62019034 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SCL 88 GE 15 9789027262936 06 10.1075/scl.88 13 2018051235 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SCL 02 JB code 1388-0373 02 88.00 01 02 Studies in Corpus Linguistics Studies in Corpus Linguistics 01 01 Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes 1 B01 01 JB code 235328965 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 2 B01 01 JB code 951328966 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Munster 3 B01 01 JB code 518328967 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia University of the Western Cape 01 eng 11 413 03 03 ix 03 00 403 03 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 01 06 02 00 This volume comprises descriptions of the many new corpus initiatives both within and outside Africa that aim to compile various corpora of African Englishes. 03 00 Corpus linguistics has become one of the most widely used methodologies across the different linguistic subdisciplines; especially the study of world-wide varieties of English uses corpus-based investigations as one of the chief methodologies. This volume comprises descriptions of the many new corpus initiatives both within and outside Africa that aim to compile various corpora of African Englishes. Moreover, it contains cutting-edge corpus-based research on African Englishes and the use of corpora in pedagogic contexts within African institutions. This volume thus serves both as a practical introduction to corpus compilation (Part I of the book), corpus-based research (Part II) and the application of corpora in language teaching (Part III), and is intended both for those researchers not yet familiar with corpus linguistics and as a reference work for all international researchers investigating the linguistic properties of African Englishes. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/scl.88.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027202192.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027202192.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/scl.88.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/scl.88.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/scl.88.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/scl.88.hb.png 01 01 JB code scl.88.pre 06 10.1075/scl.88.pre Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 1 A01 01 JB code 344343961 Douglas Biber Biber, Douglas Douglas Biber 01 01 JB code scl.88.01esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.01esi 2 4 3 Chapter 2 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Corpus linguistics and African Englishes Corpus linguistics and African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 898354234 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje 2 A01 01 JB code 205354235 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut 3 A01 01 JB code 504354236 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia 01 01 JB code scl.88.p1 06 10.1075/scl.88.p1 8 182 175 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Corpus linguistics and corpus building Part I. Corpus linguistics and corpus building 01 01 JB code scl.88.02esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.02esi 8 35 28 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1.1. What is corpus linguistics? Chapter 1.1. What is corpus linguistics? 1 A01 01 JB code 655354237 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 2 A01 01 JB code 25354238 Susan Hunston Hunston, Susan Susan Hunston University of Birmingham 01 01 JB code scl.88.03fuc 06 10.1075/scl.88.03fuc 38 69 32 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 1.2. Corpus-based research on English in Africa Chapter 1.2. Corpus-based research on English in Africa 01 04 A practical introduction A practical introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 951354239 Robert Fuchs Fuchs, Robert Robert Fuchs University of Hamburg 2 A01 01 JB code 22354240 Bertus Rooy Rooy, Bertus Bertus Rooy North-West University 3 A01 01 JB code 484354241 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Münster 01 01 JB code scl.88.04esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.04esi 72 96 25 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 1.3. The purpose, design and use of the Corpus of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) Chapter 1.3. The purpose, design and use of the Corpus of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) 1 A01 01 JB code 114354242 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 01 01 JB code scl.88.05ste 06 10.1075/scl.88.05ste 98 117 20 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 1.4. Introducing a corpus of English(es) spoken in post-independence Namibia Chapter 1.4. Introducing a corpus of English(es) spoken in post-independence Namibia 01 04 Insights into corpus design and quantitative analyses Insights into corpus design and quantitative analyses 1 A01 01 JB code 234354243 Helene Steigertahl Steigertahl, Helene Helene Steigertahl Bayreuth University 01 01 JB code scl.88.06bra 06 10.1075/scl.88.06bra 120 141 22 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 1.5. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) Chapter 1.5. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) 01 04 Motivation, compilation, opportunities Motivation, compilation, opportunities 1 A01 01 JB code 844354244 Thorsten Brato Brato, Thorsten Thorsten Brato University of Regensburg 01 01 JB code scl.88.07ozo 06 10.1075/scl.88.07ozo 144 164 21 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 1.6. Addressing a coverage gap in African Englishes Chapter 1.6. Addressing a coverage gap in African Englishes 01 04 The tagged corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English The tagged corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English 1 A01 01 JB code 798354245 Gabriel Ozón Ozón, Gabriel Gabriel Ozón University of Sheffield 2 A01 01 JB code 118354246 Sarah FitzGerald FitzGerald, Sarah Sarah FitzGerald University of Sussex 3 A01 01 JB code 688354247 Melanie Green Green, Melanie Melanie Green University of Sussex 01 01 JB code scl.88.08nke 06 10.1075/scl.88.08nke 166 182 17 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 1.7. Practical corpus linguistics Chapter 1.7. Practical corpus linguistics 01 04 Designing and exploiting a written corpus for research with special reference to Cameroon English Designing and exploiting a written corpus for research with special reference to Cameroon English 1 A01 01 JB code 331354248 Daniel Nkemleke Nkemleke, Daniel Daniel Nkemleke University of Yaoundé I 01 01 JB code scl.88.p2 06 10.1075/scl.88.p2 186 328 143 Section header 11 01 04 Part II. Corpus-based analysis of African Englishes Part II. Corpus-based analysis of African Englishes 01 01 JB code scl.88.09van 06 10.1075/scl.88.09van 186 204 19 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 2.1. Evaluating explanations for past-time reference with unmarked verb forms in African Englishes Chapter 2.1. Evaluating explanations for past-time reference with unmarked verb forms in African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 565354249 Bertus Rooy Rooy, Bertus Bertus Rooy North-West University 01 01 JB code scl.88.10gut 06 10.1075/scl.88.10gut 206 229 24 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 2.2. The use of stance markers in West African Englishes Chapter 2.2. The use of stance markers in West African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 484354250 