Baker Baker, Paul Paul Baker Lancaster University 01 01 JB code scl.73.14end 06 10.1075/scl.73.14end 301 304 4 Article 17 01 04 Publications by Susan Hunston Publications by Susan Hunston 01 01 JB code scl.73.15aut 06 10.1075/scl.73.15aut 305 308 4 Article 18 01 04 Author Index Author Index 01 01 JB code scl.73.16sub 06 10.1075/scl.73.16sub 309 310 2 Article 19 01 04 Subject Index Subject Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20151030 C 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027210708 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 80.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 143.00 USD 256010302 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SCL 73 Hb 15 9789027210708 06 10.1075/scl.73 13 2015027688 00 BB 08 720 gr 10 01 JB code SCL 02 1388-0373 02 73.00 01 02 Studies in Corpus Linguistics Studies in Corpus Linguistics 01 01 Corpora, Grammar and Discourse In honour of Susan Hunston Corpora, Grammar and Discourse: In honour of Susan Hunston 1 B01 01 JB code 239150898 Nicholas Groom Groom, Nicholas Nicholas Groom University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/239150898 2 B01 01 JB code 258150897 Maggie Charles Charles, Maggie Maggie Charles University of Oxford 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/258150897 3 B01 01 JB code 896150899 Suganthi John John, Suganthi Suganthi John University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/896150899 01 eng 11 326 03 03 xvi 03 00 310 03 01 23 410.1/88 03 2015 P128.C68 04 Corpora (Linguistics) 04 Grammar, Comparative and general. 04 Discourse analysis. 10 LAN009000 12 CFX 24 JB code LIN.COMPUT Computational & corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 01 06 02 00 This book showcases a variety of current corpus-based approaches to the study of grammar and discourse, and makes a case for seeing grammar and discourse as fundamentally inter-related phenomena. 03 00 Corpus linguistics has had a revolutionary impact on grammar and discourse research. Not only has it opened up entirely new theoretical perspectives and methodological possibilities for both fields, but it has also to a considerable extent erased the boundaries that have traditionally been drawn between them. This book showcases a variety of current corpus-based approaches to the study of grammar and discourse, and makes a case for seeing grammar and discourse as fundamentally inter-related phenomena. The book features contributions from leading experts in cognitive linguistics, construction grammar, critical discourse studies, genre and register analysis, phraseology, language learning and teaching, languages for specific purposes, second language acquisition, sociolinguistics, systemic functional linguistics and text linguistics. An essential reference point for future research, Corpora, Grammar and Discourse has been edited in honour of Susan Hunston, whose own work has consistently pushed at the boundaries of corpus-based research on grammar and discourse for over three decades. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/scl.73.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027210708.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027210708.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/scl.73.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/scl.73.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/scl.73.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/scl.73.hb.png 01 01 JB code scl.73.001ack 06 10.1075/scl.73.001ack vii viii 2 Article 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.002con 06 10.1075/scl.73.002con ix xiv 6 Article 2 01 04 List of Contributors List of Contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.003for 06 10.1075/scl.73.003for xv xvi 2 Article 3 01 04 Editors' foreword Editors’ foreword 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.01int 06 10.1075/scl.73.01int 1 20 20 Article 4 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Corpora, grammar, and discourse analysis: Recent trends, current challenges Corpora, grammar, and discourse analysis: Recent trends, current challenges 1 A01 01 JB code 388247987 Nicholas Groom Groom, Nicholas Nicholas Groom University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/388247987 2 A01 01 JB code 766247988 Maggie Charles Charles, Maggie Maggie Charles University of Oxford 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/766247988 3 A01 01 JB code 829247989 Suganthi John John, Suganthi Suganthi John University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/829247989 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.02tho 06 10.1075/scl.73.02tho 21 42 22 Article 5 01 04 Chapter 1. Pattern grammar and transitivity analysis Chapter 1. Pattern grammar and transitivity analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 218247990 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/218247990 01 eng 30 00 This chapter focuses on transitivity as modelled in Systemic Functional Linguistics. In analysing transitivity, particular problems are raised by grammatical metaphor, where there is tension between the semantics and the lexicogrammar. Here, I first outline the ways in which grammatical metaphor is captured in other areas of the lexicogrammar. I then explore the kinds of problems that arise in transitivity, by analysing a set of concordance data for a polysemic verb. I use an approach based on pattern grammar (Hunston & Francis 1999), but with modifications allowing more delicate distinctions to be identified. The aim is to investigate how far the approach can contribute to disambiguating different transitivity configurations and thus help decide which process type is being realised. 