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17006872 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SFSL 57 Eb 15 9789027292803 06 10.1075/sfsl.57 13 2006043042 DG 002 02 01 SFSL 02 1385-7916 Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics 57 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Advances in Functional Linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Columbia School beyond its origins</Subtitle> 01 sfsl.57 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/sfsl.57 1 B01 Joseph Davis Davis, Joseph Joseph Davis The City College of New York 2 B01 Radmila J. Gorup Gorup, Radmila J. Radmila J. Gorup Columbia University 3 B01 Nancy Stern Stern, Nancy Nancy Stern The City College of New York 01 eng 354 x 344 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.FUNCT Functional linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This collection carries the functionalist Columbia School of linguistics forward with contributions on linguistic theory, semiotics, phonology, grammar, lexicon, and anthropology. Columbia School linguistics views language as a symbolic tool whose structure is shaped both by its communicative function and by the characteristics of its users, and considers contextual, pragmatic, physical, and psychological factors in its analyses. This volume builds upon three previous Columbia School anthologies and further explores issues raised in them, including fundamental theoretical and analytical questions. And it raises new issues that take Columbia School “beyond its origins.” The contributions illustrate both consistency since the school’s inception over thirty years ago and innovation spurred by groundbreaking analysis. The volume will be of interest to all functional linguists and historians of linguistics. Languages analyzed include Byelorussian, English, Japanese, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, and Swahili. 05 This volume represents a welcome addition to the literature on functional linguistics from the perspective of one of the most radically ambitious and creative groups of linguists in the field. The papers analyzing the group’s origins in the thinking of Saussure and Diver provide a valuable historical foundation. The inclusion of papers on both grammar and phonology testifies to the maturity and wide theoretical relevance of the approach, and the excursus into areas beyond language testifies to the breadth of its applicability for anthropological thinking. Ricardo Otheguy, Program in Linguistics, Graduate Center, City University of New York 05 All linguists — of whatever theoretical persuasion or language area — need to read this rich and valuable book. Whatever you believe as a linguist, you will learn things here that you will not learn elsewhere, including both linguistic data and explanations of the sort simply not offered in other approaches, formal or functional. Optimality theorists, take note! Generative, Cognitive, and Grammaticalization theorists, take note! Robert S. Kirsner, Professor of Dutch and Afrikaans, University of California, Los Angeles 05 For all linguists, familiar or not with the Columbia School approach to linguistic analysis, this volume is an invitation to revisit and reconsider many, perhaps most, fundamental goals and concepts in linguistics which are taken for granted and/or often ignored by most other approaches. For the first time an entire volume is devoted exclusively to an inside conversation among practitioners of the Columbia School. Eavesdroppers from other theoretical practices will find much of value in the issues raised, for the insights offered by both the general theoretical discussions and internal debates within this school, on one hand, and the particular analyses proposed for a variety of languages. Benji Wald, Research Scientist, formerly Professor of Linguistics at UCLA, National Center for Bilingual Research, Speech Systems Inc. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/sfsl.57.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027215666.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027215666.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/sfsl.57.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/sfsl.57.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/sfsl.57.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/sfsl.57.hb.png 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.01lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.02dav 1 15 15 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Consistency and Change in Columbia School Linguistics</Subtitle> 1 A01 Joseph Davis Davis, Joseph Joseph Davis 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.03lin Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Linguistic</b> <b>Theory</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.04rei 17 39 23 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Columbia School and Saussure’s langue</TitleText> 1 A01 Wallis Reid Reid, Wallis Wallis Reid 01 This paper argues that William Diver’s signal-meaning pair is Saussure’s <i>signe linguistique </i>in all basic respects, and that Diver’s innovation of a grammatical system is the functional equivalent of Saussure’s <i>langue</i>. Thus Columbia School linguistics rests squarely on a Saussurean foundation. In the course of making this case, this paper proposes a resolution of the apparent contradiction between Saussure’s definition of the linguistic sign in terms of substance – the union of concept and acoustic image – and his dictum that “<i>la langue </i>is a form not a substance”. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.05huf 41 62 22 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Diver’s Theory</TitleText> 1 A01 Alan Huffman Huffman, Alan Alan Huffman 01 Diver’s “Theory” (1995) is the most comprehensive and, in fact, the final statement by the founder of the Columbia School of that school’s contribution to an understanding of the essential nature of language. The unifying idea that runs through this statement is Diver’s insistence that a theory of language consist of a set of conclusions drawn from a body of individual analytical successes, that it not be a collection of <i>a priori </i>categories and speculations. Diver’s anti-apriorism opens the way to understanding the workings of language in terms of innovative and language-specific categories, and it brings the normal practice of linguistics into line with that of other natural sciences. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.06pho Section header 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Phonology</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.07tob 63 86 24 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology as human behavior</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Inflectional systems in English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Yishai Tobin Tobin, Yishai Yishai Tobin 01 This paper summarizes the theory and methodology of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB) (or Columbia School Phonology) and applies it to the inflectional morphology of English both synchronically and diachronically. The basic hypothesis is that inflectional morphology is both functional and frequent and should therefore be composed of phonemes that are unmarked or relatively easy to make. My second hypothesis is that this tendency for favoring unmarked phonemes in inflectional morphology should increase over time. I examine the phonological components of the inflectional morphology of Modern English and compare them with the phonological components of the inflectional morphology of Old and Middle English and then trace the parallel development of inflectional morphology in Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic to Old English. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.08tob 87 105 19 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonological processes of Japanese based on the theory of phonology as human behavior</TitleText> 1 A01 Yishai Tobin Tobin, Yishai Yishai Tobin 2 A01 Haruko Miyakoda Miyakoda, Haruko Haruko Miyakoda 01 By analyzing speech errors (normal and pathological) and loanwords of Japanese within the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior, we seek to account for why processes such as substitution occur as they do by referring to the “struggle” between speakers’ desire for maximum communication (the communication factor) and minimal effort (the human factor). We conclude that (1) the error patterns or the processes observed in loanword adaptations are not random but motivated and that clinical phonology represents a more extreme version of the “mini-max” struggle where the human factor overrides the communication factor; (2) the communicative forces found within different word positions have a great influence on how and where the phonological processes of loanwords occur. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.09dre 107 130 24 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology as human behavior</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A combinatory phonology of Byelorussian</Subtitle> 1 A01 Igor Dreer Dreer, Igor Igor Dreer 01 This paper applies the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior to an analysis of the distribution of consonants in monosyllabic words in Byelorussian. Like other languages, Byelorussian shows a direct connection between the effort that speakers make to control the active articulators, involved in the production of phonemes, and the favorings or the disfavorings of these phonemes in various phonotactic distributions. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.10dek 131 141 11 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology as human behavior</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Peninsular Spanish</Subtitle> 1 A01 Adriaan Dekker Dekker, Adriaan Adriaan Dekker 2 A01 Bob de Jonge Jonge, Bob de Bob de Jonge 01 The authors analyze the distribution in the lexicon of nine Peninsular Spanish consonants (/p, t, k, b, d, g, f, ?, ?/) within the framework of Phonology as Human Behavior with respect to two hypothesised factors: Complexity of Articulation and Visibility. In general, the observed distribution of the uncombined consonants is according to the hypotheses tested. However, one member, /k/, occurs more frequently than would be expected. The authors show that /k/ belongs to a particular subset of consonants in Spanish, which might explain a relative favoring, but they also observe that /k/ appears to be more frequent in other languages as well. It appears that another factor, the Size of Cavity, might play a decisive role. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.11jou 143 161 19 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Functional motivations for the sound patterns of English non-lexical Interjections</TitleText> 1 A01 Gina Joue Joue, Gina Gina Joue 2 A01 Nikolinka Collier Collier, Nikolinka Nikolinka Collier 01 Non-lexical interjections have been the focus of much research, but their apparent complexities, functional variations, and lack of content have led to different approaches to annotation and classification. This paper argues that they are discourse particles that function with strong cognitive linguistic bases and regularities in communication. They may have appeared as so complexly varied because they were assumed to be paralinguistic phenomena. We investigate our claims on two spontaneous speech corpora of English. In classifying these interjections into a taxonomy of discourse functions and using methods based on Phonology as Human Behavior, we find an interaction between the sound pattern of an interjection and its function in discourse, supporting our claim that non-lexical interjections are important linguistic phenomena. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.12dav 163 175 13 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology without the phoneme</TitleText> 1 A01 Joseph Davis Davis, Joseph Joseph Davis 01 In his otherwise radically innovative linguistics (Columbia School), William Diver retained the classical phoneme, defined on the basis of contrastive distribution. He did so despite his rejection of most of the apparatus of traditional, descriptivist, and contemporary linguistics, and despite wellknown analytical difficulties. Diver evidently saw the phoneme as being required on theoretical grounds, specifically the communicative orientation. Communication, however, does not require contrastive segmental units, and Columbia School phonology need not rely upon the phoneme, which is superfluous to its findings anyway. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.13gra Section header 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Grammar and lexicon</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.14ste 177 194 18 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Tell me about yourself</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A unified account of English-self pronouns</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nancy Stern Stern, Nancy Nancy Stern 01 This paper offers an innovative Columbia School account of English -<i>self </i>pronouns (<i>myself</i>, <i>yourself</i>, etc.). The analysis rejects the view that the distribution of -<i>self </i>pronouns is a reflex of syntactic structure, as well as the traditional characterization of -<i>self </i>as a reflexive pronoun. Instead, -<i>self </i>forms are hypothesized to signal a constant meaning, insistence on a referent, which accounts for the forms’ distribution in authentic texts. This approach has led to the discovery that -<i>self </i>forms contribute to the same types of interpretations across a wide range of different structural contexts, including not only reflexive and emphatic uses, but also <i>like</i>-phrases, picture noun phrases, logophoric uses, conjoined expressions, and other environments. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.15gor 195 209 15 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Se</i> without deixis</TitleText> 1 A01 Radmila J. Gorup Gorup, Radmila J. Radmila J. Gorup 01 Arguing that the distribution of <i>se </i>in Serbo-Croatian cannot be explained by invoking <i>a priori </i>categories <i>reflexive, impersonal, middle voice, </i>etc., this analysis follows García (1983) and Davis (2000) to advance a hypothesis that <i>se </i>is a signal in the semantic substance of Participant Focus. Whereas other pronouns in this complex system signal a variety of meanings (in several semantic systems), <i>se </i>says that there is a bona fide participant centrally associated in the event named by the verb but does not give any more information about it. This study claims that the opposition of substance between <i>se </i>and all the other Participant Focus forms accounts for its distribution in Serbo-Croatian. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.16con 211 222 12 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The difference between zero and nothing</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">difference between zero and nothing</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Swahili noun class prefixes 5 and 9/10</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ellen Contini-Morava Contini-Morava, Ellen Ellen Contini-Morava 01 Most Swahili noun class prefixes are overt, e.g. <i>m-toto/wa-toto </i>‘child/children’. However, for Classes 5 and 9/10 an overt prefix occurs only in certain morphophonemic contexts. Despite superficial similarities, only the Cl. 5 prefix should be analyzed as zero (meaningful absence); Cl. 9/10 nouns simply lack a prefix. Evidence includes differences in singular-plural patterns and in derivational productivity of prefix absence. Prefix absence indicates (inherent or derived) Cl. 5 membership and singular number. The availability of prefixless Cl. 9/10, outside the normal class and number systems, helps preserve the coherence of the noun class system, and allows zero to convey meaning in the case of Cl. 5. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.17leo 223 237 15 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A semantic analysis of Swahili suffix <i>li</i></TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">semantic analysis of Swahili suffix <i>li</i></TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Robert A. Leonard Leonard, Robert A. Robert A. Leonard 2 A01 Wendy Saliba Leonard Saliba Leonard, Wendy Wendy Saliba Leonard 01 This Columbia School analysis of the Swahili suffix <i>li </i>rests on the distinction between meaning and message, as the proposed hypothesis does not simply categorize message types as previous analyses have done, but rather posits a single meaning which accounts for the various messages to which <i>li </i>contributes. Our hypothesis, unlike others’, accounts for all instances of <i>li</i>, as well as for what has been called “double-<i>li</i>”. The analysis posits a new type of Control meaning. Specifically, <i>li </i>instructs the hearer to interpret a non-high controller at a higher, more potent level of control than if <i>li </i>were not used. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.18rig 239 262 24 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The structure of the Japanese inferential system</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">structure of the Japanese inferential system</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A functional analysis of daroo, rashii, soo-da, and yooda</Subtitle> 1 A01 Hidemi Sugi Riggs Riggs, Hidemi Sugi Hidemi Sugi Riggs 01 This paper provides an analysis of Japanese inferential auxiliaries (<i>daroo</i>, <i>rashii</i>, <i>soo</i>-<i>da</i>, <i>yooda</i>) that enables us to explain all occurrences of these words in discourse. Despite extensive research on these forms, grammatical analysis has not yet successfully explained their distribution. This paper demonstrates that the prevailing view of these forms as <i>evidentials </i>is insufficient. Instead, we postulate a new hypothesis in which the speaker’s choice of auxiliary is based on his or her desire either to strongly present inferential information or to draw attention away from it. In this analysis, the language user is seen as more active in the interpretation of messages than is traditionally assumed. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.19cru 263 281 19 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Structuring cues of conjunctive <i>yet, but,</i> and <i>still</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A monosemic approach</Subtitle> 1 A01 Charlene Crupi Crupi, Charlene Charlene Crupi 01 This study examines over 400 tokens of conjunctive <i>yet</i>, <i>but</i>, and <i>still </i>to confirm predictions tied to a unique structuring cue or meaning posited for each form (Crupi 2004). The research is conducted within a Columbia School sign-based linguistic framework; however, unlike forms typically examined in CS analyses, <i>yet, but</i>, and <i>still </i>do not comprise a closed grammatical system. Rather the three are independent linguistic units that share the common communicative function of adversative conjunction. By examining the flow of information through a text, this research indicates that conjunctive <i>yet, but</i>, and <i>still </i>contribute unique and consistent clues about overall textual structure. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.20bey Section header 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Beyond Language</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.21ecc 283 308 26 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The case for articulatory gestures – not sounds – as the physical embodiment of speech signs</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">case for articulatory gestures – not sounds – as the physical embodiment of speech signs</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Thomas Eccardt Eccardt, Thomas Thomas Eccardt 01 The term <i>articulatory gestures </i>is common among linguists, amounting to a kind of analogy with the manual gestures of sign language. This paper takes the term seriously, rejecting the notion that sounds are the physical embodiment of the linguistic sign. Making the case for the gesture as a legitimate type of sign, it shows how vocal movements are far more convincing candidates for the signifiers of human language when viewed from several different semiotic perspectives, including physiology, physics, psychology, and communication theory. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.22leo 309 334 26 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Meaning in nonlinguistic systems</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Observations, remarks, and hypotheses on food, architecture, and honor in Kenya</Subtitle> 1 A01 Robert A. Leonard Leonard, Robert A. Robert A. Leonard 01 This article extends the boundaries of Columbia School linguistic semantic theory by applying its analytical constructs to nonlinguistic behaviors, where, as in language, there exist systematicity and arbitrariness: food; construction of social and gender identity; and use of architectural, private, and urban space. Further, meaningful elements of these behaviors vary analogously to Labovian sociolinguistic feature variation. The guiding orientation is that human behavior is structured not by an unmotivated, autonomous culture, but is communicative and social, interpreted by people as signals with meanings; and these meanings are discerned as interpreting power, prestige and identity. Data come primarily from fieldwork in Lamu (Kenya) and Thailand. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.23ind 335 337 3 Miscellaneous 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index of names</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.24sub 339 344 6 Miscellaneous 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20061220 2006 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027215666 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 125.00 EUR R 01 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 188.00 USD S 712005447 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SFSL 57 Hb 15 9789027215666 13 2006043042 BB 01 SFSL 02 1385-7916 Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics 57 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Advances in Functional Linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Columbia School beyond its origins</Subtitle> 01 sfsl.57 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/sfsl.57 1 B01 Joseph Davis Davis, Joseph Joseph Davis The City College of New York 2 B01 Radmila J. Gorup Gorup, Radmila J. Radmila J. Gorup Columbia University 3 B01 Nancy Stern Stern, Nancy Nancy Stern The City College of New York 01 eng 354 x 344 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.FUNCT Functional linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This collection carries the functionalist Columbia School of linguistics forward with contributions on linguistic theory, semiotics, phonology, grammar, lexicon, and anthropology. Columbia School linguistics views language as a symbolic tool whose structure is shaped both by its communicative function and by the characteristics of its users, and considers contextual, pragmatic, physical, and psychological factors in its analyses. This volume builds upon three previous Columbia School anthologies and further explores issues raised in them, including fundamental theoretical and analytical questions. And it raises new issues that take Columbia School “beyond its origins.” The contributions illustrate both consistency since the school’s inception over thirty years ago and innovation spurred by groundbreaking analysis. The volume will be of interest to all functional linguists and historians of linguistics. Languages analyzed include Byelorussian, English, Japanese, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, and Swahili. 05 This volume represents a welcome addition to the literature on functional linguistics from the perspective of one of the most radically ambitious and creative groups of linguists in the field. The papers analyzing the group’s origins in the thinking of Saussure and Diver provide a valuable historical foundation. The inclusion of papers on both grammar and phonology testifies to the maturity and wide theoretical relevance of the approach, and the excursus into areas beyond language testifies to the breadth of its applicability for anthropological thinking. Ricardo Otheguy, Program in Linguistics, Graduate Center, City University of New York 05 All linguists — of whatever theoretical persuasion or language area — need to read this rich and valuable book. Whatever you believe as a linguist, you will learn things here that you will not learn elsewhere, including both linguistic data and explanations of the sort simply not offered in other approaches, formal or functional. Optimality theorists, take note! Generative, Cognitive, and Grammaticalization theorists, take note! Robert S. Kirsner, Professor of Dutch and Afrikaans, University of California, Los Angeles 05 For all linguists, familiar or not with the Columbia School approach to linguistic analysis, this volume is an invitation to revisit and reconsider many, perhaps most, fundamental goals and concepts in linguistics which are taken for granted and/or often ignored by most other approaches. For the first time an entire volume is devoted exclusively to an inside conversation among practitioners of the Columbia School. Eavesdroppers from other theoretical practices will find much of value in the issues raised, for the insights offered by both the general theoretical discussions and internal debates within this school, on one hand, and the particular analyses proposed for a variety of languages. Benji Wald, Research Scientist, formerly Professor of Linguistics at UCLA, National Center for Bilingual Research, Speech Systems Inc. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/sfsl.57.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027215666.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027215666.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/sfsl.57.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/sfsl.57.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/sfsl.57.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/sfsl.57.hb.png 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.01lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.02dav 1 15 15 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Consistency and Change in Columbia School Linguistics</Subtitle> 1 A01 Joseph Davis Davis, Joseph Joseph Davis 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.03lin Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Linguistic</b> <b>Theory</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.04rei 17 39 23 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Columbia School and Saussure’s langue</TitleText> 1 A01 Wallis Reid Reid, Wallis Wallis Reid 01 This paper argues that William Diver’s signal-meaning pair is Saussure’s <i>signe linguistique </i>in all basic respects, and that Diver’s innovation of a grammatical system is the functional equivalent of Saussure’s <i>langue</i>. Thus Columbia School linguistics rests squarely on a Saussurean foundation. In the course of making this case, this paper proposes a resolution of the apparent contradiction between Saussure’s definition of the linguistic sign in terms of substance – the union of concept and acoustic image – and his dictum that “<i>la langue </i>is a form not a substance”. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.05huf 41 62 22 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Diver’s Theory</TitleText> 1 A01 Alan Huffman Huffman, Alan Alan Huffman 01 Diver’s “Theory” (1995) is the most comprehensive and, in fact, the final statement by the founder of the Columbia School of that school’s contribution to an understanding of the essential nature of language. The unifying idea that runs through this statement is Diver’s insistence that a theory of language consist of a set of conclusions drawn from a body of individual analytical successes, that it not be a collection of <i>a priori </i>categories and speculations. Diver’s anti-apriorism opens the way to understanding the workings of language in terms of innovative and language-specific categories, and it brings the normal practice of linguistics into line with that of other natural sciences. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.06pho Section header 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Phonology</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.07tob 63 86 24 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology as human behavior</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Inflectional systems in English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Yishai Tobin Tobin, Yishai Yishai Tobin 01 This paper summarizes the theory and methodology of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB) (or Columbia School Phonology) and applies it to the inflectional morphology of English both synchronically and diachronically. The basic hypothesis is that inflectional morphology is both functional and frequent and should therefore be composed of phonemes that are unmarked or relatively easy to make. My second hypothesis is that this tendency for favoring unmarked phonemes in inflectional morphology should increase over time. I examine the phonological components of the inflectional morphology of Modern English and compare them with the phonological components of the inflectional morphology of Old and Middle English and then trace the parallel development of inflectional morphology in Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic to Old English. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.08tob 87 105 19 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonological processes of Japanese based on the theory of phonology as human behavior</TitleText> 1 A01 Yishai Tobin Tobin, Yishai Yishai Tobin 2 A01 Haruko Miyakoda Miyakoda, Haruko Haruko Miyakoda 01 By analyzing speech errors (normal and pathological) and loanwords of Japanese within the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior, we seek to account for why processes such as substitution occur as they do by referring to the “struggle” between speakers’ desire for maximum communication (the communication factor) and minimal effort (the human factor). We conclude that (1) the error patterns or the processes observed in loanword adaptations are not random but motivated and that clinical phonology represents a more extreme version of the “mini-max” struggle where the human factor overrides the communication factor; (2) the communicative forces found within different word positions have a great influence on how and where the phonological processes of loanwords occur. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.09dre 107 130 24 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology as human behavior</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A combinatory phonology of Byelorussian</Subtitle> 1 A01 Igor Dreer Dreer, Igor Igor Dreer 01 This paper applies the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior to an analysis of the distribution of consonants in monosyllabic words in Byelorussian. Like other languages, Byelorussian shows a direct connection between the effort that speakers make to control the active articulators, involved in the production of phonemes, and the favorings or the disfavorings of these phonemes in various phonotactic distributions. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.10dek 131 141 11 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology as human behavior</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Peninsular Spanish</Subtitle> 1 A01 Adriaan Dekker Dekker, Adriaan Adriaan Dekker 2 A01 Bob de Jonge Jonge, Bob de Bob de Jonge 01 The authors analyze the distribution in the lexicon of nine Peninsular Spanish consonants (/p, t, k, b, d, g, f, ?, ?/) within the framework of Phonology as Human Behavior with respect to two hypothesised factors: Complexity of Articulation and Visibility. In general, the observed distribution of the uncombined consonants is according to the hypotheses tested. However, one member, /k/, occurs more frequently than would be expected. The authors show that /k/ belongs to a particular subset of consonants in Spanish, which might explain a relative favoring, but they also observe that /k/ appears to be more frequent in other languages as well. It appears that another factor, the Size of Cavity, might play a decisive role. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.11jou 143 161 19 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Functional motivations for the sound patterns of English non-lexical Interjections</TitleText> 1 A01 Gina Joue Joue, Gina Gina Joue 2 A01 Nikolinka Collier Collier, Nikolinka Nikolinka Collier 01 Non-lexical interjections have been the focus of much research, but their apparent complexities, functional variations, and lack of content have led to different approaches to annotation and classification. This paper argues that they are discourse particles that function with strong cognitive linguistic bases and regularities in communication. They may have appeared as so complexly varied because they were assumed to be paralinguistic phenomena. We investigate our claims on two spontaneous speech corpora of English. In classifying these interjections into a taxonomy of discourse functions and using methods based on Phonology as Human Behavior, we find an interaction between the sound pattern of an interjection and its function in discourse, supporting our claim that non-lexical interjections are important linguistic phenomena. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.12dav 163 175 13 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonology without the phoneme</TitleText> 1 A01 Joseph Davis Davis, Joseph Joseph Davis 01 In his otherwise radically innovative linguistics (Columbia School), William Diver retained the classical phoneme, defined on the basis of contrastive distribution. He did so despite his rejection of most of the apparatus of traditional, descriptivist, and contemporary linguistics, and despite wellknown analytical difficulties. Diver evidently saw the phoneme as being required on theoretical grounds, specifically the communicative orientation. Communication, however, does not require contrastive segmental units, and Columbia School phonology need not rely upon the phoneme, which is superfluous to its findings anyway. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.13gra Section header 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Grammar and lexicon</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.14ste 177 194 18 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Tell me about yourself</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A unified account of English-self pronouns</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nancy Stern Stern, Nancy Nancy Stern 01 This paper offers an innovative Columbia School account of English -<i>self </i>pronouns (<i>myself</i>, <i>yourself</i>, etc.). The analysis rejects the view that the distribution of -<i>self </i>pronouns is a reflex of syntactic structure, as well as the traditional characterization of -<i>self </i>as a reflexive pronoun. Instead, -<i>self </i>forms are hypothesized to signal a constant meaning, insistence on a referent, which accounts for the forms’ distribution in authentic texts. This approach has led to the discovery that -<i>self </i>forms contribute to the same types of interpretations across a wide range of different structural contexts, including not only reflexive and emphatic uses, but also <i>like</i>-phrases, picture noun phrases, logophoric uses, conjoined expressions, and other environments. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.15gor 195 209 15 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Se</i> without deixis</TitleText> 1 A01 Radmila J. Gorup Gorup, Radmila J. Radmila J. Gorup 01 Arguing that the distribution of <i>se </i>in Serbo-Croatian cannot be explained by invoking <i>a priori </i>categories <i>reflexive, impersonal, middle voice, </i>etc., this analysis follows García (1983) and Davis (2000) to advance a hypothesis that <i>se </i>is a signal in the semantic substance of Participant Focus. Whereas other pronouns in this complex system signal a variety of meanings (in several semantic systems), <i>se </i>says that there is a bona fide participant centrally associated in the event named by the verb but does not give any more information about it. This study claims that the opposition of substance between <i>se </i>and all the other Participant Focus forms accounts for its distribution in Serbo-Croatian. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.16con 211 222 12 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The difference between zero and nothing</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">difference between zero and nothing</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Swahili noun class prefixes 5 and 9/10</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ellen Contini-Morava Contini-Morava, Ellen Ellen Contini-Morava 01 Most Swahili noun class prefixes are overt, e.g. <i>m-toto/wa-toto </i>‘child/children’. However, for Classes 5 and 9/10 an overt prefix occurs only in certain morphophonemic contexts. Despite superficial similarities, only the Cl. 5 prefix should be analyzed as zero (meaningful absence); Cl. 9/10 nouns simply lack a prefix. Evidence includes differences in singular-plural patterns and in derivational productivity of prefix absence. Prefix absence indicates (inherent or derived) Cl. 5 membership and singular number. The availability of prefixless Cl. 9/10, outside the normal class and number systems, helps preserve the coherence of the noun class system, and allows zero to convey meaning in the case of Cl. 5. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.17leo 223 237 15 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A semantic analysis of Swahili suffix <i>li</i></TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">semantic analysis of Swahili suffix <i>li</i></TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Robert A. Leonard Leonard, Robert A. Robert A. Leonard 2 A01 Wendy Saliba Leonard Saliba Leonard, Wendy Wendy Saliba Leonard 01 This Columbia School analysis of the Swahili suffix <i>li </i>rests on the distinction between meaning and message, as the proposed hypothesis does not simply categorize message types as previous analyses have done, but rather posits a single meaning which accounts for the various messages to which <i>li </i>contributes. Our hypothesis, unlike others’, accounts for all instances of <i>li</i>, as well as for what has been called “double-<i>li</i>”. The analysis posits a new type of Control meaning. Specifically, <i>li </i>instructs the hearer to interpret a non-high controller at a higher, more potent level of control than if <i>li </i>were not used. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.18rig 239 262 24 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The structure of the Japanese inferential system</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">structure of the Japanese inferential system</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A functional analysis of daroo, rashii, soo-da, and yooda</Subtitle> 1 A01 Hidemi Sugi Riggs Riggs, Hidemi Sugi Hidemi Sugi Riggs 01 This paper provides an analysis of Japanese inferential auxiliaries (<i>daroo</i>, <i>rashii</i>, <i>soo</i>-<i>da</i>, <i>yooda</i>) that enables us to explain all occurrences of these words in discourse. Despite extensive research on these forms, grammatical analysis has not yet successfully explained their distribution. This paper demonstrates that the prevailing view of these forms as <i>evidentials </i>is insufficient. Instead, we postulate a new hypothesis in which the speaker’s choice of auxiliary is based on his or her desire either to strongly present inferential information or to draw attention away from it. In this analysis, the language user is seen as more active in the interpretation of messages than is traditionally assumed. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.19cru 263 281 19 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Structuring cues of conjunctive <i>yet, but,</i> and <i>still</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A monosemic approach</Subtitle> 1 A01 Charlene Crupi Crupi, Charlene Charlene Crupi 01 This study examines over 400 tokens of conjunctive <i>yet</i>, <i>but</i>, and <i>still </i>to confirm predictions tied to a unique structuring cue or meaning posited for each form (Crupi 2004). The research is conducted within a Columbia School sign-based linguistic framework; however, unlike forms typically examined in CS analyses, <i>yet, but</i>, and <i>still </i>do not comprise a closed grammatical system. Rather the three are independent linguistic units that share the common communicative function of adversative conjunction. By examining the flow of information through a text, this research indicates that conjunctive <i>yet, but</i>, and <i>still </i>contribute unique and consistent clues about overall textual structure. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.20bey Section header 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><b>Beyond Language</b></TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.21ecc 283 308 26 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The case for articulatory gestures – not sounds – as the physical embodiment of speech signs</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">case for articulatory gestures – not sounds – as the physical embodiment of speech signs</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Thomas Eccardt Eccardt, Thomas Thomas Eccardt 01 The term <i>articulatory gestures </i>is common among linguists, amounting to a kind of analogy with the manual gestures of sign language. This paper takes the term seriously, rejecting the notion that sounds are the physical embodiment of the linguistic sign. Making the case for the gesture as a legitimate type of sign, it shows how vocal movements are far more convincing candidates for the signifiers of human language when viewed from several different semiotic perspectives, including physiology, physics, psychology, and communication theory. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.22leo 309 334 26 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Meaning in nonlinguistic systems</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Observations, remarks, and hypotheses on food, architecture, and honor in Kenya</Subtitle> 1 A01 Robert A. Leonard Leonard, Robert A. Robert A. Leonard 01 This article extends the boundaries of Columbia School linguistic semantic theory by applying its analytical constructs to nonlinguistic behaviors, where, as in language, there exist systematicity and arbitrariness: food; construction of social and gender identity; and use of architectural, private, and urban space. Further, meaningful elements of these behaviors vary analogously to Labovian sociolinguistic feature variation. The guiding orientation is that human behavior is structured not by an unmotivated, autonomous culture, but is communicative and social, interpreted by people as signals with meanings; and these meanings are discerned as interpreting power, prestige and identity. Data come primarily from fieldwork in Lamu (Kenya) and Thailand. 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.23ind 335 337 3 Miscellaneous 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index of names</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sfsl.57.24sub 339 344 6 Miscellaneous 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20061220 2006 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 785 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 7 20 01 02 JB 1 00 125.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 132.50 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 20 02 02 JB 1 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 20 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 188.00 USD