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Münster 2 A01 01 JB code 559354251 Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah Redeemer's University 01 01 JB code scl.88.11kau 06 10.1075/scl.88.11kau 232 258 27 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 2.3. Namibian English on the web Chapter 2.3. Namibian English on the web 01 04 Lexical and morphosyntactic features in a Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON) Lexical and morphosyntactic features in a Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON) 1 A01 01 JB code 820354252 Alexander Kautzsch Kautzsch, Alexander Alexander Kautzsch University of Regensburg 01 01 JB code scl.88.12bra 06 10.1075/scl.88.12bra 260 291 32 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 2.4. Lexical expansion in Ghanaian English from a diachronic perspective Chapter 2.4. Lexical expansion in Ghanaian English from a diachronic perspective 01 04 A structural and semantic analysis A structural and semantic analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 937354253 Thorsten Brato Brato, Thorsten Thorsten Brato University of Regensburg 01 01 JB code scl.88.13isi 06 10.1075/scl.88.13isi 294 328 35 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 2.5. Capturing the lexicon of Ugandan English Chapter 2.5. Capturing the lexicon of Ugandan English 01 04 ICE-Uganda, its limitations, and effective complements ICE-Uganda, its limitations, and effective complements 1 A01 01 JB code 564354254 Bebwa Isingoma Isingoma, Bebwa Bebwa Isingoma Gulu University 2 A01 01 JB code 151354255 Christiane Meierkord Meierkord, Christiane Christiane Meierkord Ruhr-University of Bochum 01 01 JB code scl.88.p3 06 10.1075/scl.88.p3 332 399 68 Section header 17 01 04 Part III. Applications of corpora in English language teaching and learning Part III. Applications of corpora in English language teaching and learning 01 01 JB code scl.88.14iya 06 10.1075/scl.88.14iya 332 353 22 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 3.1. A corpus-based analysis of conjunctive cohesion in English essays of Nigerian university learners Chapter 3.1. A corpus-based analysis of conjunctive cohesion in English essays of Nigerian university learners 1 A01 01 JB code 85354256 Adeyemi Iyabo Iyabo, Adeyemi Adeyemi Iyabo North-West University 01 01 JB code scl.88.15sch 06 10.1075/scl.88.15sch 356 372 17 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 3.2. African corpora for standards in African academic English Chapter 3.2. African corpora for standards in African academic English 01 04 Case studies on prepositions Case studies on prepositions 1 A01 01 JB code 232354257 Josef J. Schmied Schmied, Josef J. Josef J. Schmied Chemnitz University of Technology 01 01 JB code scl.88.16ant 06 10.1075/scl.88.16ant 374 399 26 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 3.3. Semiotic signature of transformation in a diachronic corpus of a South African political party Chapter 3.3. Semiotic signature of transformation in a diachronic corpus of a South African political party 1 A01 01 JB code 44354258 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia University of the Western Cape 2 A01 01 JB code 380354259 Tamsyn Hendricks Hendricks, Tamsyn Tamsyn Hendricks University of the Western Cape 01 01 JB code scl.88.index 06 10.1075/scl.88.index 401 401 1 Miscellaneous 21 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20190213 C 2019 John Benjamins D 2019 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027202192 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 824018693 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SCL 88 Hb 15 9789027202192 06 10.1075/scl.88 13 2018047817 00 BB 08 880 gr 10 01 JB code SCL 02 1388-0373 02 88.00 01 02 Studies in Corpus Linguistics Studies in Corpus Linguistics 01 01 Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes 1 B01 01 JB code 235328965 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/235328965 2 B01 01 JB code 951328966 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Munster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/951328966 3 B01 01 JB code 518328967 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia University of the Western Cape 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/518328967 01 eng 11 413 03 03 ix 03 00 403 03 01 23 427/.96 03 2019 PE3401 04 English language--Variation--Africa. 04 English language--Africa. 04 Languages in contact. 04 Corpora (Linguistics)--Case studies. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 01 06 02 00 This volume comprises descriptions of the many new corpus initiatives both within and outside Africa that aim to compile various corpora of African Englishes. 03 00 Corpus linguistics has become one of the most widely used methodologies across the different linguistic subdisciplines; especially the study of world-wide varieties of English uses corpus-based investigations as one of the chief methodologies. This volume comprises descriptions of the many new corpus initiatives both within and outside Africa that aim to compile various corpora of African Englishes. Moreover, it contains cutting-edge corpus-based research on African Englishes and the use of corpora in pedagogic contexts within African institutions. This volume thus serves both as a practical introduction to corpus compilation (Part I of the book), corpus-based research (Part II) and the application of corpora in language teaching (Part III), and is intended both for those researchers not yet familiar with corpus linguistics and as a reference work for all international researchers investigating the linguistic properties of African Englishes. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/scl.88.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027202192.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027202192.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/scl.88.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/scl.88.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/scl.88.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/scl.88.hb.png 01 01 JB code scl.88.pre 06 10.1075/scl.88.pre ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 1 A01 01 JB code 344343961 Douglas Biber Biber, Douglas Douglas Biber 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/344343961 01 01 JB code scl.88.01esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.01esi 1 4 4 Chapter 2 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Corpus linguistics and African Englishes Corpus linguistics and African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 898354234 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/898354234 2 A01 01 JB code 205354235 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/205354235 3 A01 01 JB code 504354236 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/504354236 01 01 JB code scl.88.p1 06 10.1075/scl.88.p1 8 182 175 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Corpus linguistics and corpus building Part I. Corpus linguistics and corpus building 01 01 JB code scl.88.02esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.02esi 7 36 30 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1.1. What is corpus linguistics? Chapter 1.1. What is corpus linguistics? 1 A01 01 JB code 655354237 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/655354237 2 A01 01 JB code 25354238 Susan Hunston Hunston, Susan Susan Hunston University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/25354238 03 00