01 01 JB code scl.73.03rom 06 10.1075/scl.73.03rom 43 72 30 Article 6 01 04 Chapter 2. Using COBUILD grammar patterns for a large-scale analysis of verb-argument constructions Chapter 2. Using COBUILD grammar patterns for a large-scale analysis of verb-argument constructions 01 04 Exploring corpus data and speaker knowledge Exploring corpus data and speaker knowledge 1 A01 01 JB code 489247991 Ute Römer Römer, Ute Ute Römer Georgia State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/489247991 2 A01 01 JB code 573247992 Matthew Brook O'Donnell O'Donnell, Matthew Brook Matthew Brook O'Donnell University of Pennsylvania 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/573247992 3 A01 01 JB code 473247993 Nick C. Ellis Ellis, Nick C. Nick C. Ellis University of Michigan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/473247993 01 eng 30 00 This paper takes patterns identified in COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs (Francis et al. 1996) as a starting point for the systematic, large-scale analysis of English verb-argument constructions (VACs), using both corpus/computational methods and psycholinguistic experiments. We work in an iterative cycle to define, search, review and refine patterns to retrieve VACs from a parsed version of the BNC and examine the distributions of the verb types and their token frequencies for each VAC. The findings allow us to make predictions regarding language users’ knowledge of verbs in constructions. We then test these predictions in psycholinguistic experiments, in which native and non-native speakers of English think of the first word that comes to mind to fill the V slot in a particular VAC frame. We compare the results from the experiments and the corpus analysis in terms of verb selection preferences. This research demonstrates the productive synergy of corpus linguistic and psycholinguistic methods and findings. 01 01 JB code scl.73.04fra 06 10.1075/scl.73.04fra 73 96 24 Article 7 01 04 Chapter 3. "Hugh's across all that" Chapter 3. “Hugh’s across all that” 01 04 Some changing uses of prepositions Some changing uses of prepositions 1 A01 01 JB code 653247994 Gill Francis Francis, Gill Gill Francis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/653247994 01 eng 30 00 This paper identifies some newly-increasing patterns of spatial prepositions, especially across, (all) over, on, around, and ahead of. It draws partly on data from the large general corpora of the 1990s and 2000s and partly on an informal collection of the language used ‘now’ (i.e. in the year 2013) in conversations, the media and other ephemera. Collocations and phraseology are explored, as well as the wider semantic sequences in which the prepositions are crucial elements. It is suggested that these and other spatial prepositions are annexing a growing range of meanings, and that an association with particular text types is clearly discernible. 01 01 JB code scl.73.05stu 06 10.1075/scl.73.05stu 97 116 20 Article 8 01 04 Chapter 4. The textual functions of lexis Chapter 4. The textual functions of lexis 1 A01 01 JB code 899247995 Michael Stubbs Stubbs, Michael Michael Stubbs 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/899247995 01 eng 30 00 This chapter reviews studies which show how lexis contributes to textual organisation. It concludes that there are many interesting case studies, but that some hypotheses could be formulated more explicitly, and that findings could be better integrated into a functional theory of lexis. As a short illustration of the detailed descriptive work which is still required, it provides a case study of the textual functions of one lemma (ALLEVIATE). 01 01 JB code scl.73.06hoe 06 10.1075/scl.73.06hoe 117 144 28 Article 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Examining associations between lexis and textual position in hard news stories, or according to a study by Chapter 5. Examining associations between lexis and textual position in hard news stories, or according to a study by… 1 A01 01 JB code 344247996 Michael Hoey Hoey, Michael Michael Hoey University of Liverpool 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/344247996 2 A01 01 JB code 497247997 Matthew Brook O'Donnell O'Donnell, Matthew Brook Matthew Brook O'Donnell University of Pennsylvania 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/497247997 01 eng 30 00 It is claimed within the theory of lexical priming that text-linguistic phenomena are as deeply involved in our lexical primings as are more obvious phenomena such as collocations. One of the textual claims is that people are primed to associate certain words or phrases with certain recognised discourse positions in particular genres and/or domains (an association referred to as textual colligation). One kind of textual colligation is hypothesised to be the psychological association that a language user makes in a genre between a word or phrase and text-initial position. This paper seeks to demonstrate that it is possible to use the Key Words procedure implemented in WordSmith Tools not only