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122008566 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SiHoLS 115 Eb 15 9789027287175 06 10.1075/sihols.115 13 2010051890 DG 002 02 01 SiHoLS 02 0304-0720 Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 115 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">History of Linguistics 2008</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Selected papers from the eleventh International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS XI), 28 August - 2 September 2008, Potsdam</Subtitle> 01 sihols.115 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/sihols.115 1 B01 Gerda Haßler Haßler, Gerda Gerda Haßler University of Potsdam 2 Z01 Gesina Volkmann Volkmann, Gesina Gesina Volkmann 01 eng 484 xi 468 LAN009000 v.2006 CFA 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 06 01 This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 11th International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Potsdam 2008) which are especially representative of the concerns of the conference and its thematic range. The reflection about language and the individual languages has characterized cultures since ancient times and has brought forth different traditions of the language sciences. The contributions cover the period from antiquity to contemporary history. In addition to terminological and social history approaches, they also include research results based on corpora or which reconstruct theoretical approaches. More than other scholars, linguists are turning to the history of their science for answers to current questions. This underscores the value of the history of language sciences for understanding the present state of linguistics and its development. Interdisciplinarity necessary for the research of many issues and manifestations of language makes historical reflections on the disciplines indispensable. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/sihols.115.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027246066.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027246066.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/sihols.115.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/sihols.115.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/sihols.115.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/sihols.115.hb.png 10 01 JB code sihols.115.01ack ix xi 3 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#65279;Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.02intro 1 9 9 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Gerda Haßler Haßler, Gerda Gerda Haßler 10 01 JB code sihols.115.03p1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. Methodological considerations, linguistics and philology</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.04col 13 23 11 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Du Corpus repr&#233;sentatif des grammaires et des traditions linguistiques au Corpus de textes linguistiques fondamentaux</TitleText> 1 A01 Bernard Colombat Colombat, Bernard Bernard Colombat 01 The purpose of this paper is to show how a project for a linguistic library has developed and expanded. Originally published on paper (in HEL, special numbers, 2 and 3), the Corpus repr&#233;sentatif des grammaires et des traditions linguistiques (CRGTL) comprised bio-bibliographic notices describing grammars in the major linguistic traditions. It led to the Corpus de textes linguistiques fondamentaux (CTLF) published on line (http://ctlf.ens-lsh.fr/). This site, under development, revises and completes the entries in the CRGTL and the associated (now dynamic) bibliographical data, and it also allows access, via the table of contents, to some of the texts, either in image or in text mode. The article discusses the choices made, the difficulties encountered, the results obtained and the prospects for future development of the site. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.05chr 25 34 10 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The &#8216;floating&#8217; linguistic sign</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">&#8216;floating&#8217; linguistic sign</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 T. Craig Christy Christy, T. Craig T. Craig Christy 01 The image of floating&#65279;, fluctua&#173;tion, waves, and displacement recurs with surpris&#173;ing con&#173;sistency in key descrip&#173;tions of the linguistic sign. Its promi&#173;nence in the theoretical pronouncements of linguists (Michel Br&#233;al, Ferdi&#173;nand de Saussure, Antoine Meillet, Ken&#173;neth Pike&#65279;) and sociologists (&#201;mile Durkheim, Mar&#173;cel Mauss), Claude L&#233;vi-Strauss) sug&#173;gests a conceptualization of the linguis&#173;tic sign as impor&#173;tant as the much discussed two-sided sheet of paper, or the game of chess, in Saus&#173;sure&#8217;s lectures. The fluid, wave-like linkage of sound and thought, the arbi&#173;trary and differential nature of the linguistic sign, and the elusive, vacillating &#8216;values&#8217; of terms all reflect Saussure&#8217;s view of the linguistic sign as ever-fluctuat&#173;ing. This meta&#173;phor also figures in Meillet&#8217;s theory of grammaticaliza&#173;tion&#65279;, in Br&#233;al&#8217;s understand&#173;ing of both Humboldt&#8217;s inner language form&#65279;, and the relation of lan&#173;guage to thought in early mytho&#173;logy, in L&#233;vi-Strauss&#8217;s concept of the float&#173;ing signifie&#65279;r as well as in Pike&#8217;s view of language as a &#8216;field&#8217; consisting of waves and swells. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.06wal 35 47 13 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;A term of opprobrium&#8217;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Twentieth century linguistics and English philology</Subtitle> 1 A01 John B. Walmsley Walmsley, John B. John B. Walmsley 01 Historians of linguistics frequently claim that their discipline is as old as the study of language itself. Yet general linguistics &#8211; the academic and institutiona&#173;lised discipline &#8211; is no older than the twentieth century. In personal and institu&#173;tional terms, general linguistics grew out of the philological disciplines, a process which crystallised in the first International Congress of Linguistics in 1928. Today, as the philological discip&#173;lines are turned into national-language &#8216;Studies&#8217; (&#8216;English Studies&#8217; etc.) philology has lost ground: it no longer plays a central role even in the discip&#173;lines which the philologies themselves engendered. By 1936 the word &#8216;phi&#173;lologist&#8217; had in England become &#8220;a term of mild opprobrium&#8221;. And by the end of the century a leading American colleague could write &#8220;&#8230; it is not a good idea to describe oneself to a hiring committee as a philologist.&#8221; These facts demand explanation. Why were the &#8216;new&#8217; linguists in 1928 not content to meet as they had before, in the context of the existing philological con&#173;gresses? What were the forces driving the &#8216;new&#8217; linguists to put more space between themselves and the &#8216;old&#8217; philologists? The history of a single scientific discipline, as philology&#65279; is, follows different routes in different countries, as it inter&#173;acts with different cultural traditions and historical structures, so that a single all-embracing explanation is not possible. In England and Wales the process seems to have been controlled by the struggle of a new subject &#8211; English Literature &#8211; to establish itself as an independent discipline. Inevitably, in this process of evolution, fragmentation, and abstraction, both sides registered gains and losses. What did linguistics gain by cutting itself off from philology, and what did it lose? Historians of linguistics must have an immediate interest in these ques&#173;tions. Finding answers to them should contribute to a better understanding of cur&#173;rent relations between the disciplines concerned, and also throw light on the direc&#173;tions in which the history of linguistics itself is likely to move in the foreseeable future. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.07wol 49 66 18 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Methode als Grenze?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Zur Spaltung von Philologie und Sprachwissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert</Subtitle> 1 A01 Johanna Wolf Wolf, Johanna Johanna Wolf Universität Kassel 2 A01 Christine Blauth-Henke Blauth-Henke, Christine Christine Blauth-Henke Universität Tübingen 01 When philology and linguistics fell apart in the 19th century, their respective definitions were heavily discussed. Looking at central texts of historical-compara&#173;tive linguistics, philology and modern philology, we examine the question whether these discussions primarily dealt with methodological questions or whether the aims of the disciplines and the definition of their respective objects made the dif&#173;ference. We thus show that while historical-comparative linguistics defines itself through a strong orientation towards natural sciences (both with respect to its object and to its method), philology emphasizes its educational mandate. Within modern philology, there are several discourse formations, reaching from adopting the model of classical philology for modern languages to calls for methodological rig&#173;or like in historical-comparative linguistics. However, the central aspect of the discus&#173;sion is not methodology but rather the question whether modern philology can serve education just as classical philology could. While historical-comparative linguistics represents a closed system in the sense of Luhmann, classical and modern philology aim at the participation of society. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.08p2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Antiquity</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.09swi 69 91 23 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Grammatical doxography in Antiquity</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The (hi-)stories of the parts-of-speech system</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pierre Swiggers Swiggers, Pierre Pierre Swiggers Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 2 A01 Alfons Wouters Wouters, Alfons Alfons Wouters Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 01 The origin and development of the parts-of-speech system was the subject of retrospective accounts written by ancient Greek and Latin authors interested in this evolutionary process of grammaticography. These accounts, containing a survey of doctrines and viewpoints concerning the number and nature of the parts of speech, can be labeled &#8216;doxographies&#8217;: They offer (short) stories of opinions held by gram&#173;marians and philosophers concerning the partes orationis. In this pa&#173;per, the corpus of ancient doxographical texts con&#173;cerning the parts of speech system is presented; this is followed by an analysis of their status, their historiographical approach, and their contents. Specific attention is paid to the following points: (a) the time-per&#173;spective adopted by the authors of these doxographies; (b) their interest in gram&#173;matical and philosophical argumentation; (c) differences in the perception of the evolution of doctrines. Finally the issue is addressed of what purpose these texts were intended to serve, and of their &#8216;Sitz-im-Leben&#8217;. These ancient doxographical texts, which until now have been largely ignored or neglected by historians of an&#173;cient linguistics, offer highly relevant information on the termi&#173;nology&#65279; and criteria used in Greco-Latin, and they testify to a fundamental histo&#173;riographi&#173;cal-metho&#173;do&#173;logical consciousness among ancient scholars. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.10maz 93 108 16 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#220;ber die Bezeichnung des Indikativs bei den r&#246;mischen Grammatikern des 1. und 2. Jh.