Corpus Linguistics has made great strides in language research and teaching but it is only fairly known, and thus its potentials lost, to many African academics and linguistic communities. The aim of this chapter is to introduce corpus linguistics to those African researchers and others who are not yet familiar with, or have limited knowledge of, the field and who are interested in using this method for linguistic analysis. The chapter introduces the concept of corpus linguistics (Section 1), explains some of the key terms and concepts used in it (Section 2), and considers the types of corpora, as well as the scope and applications of corpus linguistics (Section 3).

01 01 JB code scl.88.03fuc 06 10.1075/scl.88.03fuc 37 70 34 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 1.2. Corpus-based research on English in Africa Chapter 1.2. Corpus-based research on English in Africa 01 04 A practical introduction A practical introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 951354239 Robert Fuchs Fuchs, Robert Robert Fuchs University of Hamburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/951354239 2 A01 01 JB code 22354240 Bertus Rooy Rooy, Bertus Bertus Rooy North-West University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/22354240 3 A01 01 JB code 484354241 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/484354241 03 00

This chapter provides linguists and students not yet familiar with corpus-based research on varieties of English in Africa with a practical introduction to the field. After explaining the rationale and aims of corpus-based research on varieties of English (in Africa), we introduce methods, tools and resources commonly used and applied in the field in order to provide readers with a point of entry into the field. Most of the corpora and software that are introduced can be obtained free of charge. The software is introduced in a practical way to permit readers to use it in their own research. The application and value of corpus linguistics are exemplified with three case studies. These examples are based in part on previous research, retracing the methodological steps, but are also expanded with more data from across Africa. Case study 1 shows how corpora allow researchers to investigate lexical differences between African varieties of English, arguably an area that is amenable to scholarly inquiry with relatively limited methodological means. Case study 2 considers a grammatical phenomenon, the present perfect in African Englishes, and demonstrates how a corpus tagged for parts of speech permits syntactic analyses. Case study 3 illustrates the analysis of a phonological corpus with an investigation of the optional deletion of the phoneme /h/ in words such as house in Nigerian English. The chapter concludes with recommendations for further reading, allowing readers to explore selected topics in more depth according to their interests.

01 01 JB code scl.88.04esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.04esi 71 96 26 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 1.3. The purpose, design and use of the Corpus of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) Chapter 1.3. The purpose, design and use of the Corpus of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) 1 A01 01 JB code 114354242 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/114354242 03 00

This chapter reports on a new learner corpus project, describes its purpose and design, and demonstrates its use: the error-annotated corpus of 442,939 words of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) (Esimaje 2016). The aim of the project is to produce a resource for measuring learners’ language development and to enhance the teaching-learning process. The corpus data comprises the language output of 998 students; 383 university and 615 secondary students. The specific uses of the corpus to explore lexical form and tense usages by learners in Nigeria and Cameroon are shown. Corpus analysis reveals, for instance, that the lexical form of capitalisation and tense are hard to learn, and therefore remain learning needs in the contexts.

01 01 JB code scl.88.05ste 06 10.1075/scl.88.05ste 97 118 22 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 1.4. Introducing a corpus of English(es) spoken in post-independence Namibia Chapter 1.4. Introducing a corpus of English(es) spoken in post-independence Namibia 01 04 Insights into corpus design and quantitative analyses Insights into corpus design and quantitative analyses 1 A01 01 JB code 234354243 Helene Steigertahl Steigertahl, Helene Helene Steigertahl Bayreuth University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/234354243 03 00

The possibility of an evolving “Namibian English” was already suggested more than 30 years ago (Chamberlain 1981: 46). However, detailed analyses of the English(es) used in Namibia were only recently initiated (e.g. Otaala 2006; Buschfeld & Kautzsch 2014; Kautzsch & Schröder 2016; Steigertahl 2017). The present chapter adds to previous research on morphosyntactic structures, introducing the Corpus of English(es) Spoken by Black Namibians post Independence (ESBNaPI). First, the Namibian linguistic situation will be introduced before procedures of data collection and methodology will be presented. Afterwards, morphosyntactic examples from the corpus will be given and compared to South African English(es) (SAE) to address potential generalizations of post-Independence English(es). The overall goal is to raise awareness of corpus resources in southern Africa.

01 01 JB code scl.88.06bra 06 10.1075/scl.88.06bra 119 142 24 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 1.5. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) Chapter 1.5. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) 01 04 Motivation, compilation, opportunities Motivation, compilation, opportunities 1 A01 01 JB code 844354244 Thorsten Brato Brato, Thorsten Thorsten Brato University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/844354244 03 00

This chapter discusses various aspects relevant to the compilation of the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana), a 600,000-word corpus of written Ghanaian English (GhE) from the period 1966 to 1975. The corpus captures written GhE in the early years of its nativization phase and by comparison to the relevant sections of the Ghanaian component of ICE makes it possible to trace structural nativization in real time. The paper addresses the motivation for such a corpus and shows how methodological and theoretical concerns and challenges have affected the final corpus design. The paper is rounded off with contemporary examples of GhE.

01 01 JB code scl.88.07ozo 06 10.1075/scl.88.07ozo 143 164 22 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 1.6. Addressing a coverage gap in African Englishes Chapter 1.6. Addressing a coverage gap in African Englishes 01 04 The tagged corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English The tagged corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English 1 A01 01 JB code 798354245 Gabriel Ozón Ozón, Gabriel Gabriel Ozón University of Sheffield 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/798354245 2 A01 01 JB code 118354246 Sarah FitzGerald FitzGerald, Sarah Sarah FitzGerald University of Sussex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/118354246 3 A01 01 JB code 688354247 Melanie Green Green, Melanie Melanie Green University of Sussex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/688354247 03 00

This paper illustrates the uses of a tagged corpus of spoken Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE), which has recently been finalised (Ozón et al. 2017) and made available online (Green et al. 2016). The corpus consists of 240,000 words, with mark-up and part-of-speech-tagging. Text categories and proportions of monologue/dialogue are guided by those of the ICE project (Nelson 1996), making the CPE corpus comparable with existing corpora of post-colonial Englishes. This tagged corpus offers an invaluable resource for the investigation of CPE, particularly in addressing issues of multifunctionality in pidgin or creole languages. We introduce the dataset and present case studies illustrating its potential uses, in order to highlight the usefulness of this freely accessible resource for research on African languages.