to identify over 1000 words with strong text-initial associations in hard news data but also to examine the way in which phrases or clusters of words also may have textual priming. In particular we focus on one three word lexical cluster which suggests how lexis and textual position interact. We conclude that our findings are fully compatible with Lexical Priming theory, even though they cannot directly be used as evidence for it. The paper also makes use of a number of novel or under-used methodological strategies, including the utilisation of complete texts as a unit of analysis, the creation of positional subcorpora, the use of key words to identify candidates for textual colligation, the comparison of an item’s behaviour in a subcorpus with its behavior in other subcorpora derived from the same texts (following Gledhill, 2000), the extension of key word procedure to collocate tables (key collocates) and the investigation of textual semantic association and textual collocation using concordance line grouping. 01 01 JB code scl.73.07war 06 10.1075/scl.73.07war 145 160 16 Article 10 01 04 Chapter 6. I mean I only really wanted to dry me towels because Chapter 6. I mean I only really wanted to dry me towels because … 01 04 Organisational frameworks across modes, registers, and genres Organisational frameworks across modes, registers, and genres 1 A01 01 JB code 143247998 Martin Warren Warren, Martin Martin Warren Hong Kong Polytechnic University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/143247998 01 eng 30 00 This study builds on the notion of ‘clause collocation’ (Hunston 2002: 75) and examines the use of this kind of co-selection across a variety of corpora. Hunston (2002: 75) notes that collocating clauses may begin with words and/or phrases which are co-selected. In this study, these co-selections are termed ‘organisational frameworks’ (Warren 2009) based on the organisation elements described in linear unit grammar (Sinclair & Mauranen 2006: 71–78). This paper describes the methodology employed to search for co-selections of conjunctions, connectives, and discourse particles using the corpus linguistics software ConcGram (Greaves 2009). Corpora representing different registers are studied to determine the most frequent organisational frameworks in each. It is found that the forms, functions, and frequencies of these frameworks can vary across different modes, registers, and genres. 01 01 JB code scl.73.08bon 06 10.1075/scl.73.08bon 161 182 22 Article 11 01 04 Chapter 7. Probably most important of all Chapter 7. Probably most important of all 01 04 Importance markers in academic and popular history articles Importance markers in academic and popular history articles 1 A01 01 JB code 413247999 Marina Bondi Bondi, Marina Marina Bondi University of Modena and Reggio Emilia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/413247999 01 eng 30 00 Evaluations of importance are central to the nature of academic discourse, with its need to establish and share disciplinary knowledge. This study shows how importance markers help guide the reader in recognising coherence relations, while reflecting the value system of the community. Using corpora of journal and popular articles in history, the analysis examines nouns and adjectives of importance, adverbials and framing statements. By constituting identification and cohesive structures that thematise evaluation and increase writer visibility, importance markers contribute greatly to knowledge construction in research articles, while in knowledge dissemination they are less frequent and oriented towards generalising. 01 01 JB code scl.73.09but 06 10.1075/scl.73.09but 183 210 28 Article 12 01 04 Chapter 8. Chatting in the academy Chapter 8. Chatting in the academy 01 04 Informality in spoken academic discourse Informality in spoken academic discourse 1 A01 01 JB code 681248000 Paula Buttery Buttery, Paula Paula Buttery University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/681248000 2 A01 01 JB code 19248001 Michael McCarthy McCarthy, Michael Michael McCarthy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19248001 3 A01 01 JB code 240248002 Ronald Carter Carter, Ronald Ronald Carter University of Nottingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/240248002 01 eng 30 00 In this chapter we explore a recently acknowledged phenomenon: the way in which formal discourse is increasingly now inflected with forms more commonly associated with informal discourse. The phenomenon has been referred to as conversationalisation or informalisation and has been discussed in relation to such varieties as newspaper discourse, political rhetorics and media reporting. This chapter seeks to account for the extent to which this same phenomenon appears in university lectures and classes, and at the same time makes a methodological case for integrating quantitative and qualitative perspectives when doing corpus-based discourse analysis. 