</TitleText> 1 A01 Vladimir I. Mazhuga Mazhuga, Vladimir I. Vladimir I. Mazhuga 01 The principal subject of the contribution is analyzed within the context of the general doctrine of the Latin and Greek verb. This general doctrine underwent ba&#173;sic changes in the work of the most prominent Roman grammarians. The inter&#173;play of different philosophical and rhetorical doctrines had a large impact on the evolu&#173;tion of grammatical theory. At the beginning of the period we see a Latin word qualitas, which was related with the Stoic Greek notion poi&#243;t&#275;s, being used as a term for modal forms of the verb. This particular definition of modal forms seems to be due to Pliny the Elder. Having reconsidered the Stoic doctrine of speech acts and, more generally, the verbal expression of movement and state, the grammarians of the first century AD began to use the adjective horistik&#243;s and its Latin coun&#173;terpart finitivus as a term for the indicative mode. Terentius Scaurus (fl. bet&#173;ween 117 and 138 AD) intro&#173;duced the term modus instead of qua&#173;litas in the field of modal forms. Aware of the meaningless use of the term finitivus in some special case, Scaurus replaced it with the term pronuntiativus, which had been taken over from rhetoric and which had a larger meaning than its Greek counterpart apophan&#173;tik&#243;s. Moreover, he replaced the term ordo with the more particular term coniuga&#173;tio&#65279; in the description of conjugations. The doctrine of Flavius Caper (2nd half of the 2nd c. AD) marked a return to a number of Stoic ideas. The unfortunate finiti&#173;vus was replaced by indicativus in order to say a word with a similar but larger meaning. Caper, however, thought it inappropriate to use the term indicativus with regard to the future that did not yet exist. So he intro&#173;duced a special mode promis&#173;sivus. In the meantime he replaced the term infinitivus and its twin infinitum with modus per&#173;petuus. The term indicativus, however, seems to be the only invention of Caper to have survived in the posterior tradition. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.11tay 109 125 17 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Rewriting the history of the language sciences in classical antiquity</TitleText> 1 A01 Daniel J. Taylor Taylor, Daniel J. Daniel J. Taylor 01 This paper addresses documents and celebrates the many remarkable success sto&#173;ries that have figured so prominently in the study of the history of clas&#173;sical lin&#173;guis&#173;tics in recent years. Marcus Terentius Varro&#65279; (116&#8211;27 BC) and his De&#160;Lingua Latina provide a striking case in point. Varro enjoyed an unparalleled reputation as ancient Rome&#8217;s most authorita&#173;tive language scientist, but a century ago we were embarrassed even to attempt to justify that reputation. Today, how&#173;ever, we know, inter alia, that he reconstructed earlier, unattested forms to explain contemporary ones and that he also discovered the declensions and conjugations of his native language. Indeed, almost all major ancient grammarians and texts have received fresh and novel attention from classical scholars and historians of linguis&#173;tics. Even a cursory survey there&#173;fore reveals that during the past half century or so we have not just been rethinking the history of the language sciences in classical antiquity but have in fact been rewriting that history. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.12p3 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Renaissance linguistics</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.13gen 129 134 6 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Elements of a philosophy of language in Claudio Tolomei&#8217;s Il Cesano de la lingua Toscana</TitleText> 1 A01 Stefano Gensini Gensini, Stefano Stefano Gensini 01 This paper aims at a re-consideration of Claudio Tolomei&#8217;s Il Cesano de la lin&#173;gua Toscana (1525, with later revisions) from a philosophical-linguistic point of view. The author focuses on the way Tolomei described the realm of language as conditioned by social-spatial and time coordinates. Historical factors intertwined, in Tolomei&#8217;s mind, both in the origins and in the normal functioning of language, providing a &#8220;natural&#8221; reason for the multiplication of languages. The myth of Babel was therefore discredited. The author also pays attention to Tolomei&#8217;s meta&#173;lan&#173;guage, where the standard nature/arbitrariness distinction was replaced by the na&#173;ture/art distinction, indebted to the rhetorical tradition. On the one hand, it is ar&#173;gued, Tolomei refrained from using the term arbitrariness because it did not ac&#173;knowl&#173;edge the role of chance in language; on the other hand, he employed a multi&#173;faceted concept of nature to explain the features that rendered Tuscan a language &#8220;in its own right&#8221;. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.14lec 135 145 11 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La conception de l&#8217;ordre des mots dans la Grammatica Latina de Caspar Finck et Christoph Helwig</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">conception de l&#8217;ordre des mots dans la Grammatica Latina de Caspar Finck et Christoph Helwig</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Claire Lecointre Lecointre, Claire Claire Lecointre 01 Finck and Helwig, the authors of Grammatica Latina (1615), consider dis&#173;course (clause or sentence) to be the expression of a mental verb (verbum mentis), just as dictio is the expression of a mental term. Etymology sets out the properties of different parts of speech; syntax establishes word concate&#173;nation rules and speci&#173;fies word order in the linguistic chain. This word order&#65279;&#65279; is natural only in the sense that it reflects the dependency relations between words, but it also comprises the latitude allowed by usage, without however challenging the established structural relations. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.15van 147 165 19 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The earliest stages of Persian-German language comparison</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">earliest stages of Persian-German language comparison</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Toon Van Hal Van Hal, Toon Toon Van Hal 01 Renaissance Europe (re)discovered Persia and its language. Despite the sup&#173;posed Semitic nature of Persian, some striking lexical similarities between this language and the Germanic languages&#65279;&#65279; became unmistakable to many Western scho&#173;lars. Until the elaboration of comparative linguistics as an autonomous aca&#173;demic discipline at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Dutch (or German) and Persian were often considered to have a privileged relationship, an idea which gave birth to the so-called &#8220;Persian-German theory&#8221;. This contribution aims to shed new light on the earliest stages of Persian and German vocabulary compari&#173;son carried out by Dutch humanists&#65279;. The role played by Franciscus Raphelengius&#65279; (senior), Justus Lipsius, Josephus Justus Scaliger will be re-evaluated. Further&#173;more, Hugo Grotius&#8217;s and Marnix van Sint-&#173;Aldegonde&#8217;s contribution, which has been largely overlooked in this connection, will be focused upon. The remainder of the paper will discuss the various approaches to the Persian-Germanic hypothesis after its initial formulation. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.16p4 Section header 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part IV. Seventeenth and eighteenth century</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.17nei 169 186 18 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">European conceptions of writing from the Renaissance to the eighteenth century</TitleText> 1 A01 Cordula Neis Neis, Cordula Cordula Neis 01 Ever since Plato&#8217;s skepticism about writing&#65279;&#65279; &#65279;there has been a long debate over writing as a social and linguistic phenomenon. The invention of writing, its influ&#173;ence and importance for the civilizing process, the quest for a perfect notation and discussions of different writing systems were popular topics discussed by leading philosophers and grammarians. The fascination with exotic writing systems, espe&#173;cially Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters, permeated philosophical and linguistic conceptions of writing in the 17th and the 18th centuries. These writing systems were opposed to alphabetical writing&#65279;: The latter was conceived either as the highest human achievement or as a cumbersome system for the representation of sounds, lacking the advantages of so-called &#8216;real characters&#8217;. Discussions of writ&#173;ing were thus intertwined with reflections on orthography as well as with views on the relationship between the oral and the literal transmission of ideas. This paper reviews different conceptions of writing from the Renaissance to the 18th century, highlighting theories about supposedly ideal writing systems and examining the role ascribed to alphabetical writing in human civilization. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.18mcl 187 200 14 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Lessons from literary theory</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Applying the notion of transtextuality (Genette 1982) to early modern German grammars</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nicola McLelland McLelland, Nicola Nicola McLelland 01 This article applies a well-established variant of intertextuality theory, trans&#173;textuality (Genette 1982), to Schottelius&#8217;s Ausf&#252;hrliche Arbeit der Teutschen HaubtSprache (1663), in order to show the potential of such an approach in lin&#173;guistic historiography. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.19dju 201 215 15 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nachahmung und Sch&#246;pfung in der Barockgrammatik</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Ch. Gueintz liest W. Ratke</Subtitle> 1 A01 Boris Djubo Djubo, Boris Boris Djubo 01 This contribution discusses the grammarians of the first half of the 17th cen&#173;tury. The grammar by Ch. Gueintz (1641) was the German grammar that was offi&#173;cially recognized by the Fruitbearing Society. Prince Ludwig of Anhalt-K&#246;then, the head of the Fruitbearing Society, commissioned Gueintz to write this grammar in 1638. The results reported here of a comparison of the grammars show that Gueintz&#8217; most important sources apparently were the Allgemeine Sprachlehr [Gen&#173;eral Grammar] (1619) by W. Ratke and not his Wortschickungslehr [Word Usage] (c. 1630), which is partially preserved in manuscript form. Gueintz&#8217; sources ap&#173;parently also included the grammars by J. Clajus&#65279; (1578) and St. Ritter (1616). 10 01 JB code sihols.115.20con 217 224 8 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Leibniz as lexicographer?</TitleText> 1 A01 John Considine Considine, John John Considine 01 The interests of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646&#8211;1716) in lan&#173;guage have been studied in a classic monograph, Leibniz als Sprachforscher by Sigrid von der Schulen&#173;burg (1885&#8211;1943), and in a number of subsequent works (see Dutz 1983, and for some later material, M&#252;ller &#38; Heinekamp 1996:26&#8211;29). One subset of Leibniz&#8217;s linguis&#173;tic thought, his study of dictionaries and furtherance of dictionary projects, was sketched in a recent paper of mine (Considine 2008b). The present paper discusses a remarkable and little-known dictionary project with which he has been closely associated. Papers for the project are preserved in MS IV, 471 of the Gottfried Wil&#173;helm Leibniz Bibliothek in Hannover: this is the unpub&#173;lished four-volume collec&#173;tion of materials for an historical and etymological dictionary&#65279; of Germanto which Schulenburg refers as Leibniz&#8217;s Lexicon etymologicum. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.21bou 225 238 14 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Du verbe actif au verbe transitif</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Transitivit&#233; et compl&#233;mentation dans les grammaires fran&#231;aises, 1660&#8211;1863</Subtitle> 1 A01 Bérengère Bouard Bouard, Bérengère Bérengère Bouard 01 The question we propose to examine in this contribution is the following: How did the &#8220;active verb&#65279;&#8221; category in French grammar, which was inherited from Latin grammar, be&#173;come the &#8220;transitive verb&#8221; category? The definition of the active verb is based in fact on the superposition of two characteristics: the semantics of the action and the direct construction. The history of the emergence of the category of the transitive verb results from a process of separation of these criteria realized over the long term in line with the emergence of the notion of the complement. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.22ayr 239 249 11 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors in metalinguistic texts</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of ob&#173;servations and remarks on the French language</Subtitle> 1 A01 Wendy Ayres-Bennett Ayres-Bennett, Wendy Wendy Ayres-Bennett 01 My aim in this paper is to examine how and why metaphors are used in cer&#173;tain metalinguistic texts. In particular I wish to ex&#173;plore the extent to which they help the reader to understand the key ideas and ar&#173;guments of the work by relating them to other fields of interest. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.23del 251 263 13 Article 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Les M&#233;thodes au XVIIe si&#232;cle</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>Les </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">M&#233;thodes au XVIIe si&#232;cle</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Un outil composite. Irson, Lancelot, Nicole</Subtitle> 1 A01 Simone Delesalle Delesalle, Simone Simone Delesalle Laboratoire d’Histoire des théories linguistiques, CNRS 2 A01 Francine Mazière Mazière, Francine Francine Mazière Université Paris-Diderot 01 Seventeenth-century &#8220;M&#233;thodes&#8221;, which aimed to present the French lan&#173;guage, are more than simply grammars; they contain treatises on poetry, etymology, and rhetoric, and they even offer advice about social behavior. In the period 1656&#8211;1662, the Cartesian-Gallicanism of Port-Royal faced serious conflicts. &#8220;Les m&#233;&#173;thodes&#8221;, besides instructing students, were able to transform their pedagogical program into an ideological weapon. Such was the case for Irson&#65279;&#8217;s &#8220;M&#233;thode&#8221;, which aimed to offer the public both &#8220;les principes&#8221; and &#8220;la puret&#233;&#8221; of the French language. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.24fou 265 276 12 Article 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A propos des r&#232;gles dans les grammaires fran&#231;aises de l&#8217;&#226;ge classique</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">propos des r&#232;gles dans les grammaires fran&#231;aises de l&#8217;&#226;ge classique</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Forme, fonction, statut (le cas de l&#8217;accord du participe pass&#233;)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jean-Marie Fournier Fournier, Jean-Marie Jean-Marie Fournier 01 This article offers some reflections about rules in grammars as complex dis&#173;cursive objects, more precisely about their function and their status in the history of the description and institution of vernacular languages. Our analysis traces an example of exceptional longevity within the corpus of French grammars&#65279; during the 17th and 18th centuries: the rule concerning the agree&#173;ment of past participle&#65279; used with the auxiliary verb &#8216;avoir&#8217;. Our atten&#173;tion focuses on the historicity of discourse constructions through which this rule is empirically written in grammars through&#173;out this period: Different grammarians&#65279;&#65279; do not express it in the same terms and do not conceive its content in the same way, using the same conceptual material. The rule&#65279; raises different issues at different times within the history of the French lan&#173;guage itself, and within the history of linguistics&#65279;&#65279;. We intend here to restore a part of this complexity. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.25rab 277 288 12 Article 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La phrase expliqu&#233;e aux sourds-muets</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">phrase expliqu&#233;e aux sourds-muets</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Remarques sur la syntaxe chiffr&#233;e de l&#8217;abb&#233; Sicard</Subtitle> 1 A01 Valérie Raby Raby, Valérie Valérie Raby 01 Abb&#233; Sicard is the inventor of a highly uncommon method for syntactic pars&#173;ing, originally intended for his &#8220;deaf-mute&#65279;&#8221; students. The pur&#173;pose of this method was to lay bare the logical structure of a sentence by means of a cipher mapping its constituents to numerical values. This &#8220;numerical analysis of proposition&#8221;, which Sicard described as a &#8220;theory-practice&#8221;, substituted a combinatorial system based on numerical values for the traditional metalanguage of grammatical functions. Outlandish as it may seem at first sight, Sicard&#8217;s project did achieve a fair amount of success at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, to such extent that its applica&#173;tion to general teaching was envisaged. In this paper, my primary interest will be in the discrepancy between, on the one hand, a theoretical analysis of propositions which relies on the existence of a copula and claims to provide a syntax for the &#8220;language of gestures&#8221; (&#8220;langage mimique&#8221;), and, on the other hand, the fact that the language of Sicard&#8217;s deaf students presents no functional analog of a copula. As a con&#173;sequence, Sicard&#8217;s analysis met with the open resistance from teachers of specia&#173;lized schools for the deaf. This opposition found additional support in obser&#173;vations made by orientalists, and their objections eventually helped undermine the univer&#173;salist assumptions which characterized dogmatic versions of Grammaire G&#233;n&#233;rale. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.26kil 289 300 12 Article 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The place of spatial case forms&#65279; in early Estonian, Latvian and Finnish grammars</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">place of spatial case forms&#65279; in early Estonian, Latvian and Finnish grammars</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Annika Kilgi Kilgi, Annika Annika Kilgi 01 According to current morphological descriptions, Latvian has one case and Finnish and Estonian have six cases that primarily serve to specifically express spatial relations. These forms caused difficulties for the first gram&#173;marians of these languages since there seemed to be no appropriate place for many of them in the framework of Latin grammar. The overall move towards the acknowledge&#173;ment of critical forms in the case paradigm was slightly different in each country but, at the same time, two grammatical traditions&#65279; out of three shared some traits. The sources of these similarities are the joint history of Estonia and Latvia and the linguistic kinship of Estonian and Finnish. This article seeks to describe the three traditions by first describing the background of the grammars. It will then provide an overview of the treatment of cases used to express spatial relations in each country. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.27p5 Section header 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part V. Nineteenth and twentieth centuries</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.28gar 303 315 13 Article 28 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Aproximaciones a la ense&#241;anza del an&#225;lisis</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Los Principios del an&#225;lisis l&#243;jico de Ram&#243;n Merino (1848)</Subtitle> 1 A01 María José García Folgado García Folgado, María José María José García Folgado Universitat de València 2 A01 Esteban T. Montoro del Arco Montoro del Arco, Esteban T. Esteban T. Montoro del Arco Universidad de Granada 01 At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the tech&#173;nique of logical and grammatical analysis for the purpose of Spanish didac&#173;tics began to be introduced into Spain as an imitation of neighboring France. Most &#8220;modern&#8221; grammarians included this technique generally into their works, as a widening of syntax. Nevertheless, it was not until 1843 that a gram&#173;mar manual explicitly included this term, as Ram&#243;n Merino did in his Principios de an&#225;lisis l&#243;jico. This paper is an approach to this work and the educa&#173;tional con&#173;text of the period in which it was produced. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.29pel 317 326 10 Article 29 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A difficult case</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">difficult case</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A sketch of the different interpretations of the concept of &#8216;case&#8217; in the early Chinese grammatical studies</Subtitle> 1 A01 Tommaso Pellin Pellin, Tommaso Tommaso Pellin 01 Starting in the mid-19th century, Chinese linguists began to import the West&#173;ern study of grammar by means of translation of Western grammar books. Until then Chi&#173;nese traditional linguistics had produced hardly any research on language struc&#173;tures. One of the most significant differences between the Indo-European languages and the Chinese language is the presence in the former of the phenome&#173;non of grammatical case, often provided with a marker. The present paper deals with the different strategies Chinese linguists used to translate this notion they found in Western grammar books. Second, it highlights how they even tried to employ case in the description of Chinese, but in time this concept was radi&#173;cally modified in order to fit the Chinese grammatical system. The texts in this study consist of a number of Latin, English and Chinese grammar books, written from the mid-19th century to the 1920s. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.30tou 327 339 13 Article 30 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Relecture jakobsonienne de la distinction saussurienne langue/parole</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">De la constitution d&#8217;un concept a l&#8217;acceptation d&#8217;un objet donn&#233;</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anne-Gaëlle Toutain Toutain, Anne-Gaëlle Anne-Gaëlle Toutain 01 The Roman Jakobson’s criticism of the Saussurean <i>langue</i>/<i>parole </i>distinction, in his <i>La théorie saussurienne en retrospection</i>, is based on the acceptance of a given object in Bachelard’s sense: the language (<i>langage</i>) as a complex unity which we only have to analyze. It contains no theorization of <i>langue </i>as a norm. On the contrary, the Saussurean <i>langue</i>/<i>parole </i>distinction is at the same time epistemological and theoretical: It amounts to delimiting an object in the whole language (<i>langage</i>) and to theorizing the dimension of communication which is inherent to human language. Thus, the Saussurean distinction appears to be at the foundation of the theorization of <i>langue</i>, which founds linguistics, but whose necessity is dissimulated, in a linguistic theory like Jakobson’s, by the language(<i>langage</i>) as a given object and the <i>langue</i>/<i>parole </i>problematics following from it. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.31des 341 358 18 Article 31 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Ernst Cassirer&#8217;s and Benedetto Croce&#8217;s theories of language in comparison</TitleText> 1 A01 Sarah Dessì Schmid Schmid, Sarah Dessì Sarah Dessì Schmid 01 This contribution is dedicated to the comparison between the language theories of Ernst Cassirer (1874&#8211;1945) and Benedetto Croce (1866&#8211;1952). A both factually and idealistically important dialogue took place between these two idealistic philo&#173;sophers of the 20th century and was ex&#173;pressed mainly by means of criticism. The first part of this article presents the topics as well as the concrete passages of mu&#173;tual criticism suited to illustrate certain problems in the relation of Cassirer&#8217;s and Croce&#8217;s theories in general; the second part then focuses on one of these topics, which constitutes the core of their re&#173;spective language-philosophical and semiotic ideas: language and its relation with art&#65279;, its autonomy (as Cassirer perceives) or dependency (according to Croce). Brief final remarks recapitulate the main simi&#173;larities and differences bet&#173;ween the language theories of both philosophers that have become apparent in our comparison and emphasize the main point effectively separating them: their radi&#173;cally different ways of understanding idealism with respect to the relationship between spiritual activities of man and empirics. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.32arc 359 367 9 Article 32 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Tradition versus grammatical traditions</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Considerations on the representation of the Russian language</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sylvie Archaimbault Archaimbault, Sylvie Sylvie Archaimbault 01 In the history of linguistics, the cumulative model of knowledge often hinges on the notion of tradition, whose purpose is to extract lines of force, identifiable a posteriori, through traces which, by accretion, have formed them (texts, various linguistic tools). But if these grammatical traditions provide a convenient instru&#173;ment due to their empirical character and their openness to comparison, they are nevertheless disputed as carrying a continuism suspected of being a projection. In order to discuss this notion of tradition more accurately, this paper will rely on the corpus of the grammatical thought in Russia in its full extent. It will explore how historical consciousness supported the construction of a representation of the na&#173;tional language still in force today. This principle is reasserted in the federal act of 2005, which reinforces Russian, in its normative dimension anchored to literature, as the official language of the Russian Federation. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.33ham 369 387 19 Article 33 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">An early sociolinguistic approach towards standardization and dialect variation</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>An </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">early sociolinguistic approach towards standardization and dialect variation</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">G. G. Kloeke&#8217;s theory of Hollandish expansion</Subtitle> 1 A01 Camiel S.J.N. Hamans Hamans, Camiel S.J.N. Camiel S.J.N. Hamans 01 With the publication of Kloeke&#8217;s De Hollandsche Expansie in de 16e en 17e eeuw en haar weerspiegeling in de hedendaagse Nederlandse dialecten (1927) a long and harsh debate started in Dutch historical linguistics. This debate, which still goes on, concentrates on the history of &#8216;Dutch diphthongization&#8217;. By pointing to prestige as an important factor in language change, Kloeke actually showed himself to be an &#8216;avant-la letter&#8217; sociolinguist. Unfortunately scholars from differ&#173;ent backgrounds were able to prove that the historical data Kloeke used for his theory were not as solid as he thought. Nevertheless, his idea that social factors are as important as structural arguments still remains valid. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.34tho 389 397 9 Article 34 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Gender and the language scholarship of the Summer Institute of Linguistics in the context of mid twentieth-century American linguistics</TitleText> 1 A01 Margaret Thomas Thomas, Margaret Margaret Thomas 01 Low levels of participation by women scholars in mainstream American lin&#173;guistics in the mid twentieth century contrast with evidence, from the 1940s on&#173;ward, of productive engagement in language study and analysis by women mis&#173;sionary-linguists affiliated with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now known as &#8220;SIL International&#8221;). This paper explores why SIL, unlike early twentieth-century aca&#173;demic study of language, seems to have consistently valued women&#8217;s linguistic work. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.35god 399 407 9 Article 35 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">When categories go back to parts of speech</TitleText> 1 A01 Béatrice Godart-Wendling Godart-Wendling, Béatrice Béatrice Godart-Wendling CNRS, UMR 7597 Laboratoire d’Histoire des Théories Linguistiques 2 A01 Pierre Joray Joray, Pierre Pierre Joray UFR de Philosophie, Université de Rennes 1 01 Faced with the complexity of natural languages, contemporary categorial grammars have significantly increased the number of their basic categories. With such a theoretical choice, the notion of category becomes a black box which no longer clarifies the dependent relationships linking the different sorts of expres&#173;sions. Furthermore, no new definition of basic category is provided, nor any expli&#173;cit introduction criteria. Focusing on Lambek&#8217;s pregroup grammar, this paper points out the consequences of the proliferation of basic categories. The accounts of infinitives and relative clauses will show the ad hoc use of new basic categories and the need for ad hoc grammatical rules. Paradoxically, we obtain an anachro&#173;nistic model which uses a very up-to-date algebraic method with categories work&#173;ing as the traditional parts of speech. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.36kno 409 423 15 Article 36 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;Cultural morphology&#8217;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A success story in German linguistics</Subtitle> 1 A01 Clemens Knobloch Knobloch, Clemens Clemens Knobloch 01 Cultural morphology originated in the 1920s in the context of German &#8216;Volksforschung&#8217;. For German dialectology, it became attractive because of the inherent promise to overcome its political isolation stemming from the traditional preoccupation with the history of mere sounds and forms. Dialectologists saw a chance to save themselves and find protection under the semantic umbrella of German &#8216;Volk&#8217; and &#8216;Kultur&#8217;. Cultural morphology was shaped in strategic compe&#173;tition with the rising French sociology of language and dialect&#65279;. Reframed as Kultur&#173;morpholo&#173;gie, dialectology&#65279; became modern, dynamic and sociological. As a model approach within Kulturraum&#173;forschun&#65279;g, dialectology managed to gain promi&#173;nence and a high reputation in the field of Geisteswissenschaften &#8211; as well as am&#173;ple financial fund&#173;ing by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. While neogramma&#173;rian dialectolo&#173;gists&#65279;&#65279; were ridiculed as unworthy Lautschieber&#65279;, cultural morphology became the most prominent branch of applied linguistics in Germany and remained in a hege&#173;monic position for at least 40 years. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.37vel 425 434 10 Article 37 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interjections: An insurmountable problem of structural linguistics?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of early Soviet structuralism</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ekaternia Velmezova Velmezova, Ekaternia Ekaternia Velmezova 01 If interjections are absent from the works of mature Soviet structuralists&#65279;, from the 1920s to the 1950s Soviet linguists &#65279;tried to include them into formal and sys&#173;temic language descriptions. However, certain distinctive features of the formal and semantic structure of these words made Soviet pre-structuralists&#65279; not only call into question their basic methods, but also cause the collapse of some of the prin&#173;cipal oppositions forming the basis of the majority of structural approaches to the language, i.e. syn&#173;chrony and diach&#173;rony; statics and dynamics; langue, langage and parole. Analy&#173;sis of corresponding research shows that these difficulties could be explained by methodological specificities of Soviet linguistics at that time. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.38kli 435 448 14 Article 38 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">L&#8217;espace linguistique en voie de (d&#233;)multiplication</TitleText> 1 A01 Carita Klippi Klippi, Carita Carita Klippi 01 Constituting a technical rearrangement of a valued linguistic space, the codifi&#173;cation of one of the linguistic possibilities offered is the corollary of the extension of the public space beyond the immediate sphere of the actors. The spatial spheres in which the actors move about in their daily lives differ from each other and con&#173;sequently influence their appropriation of space. A person&#8217;s relationship to the world is conditioned historically and socially. Using French dialectology as basis, this article aims to study the manner in which space conveys the linguistic values in the changing society at the turn of the 19th to 20th century. Consideration of the extralinguistic factors &#8211; ethnographic, geo&#173;graphic, and historical &#8211; allows us to compre&#173;hend the topographical distribution of linguistic facts and to study the dis&#173;appearance of a linguistic space of an agrarian and settled world due to the homogenizing pressure exerted by the standard lan&#173;guage. The increasing verticalization&#65279; of community struc&#173;tures has an impact on the re&#173;duction of linguistic spaces. The reconfiguration of the linguistic space influ&#173;ences the perception of the language by the actors. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.39leo 449 458 10 Article 39 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Z. S. Harris and the semantic turn of mathematical information theory</TitleText> 1 A01 Jacqueline Léon Léon, Jacqueline Jacqueline Léon 01 This paper aims at presenting Harris&#8217; use of information theory as a specific case of transfer of mathematical concepts and methods into linguistics. First, it will show that distributional analysis had characteristics which made it particu&#173;larly receptive to some aspects of information theory, such as the special status of repe&#173;tition&#65279; and the treatment of linguistic elements as physical events. Second, this paper will show how Harris gradually incorporated the notions of information theory and methods to address new issues in his own theory: from the identification and classi&#173;fication of linguistic units to the analysis of redundant patterns in utterances and in discourses, and finally to the ultimate objective of developing an information grammar for the sublanguages of sciences. Thus, infor&#173;mation, at first a pure quan&#173;titative entity, underwent a semantic turn when Harris adapted it for linguistic ob&#173;jec&#173;tives. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.40index 459 464 6 Miscellaneous 40 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.41index 465 468 4 Miscellaneous 41 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20110422 2011 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027246066 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 120.00 EUR R 01 00 101.