01 01 JB code scl.88.08nke 06 10.1075/scl.88.08nke 165 182 18 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 1.7. Practical corpus linguistics Chapter 1.7. Practical corpus linguistics 01 04 Designing and exploiting a written corpus for research with special reference to Cameroon English Designing and exploiting a written corpus for research with special reference to Cameroon English 1 A01 01 JB code 331354248 Daniel Nkemleke Nkemleke, Daniel Daniel Nkemleke University of Yaoundé I 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331354248 03 00

One major contribution of the corpus-based approach to language study is the facility with which linguists can access large amounts of data and search for regularities across text types and varieties of English on the basis of observed frequencies. Such regularities of features, if based on well-designed and/or specialised corpora, can be useful for classroom activities and material design. This chapter describes the basic steps involved in corpus design and corpus exploitation. Section 1 defines the corpus and briefly states the relevance of investigating English second language (ESL) varieties via a corpus. Section 2 describes key steps involved in simple corpus compilation and how students can compile their own corpora for research. Section 3 presents results of two studies on the frequency and use of modals in the corpus of Cameroonian English. These results are intended to illustrate the point that the corpus approach is indispensable if certain types of linguistic information are investigated in a particular variety.

01 01 JB code scl.88.p2 06 10.1075/scl.88.p2 186 328 143 Section header 11 01 04 Part II. Corpus-based analysis of African Englishes Part II. Corpus-based analysis of African Englishes 01 01 JB code scl.88.09van 06 10.1075/scl.88.09van 185 204 20 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 2.1. Evaluating explanations for past-time reference with unmarked verb forms in African Englishes Chapter 2.1. Evaluating explanations for past-time reference with unmarked verb forms in African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 565354249 Bertus Rooy Rooy, Bertus Bertus Rooy North-West University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/565354249 03 00

Previous research suggests that some varieties of English in Africa do not mark the past tense consistently with an inflectional suffix. Various explanations are offered for this state of affairs, including the option of the historical present tense, non-marking because the context already makes clear that the verb denotes a past event, phonological reduction, and limited English language proficiency. This chapter reports on a corpus analysis of spoken conversation in Nigerian English and Black South African English, which indicates that the non-marking of the past tense occurs in about one in every five contexts where an event in the past is represented. However, no convincing support is found for any of the explanations in the previous research on the topic.

01 01 JB code scl.88.10gut 06 10.1075/scl.88.10gut 205 230 26 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 2.2. The use of stance markers in West African Englishes Chapter 2.2. The use of stance markers in West African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 484354250 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/484354250 2 A01 01 JB code 559354251 Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah Redeemer's University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/559354251 03 00

This chapter investigates the extent of similarity in the use of stance markers in two national varieties of West African English, Nigerian English and Ghanaian English, and compares them to British English. The frequency and stylistic variability of four semantic groups of stance markers were examined in ICE-Nigeria and ICE-Ghana and compared with ICE-Great Britain. The results are mixed: the two West African varieties show an overall lower frequency of stance markers compared to British English but the speakers of the two West African English varieties do not demonstrate lower stylistic variability in the use of stance markers across different text types. Notwithstanding, there are systematic differences in stance marker usage between the two West African English varieties.

01 01 JB code scl.88.11kau 06 10.1075/scl.88.11kau 231 258 28 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 2.3. Namibian English on the web Chapter 2.3. Namibian English on the web 01 04 Lexical and morphosyntactic features in a Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON) Lexical and morphosyntactic features in a Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON) 1 A01 01 JB code 820354252 Alexander Kautzsch Kautzsch, Alexander Alexander Kautzsch University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/820354252 03 00

The present chapter introduces the Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON), which encompasses the contents of seventeen news sources as available on the Internet from May to June 2016. These sources add up to roughly 44 million words of text. The corpus was compiled to facilitate taking a systematic account of the lexical and structural properties of Namibian English, which have not been investigated to date. This chapter focusses on the technical details of the compilation process of CNamON as well as its set-up and its usefulness for linguistic research. To demonstrate the corpus’ potential for analyses on the linguistic levels of lexis and (morpho-)syntax, both a qualitative stock-taking and exemplary quantitative analyses of structural characteristics of English in Namibia are provided.

01 01 JB code scl.88.12bra 06 10.1075/scl.88.12bra 259 292 34 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 2.4. Lexical expansion in Ghanaian English from a diachronic perspective Chapter 2.4. Lexical expansion in Ghanaian English from a diachronic perspective 01 04 A structural and semantic analysis A structural and semantic analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 937354253 Thorsten Brato Brato, Thorsten Thorsten Brato University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/937354253 03 00

This chapter provides a real-time structural and semantic analysis of lexical expansion in the Nativization phase of Ghanaian English based on the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) and the written-printed sections of the Ghanaian component of ICE. Taking a comprehensive list of previously attested ‘Ghanaianisms’ – innovative lexical items of English and local origin – as a starting point, the paper shows that traditional word-formation processes like derivation or compounding play only a subordinate role and that semantic shift is the most important process used in both periods. While the corpora are comparatively small for lexical research, the results still provide a useful starting point to better our understanding of how Ghanaian English has evolved over the past 40 years.

01 01 JB code scl.88.13isi 06 10.1075/scl.88.13isi 293 328 36 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 2.5. Capturing the lexicon of Ugandan English Chapter 2.5. Capturing the lexicon of Ugandan English 01 04 ICE-Uganda, its limitations, and effective complements ICE-Uganda, its limitations, and effective complements 1 A01 01 JB code 564354254 Bebwa Isingoma Isingoma, Bebwa Bebwa Isingoma Gulu University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/564354254 2 A01 01 JB code 151354255 Christiane Meierkord Meierkord, Christiane Christiane Meierkord Ruhr-University of Bochum 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/151354255 03 00

This paper discusses corpus linguistics as one method to investigate the lexicon of Ugandan English, which is characterised by borrowing, calquing, semantic extension, narrowing, and shift. It documents how analysing a well-balanced corpus, such as the Uganda component of the International Corpus of English, allows for a contextualisation of observations made from current uses of English and for an assessment of the textual genres in which such innovations occur. At the same time, it critically discusses the limitations and biases associated with a comparatively small corpus and argues for a multi-method approach that involves using larger, though less well controlled, corpora as well as supplementing corpus analyses with experimental data, which tap into the spread of lexical innovations.