01 01 JB code scl.73.10aij 06 10.1075/scl.73.10aij 211 234 24 Article 13 01 04 Chapter 9. General extenders in learner language Chapter 9. General extenders in learner language 1 A01 01 JB code 398248003 Karin Aijmer Aijmer, Karin Karin Aijmer University of Gothenburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/398248003 01 eng 30 00 The aim of the paper is to study how general extenders are used by Swedish factors.learners of English in comparison with native speakers. The study is based on a corpus of Swedish learners’ spoken English compiled within the international LINDSEI project. The analysis is both quantitative and qualitative. It is shown that the Swedish learners do not use general extenders in the same way as native speakers; in particular, they ‘underuse’ and ‘overuse’ certain forms and use fewer variants. The qualitative analysis shows that the function of general extenders is also linked to aspects of speaking fluently. Comparisons are also made with the use of general extenders by French, Dutch and German learners on the basis of other spoken learner corpora. The analysis shows that learners’ use of general extenders is affected both by the resources available in the native language and by the social norms and values regarding how the extenders should be used. 01 01 JB code scl.73.11wil 06 10.1075/scl.73.11wil 235 256 22 Article 14 01 04 Chapter 10. Language description and language learning Chapter 10. Language description and language learning 01 04 The pedagogic corpus and learners as researchers The pedagogic corpus and learners as researchers 1 A01 01 JB code 643248004 Dave Willis Willis, Dave Dave Willis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/643248004 2 A01 01 JB code 969248005 Jane Willis Willis, Jane Jane Willis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/969248005 01 eng 30 00 Traditional pedagogic language descriptions are grammar-based and oversimplified, ignoring important aspects of the way text is created, for example through complex collocational attraction (Sinclair 1991) or lexical priming (Hoey 2005, this volume). If a teaching methodology is to allow for the full complexity of language, it needs to make more productive use of the learner’s creativity, treating the learner not as a passive consumer of rules, but as a researcher, exploring a corpus of texts – a pedagogic corpus. Such a methodology has profound implications for materials writers. Specifically, materials writers need to:– select texts to form an appropriate pedagogic corpus;– prepare communicative tasks to enable learners to process those texts for meaning;– provide form-focused activities to encourage learners, with teacher guidance, to develop a model of the language for themselves. 01 01 JB code scl.73.12bed 06 10.1075/scl.73.12bed 257 282 26 Article 15 01 04 Chapter 11. "What we contrarians already know" Chapter 11. “What we contrarians already know” 01 04 Individual and communal aspects of attitudinal identity Individual and communal aspects of attitudinal identity 1 A01 01 JB code 143248006 Monika Bednarek Bednarek, Monika Monika Bednarek 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/143248006 01 eng 30 00 Starting from the assumption that “[e]valuation is personal, private, subjective” (Hunston 2011: 12), this chapter ties evaluation explicitly to the notion of identity. It discusses ‘attitudinal identity’, which concerns positive and negative value judgements and positions, and claims that the construal of attitudinal identities is particularly important in publicly mediated texts. Combining discourse and corpus analysis, the chapter explores how specific features of language use (evaluations, pronouns) are employed by individuals to construe attitudinal personae as well as to align with others and to invite audiences into what I shall refer to as shared ‘communities of attitude’. The empirical focus of the paper will be on the Australian scientific radio programme Ockham’s Razor. 01 01 JB code scl.73.13bak 06 10.1075/scl.73.13bak 283 300 18 Article 16 01 04 Chapter 12. Does Britain need any more foreign doctors? Inter-analyst consistency and corpus-assisted (critical) discourse analysis Chapter 12. Does Britain need any more foreign doctors? Inter-analyst consistency and corpus-assisted (critical) discourse analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 385248007 Paul Baker Baker, Paul Paul Baker Lancaster University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/385248007 01 eng 30 00 It is argued that corpus methods help to reduce analyst bias in conducting (critical) discourse analysis. This paper describes an experiment whereby five analysts were independently given a British newspaper corpus about foreign doctors and asked to analyse how such doctors were represented. The resulting five reports were analysed to compare which findings were shared, which varied and which factors may help predict variance or productivity of analysis. Considerable variance was found in the findings of the five analysts, meaning we cannot claim that corpus approaches to critical discourse analysis completely remove bias. However, such approaches seem effective at identifying ‘majority’ patterns and giving an overall picture of the data. 01 01 JB code scl.73.14end 06 10.1075/scl.73.14end 301 304 4 Article 17 01 04 Publications by Susan Hunston Publications by Susan Hunston 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.15aut 06 10.1075/scl.73.15aut 305 308 4 Article 18 01 04 Author Index Author Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.16sub 06 10.1075/scl.73.16sub 309 310 2 Article 19 01 04 Subject Index Subject Index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/scl.73 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20151030 C 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 12 20 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 95.