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 180.00 USD S 899008565 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SiHoLS 115 Hb 15 9789027246066 13 2010051890 BB 01 SiHoLS 02 0304-0720 Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 115 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">History of Linguistics 2008</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Selected papers from the eleventh International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS XI), 28 August - 2 September 2008, Potsdam</Subtitle> 01 sihols.115 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/sihols.115 1 B01 Gerda Haßler Haßler, Gerda Gerda Haßler University of Potsdam 2 Z01 Gesina Volkmann Volkmann, Gesina Gesina Volkmann 01 eng 484 xi 468 LAN009000 v.2006 CFA 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 06 01 This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 11th International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Potsdam 2008) which are especially representative of the concerns of the conference and its thematic range. The reflection about language and the individual languages has characterized cultures since ancient times and has brought forth different traditions of the language sciences. The contributions cover the period from antiquity to contemporary history. In addition to terminological and social history approaches, they also include research results based on corpora or which reconstruct theoretical approaches. More than other scholars, linguists are turning to the history of their science for answers to current questions. This underscores the value of the history of language sciences for understanding the present state of linguistics and its development. Interdisciplinarity necessary for the research of many issues and manifestations of language makes historical reflections on the disciplines indispensable. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/sihols.115.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027246066.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027246066.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/sihols.115.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/sihols.115.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/sihols.115.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/sihols.115.hb.png 10 01 JB code sihols.115.01ack ix xi 3 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#65279;Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.02intro 1 9 9 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Gerda Haßler Haßler, Gerda Gerda Haßler 10 01 JB code sihols.115.03p1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. Methodological considerations, linguistics and philology</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.04col 13 23 11 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Du Corpus repr&#233;sentatif des grammaires et des traditions linguistiques au Corpus de textes linguistiques fondamentaux</TitleText> 1 A01 Bernard Colombat Colombat, Bernard Bernard Colombat 01 The purpose of this paper is to show how a project for a linguistic library has developed and expanded. Originally published on paper (in HEL, special numbers, 2 and 3), the Corpus repr&#233;sentatif des grammaires et des traditions linguistiques (CRGTL) comprised bio-bibliographic notices describing grammars in the major linguistic traditions. It led to the Corpus de textes linguistiques fondamentaux (CTLF) published on line (http://ctlf.ens-lsh.fr/). This site, under development, revises and completes the entries in the CRGTL and the associated (now dynamic) bibliographical data, and it also allows access, via the table of contents, to some of the texts, either in image or in text mode. The article discusses the choices made, the difficulties encountered, the results obtained and the prospects for future development of the site. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.05chr 25 34 10 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The &#8216;floating&#8217; linguistic sign</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">&#8216;floating&#8217; linguistic sign</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 T. Craig Christy Christy, T. Craig T. Craig Christy 01 The image of floating&#65279;, fluctua&#173;tion, waves, and displacement recurs with surpris&#173;ing con&#173;sistency in key descrip&#173;tions of the linguistic sign. Its promi&#173;nence in the theoretical pronouncements of linguists (Michel Br&#233;al, Ferdi&#173;nand de Saussure, Antoine Meillet, Ken&#173;neth Pike&#65279;) and sociologists (&#201;mile Durkheim, Mar&#173;cel Mauss), Claude L&#233;vi-Strauss) sug&#173;gests a conceptualization of the linguis&#173;tic sign as impor&#173;tant as the much discussed two-sided sheet of paper, or the game of chess, in Saus&#173;sure&#8217;s lectures. The fluid, wave-like linkage of sound and thought, the arbi&#173;trary and differential nature of the linguistic sign, and the elusive, vacillating &#8216;values&#8217; of terms all reflect Saussure&#8217;s view of the linguistic sign as ever-fluctuat&#173;ing. This meta&#173;phor also figures in Meillet&#8217;s theory of grammaticaliza&#173;tion&#65279;, in Br&#233;al&#8217;s understand&#173;ing of both Humboldt&#8217;s inner language form&#65279;, and the relation of lan&#173;guage to thought in early mytho&#173;logy, in L&#233;vi-Strauss&#8217;s concept of the float&#173;ing signifie&#65279;r as well as in Pike&#8217;s view of language as a &#8216;field&#8217; consisting of waves and swells. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.06wal 35 47 13 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;A term of opprobrium&#8217;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Twentieth century linguistics and English philology</Subtitle> 1 A01 John B. Walmsley Walmsley, John B. John B. Walmsley 01 Historians of linguistics frequently claim that their discipline is as old as the study of language itself. Yet general linguistics &#8211; the academic and institutiona&#173;lised discipline &#8211; is no older than the twentieth century. In personal and institu&#173;tional terms, general linguistics grew out of the philological disciplines, a process which crystallised in the first International Congress of Linguistics in 1928. Today, as the philological discip&#173;lines are turned into national-language &#8216;Studies&#8217; (&#8216;English Studies&#8217; etc.) philology has lost ground: it no longer plays a central role even in the discip&#173;lines which the philologies themselves engendered. By 1936 the word &#8216;phi&#173;lologist&#8217; had in England become &#8220;a term of mild opprobrium&#8221;. And by the end of the century a leading American colleague could write &#8220;&#8230; it is not a good idea to describe oneself to a hiring committee as a philologist.&#8221; These facts demand explanation. Why were the &#8216;new&#8217; linguists in 1928 not content to meet as they had before, in the context of the existing philological con&#173;gresses? What were the forces driving the &#8216;new&#8217; linguists to put more space between themselves and the &#8216;old&#8217; philologists? The history of a single scientific discipline, as philology&#65279; is, follows different routes in different countries, as it inter&#173;acts with different cultural traditions and historical structures, so that a single all-embracing explanation is not possible. In England and Wales the process seems to have been controlled by the struggle of a new subject &#8211; English Literature &#8211; to establish itself as an independent discipline. Inevitably, in this process of evolution, fragmentation, and abstraction, both sides registered gains and losses. What did linguistics gain by cutting itself off from philology, and what did it lose? Historians of linguistics must have an immediate interest in these ques&#173;tions. Finding answers to them should contribute to a better understanding of cur&#173;rent relations between the disciplines concerned, and also throw light on the direc&#173;tions in which the history of linguistics itself is likely to move in the foreseeable future. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.07wol 49 66 18 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Methode als Grenze?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Zur Spaltung von Philologie und Sprachwissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert</Subtitle> 1 A01 Johanna Wolf Wolf, Johanna Johanna Wolf Universität Kassel 2 A01 Christine Blauth-Henke Blauth-Henke, Christine Christine Blauth-Henke Universität Tübingen 01 When philology and linguistics fell apart in the 19th century, their respective definitions were heavily discussed. Looking at central texts of historical-compara&#173;tive linguistics, philology and modern philology, we examine the question whether these discussions primarily dealt with methodological questions or whether the aims of the disciplines and the definition of their respective objects made the dif&#173;ference. We thus show that while historical-comparative linguistics defines itself through a strong orientation towards natural sciences (both with respect to its object and to its method), philology emphasizes its educational mandate. Within modern philology, there are several discourse formations, reaching from adopting the model of classical philology for modern languages to calls for methodological rig&#173;or like in historical-comparative linguistics. However, the central aspect of the discus&#173;sion is not methodology but rather the question whether modern philology can serve education just as classical philology could. While historical-comparative linguistics represents a closed system in the sense of Luhmann, classical and modern philology aim at the participation of society. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.08p2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Antiquity</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.09swi 69 91 23 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Grammatical doxography in Antiquity</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The (hi-)stories of the parts-of-speech system</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pierre Swiggers Swiggers, Pierre Pierre Swiggers Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 2 A01 Alfons Wouters Wouters, Alfons Alfons Wouters Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 01 The origin and development of the parts-of-speech system was the subject of retrospective accounts written by ancient Greek and Latin authors interested in this evolutionary process of grammaticography. These accounts, containing a survey of doctrines and viewpoints concerning the number and nature of the parts of speech, can be labeled &#8216;doxographies&#8217;: They offer (short) stories of opinions held by gram&#173;marians and philosophers concerning the partes orationis. In this pa&#173;per, the corpus of ancient doxographical texts con&#173;cerning the parts of speech system is presented; this is followed by an analysis of their status, their historiographical approach, and their contents. Specific attention is paid to the following points: (a) the time-per&#173;spective adopted by the authors of these doxographies; (b) their interest in gram&#173;matical and philosophical argumentation; (c) differences in the perception of the evolution of doctrines. Finally the issue is addressed of what purpose these texts were intended to serve, and of their &#8216;Sitz-im-Leben&#8217;. These ancient doxographical texts, which until now have been largely ignored or neglected by historians of an&#173;cient linguistics, offer highly relevant information on the termi&#173;nology&#65279; and criteria used in Greco-Latin, and they testify to a fundamental histo&#173;riographi&#173;cal-metho&#173;do&#173;logical consciousness among ancient scholars. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.10maz 93 108 16 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#220;ber die Bezeichnung des Indikativs bei den r&#246;mischen Grammatikern des 1. und 2. Jh.