01 01 JB code scl.88.p3 06 10.1075/scl.88.p3 332 399 68 Section header 17 01 04 Part III. Applications of corpora in English language teaching and learning Part III. Applications of corpora in English language teaching and learning 01 01 JB code scl.88.14iya 06 10.1075/scl.88.14iya 331 354 24 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 3.1. A corpus-based analysis of conjunctive cohesion in English essays of Nigerian university learners Chapter 3.1. A corpus-based analysis of conjunctive cohesion in English essays of Nigerian university learners 1 A01 01 JB code 85354256 Adeyemi Iyabo Iyabo, Adeyemi Adeyemi Iyabo North-West University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/85354256 03 00

The study examines the use of conjunctions in written texts by Nigerian university learners. It uses the corpus-based method and instruments to compare the Nigerian Learner English Corpus (NLEC)’s use of conjunctions to their native counterparts in Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). The analysis shows additive conjunctions have the highest frequency of use by the two learner groups, while causal, adversative and temporal conjunctions have below average usage. The learners repeatedly used particular conjunctions and underused others within the same category. The study concludes that the advanced learners do not display the optimal awareness of the various alternative conjunctive items available within the different groups to create stylistic variation in their texts for enhanced cohesion and overall coherence.

01 01 JB code scl.88.15sch 06 10.1075/scl.88.15sch 355 372 18 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 3.2. African corpora for standards in African academic English Chapter 3.2. African corpora for standards in African academic English 01 04 Case studies on prepositions Case studies on prepositions 1 A01 01 JB code 232354257 Josef J. Schmied Schmied, Josef J. Josef J. Schmied Chemnitz University of Technology 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/232354257 03 00

This contribution proposes to replace the traditional native-speaker model at African universities with a sophisticated and stratified corpus model of nation-, university- and department-specific usage. It illustrates that the long-discussed realistic “national standard” may be possible – at least for restricted domains at advanced levels such as postgraduate studies. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of prepositions and their variation in three case studies shows that there is some flexibility in preposition usage: cases where different preposition choices can be explained by equally valid cognitive principles, cases where the addition of prepositions may be acceptable because this adds explicitness (which may be preferred in non-native contexts) and cases where prepositions may appear redundant since there is no choice and no semantic opposition. Although sociolinguistic values and attitudes may be necessary complements to linguistic frequency analyses, a careful corpus-linguistic study of prepositional choices irrespective of standardised native conventions is the basis for all discussions of new functional standards for African English.

01 01 JB code scl.88.16ant 06 10.1075/scl.88.16ant 373 400 28 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 3.3. Semiotic signature of transformation in a diachronic corpus of a South African political party Chapter 3.3. Semiotic signature of transformation in a diachronic corpus of a South African political party 1 A01 01 JB code 44354258 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia University of the Western Cape 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/44354258 2 A01 01 JB code 380354259 Tamsyn Hendricks Hendricks, Tamsyn Tamsyn Hendricks University of the Western Cape 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/380354259 03 00

Corpus analysis has become established as an approach to the study of language description or for applied pursuits in language teaching, terminology, and so on. However, because of the social indexicalities of language use, corpora can also inform studies of social phenomena. This chapter draws on social semiotics to argue that, in the analysis of social phenomena, meanings that are socially significant can be read not only from what is said in corpora, but also from a range of other resources, such as names of persons and places as well as language choices made in texts. This chapter thus uses two heuristics, onomastics and discursive mono-/multilingualism, to query a diachronic corpus associated with a South African political party for evidence of whether or not the party has over time become more inclusive, contrary to its discursive positioning by a rival party as an untransformed organisation. The analysis shows evidence of the party opening up to diversity in terms of race, gender, geography, and language choice, but the finding raises the question of the relationship between semiotic evidence and reality.

01 01 JB code scl.88.index 06 10.1075/scl.88.index 401 401 1 Miscellaneous 21 01 04 Index Index
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/scl.88 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20190213 C 2019 John Benjamins D 2019 John Benjamins 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 51 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 99.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 51 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 149.00 USD
908018694 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SCL 88 Eb 15 9789027262936 06 10.1075/scl.88 13 2018051235 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SCL 02 1388-0373 02 88.00 01 02 Studies in Corpus Linguistics Studies in Corpus Linguistics 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-eba-2023 01 02 Compact EBA Collection 2023 (ca. 700 titles, starting 2018) 11 01 JB code jbe-2019 01 02 2019 collection (119 titles) 05 02 2019 collection 01 01 Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes 1 B01 01 JB code 235328965 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/235328965 2 B01 01 JB code 951328966 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Munster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/951328966 3 B01 01 JB code 518328967 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia University of the Western Cape 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/518328967 01 eng 11 413 03 03 ix 03 00 403 03 01 23 427/.96 03 2019 PE3401 04 English language--Variation--Africa. 04 English language--Africa. 04 Languages in contact. 04 Corpora (Linguistics)--Case studies. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 01 06 02 00 This volume comprises descriptions of the many new corpus initiatives both within and outside Africa that aim to compile various corpora of African Englishes. 03 00 Corpus linguistics has become one of the most widely used methodologies across the different linguistic subdisciplines; especially the study of world-wide varieties of English uses corpus-based investigations as one of the chief methodologies. This volume comprises descriptions of the many new corpus initiatives both within and outside Africa that aim to compile various corpora of African Englishes. Moreover, it contains cutting-edge corpus-based research on African Englishes and the use of corpora in pedagogic contexts within African institutions. This volume thus serves both as a practical introduction to corpus compilation (Part I of the book), corpus-based research (Part II) and the application of corpora in language teaching (Part III), and is intended both for those researchers not yet familiar with corpus linguistics and as a reference work for all international researchers investigating the linguistic properties of African Englishes. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/scl.88.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027202192.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027202192.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/scl.88.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/scl.88.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/scl.88.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/scl.88.hb.png 01 01 JB code scl.88.pre 06 10.1075/scl.88.pre ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 1 A01 01 JB code 344343961 Douglas Biber Biber, Douglas Douglas Biber 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/344343961 01 01 JB code scl.88.01esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.01esi 1 4 4 Chapter 2 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Corpus linguistics and African Englishes Corpus linguistics and African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 898354234 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/898354234 2 A01 01 JB code 205354235 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/205354235 3 A01 01 JB code 504354236 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/504354236 01 01 JB code scl.88.p1 06 10.1075/scl.88.p1 8 182 175 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Corpus linguistics and corpus building Part I. Corpus linguistics and corpus building 01 01 JB code scl.88.02esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.02esi 7 36 30 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1.1. What is corpus linguistics? Chapter 1.1. What is corpus linguistics? 1 A01 01 JB code 655354237 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/655354237 2 A01 01 JB code 25354238 Susan Hunston Hunston, Susan Susan Hunston University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/25354238 03 00