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 12 20 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 143.00 USD 781010303 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SCL 73 Eb 15 9789027267900 06 10.1075/scl.73 13 2015032964 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SCL 02 1388-0373 02 73.00 01 02 Studies in Corpus Linguistics Studies in Corpus Linguistics 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-scl 01 02 Studies in Corpus Linguistics (vols. 1–66, 1998–2015) 05 02 SCL (vols. 1–66, 1998–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 Corpora, Grammar and Discourse In honour of Susan Hunston Corpora, Grammar and Discourse: In honour of Susan Hunston 1 B01 01 JB code 239150898 Nicholas Groom Groom, Nicholas Nicholas Groom University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/239150898 2 B01 01 JB code 258150897 Maggie Charles Charles, Maggie Maggie Charles University of Oxford 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/258150897 3 B01 01 JB code 896150899 Suganthi John John, Suganthi Suganthi John University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/896150899 01 eng 11 326 03 03 xvi 03 00 310 03 01 23 410.1/88 03 2015 P128.C68 04 Corpora (Linguistics) 04 Grammar, Comparative and general. 04 Discourse analysis. 10 LAN009000 12 CFX 24 JB code LIN.COMPUT Computational & corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 01 06 02 00 This book showcases a variety of current corpus-based approaches to the study of grammar and discourse, and makes a case for seeing grammar and discourse as fundamentally inter-related phenomena. 03 00 Corpus linguistics has had a revolutionary impact on grammar and discourse research. Not only has it opened up entirely new theoretical perspectives and methodological possibilities for both fields, but it has also to a considerable extent erased the boundaries that have traditionally been drawn between them. This book showcases a variety of current corpus-based approaches to the study of grammar and discourse, and makes a case for seeing grammar and discourse as fundamentally inter-related phenomena. The book features contributions from leading experts in cognitive linguistics, construction grammar, critical discourse studies, genre and register analysis, phraseology, language learning and teaching, languages for specific purposes, second language acquisition, sociolinguistics, systemic functional linguistics and text linguistics. An essential reference point for future research, Corpora, Grammar and Discourse has been edited in honour of Susan Hunston, whose own work has consistently pushed at the boundaries of corpus-based research on grammar and discourse for over three decades. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/scl.73.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027210708.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027210708.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/scl.73.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/scl.73.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/scl.73.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/scl.73.hb.png 01 01 JB code scl.73.001ack 06 10.1075/scl.73.001ack vii viii 2 Article 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.002con 06 10.1075/scl.73.002con ix xiv 6 Article 2 01 04 List of Contributors List of Contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.003for 06 10.1075/scl.73.003for xv xvi 2 Article 3 01 04 Editors' foreword Editors’ foreword 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.01int 06 10.1075/scl.73.01int 1 20 20 Article 4 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Corpora, grammar, and discourse analysis: Recent trends, current challenges Corpora, grammar, and discourse analysis: Recent trends, current challenges 1 A01 01 JB code 388247987 Nicholas Groom Groom, Nicholas Nicholas Groom University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/388247987 2 A01 01 JB code 766247988 Maggie Charles Charles, Maggie Maggie Charles University of Oxford 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/766247988 3 A01 01 JB code 829247989 Suganthi John John, Suganthi Suganthi John University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/829247989 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.02tho 06 10.1075/scl.73.02tho 21 42 22 Article 5 01 04 Chapter 1. Pattern grammar and transitivity analysis Chapter 1. Pattern grammar and transitivity analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 218247990 Geoff Thompson Thompson, Geoff Geoff Thompson University of Liverpool 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/218247990 01 eng 30 00 This chapter focuses on transitivity as modelled in Systemic Functional Linguistics. In analysing transitivity, particular problems are raised by grammatical metaphor, where there is tension between the semantics and the lexicogrammar. Here, I first outline the ways in which grammatical metaphor is captured in other areas of the lexicogrammar. I then explore the kinds of problems that arise in transitivity, by analysing a set of concordance data for a polysemic verb. I use an approach based on pattern grammar (Hunston & Francis 1999), but with modifications allowing more delicate distinctions to be identified. The aim is to investigate how far the approach can contribute to disambiguating different transitivity configurations and thus help decide which process type is being realised. 