</TitleText> 1 A01 Vladimir I. Mazhuga Mazhuga, Vladimir I. Vladimir I. Mazhuga 01 The principal subject of the contribution is analyzed within the context of the general doctrine of the Latin and Greek verb. This general doctrine underwent ba&#173;sic changes in the work of the most prominent Roman grammarians. The inter&#173;play of different philosophical and rhetorical doctrines had a large impact on the evolu&#173;tion of grammatical theory. At the beginning of the period we see a Latin word qualitas, which was related with the Stoic Greek notion poi&#243;t&#275;s, being used as a term for modal forms of the verb. This particular definition of modal forms seems to be due to Pliny the Elder. Having reconsidered the Stoic doctrine of speech acts and, more generally, the verbal expression of movement and state, the grammarians of the first century AD began to use the adjective horistik&#243;s and its Latin coun&#173;terpart finitivus as a term for the indicative mode. Terentius Scaurus (fl. bet&#173;ween 117 and 138 AD) intro&#173;duced the term modus instead of qua&#173;litas in the field of modal forms. Aware of the meaningless use of the term finitivus in some special case, Scaurus replaced it with the term pronuntiativus, which had been taken over from rhetoric and which had a larger meaning than its Greek counterpart apophan&#173;tik&#243;s. Moreover, he replaced the term ordo with the more particular term coniuga&#173;tio&#65279; in the description of conjugations. The doctrine of Flavius Caper (2nd half of the 2nd c. AD) marked a return to a number of Stoic ideas. The unfortunate finiti&#173;vus was replaced by indicativus in order to say a word with a similar but larger meaning. Caper, however, thought it inappropriate to use the term indicativus with regard to the future that did not yet exist. So he intro&#173;duced a special mode promis&#173;sivus. In the meantime he replaced the term infinitivus and its twin infinitum with modus per&#173;petuus. The term indicativus, however, seems to be the only invention of Caper to have survived in the posterior tradition. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.11tay 109 125 17 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Rewriting the history of the language sciences in classical antiquity</TitleText> 1 A01 Daniel J. Taylor Taylor, Daniel J. Daniel J. Taylor 01 This paper addresses documents and celebrates the many remarkable success sto&#173;ries that have figured so prominently in the study of the history of clas&#173;sical lin&#173;guis&#173;tics in recent years. Marcus Terentius Varro&#65279; (116&#8211;27 BC) and his De&#160;Lingua Latina provide a striking case in point. Varro enjoyed an unparalleled reputation as ancient Rome&#8217;s most authorita&#173;tive language scientist, but a century ago we were embarrassed even to attempt to justify that reputation. Today, how&#173;ever, we know, inter alia, that he reconstructed earlier, unattested forms to explain contemporary ones and that he also discovered the declensions and conjugations of his native language. Indeed, almost all major ancient grammarians and texts have received fresh and novel attention from classical scholars and historians of linguis&#173;tics. Even a cursory survey there&#173;fore reveals that during the past half century or so we have not just been rethinking the history of the language sciences in classical antiquity but have in fact been rewriting that history. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.12p3 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Renaissance linguistics</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.13gen 129 134 6 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Elements of a philosophy of language in Claudio Tolomei&#8217;s Il Cesano de la lingua Toscana</TitleText> 1 A01 Stefano Gensini Gensini, Stefano Stefano Gensini 01 This paper aims at a re-consideration of Claudio Tolomei&#8217;s Il Cesano de la lin&#173;gua Toscana (1525, with later revisions) from a philosophical-linguistic point of view. The author focuses on the way Tolomei described the realm of language as conditioned by social-spatial and time coordinates. Historical factors intertwined, in Tolomei&#8217;s mind, both in the origins and in the normal functioning of language, providing a &#8220;natural&#8221; reason for the multiplication of languages. The myth of Babel was therefore discredited. The author also pays attention to Tolomei&#8217;s meta&#173;lan&#173;guage, where the standard nature/arbitrariness distinction was replaced by the na&#173;ture/art distinction, indebted to the rhetorical tradition. On the one hand, it is ar&#173;gued, Tolomei refrained from using the term arbitrariness because it did not ac&#173;knowl&#173;edge the role of chance in language; on the other hand, he employed a multi&#173;faceted concept of nature to explain the features that rendered Tuscan a language &#8220;in its own right&#8221;. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.14lec 135 145 11 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La conception de l&#8217;ordre des mots dans la Grammatica Latina de Caspar Finck et Christoph Helwig</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">conception de l&#8217;ordre des mots dans la Grammatica Latina de Caspar Finck et Christoph Helwig</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Claire Lecointre Lecointre, Claire Claire Lecointre 01 Finck and Helwig, the authors of Grammatica Latina (1615), consider dis&#173;course (clause or sentence) to be the expression of a mental verb (verbum mentis), just as dictio is the expression of a mental term. Etymology sets out the properties of different parts of speech; syntax establishes word concate&#173;nation rules and speci&#173;fies word order in the linguistic chain. This word order&#65279;&#65279; is natural only in the sense that it reflects the dependency relations between words, but it also comprises the latitude allowed by usage, without however challenging the established structural relations. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.15van 147 165 19 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The earliest stages of Persian-German language comparison</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">earliest stages of Persian-German language comparison</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Toon Van Hal Van Hal, Toon Toon Van Hal 01 Renaissance Europe (re)discovered Persia and its language. Despite the sup&#173;posed Semitic nature of Persian, some striking lexical similarities between this language and the Germanic languages&#65279;&#65279; became unmistakable to many Western scho&#173;lars. Until the elaboration of comparative linguistics as an autonomous aca&#173;demic discipline at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Dutch (or German) and Persian were often considered to have a privileged relationship, an idea which gave birth to the so-called &#8220;Persian-German theory&#8221;. This contribution aims to shed new light on the earliest stages of Persian and German vocabulary compari&#173;son carried out by Dutch humanists&#65279;. The role played by Franciscus Raphelengius&#65279; (senior), Justus Lipsius, Josephus Justus Scaliger will be re-evaluated. Further&#173;more, Hugo Grotius&#8217;s and Marnix van Sint-&#173;Aldegonde&#8217;s contribution, which has been largely overlooked in this connection, will be focused upon. The remainder of the paper will discuss the various approaches to the Persian-Germanic hypothesis after its initial formulation. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.16p4 Section header 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part IV. Seventeenth and eighteenth century</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.17nei 169 186 18 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">European conceptions of writing from the Renaissance to the eighteenth century</TitleText> 1 A01 Cordula Neis Neis, Cordula Cordula Neis 01 Ever since Plato&#8217;s skepticism about writing&#65279;&#65279; &#65279;there has been a long debate over writing as a social and linguistic phenomenon. The invention of writing, its influ&#173;ence and importance for the civilizing process, the quest for a perfect notation and discussions of different writing systems were popular topics discussed by leading philosophers and grammarians. The fascination with exotic writing systems, espe&#173;cially Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters, permeated philosophical and linguistic conceptions of writing in the 17th and the 18th centuries. These writing systems were opposed to alphabetical writing&#65279;: The latter was conceived either as the highest human achievement or as a cumbersome system for the representation of sounds, lacking the advantages of so-called &#8216;real characters&#8217;. Discussions of writ&#173;ing were thus intertwined with reflections on orthography as well as with views on the relationship between the oral and the literal transmission of ideas. This paper reviews different conceptions of writing from the Renaissance to the 18th century, highlighting theories about supposedly ideal writing systems and examining the role ascribed to alphabetical writing in human civilization. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.18mcl 187 200 14 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Lessons from literary theory</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Applying the notion of transtextuality (Genette 1982) to early modern German grammars</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nicola McLelland McLelland, Nicola Nicola McLelland 01 This article applies a well-established variant of intertextuality theory, trans&#173;textuality (Genette 1982), to Schottelius&#8217;s Ausf&#252;hrliche Arbeit der Teutschen HaubtSprache (1663), in order to show the potential of such an approach in lin&#173;guistic historiography. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.19dju 201 215 15 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nachahmung und Sch&#246;pfung in der Barockgrammatik</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Ch. Gueintz liest W. Ratke</Subtitle> 1 A01 Boris Djubo Djubo, Boris Boris Djubo 01 This contribution discusses the grammarians of the first half of the 17th cen&#173;tury. The grammar by Ch. Gueintz (1641) was the German grammar that was offi&#173;cially recognized by the Fruitbearing Society. Prince Ludwig of Anhalt-K&#246;then, the head of the Fruitbearing Society, commissioned Gueintz to write this grammar in 1638. The results reported here of a comparison of the grammars show that Gueintz&#8217; most important sources apparently were the Allgemeine Sprachlehr [Gen&#173;eral Grammar] (1619) by W. Ratke and not his Wortschickungslehr [Word Usage] (c. 1630), which is partially preserved in manuscript form. Gueintz&#8217; sources ap&#173;parently also included the grammars by J. Clajus&#65279; (1578) and St. Ritter (1616). 10 01 JB code sihols.115.20con 217 224 8 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Leibniz as lexicographer?</TitleText> 1 A01 John Considine Considine, John John Considine 01 The interests of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646&#8211;1716) in lan&#173;guage have been studied in a classic monograph, Leibniz als Sprachforscher by Sigrid von der Schulen&#173;burg (1885&#8211;1943), and in a number of subsequent works (see Dutz 1983, and for some later material, M&#252;ller &#38; Heinekamp 1996:26&#8211;29). One subset of Leibniz&#8217;s linguis&#173;tic thought, his study of dictionaries and furtherance of dictionary projects, was sketched in a recent paper of mine (Considine 2008b). The present paper discusses a remarkable and little-known dictionary project with which he has been closely associated. Papers for the project are preserved in MS IV, 471 of the Gottfried Wil&#173;helm Leibniz Bibliothek in Hannover: this is the unpub&#173;lished four-volume collec&#173;tion of materials for an historical and etymological dictionary&#65279; of Germanto which Schulenburg refers as Leibniz&#8217;s Lexicon etymologicum. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.21bou 225 238 14 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Du verbe actif au verbe transitif</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Transitivit&#233; et compl&#233;mentation dans les grammaires fran&#231;aises, 1660&#8211;1863</Subtitle> 1 A01 Bérengère Bouard Bouard, Bérengère Bérengère Bouard 01 The question we propose to examine in this contribution is the following: How did the &#8220;active verb&#65279;&#8221; category in French grammar, which was inherited from Latin grammar, be&#173;come the &#8220;transitive verb&#8221; category? The definition of the active verb is based in fact on the superposition of two characteristics: the semantics of the action and the direct construction. The history of the emergence of the category of the transitive verb results from a process of separation of these criteria realized over the long term in line with the emergence of the notion of the complement. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.22ayr 239 249 11 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors in metalinguistic texts</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of ob&#173;servations and remarks on the French language</Subtitle> 1 A01 Wendy Ayres-Bennett Ayres-Bennett, Wendy Wendy Ayres-Bennett 01 My aim in this paper is to examine how and why metaphors are used in cer&#173;tain metalinguistic texts. In particular I wish to ex&#173;plore the extent to which they help the reader to understand the key ideas and ar&#173;guments of the work by relating them to other fields of interest. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.23del 251 263 13 Article 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Les M&#233;thodes au XVIIe si&#232;cle</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>Les </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">M&#233;thodes au XVIIe si&#232;cle</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Un outil composite. Irson, Lancelot, Nicole</Subtitle> 1 A01 Simone Delesalle Delesalle, Simone Simone Delesalle Laboratoire d’Histoire des théories linguistiques, CNRS 2 A01 Francine Mazière Mazière, Francine Francine Mazière Université Paris-Diderot 01 Seventeenth-century &#8220;M&#233;thodes&#8221;, which aimed to present the French lan&#173;guage, are more than simply grammars; they contain treatises on poetry, etymology, and rhetoric, and they even offer advice about social behavior. In the period 1656&#8211;1662, the Cartesian-Gallicanism of Port-Royal faced serious conflicts. &#8220;Les m&#233;&#173;thodes&#8221;, besides instructing students, were able to transform their pedagogical program into an ideological weapon. Such was the case for Irson&#65279;&#8217;s &#8220;M&#233;thode&#8221;, which aimed to offer the public both &#8220;les principes&#8221; and &#8220;la puret&#233;&#8221; of the French language. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.24fou 265 276 12 Article 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A propos des r&#232;gles dans les grammaires fran&#231;aises de l&#8217;&#226;ge classique</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">propos des r&#232;gles dans les grammaires fran&#231;aises de l&#8217;&#226;ge classique</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Forme, fonction, statut (le cas de l&#8217;accord du participe pass&#233;)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jean-Marie Fournier Fournier, Jean-Marie Jean-Marie Fournier 01 This article offers some reflections about rules in grammars as complex dis&#173;cursive objects, more precisely about their function and their status in the history of the description and institution of vernacular languages. Our analysis traces an example of exceptional longevity within the corpus of French grammars&#65279; during the 17th and 18th centuries: the rule concerning the agree&#173;ment of past participle&#65279; used with the auxiliary verb &#8216;avoir&#8217;. Our atten&#173;tion focuses on the historicity of discourse constructions through which this rule is empirically written in grammars through&#173;out this period: Different grammarians&#65279;&#65279; do not express it in the same terms and do not conceive its content in the same way, using the same conceptual material. The rule&#65279; raises different issues at different times within the history of the French lan&#173;guage itself, and within the history of linguistics&#65279;&#65279;. We intend here to restore a part of this complexity. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.25rab 277 288 12 Article 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La phrase expliqu&#233;e aux sourds-muets</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">phrase expliqu&#233;e aux sourds-muets</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Remarques sur la syntaxe chiffr&#233;e de l&#8217;abb&#233; Sicard</Subtitle> 1 A01 Valérie Raby Raby, Valérie Valérie Raby 01 Abb&#233; Sicard is the inventor of a highly uncommon method for syntactic pars&#173;ing, originally intended for his &#8220;deaf-mute&#65279;&#8221; students. The pur&#173;pose of this method was to lay bare the logical structure of a sentence by means of a cipher mapping its constituents to numerical values. This &#8220;numerical analysis of proposition&#8221;, which Sicard described as a &#8220;theory-practice&#8221;, substituted a combinatorial system based on numerical values for the traditional metalanguage of grammatical functions. Outlandish as it may seem at first sight, Sicard&#8217;s project did achieve a fair amount of success at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, to such extent that its applica&#173;tion to general teaching was envisaged. In this paper, my primary interest will be in the discrepancy between, on the one hand, a theoretical analysis of propositions which relies on the existence of a copula and claims to provide a syntax for the &#8220;language of gestures&#8221; (&#8220;langage mimique&#8221;), and, on the other hand, the fact that the language of Sicard&#8217;s deaf students presents no functional analog of a copula. As a con&#173;sequence, Sicard&#8217;s analysis met with the open resistance from teachers of specia&#173;lized schools for the deaf. This opposition found additional support in obser&#173;vations made by orientalists, and their objections eventually helped undermine the univer&#173;salist assumptions which characterized dogmatic versions of Grammaire G&#233;n&#233;rale. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.26kil 289 300 12 Article 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The place of spatial case forms&#65279; in early Estonian, Latvian and Finnish grammars</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">place of spatial case forms&#65279; in early Estonian, Latvian and Finnish grammars</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Annika Kilgi Kilgi, Annika Annika Kilgi 01 According to current morphological descriptions, Latvian has one case and Finnish and Estonian have six cases that primarily serve to specifically express spatial relations. These forms caused difficulties for the first gram&#173;marians of these languages since there seemed to be no appropriate place for many of them in the framework of Latin grammar. The overall move towards the acknowledge&#173;ment of critical forms in the case paradigm was slightly different in each country but, at the same time, two grammatical traditions&#65279; out of three shared some traits. The sources of these similarities are the joint history of Estonia and Latvia and the linguistic kinship of Estonian and Finnish. This article seeks to describe the three traditions by first describing the background of the grammars. It will then provide an overview of the treatment of cases used to express spatial relations in each country. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.27p5 Section header 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part V. Nineteenth and twentieth centuries</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.28gar 303 315 13 Article 28 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Aproximaciones a la ense&#241;anza del an&#225;lisis</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Los Principios del an&#225;lisis l&#243;jico de Ram&#243;n Merino (1848)</Subtitle> 1 A01 María José García Folgado García Folgado, María José María José García Folgado Universitat de València 2 A01 Esteban T. Montoro del Arco Montoro del Arco, Esteban T. Esteban T. Montoro del Arco Universidad de Granada 01 At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the tech&#173;nique of logical and grammatical analysis for the purpose of Spanish didac&#173;tics began to be introduced into Spain as an imitation of neighboring France. Most &#8220;modern&#8221; grammarians included this technique generally into their works, as a widening of syntax. Nevertheless, it was not until 1843 that a gram&#173;mar manual explicitly included this term, as Ram&#243;n Merino did in his Principios de an&#225;lisis l&#243;jico. This paper is an approach to this work and the educa&#173;tional con&#173;text of the period in which it was produced. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.29pel 317 326 10 Article 29 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A difficult case</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">difficult case</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A sketch of the different interpretations of the concept of &#8216;case&#8217; in the early Chinese grammatical studies</Subtitle> 1 A01 Tommaso Pellin Pellin, Tommaso Tommaso Pellin 01 Starting in the mid-19th century, Chinese linguists began to import the West&#173;ern study of grammar by means of translation of Western grammar books. Until then Chi&#173;nese traditional linguistics had produced hardly any research on language struc&#173;tures. One of the most significant differences between the Indo-European languages and the Chinese language is the presence in the former of the phenome&#173;non of grammatical case, often provided with a marker. The present paper deals with the different strategies Chinese linguists used to translate this notion they found in Western grammar books. Second, it highlights how they even tried to employ case in the description of Chinese, but in time this concept was radi&#173;cally modified in order to fit the Chinese grammatical system. The texts in this study consist of a number of Latin, English and Chinese grammar books, written from the mid-19th century to the 1920s. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.30tou 327 339 13 Article 30 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Relecture jakobsonienne de la distinction saussurienne langue/parole</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">De la constitution d&#8217;un concept a l&#8217;acceptation d&#8217;un objet donn&#233;</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anne-Gaëlle Toutain Toutain, Anne-Gaëlle Anne-Gaëlle Toutain 01 The Roman Jakobson’s criticism of the Saussurean <i>langue</i>/<i>parole </i>distinction, in his <i>La théorie saussurienne en retrospection</i>, is based on the acceptance of a given object in Bachelard’s sense: the language (<i>langage</i>) as a complex unity which we only have to analyze. It contains no theorization of <i>langue </i>as a norm. On the contrary, the Saussurean <i>langue</i>/<i>parole </i>distinction is at the same time epistemological and theoretical: It amounts to delimiting an object in the whole language (<i>langage</i>) and to theorizing the dimension of communication which is inherent to human language. Thus, the Saussurean distinction appears to be at the foundation of the theorization of <i>langue</i>, which founds linguistics, but whose necessity is dissimulated, in a linguistic theory like Jakobson’s, by the language(<i>langage</i>) as a given object and the <i>langue</i>/<i>parole </i>problematics following from it. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.31des 341 358 18 Article 31 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Ernst Cassirer&#8217;s and Benedetto Croce&#8217;s theories of language in comparison</TitleText> 1 A01 Sarah Dessì Schmid Schmid, Sarah Dessì Sarah Dessì Schmid 01 This contribution is dedicated to the comparison between the language theories of Ernst Cassirer (1874&#8211;1945) and Benedetto Croce (1866&#8211;1952). A both factually and idealistically important dialogue took place between these two idealistic philo&#173;sophers of the 20th century and was ex&#173;pressed mainly by means of criticism. The first part of this article presents the topics as well as the concrete passages of mu&#173;tual criticism suited to illustrate certain problems in the relation of Cassirer&#8217;s and Croce&#8217;s theories in general; the second part then focuses on one of these topics, which constitutes the core of their re&#173;spective language-philosophical and semiotic ideas: language and its relation with art&#65279;, its autonomy (as Cassirer perceives) or dependency (according to Croce). Brief final remarks recapitulate the main simi&#173;larities and differences bet&#173;ween the language theories of both philosophers that have become apparent in our comparison and emphasize the main point effectively separating them: their radi&#173;cally different ways of understanding idealism with respect to the relationship between spiritual activities of man and empirics. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.32arc 359 367 9 Article 32 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Tradition versus grammatical traditions</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Considerations on the representation of the Russian language</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sylvie Archaimbault Archaimbault, Sylvie Sylvie Archaimbault 01 In the history of linguistics, the cumulative model of knowledge often hinges on the notion of tradition, whose purpose is to extract lines of force, identifiable a posteriori, through traces which, by accretion, have formed them (texts, various linguistic tools). But if these grammatical traditions provide a convenient instru&#173;ment due to their empirical character and their openness to comparison, they are nevertheless disputed as carrying a continuism suspected of being a projection. In order to discuss this notion of tradition more accurately, this paper will rely on the corpus of the grammatical thought in Russia in its full extent. It will explore how historical consciousness supported the construction of a representation of the na&#173;tional language still in force today. This principle is reasserted in the federal act of 2005, which reinforces Russian, in its normative dimension anchored to literature, as the official language of the Russian Federation. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.33ham 369 387 19 Article 33 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">An early sociolinguistic approach towards standardization and dialect variation</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>An </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">early sociolinguistic approach towards standardization and dialect variation</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">G. G. Kloeke&#8217;s theory of Hollandish expansion</Subtitle> 1 A01 Camiel S.J.N. Hamans Hamans, Camiel S.J.N. Camiel S.J.N. Hamans 01 With the publication of Kloeke&#8217;s De Hollandsche Expansie in de 16e en 17e eeuw en haar weerspiegeling in de hedendaagse Nederlandse dialecten (1927) a long and harsh debate started in Dutch historical linguistics. This debate, which still goes on, concentrates on the history of &#8216;Dutch diphthongization&#8217;. By pointing to prestige as an important factor in language change, Kloeke actually showed himself to be an &#8216;avant-la letter&#8217; sociolinguist. Unfortunately scholars from differ&#173;ent backgrounds were able to prove that the historical data Kloeke used for his theory were not as solid as he thought. Nevertheless, his idea that social factors are as important as structural arguments still remains valid. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.34tho 389 397 9 Article 34 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Gender and the language scholarship of the Summer Institute of Linguistics in the context of mid twentieth-century American linguistics</TitleText> 1 A01 Margaret Thomas Thomas, Margaret Margaret Thomas 01 Low levels of participation by women scholars in mainstream American lin&#173;guistics in the mid twentieth century contrast with evidence, from the 1940s on&#173;ward, of productive engagement in language study and analysis by women mis&#173;sionary-linguists affiliated with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now known as &#8220;SIL International&#8221;). This paper explores why SIL, unlike early twentieth-century aca&#173;demic study of language, seems to have consistently valued women&#8217;s linguistic work. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.35god 399 407 9 Article 35 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">When categories go back to parts of speech</TitleText> 1 A01 Béatrice Godart-Wendling Godart-Wendling, Béatrice Béatrice Godart-Wendling CNRS, UMR 7597 Laboratoire d’Histoire des Théories Linguistiques 2 A01 Pierre Joray Joray, Pierre Pierre Joray UFR de Philosophie, Université de Rennes 1 01 Faced with the complexity of natural languages, contemporary categorial grammars have significantly increased the number of their basic categories. With such a theoretical choice, the notion of category becomes a black box which no longer clarifies the dependent relationships linking the different sorts of expres&#173;sions. Furthermore, no new definition of basic category is provided, nor any expli&#173;cit introduction criteria. Focusing on Lambek&#8217;s pregroup grammar, this paper points out the consequences of the proliferation of basic categories. The accounts of infinitives and relative clauses will show the ad hoc use of new basic categories and the need for ad hoc grammatical rules. Paradoxically, we obtain an anachro&#173;nistic model which uses a very up-to-date algebraic method with categories work&#173;ing as the traditional parts of speech. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.36kno 409 423 15 Article 36 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;Cultural morphology&#8217;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A success story in German linguistics</Subtitle> 1 A01 Clemens Knobloch Knobloch, Clemens Clemens Knobloch 01 Cultural morphology originated in the 1920s in the context of German &#8216;Volksforschung&#8217;. For German dialectology, it became attractive because of the inherent promise to overcome its political isolation stemming from the traditional preoccupation with the history of mere sounds and forms. Dialectologists saw a chance to save themselves and find protection under the semantic umbrella of German &#8216;Volk&#8217; and &#8216;Kultur&#8217;. Cultural morphology was shaped in strategic compe&#173;tition with the rising French sociology of language and dialect&#65279;. Reframed as Kultur&#173;morpholo&#173;gie, dialectology&#65279; became modern, dynamic and sociological. As a model approach within Kulturraum&#173;forschun&#65279;g, dialectology managed to gain promi&#173;nence and a high reputation in the field of Geisteswissenschaften &#8211; as well as am&#173;ple financial fund&#173;ing by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. While neogramma&#173;rian dialectolo&#173;gists&#65279;&#65279; were ridiculed as unworthy Lautschieber&#65279;, cultural morphology became the most prominent branch of applied linguistics in Germany and remained in a hege&#173;monic position for at least 40 years. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.37vel 425 434 10 Article 37 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interjections: An insurmountable problem of structural linguistics?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of early Soviet structuralism</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ekaternia Velmezova Velmezova, Ekaternia Ekaternia Velmezova 01 If interjections are absent from the works of mature Soviet structuralists&#65279;, from the 1920s to the 1950s Soviet linguists &#65279;tried to include them into formal and sys&#173;temic language descriptions. However, certain distinctive features of the formal and semantic structure of these words made Soviet pre-structuralists&#65279; not only call into question their basic methods, but also cause the collapse of some of the prin&#173;cipal oppositions forming the basis of the majority of structural approaches to the language, i.e. syn&#173;chrony and diach&#173;rony; statics and dynamics; langue, langage and parole. Analy&#173;sis of corresponding research shows that these difficulties could be explained by methodological specificities of Soviet linguistics at that time. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.38kli 435 448 14 Article 38 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">L&#8217;espace linguistique en voie de (d&#233;)multiplication</TitleText> 1 A01 Carita Klippi Klippi, Carita Carita Klippi 01 Constituting a technical rearrangement of a valued linguistic space, the codifi&#173;cation of one of the linguistic possibilities offered is the corollary of the extension of the public space beyond the immediate sphere of the actors. The spatial spheres in which the actors move about in their daily lives differ from each other and con&#173;sequently influence their appropriation of space. A person&#8217;s relationship to the world is conditioned historically and socially. Using French dialectology as basis, this article aims to study the manner in which space conveys the linguistic values in the changing society at the turn of the 19th to 20th century. Consideration of the extralinguistic factors &#8211; ethnographic, geo&#173;graphic, and historical &#8211; allows us to compre&#173;hend the topographical distribution of linguistic facts and to study the dis&#173;appearance of a linguistic space of an agrarian and settled world due to the homogenizing pressure exerted by the standard lan&#173;guage. The increasing verticalization&#65279; of community struc&#173;tures has an impact on the re&#173;duction of linguistic spaces. The reconfiguration of the linguistic space influ&#173;ences the perception of the language by the actors. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.39leo 449 458 10 Article 39 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Z. S. Harris and the semantic turn of mathematical information theory</TitleText> 1 A01 Jacqueline Léon Léon, Jacqueline Jacqueline Léon 01 This paper aims at presenting Harris&#8217; use of information theory as a specific case of transfer of mathematical concepts and methods into linguistics. First, it will show that distributional analysis had characteristics which made it particu&#173;larly receptive to some aspects of information theory, such as the special status of repe&#173;tition&#65279; and the treatment of linguistic elements as physical events. Second, this paper will show how Harris gradually incorporated the notions of information theory and methods to address new issues in his own theory: from the identification and classi&#173;fication of linguistic units to the analysis of redundant patterns in utterances and in discourses, and finally to the ultimate objective of developing an information grammar for the sublanguages of sciences. Thus, infor&#173;mation, at first a pure quan&#173;titative entity, underwent a semantic turn when Harris adapted it for linguistic ob&#173;jec&#173;tives. 10 01 JB code sihols.115.40index 459 464 6 Miscellaneous 40 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code sihols.115.41index 465 468 4 Miscellaneous 41 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20110422 2011 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 1010 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 17 12 01 02 JB 1 00 120.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 127.20 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 12 02 02 JB 1 00 101.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 12 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 180.00 USD