Corpus Linguistics has made great strides in language research and teaching but it is only fairly known, and thus its potentials lost, to many African academics and linguistic communities. The aim of this chapter is to introduce corpus linguistics to those African researchers and others who are not yet familiar with, or have limited knowledge of, the field and who are interested in using this method for linguistic analysis. The chapter introduces the concept of corpus linguistics (Section 1), explains some of the key terms and concepts used in it (Section 2), and considers the types of corpora, as well as the scope and applications of corpus linguistics (Section 3).

01 01 JB code scl.88.03fuc 06 10.1075/scl.88.03fuc 37 70 34 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 1.2. Corpus-based research on English in Africa Chapter 1.2. Corpus-based research on English in Africa 01 04 A practical introduction A practical introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 951354239 Robert Fuchs Fuchs, Robert Robert Fuchs University of Hamburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/951354239 2 A01 01 JB code 22354240 Bertus Rooy Rooy, Bertus Bertus Rooy North-West University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/22354240 3 A01 01 JB code 484354241 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/484354241 03 00

This chapter provides linguists and students not yet familiar with corpus-based research on varieties of English in Africa with a practical introduction to the field. After explaining the rationale and aims of corpus-based research on varieties of English (in Africa), we introduce methods, tools and resources commonly used and applied in the field in order to provide readers with a point of entry into the field. Most of the corpora and software that are introduced can be obtained free of charge. The software is introduced in a practical way to permit readers to use it in their own research. The application and value of corpus linguistics are exemplified with three case studies. These examples are based in part on previous research, retracing the methodological steps, but are also expanded with more data from across Africa. Case study 1 shows how corpora allow researchers to investigate lexical differences between African varieties of English, arguably an area that is amenable to scholarly inquiry with relatively limited methodological means. Case study 2 considers a grammatical phenomenon, the present perfect in African Englishes, and demonstrates how a corpus tagged for parts of speech permits syntactic analyses. Case study 3 illustrates the analysis of a phonological corpus with an investigation of the optional deletion of the phoneme /h/ in words such as house in Nigerian English. The chapter concludes with recommendations for further reading, allowing readers to explore selected topics in more depth according to their interests.

01 01 JB code scl.88.04esi 06 10.1075/scl.88.04esi 71 96 26 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 1.3. The purpose, design and use of the Corpus of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) Chapter 1.3. The purpose, design and use of the Corpus of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) 1 A01 01 JB code 114354242 Alexandra U. Esimaje Esimaje, Alexandra U. Alexandra U. Esimaje Benson Idahosa University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/114354242 03 00

This chapter reports on a new learner corpus project, describes its purpose and design, and demonstrates its use: the error-annotated corpus of 442,939 words of Nigerian and Cameroonian English Learner Language (Conacell) (Esimaje 2016). The aim of the project is to produce a resource for measuring learners’ language development and to enhance the teaching-learning process. The corpus data comprises the language output of 998 students; 383 university and 615 secondary students. The specific uses of the corpus to explore lexical form and tense usages by learners in Nigeria and Cameroon are shown. Corpus analysis reveals, for instance, that the lexical form of capitalisation and tense are hard to learn, and therefore remain learning needs in the contexts.

01 01 JB code scl.88.05ste 06 10.1075/scl.88.05ste 97 118 22 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 1.4. Introducing a corpus of English(es) spoken in post-independence Namibia Chapter 1.4. Introducing a corpus of English(es) spoken in post-independence Namibia 01 04 Insights into corpus design and quantitative analyses Insights into corpus design and quantitative analyses 1 A01 01 JB code 234354243 Helene Steigertahl Steigertahl, Helene Helene Steigertahl Bayreuth University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/234354243 03 00

The possibility of an evolving “Namibian English” was already suggested more than 30 years ago (Chamberlain 1981: 46). However, detailed analyses of the English(es) used in Namibia were only recently initiated (e.g. Otaala 2006; Buschfeld & Kautzsch 2014; Kautzsch & Schröder 2016; Steigertahl 2017). The present chapter adds to previous research on morphosyntactic structures, introducing the Corpus of English(es) Spoken by Black Namibians post Independence (ESBNaPI). First, the Namibian linguistic situation will be introduced before procedures of data collection and methodology will be presented. Afterwards, morphosyntactic examples from the corpus will be given and compared to South African English(es) (SAE) to address potential generalizations of post-Independence English(es). The overall goal is to raise awareness of corpus resources in southern Africa.

01 01 JB code scl.88.06bra 06 10.1075/scl.88.06bra 119 142 24 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 1.5. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) Chapter 1.5. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) 01 04 Motivation, compilation, opportunities Motivation, compilation, opportunities 1 A01 01 JB code 844354244 Thorsten Brato Brato, Thorsten Thorsten Brato University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/844354244 03 00

This chapter discusses various aspects relevant to the compilation of the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana), a 600,000-word corpus of written Ghanaian English (GhE) from the period 1966 to 1975. The corpus captures written GhE in the early years of its nativization phase and by comparison to the relevant sections of the Ghanaian component of ICE makes it possible to trace structural nativization in real time. The paper addresses the motivation for such a corpus and shows how methodological and theoretical concerns and challenges have affected the final corpus design. The paper is rounded off with contemporary examples of GhE.