01 01 JB code scl.73.03rom 06 10.1075/scl.73.03rom 43 72 30 Article 6 01 04 Chapter 2. Using COBUILD grammar patterns for a large-scale analysis of verb-argument constructions Chapter 2. Using COBUILD grammar patterns for a large-scale analysis of verb-argument constructions 01 04 Exploring corpus data and speaker knowledge Exploring corpus data and speaker knowledge 1 A01 01 JB code 489247991 Ute Römer Römer, Ute Ute Römer Georgia State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/489247991 2 A01 01 JB code 573247992 Matthew Brook O'Donnell O'Donnell, Matthew Brook Matthew Brook O'Donnell University of Pennsylvania 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/573247992 3 A01 01 JB code 473247993 Nick C. Ellis Ellis, Nick C. Nick C. Ellis University of Michigan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/473247993 01 eng 30 00 This paper takes patterns identified in COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs (Francis et al. 1996) as a starting point for the systematic, large-scale analysis of English verb-argument constructions (VACs), using both corpus/computational methods and psycholinguistic experiments. We work in an iterative cycle to define, search, review and refine patterns to retrieve VACs from a parsed version of the BNC and examine the distributions of the verb types and their token frequencies for each VAC. The findings allow us to make predictions regarding language users’ knowledge of verbs in constructions. We then test these predictions in psycholinguistic experiments, in which native and non-native speakers of English think of the first word that comes to mind to fill the V slot in a particular VAC frame. We compare the results from the experiments and the corpus analysis in terms of verb selection preferences. This research demonstrates the productive synergy of corpus linguistic and psycholinguistic methods and findings. 01 01 JB code scl.73.04fra 06 10.1075/scl.73.04fra 73 96 24 Article 7 01 04 Chapter 3. "Hugh's across all that" Chapter 3. “Hugh’s across all that” 01 04 Some changing uses of prepositions Some changing uses of prepositions 1 A01 01 JB code 653247994 Gill Francis Francis, Gill Gill Francis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/653247994 01 eng 30 00 This paper identifies some newly-increasing patterns of spatial prepositions, especially across, (all) over, on, around, and ahead of. It draws partly on data from the large general corpora of the 1990s and 2000s and partly on an informal collection of the language used ‘now’ (i.e. in the year 2013) in conversations, the media and other ephemera. Collocations and phraseology are explored, as well as the wider semantic sequences in which the prepositions are crucial elements. It is suggested that these and other spatial prepositions are annexing a growing range of meanings, and that an association with particular text types is clearly discernible. 01 01 JB code scl.73.05stu 06 10.1075/scl.73.05stu 97 116 20 Article 8 01 04 Chapter 4. The textual functions of lexis Chapter 4. The textual functions of lexis 1 A01 01 JB code 899247995 Michael Stubbs Stubbs, Michael Michael Stubbs 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/899247995 01 eng 30 00 This chapter reviews studies which show how lexis contributes to textual organisation. It concludes that there are many interesting case studies, but that some hypotheses could be formulated more explicitly, and that findings could be better integrated into a functional theory of lexis. As a short illustration of the detailed descriptive work which is still required, it provides a case study of the textual functions of one lemma (ALLEVIATE). 01 01 JB code scl.73.06hoe 06 10.1075/scl.73.06hoe 117 144 28 Article 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Examining associations between lexis and textual position in hard news stories, or according to a study by Chapter 5. Examining associations between lexis and textual position in hard news stories, or according to a study by… 1 A01 01 JB code 344247996 Michael Hoey Hoey, Michael Michael Hoey University of Liverpool 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/344247996 2 A01 01 JB code 497247997 Matthew Brook O'Donnell O'Donnell, Matthew Brook Matthew Brook O'Donnell University of Pennsylvania 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/497247997 01 eng 30 00 It is claimed within the theory of lexical priming that text-linguistic phenomena are as deeply involved in our lexical primings as are more obvious phenomena such as collocations. One of the textual claims is that people are primed to associate certain words or phrases with certain recognised discourse positions in particular genres and/or domains (an association referred to as textual colligation). One kind of textual colligation is hypothesised to be the psychological association that a language user makes in a genre between a word or phrase and text-initial position. This paper seeks to demonstrate that it is possible to use the Key Words procedure implemented in WordSmith Tools not only to identify over 1000 words with strong text-initial associations in hard news data but also to examine the way in which phrases or clusters of words also may have textual priming. In particular we focus on one three word lexical cluster which suggests how lexis and textual position interact. We conclude that our findings are fully compatible with Lexical Priming theory, even though they cannot directly be used as evidence for it. The paper also makes use of a number of novel or under-used methodological strategies, including the utilisation of complete texts as a unit of analysis, the creation of positional subcorpora, the use of key words to identify candidates for textual colligation, the comparison of an item’s behaviour in a subcorpus with its behavior in other subcorpora derived from the same texts (following Gledhill, 2000), the extension of key word procedure to collocate tables (key collocates) and the investigation of textual semantic association and textual collocation using concordance line grouping. 01 01 JB code scl.73.07war 06 10.1075/scl.73.07war 145 160 16 Article 10 01 04 Chapter 6. I mean I only really wanted to dry me towels because Chapter 6. I mean I only really wanted to dry me towels because … 01 04 Organisational frameworks across modes, registers, and genres Organisational frameworks across modes, registers, and genres 1 A01 01 JB code 143247998 Martin Warren Warren, Martin Martin Warren Hong Kong Polytechnic University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/143247998 01 eng 30 00 This study builds on the notion of ‘clause collocation’ (Hunston 2002: 75) and examines the use of this kind of co-selection across a variety of corpora. Hunston (2002: 75) notes that collocating clauses may begin with words and/or phrases which are co-selected. In this study, these co-selections are termed ‘organisational frameworks’ (Warren 2009) based on the organisation elements described in linear unit grammar (Sinclair & Mauranen 2006: 71–78). This paper describes the methodology employed to search for co-selections of conjunctions, connectives, and discourse particles using the corpus linguistics software ConcGram (Greaves 2009). Corpora representing different registers are studied to determine the most frequent organisational frameworks in each. It is found that the forms, functions, and frequencies of these frameworks can vary across different modes, registers, and genres. 01 01 JB code scl.73.08bon 06 10.1075/scl.73.08bon 161 182 22 Article 11 01 04 Chapter 7. Probably most important of all Chapter 7. Probably most important of all 01 04 Importance markers in academic and popular history articles Importance markers in academic and popular history articles 1 A01 01 JB code 413247999 Marina Bondi Bondi, Marina Marina Bondi University of Modena and Reggio Emilia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/413247999 01 eng 30 00 Evaluations of importance are central to the nature of academic discourse, with its need to establish and share disciplinary knowledge. This study shows how importance markers help guide the reader in recognising coherence relations, while reflecting the value system of the community. Using corpora of journal and popular articles in history, the analysis examines nouns and adjectives of importance, adverbials and framing statements. By constituting identification and cohesive structures that thematise evaluation and increase writer visibility, importance markers contribute greatly to knowledge construction in research articles, while in knowledge dissemination they are less frequent and oriented towards generalising. 01 01 JB code scl.73.09but 06 10.1075/scl.73.09but 183 210 28 Article 12 01 04 Chapter 8. Chatting in the academy Chapter 8. Chatting in the academy 01 04 Informality in spoken academic discourse Informality in spoken academic discourse 1 A01 01 JB code 681248000 Paula Buttery Buttery, Paula Paula Buttery University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/681248000 2 A01 01 JB code 19248001 Michael McCarthy McCarthy, Michael Michael McCarthy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19248001 3 A01 01 JB code 240248002 Ronald Carter Carter, Ronald Ronald Carter University of Nottingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/240248002 01 eng 30 00 In this chapter we explore a recently acknowledged phenomenon: the way in which formal discourse is increasingly now inflected with forms more commonly associated with informal discourse. The phenomenon has been referred to as conversationalisation or informalisation and has been discussed in relation to such varieties as newspaper discourse, political rhetorics and media reporting. This chapter seeks to account for the extent to which this same phenomenon appears in university lectures and classes, and at the same time makes a methodological case for integrating quantitative and qualitative perspectives when doing corpus-based discourse analysis. 