01 01 JB code scl.88.07ozo 06 10.1075/scl.88.07ozo 143 164 22 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 1.6. Addressing a coverage gap in African Englishes Chapter 1.6. Addressing a coverage gap in African Englishes 01 04 The tagged corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English The tagged corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English 1 A01 01 JB code 798354245 Gabriel Ozón Ozón, Gabriel Gabriel Ozón University of Sheffield 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/798354245 2 A01 01 JB code 118354246 Sarah FitzGerald FitzGerald, Sarah Sarah FitzGerald University of Sussex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/118354246 3 A01 01 JB code 688354247 Melanie Green Green, Melanie Melanie Green University of Sussex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/688354247 03 00

This paper illustrates the uses of a tagged corpus of spoken Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE), which has recently been finalised (Ozón et al. 2017) and made available online (Green et al. 2016). The corpus consists of 240,000 words, with mark-up and part-of-speech-tagging. Text categories and proportions of monologue/dialogue are guided by those of the ICE project (Nelson 1996), making the CPE corpus comparable with existing corpora of post-colonial Englishes. This tagged corpus offers an invaluable resource for the investigation of CPE, particularly in addressing issues of multifunctionality in pidgin or creole languages. We introduce the dataset and present case studies illustrating its potential uses, in order to highlight the usefulness of this freely accessible resource for research on African languages.

01 01 JB code scl.88.08nke 06 10.1075/scl.88.08nke 165 182 18 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 1.7. Practical corpus linguistics Chapter 1.7. Practical corpus linguistics 01 04 Designing and exploiting a written corpus for research with special reference to Cameroon English Designing and exploiting a written corpus for research with special reference to Cameroon English 1 A01 01 JB code 331354248 Daniel Nkemleke Nkemleke, Daniel Daniel Nkemleke University of Yaoundé I 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331354248 03 00

One major contribution of the corpus-based approach to language study is the facility with which linguists can access large amounts of data and search for regularities across text types and varieties of English on the basis of observed frequencies. Such regularities of features, if based on well-designed and/or specialised corpora, can be useful for classroom activities and material design. This chapter describes the basic steps involved in corpus design and corpus exploitation. Section 1 defines the corpus and briefly states the relevance of investigating English second language (ESL) varieties via a corpus. Section 2 describes key steps involved in simple corpus compilation and how students can compile their own corpora for research. Section 3 presents results of two studies on the frequency and use of modals in the corpus of Cameroonian English. These results are intended to illustrate the point that the corpus approach is indispensable if certain types of linguistic information are investigated in a particular variety.

01 01 JB code scl.88.p2 06 10.1075/scl.88.p2 186 328 143 Section header 11 01 04 Part II. Corpus-based analysis of African Englishes Part II. Corpus-based analysis of African Englishes 01 01 JB code scl.88.09van 06 10.1075/scl.88.09van 185 204 20 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 2.1. Evaluating explanations for past-time reference with unmarked verb forms in African Englishes Chapter 2.1. Evaluating explanations for past-time reference with unmarked verb forms in African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 565354249 Bertus Rooy Rooy, Bertus Bertus Rooy North-West University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/565354249 03 00

Previous research suggests that some varieties of English in Africa do not mark the past tense consistently with an inflectional suffix. Various explanations are offered for this state of affairs, including the option of the historical present tense, non-marking because the context already makes clear that the verb denotes a past event, phonological reduction, and limited English language proficiency. This chapter reports on a corpus analysis of spoken conversation in Nigerian English and Black South African English, which indicates that the non-marking of the past tense occurs in about one in every five contexts where an event in the past is represented. However, no convincing support is found for any of the explanations in the previous research on the topic.

01 01 JB code scl.88.10gut 06 10.1075/scl.88.10gut 205 230 26 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 2.2. The use of stance markers in West African Englishes Chapter 2.2. The use of stance markers in West African Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 484354250 Ulrike Gut Gut, Ulrike Ulrike Gut University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/484354250 2 A01 01 JB code 559354251 Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah Redeemer's University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/559354251 03 00

This chapter investigates the extent of similarity in the use of stance markers in two national varieties of West African English, Nigerian English and Ghanaian English, and compares them to British English. The frequency and stylistic variability of four semantic groups of stance markers were examined in ICE-Nigeria and ICE-Ghana and compared with ICE-Great Britain. The results are mixed: the two West African varieties show an overall lower frequency of stance markers compared to British English but the speakers of the two West African English varieties do not demonstrate lower stylistic variability in the use of stance markers across different text types. Notwithstanding, there are systematic differences in stance marker usage between the two West African English varieties.

01 01 JB code scl.88.11kau 06 10.1075/scl.88.11kau 231 258 28 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 2.3. Namibian English on the web Chapter 2.3. Namibian English on the web 01 04 Lexical and morphosyntactic features in a Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON) Lexical and morphosyntactic features in a Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON) 1 A01 01 JB code 820354252 Alexander Kautzsch Kautzsch, Alexander Alexander Kautzsch University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/820354252 03 00

The present chapter introduces the Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers (CNamON), which encompasses the contents of seventeen news sources as available on the Internet from May to June 2016. These sources add up to roughly 44 million words of text. The corpus was compiled to facilitate taking a systematic account of the lexical and structural properties of Namibian English, which have not been investigated to date. This chapter focusses on the technical details of the compilation process of CNamON as well as its set-up and its usefulness for linguistic research. To demonstrate the corpus’ potential for analyses on the linguistic levels of lexis and (morpho-)syntax, both a qualitative stock-taking and exemplary quantitative analyses of structural characteristics of English in Namibia are provided.