01 01 JB code scl.73.10aij 06 10.1075/scl.73.10aij 211 234 24 Article 13 01 04 Chapter 9. General extenders in learner language Chapter 9. General extenders in learner language 1 A01 01 JB code 398248003 Karin Aijmer Aijmer, Karin Karin Aijmer University of Gothenburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/398248003 01 eng 30 00 The aim of the paper is to study how general extenders are used by Swedish factors.learners of English in comparison with native speakers. The study is based on a corpus of Swedish learners’ spoken English compiled within the international LINDSEI project. The analysis is both quantitative and qualitative. It is shown that the Swedish learners do not use general extenders in the same way as native speakers; in particular, they ‘underuse’ and ‘overuse’ certain forms and use fewer variants. The qualitative analysis shows that the function of general extenders is also linked to aspects of speaking fluently. Comparisons are also made with the use of general extenders by French, Dutch and German learners on the basis of other spoken learner corpora. The analysis shows that learners’ use of general extenders is affected both by the resources available in the native language and by the social norms and values regarding how the extenders should be used. 01 01 JB code scl.73.11wil 06 10.1075/scl.73.11wil 235 256 22 Article 14 01 04 Chapter 10. Language description and language learning Chapter 10. Language description and language learning 01 04 The pedagogic corpus and learners as researchers The pedagogic corpus and learners as researchers 1 A01 01 JB code 643248004 Dave Willis Willis, Dave Dave Willis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/643248004 2 A01 01 JB code 969248005 Jane Willis Willis, Jane Jane Willis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/969248005 01 eng 30 00 Traditional pedagogic language descriptions are grammar-based and oversimplified, ignoring important aspects of the way text is created, for example through complex collocational attraction (Sinclair 1991) or lexical priming (Hoey 2005, this volume). If a teaching methodology is to allow for the full complexity of language, it needs to make more productive use of the learner’s creativity, treating the learner not as a passive consumer of rules, but as a researcher, exploring a corpus of texts – a pedagogic corpus. Such a methodology has profound implications for materials writers. Specifically, materials writers need to:– select texts to form an appropriate pedagogic corpus;– prepare communicative tasks to enable learners to process those texts for meaning;– provide form-focused activities to encourage learners, with teacher guidance, to develop a model of the language for themselves. 01 01 JB code scl.73.12bed 06 10.1075/scl.73.12bed 257 282 26 Article 15 01 04 Chapter 11. "What we contrarians already know" Chapter 11. “What we contrarians already know” 01 04 Individual and communal aspects of attitudinal identity Individual and communal aspects of attitudinal identity 1 A01 01 JB code 143248006 Monika Bednarek Bednarek, Monika Monika Bednarek 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/143248006 01 eng 30 00 Starting from the assumption that “[e]valuation is personal, private, subjective” (Hunston 2011: 12), this chapter ties evaluation explicitly to the notion of identity. It discusses ‘attitudinal identity’, which concerns positive and negative value judgements and positions, and claims that the construal of attitudinal identities is particularly important in publicly mediated texts. Combining discourse and corpus analysis, the chapter explores how specific features of language use (evaluations, pronouns) are employed by individuals to construe attitudinal personae as well as to align with others and to invite audiences into what I shall refer to as shared ‘communities of attitude’. The empirical focus of the paper will be on the Australian scientific radio programme Ockham’s Razor. 01 01 JB code scl.73.13bak 06 10.1075/scl.73.13bak 283 300 18 Article 16 01 04 Chapter 12. Does Britain need any more foreign doctors? Inter-analyst consistency and corpus-assisted (critical) discourse analysis Chapter 12. Does Britain need any more foreign doctors? Inter-analyst consistency and corpus-assisted (critical) discourse analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 385248007 Paul Baker Baker, Paul Paul Baker Lancaster University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/385248007 01 eng 30 00 It is argued that corpus methods help to reduce analyst bias in conducting (critical) discourse analysis. This paper describes an experiment whereby five analysts were independently given a British newspaper corpus about foreign doctors and asked to analyse how such doctors were represented. The resulting five reports were analysed to compare which findings were shared, which varied and which factors may help predict variance or productivity of analysis. Considerable variance was found in the findings of the five analysts, meaning we cannot claim that corpus approaches to critical discourse analysis completely remove bias. However, such approaches seem effective at identifying ‘majority’ patterns and giving an overall picture of the data. 01 01 JB code scl.73.14end 06 10.1075/scl.73.14end 301 304 4 Article 17 01 04 Publications by Susan Hunston Publications by Susan Hunston 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.15aut 06 10.1075/scl.73.15aut 305 308 4 Article 18 01 04 Author Index Author Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code scl.73.16sub 06 10.1075/scl.73.16sub 309 310 2 Article 19 01 04 Subject Index Subject Index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/scl.73 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20151030 C 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027210708 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027267900 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 143.00 USD