01 01 JB code scl.88.12bra 06 10.1075/scl.88.12bra 259 292 34 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 2.4. Lexical expansion in Ghanaian English from a diachronic perspective Chapter 2.4. Lexical expansion in Ghanaian English from a diachronic perspective 01 04 A structural and semantic analysis A structural and semantic analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 937354253 Thorsten Brato Brato, Thorsten Thorsten Brato University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/937354253 03 00

This chapter provides a real-time structural and semantic analysis of lexical expansion in the Nativization phase of Ghanaian English based on the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) and the written-printed sections of the Ghanaian component of ICE. Taking a comprehensive list of previously attested ‘Ghanaianisms’ – innovative lexical items of English and local origin – as a starting point, the paper shows that traditional word-formation processes like derivation or compounding play only a subordinate role and that semantic shift is the most important process used in both periods. While the corpora are comparatively small for lexical research, the results still provide a useful starting point to better our understanding of how Ghanaian English has evolved over the past 40 years.

01 01 JB code scl.88.13isi 06 10.1075/scl.88.13isi 293 328 36 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 2.5. Capturing the lexicon of Ugandan English Chapter 2.5. Capturing the lexicon of Ugandan English 01 04 ICE-Uganda, its limitations, and effective complements ICE-Uganda, its limitations, and effective complements 1 A01 01 JB code 564354254 Bebwa Isingoma Isingoma, Bebwa Bebwa Isingoma Gulu University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/564354254 2 A01 01 JB code 151354255 Christiane Meierkord Meierkord, Christiane Christiane Meierkord Ruhr-University of Bochum 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/151354255 03 00

This paper discusses corpus linguistics as one method to investigate the lexicon of Ugandan English, which is characterised by borrowing, calquing, semantic extension, narrowing, and shift. It documents how analysing a well-balanced corpus, such as the Uganda component of the International Corpus of English, allows for a contextualisation of observations made from current uses of English and for an assessment of the textual genres in which such innovations occur. At the same time, it critically discusses the limitations and biases associated with a comparatively small corpus and argues for a multi-method approach that involves using larger, though less well controlled, corpora as well as supplementing corpus analyses with experimental data, which tap into the spread of lexical innovations.

01 01 JB code scl.88.p3 06 10.1075/scl.88.p3 332 399 68 Section header 17 01 04 Part III. Applications of corpora in English language teaching and learning Part III. Applications of corpora in English language teaching and learning 01 01 JB code scl.88.14iya 06 10.1075/scl.88.14iya 331 354 24 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 3.1. A corpus-based analysis of conjunctive cohesion in English essays of Nigerian university learners Chapter 3.1. A corpus-based analysis of conjunctive cohesion in English essays of Nigerian university learners 1 A01 01 JB code 85354256 Adeyemi Iyabo Iyabo, Adeyemi Adeyemi Iyabo North-West University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/85354256 03 00

The study examines the use of conjunctions in written texts by Nigerian university learners. It uses the corpus-based method and instruments to compare the Nigerian Learner English Corpus (NLEC)’s use of conjunctions to their native counterparts in Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). The analysis shows additive conjunctions have the highest frequency of use by the two learner groups, while causal, adversative and temporal conjunctions have below average usage. The learners repeatedly used particular conjunctions and underused others within the same category. The study concludes that the advanced learners do not display the optimal awareness of the various alternative conjunctive items available within the different groups to create stylistic variation in their texts for enhanced cohesion and overall coherence.

01 01 JB code scl.88.15sch 06 10.1075/scl.88.15sch 355 372 18 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 3.2. African corpora for standards in African academic English Chapter 3.2. African corpora for standards in African academic English 01 04 Case studies on prepositions Case studies on prepositions 1 A01 01 JB code 232354257 Josef J. Schmied Schmied, Josef J. Josef J. Schmied Chemnitz University of Technology 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/232354257 03 00

This contribution proposes to replace the traditional native-speaker model at African universities with a sophisticated and stratified corpus model of nation-, university- and department-specific usage. It illustrates that the long-discussed realistic “national standard” may be possible – at least for restricted domains at advanced levels such as postgraduate studies. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of prepositions and their variation in three case studies shows that there is some flexibility in preposition usage: cases where different preposition choices can be explained by equally valid cognitive principles, cases where the addition of prepositions may be acceptable because this adds explicitness (which may be preferred in non-native contexts) and cases where prepositions may appear redundant since there is no choice and no semantic opposition. Although sociolinguistic values and attitudes may be necessary complements to linguistic frequency analyses, a careful corpus-linguistic study of prepositional choices irrespective of standardised native conventions is the basis for all discussions of new functional standards for African English.

01 01 JB code scl.88.16ant 06 10.1075/scl.88.16ant 373 400 28 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 3.3. Semiotic signature of transformation in a diachronic corpus of a South African political party Chapter 3.3. Semiotic signature of transformation in a diachronic corpus of a South African political party 1 A01 01 JB code 44354258 Bassey E. Antia Antia, Bassey E. Bassey E. Antia University of the Western Cape 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/44354258 2 A01 01 JB code 380354259 Tamsyn Hendricks Hendricks, Tamsyn Tamsyn Hendricks University of the Western Cape 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/380354259 03 00

Corpus analysis has become established as an approach to the study of language description or for applied pursuits in language teaching, terminology, and so on. However, because of the social indexicalities of language use, corpora can also inform studies of social phenomena. This chapter draws on social semiotics to argue that, in the analysis of social phenomena, meanings that are socially significant can be read not only from what is said in corpora, but also from a range of other resources, such as names of persons and places as well as language choices made in texts. This chapter thus uses two heuristics, onomastics and discursive mono-/multilingualism, to query a diachronic corpus associated with a South African political party for evidence of whether or not the party has over time become more inclusive, contrary to its discursive positioning by a rival party as an untransformed organisation. The analysis shows evidence of the party opening up to diversity in terms of race, gender, geography, and language choice, but the finding raises the question of the relationship between semiotic evidence and reality.

01 01 JB code scl.88.index 06 10.1075/scl.88.index 401 401 1 Miscellaneous 21 01 04 Index Index
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/scl.88 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20190213 C 2019 John Benjamins D 2019 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027202192 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027262936 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD