245010365 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 14 Hb 15 9789027234940 06 10.1075/silv.14 13 2013000299 00 BB 08 705 gr 10 01 JB code SILV 02 1872-9592 02 14.00 01 02 Studies in Language Variation Studies in Language Variation 01 01 Language Variation - European Perspectives IV Selected papers from the Sixth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), Freiburg, June 2011 Language Variation - European Perspectives IV: Selected papers from the Sixth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), Freiburg, June 2011 1 B01 01 JB code 230154570 Peter Auer Auer, Peter Peter Auer Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/230154570 2 B01 01 JB code 727156512 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/727156512 3 B01 01 JB code 821156513 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/821156513 01 eng 11 310 03 03 xiv 03 00 296 03 01 23 417 03 2011 P120.V37 04 Language and languages--Variation--Congresses. 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Contains papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. This title includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knobl. 03 00 The eighteen contributions in this volume are based on papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. The volume includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers (‘Where is syntactic variation?’) and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knöbl (‘Standard usage’: Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German). In addition, the editors have selected 16 papers ranging over a wide field of languages/varieties and topics. The languages and varieties covered are Belarusian, British English, Catalan, Dutch, Gaelic, Gallo-Italic, Greek, Italian, Occitan, Rhaeto-Romance, Russian, Scottish English, Swedish, Turkish, and several varieties of German. The majority of the papers deal with phonetic and phonological variation (Caro Reina; Deppermann, Kleiner and Knöbl; Katerbow; Moosmüller and Scheutz; Schützler; Schleef; West; Zeller; Ziegler), but morphological variation (Cornips and Hulk; Dal Negro), morphosyntactic variation (Melissaropoulou, Themistocleous, Tsiplakou and Tsolakidis), and syntactic variation (Barbiers; Håkansson; Rothmayr) are also represented. Additional papers deal with code-switching. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.14.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027234940.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027234940.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.14.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.14.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.14.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.14.hb.png 01 01 JB code silv.14.001int 06 10.1075/silv.14.001int vii xiv 8 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 51186982 Peter Auer Auer, Peter Peter Auer University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/51186982 2 A01 01 JB code 433186983 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/433186983 3 A01 01 JB code 743186984 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/743186984 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.14.01bar 06 10.1075/silv.14.01bar 1 26 26 Article 2 01 04 Where is syntactic variation? Where is syntactic variation? 1 A01 01 JB code 115186985 Sjef Barbiers Barbiers, Sjef Sjef Barbiers Meertens Instituut and Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/115186985 01 eng 30 00

This paper discusses the consequences of some major recent developments in syntactic variation research: (i) the shift from a macro-comparative to a micro-comparative approach; (ii) the use of dialectological, sociolinguistic and theoretical methods to collect dialect syntax data; (iii) the rapidly increasing on-line availability of large amounts of data on large amounts of dialects; (iv) the hypothesis in minimalist generative grammar that there is no cross-linguistic variation in the syntactic module of the mental grammar and that all syntactic variation is reducible to other linguistic and non-linguistic levels. A brief overview is provided of the micro-comparative syntactic research infrastructure that has been built up in recent years. To demonstrate the usability of the available data and the minimalist hypothesis, the paper concentrates on the highly pervasive but little studied phenomenon of syntactic doubling. It is argued that syntactic doubling is necessary to express semantic relations and that there is much hidden doubling because locally recoverable doubles can and in certain cases must be left silent at the level of phonological spell out. In this way, syntactic doubling is an important source of syntactic variation. Using a model of linguistic variation that includes syntax, other levels of the mental grammar (phonology, semantics, pragmatics), cognition (e.g. memory, thinking), body (e.g. oral tract) and society, the paper then shows which piece of syntactic variation can be reduced to which level of linguistic variation model, thus answering the question of the title.

01 01 JB code silv.14.02car 06 10.1075/silv.14.02car 27 44 18 Article 3 01 04 Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 307186986 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/307186986 01 eng 30 00

Typological research has been mainly based on standard written varieties. Only in recent years has there been a growing interest in studying cross-linguistic variation in regional and social non-standard varieties (e.g. Kortmann 2004). While morphology and syntax have been the focus of these cross-linguistic studies, phonological aspects have not been fully explored, partly because previous approaches to phonological typology have concentrated primarily on phoneme inventories (e.g. Maddieson 1984). The aim of this paper is to show how phonological variation in closely-related standard and non-standard varieties may be explained in terms of typological features. For that purpose, the typology of syllable and word languages will be applied to Catalan and Alemannic dialects. The focus will lie on how traditional dialect classifications can be accounted for on the basis of this typology.

01 01 JB code silv.14.03cav 06 10.1075/silv.14.03cav 45 56 12 Article 4 01 04 Language ideologies and language attitudes Language ideologies and language attitudes 01 04 A linguistic anthropological perspective A linguistic anthropological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 725186987 Jillian R. Cavanaugh Cavanaugh, Jillian R. Jillian R. Cavanaugh Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center, CUNY 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/725186987 01 eng 30 00

In the early 1990s, linguistic anthropological work seeking to integrate speakers’ perceptions and understandings of their linguistic and social contexts into analyses of language use coalesced around the theoretical paradigm of language ideology. This perspective includes both micro-interactional elements of language use as well as large-scale sociohistorical processes that shape and are shaped by language. This article first describes language ideology as a field, and describes some of its key works. Next it shifts to discuss language ideology through an analysis of the language situation in Bergamo, Italy, where ongoing language shift, socioeconomic transformation, and the politicization of language have resulted in a complex linguistic situation and a range of attitudes towards language. Based on ongoing cultural and linguistic ethnographic research in Bergamo since 1999, this paper illustrates how analyses of speaker attitudes from a language ideology perspective can produce a rich, multiplex understanding of how speakers themselves use and understand language.

01 01 JB code silv.14.04cor 06 10.1075/silv.14.04cor 57 68 12 Article 5 01 04 Late language acquisition and identity construction Late language acquisition and identity construction 01 04 Variation in use of the Dutch definite determiners de and het Variation in use of the Dutch definite determiners de and het 1 A01 01 JB code 90186988 Leonie Cornips Cornips, Leonie Leonie Cornips Meertens Institute & Maastricht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/90186988 2 A01 01 JB code 187186989 Aafke Hulk Hulk, Aafke Aafke Hulk University of Amsterdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/187186989 01 eng 30 00

Aacquisition of the grammatical gender of the Dutch definite common determiner de and neuter het is a long-lasting process since monolingual children do not acquire a target grammar with respect to the use of het until the age of six. Before that age, they overuse de. Bilingual child acquirers from ethnic minority communities show an overuse of de to a much higher extent than their monolingual controls. We will explore the relation between language acquisition and language variation. It is argued that when the acquisition process of a grammatical phenomenon takes too long, it will become vulnerable in the sense that language external and internal factors start to interfere with this process and the emerging variation will remain for some acquirers. The hypothesis is put forward that in that case a grammatical phenomenon is very eligible to be used in identity construction.

01 01 JB code silv.14.05dal 06 10.1075/silv.14.05dal 69 82 14 Article 6 01 04 The variation of gender agreement on numerals in the Alpine space The variation of gender agreement on numerals in the Alpine space 1 A01 01 JB code 630186990 Silvia Negro Negro, Silvia Silvia Negro Free University of Bolzano/Bozen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/630186990 01 eng 30 00

The study of dialects and of closely-related systems can be very interesting under the perspective of language typology since they give insights into different forms of linguistic patterning, setting off from very similar linguistic substance. The topic of this paper is gender agreement on cardinal numbers, a good example in which dialects exhibit a higher degree of complexity than their nearest standard languages, in this case German and Italian, as well as most European standard languages. Cardinal numerals are a special kind of linguistic object. From the point of view of agreement, lower numerals may share adjective-like properties and agree (usually in gender) with their head nouns, whereas higher numerals tend to have more noun-like properties and behave more as agreement controllers than as targets. Focusing on the Romance-Germanic contact area encompassing the alpine space, patterns of variation on numerals will be considered. On the basis of linguistic atlases, local grammars and dictionaries, and field-work research a typology of diffusion and evolution of the phenomenon of gender agreement on lower numerals both in Romance varieties (Gallo-Romance, Italo-Romance, Ladin) and German (Upper German dialects) can be outlined.

01 01 JB code silv.14.06dep 06 10.1075/silv.14.06dep 83 116 34 Article 7 01 04 `Standard usage' ‘Standard usage’ 01 04 Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 367186991 Arnulf Deppermann Deppermann, Arnulf Arnulf Deppermann Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/367186991 2 A01 01 JB code 595186992 Stefan Kleiner Kleiner, Stefan Stefan Kleiner Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/595186992 3 A01 01 JB code 743186993 Ralf Knöbl Knöbl, Ralf Ralf Knöbl Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/743186993 01 eng 30 00

‘Standard language’ is a contested concept, ideologically, empirically and theoretically. This is particularly true for a language such as German, where the standardization of the spoken language was based on the written standard and was established with respect to a communicative situation, i.e. public speech on stage (Bühnenaussprache), which most speakers never come across. As a consequence, the norms of the oral standard exhibit many features which are infrequent in the everyday speech even of educated speakers.This paper discusses ways to arrive at a more realistic conception of (spoken) standard German, which will be termed ‘standard usage’. It must be founded on empirical observations of speakers’ linguistic choices in everyday situations. Arguments in favor of a corpus-based notion of standard have to consider sociolinguistic, political, and didactic concerns. We report on the design of a large study of linguistic variation conducted at the Institute for the German Language (project “Variation in Spoken German”, Variation des gesprochenen Deutsch) with the aim of arriving at a representative picture of ‘standard usage’ in contemporary German. It systematically takes into account both diatopic variation covering the multi-national space in which German is an official language, and diastratic variation in terms of varying degrees of formality. Results of the study of phonetic and morphosyntactic variation are discussed. At least for German, a corpus-based notion of ‘standard usage’ inevitably includes some degree of pluralism concerning areal variation, and it needs to do justice to register-based variation as well.

01 01 JB code silv.14.07geo 06 10.1075/silv.14.07geo 117 128 12 Article 8 01 04 Code alternation patterns in bilingual family conversations Code alternation patterns in bilingual family conversations 01 04 Implications for an integrated model of analysis Implications for an integrated model of analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 904186994 Marianthi Georgalidou Georgalidou, Marianthi Marianthi Georgalidou University of the Aegean, Greece 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/904186994 2 A01 01 JB code 153186995 Hasan Kaili Kaili, Hasan Hasan Kaili University of the Aegean, Greece 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/153186995 3 A01 01 JB code 499186996 Aytac Celtek Celtek, Aytac Aytac Celtek University of the Aegean, Greece 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/499186996 01 eng 30 00

In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in the Greek/Turkish bilingual community of Rhodes within a Conversation Analysis (CA) framework. Our data comprise recordings of everyday talk-in-interaction during bilingual family gatherings. We examine aspects of the overall and sequential organization of talk as well as issues of identity based on the code alternation choices speakers of different ages and social groups make during interaction.

01 01 JB code silv.14.08hak 06 10.1075/silv.14.08hak 129 144 16 Article 9 01 04 A variationist approach to syntactic change A variationist approach to syntactic change 01 04 The case of subordinate clause word order in the history of Swedish The case of subordinate clause word order in the history of Swedish 1 A01 01 JB code 702186997 David Håkansson Håkansson, David David Håkansson Uppsala University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/702186997 01 eng 30 00

This article focuses on word order in subordinate clauses in the history of Swedish, mainly Old Swedish (c. 1225–1526) and Early Modern Swedish (1526–1732). In Old Swedish, subordinate clauses could have the same word order as main clauses with respect to the internal order between the finite verb and a sentence adverbial. This marks a clear contrast to Modern Swedish with its particular subordinate clause word order marked by the pre-finite placement of the sentence adverbial. By using variationist methods this article takes a sociolinguistic approach to syntactic change, arguing that the word order variation in subordinate clauses in the history of Swedish has to be explained in two different ways. During 1225–1450 the modern word order is restricted to subordinate clauses with pronominal subjects, and as long as the modern word order is restricted to clauses with pronominal subjects it is argued that the variation between old and modern subordinate clause word order can be described as a micro-variation in a system with obligatory verb movement and different subject positions. In Late Old Swedish, however, the modern subordinate clause word order started to occur also with non-pronominal subjects. The possibility of using the modern subordinate clause word order pattern independently of the subject type cannot be accounted for within one system with obligatory verb movement but instead reflects a macro-variation between two coexisting systems (with or without verb movement). During Early Modern Swedish one of these systems became predominant, and it is argued that this change is dependent on the sociolinguistic situation in 17th-century Sweden.

01 01 JB code silv.14.09kat 06 10.1075/silv.14.09kat 145 158 14 Article 10 01 04 Children's switching/shifting competence in role-playing Children’s switching/shifting competence in role-playing 1 A01 01 JB code 1186998 Matthias Katerbow Katerbow, Matthias Matthias Katerbow University of Marburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1186998 01 eng 30 00

This paper – part of a larger study on the acquisition of variation in a Moselle-Franconian village (Wittlich/Eifel) – deals with data from children’s natural peer-group interactions during salesperson–buyer role-play. While analyzing this data, a large amount of intracontextual variation was observed. This variation is explained by the fact that the children, who are between the ages of 3;11 and 6;10, have acquired specific registers, i.e. a role-play register and a peer-directed register.

01 01 JB code silv.14.10mel 06 10.1075/silv.14.10mel 159 172 14 Article 11 01 04 The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited 1 A01 01 JB code 407186999 Dimitra Melissaropoulou Melissaropoulou, Dimitra Dimitra Melissaropoulou University of Patras and Open University of Cyprus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/407186999 2 A01 01 JB code 761187000 Charalambos Themistocleous Themistocleous, Charalambos Charalambos Themistocleous University of Cyprus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/761187000 3 A01 01 JB code 11187001 Stavroula Tsiplakou Tsiplakou, Stavroula Stavroula Tsiplakou Open University of Cyprus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/11187001 4 A01 01 JB code 41187002 Simeon Tsolakidis Tsolakidis, Simeon Simeon Tsolakidis University of Patras 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/41187002 01 eng 30 00

This paper examines the emergence of innovative Present Perfect structures in the Cypriot Greek koiné through a quantitative study supplemented by naturalistically sampled data. The results of the study indicate that innovative Present Perfect structures are emergent in contemporary Cypriot Greek, at least among its younger, more educated speakers. Although such innovation on the morphosyntactic level may well be a result of language contact with Standard Greek, it does not entail perfect acquisition or transfer of the full range of associated semantic features of Standard Greek Present Perfect. Conversely, it seems that transfer of the exclusively resultative semantics of extant, non-innovative Cypriot Greek Present Perfect structures onto the innovative Present Perfect is not operative either.

01 01 JB code silv.14.11moo 06 10.1075/silv.14.11moo 173 186 14 Article 12 01 04 Chain shifts revisited Chain shifts revisited 01 04 The case of monophthongisation and E-merger in the city dialects of Salzburg and Vienna The case of monophthongisation and E-merger in the city dialects of Salzburg and Vienna 1 A01 01 JB code 421187003 Sylvia Moosmüller Moosmüller, Sylvia Sylvia Moosmüller University of Vienna 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/421187003 2 A01 01 JB code 679187004 Hannes Scheutz Scheutz, Hannes Hannes Scheutz University of Salzburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679187004 01 eng 30 00

In this contribution, two consecutive sound changes, the Viennese monophthongisation and the E-merger, are investigated. Both sound changes originated in the city dialect of Vienna and spread to other Austrian dialects, including the city dialect of Salzburg. Whereas in the city dialect of Vienna the monophthongisation was completed around 1940 leading to two new vowels in the vowel inventory, this process is still in progress in Salzburg. Consequently, the vowel inventories of the two dialects differ with respect to the number of vowels. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the Viennese monophthongisation caused the confusion and subsequent merger of the E-vowels. However, a comparison of the two city dialects reveals that the two changes must have occurred independently of each other.

01 01 JB code silv.14.12rot 06 10.1075/silv.14.12rot 187 200 14 Article 13 01 04 And the beat goes on And the beat goes on 01 04 Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising at the syntax-phonology interface Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising at the syntax-phonology interface 1 A01 01 JB code 62187005 Antonia Rothmayr Rothmayr, Antonia Antonia Rothmayr 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/62187005 01 eng 30 00

This paper addresses microvariation within verb cluster constructions in varieties of German, focusing on Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising in Alemannic. It is argued that the difference in the syntax of verb clusters arises because of differences in the prosodic systems of the dialects (stress-timed vs. syllable-timed languages). The paper includes an overview of the empirical properties of the Alemannic phonological phrase and an analysis of the syntax of verb clusters based on PF-requirements.

01 01 JB code silv.14.13sch 06 10.1075/silv.14.13sch 201 214 14 Article 14 01 04 Migrant teenagers' acquisition of sociolinguistic variation Migrant teenagers’ acquisition of sociolinguistic variation 01 04 The variables (ing) and (t) The variables (ing) and (t) 1 A01 01 JB code 458187006 Erik Schleef Schleef, Erik Erik Schleef University of Manchester 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/458187006 01 eng 30 00

This paper investigates the acquisition of the sociolinguistic constraints of two variables, (ing) and (t), by non-native teenagers of Polish origin in both London and Edinburgh. First, the native sociolinguistic constraints on variation of (ing) and (t) are identified. These are then compared with the sociolinguistic constraints of two groups of non-native teenagers living in London and Edinburgh. Results of a multivariate analysis indicate that Polish adolescent immigrants do not acquire the exact same constraints on variation as their local peer group, and that the acquisition of variation varies from variable to variable, which may be due to the character of the variable and its constraint complexity. Learners seem to be using various strategies when acquiring variation in the realisation of these variables in the English of the speech community into which they have moved. While some variable constraints are replicated, there is also evidence of reallocation of the relative importance of variable input constraints in the output variation. Some constraints are altered, rejected and newly constructed, which seems more likely with some kinds of structured variation than others.

01 01 JB code silv.14.14sch 06 10.1075/silv.14.14sch 215 228 14 Article 15 01 04 The sociophonology and sociophonetics of Scottish Standard English (r) The sociophonology and sociophonetics of Scottish Standard English (r) 1 A01 01 JB code 679187007 Ole Schützler Schützler, Ole Ole Schützler University of Bamberg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679187007 01 eng 30 00

This paper inspects the variability of (r) in non-linking coda positions (e.g. in the words car, far, and art) in Scottish Standard English (SSE), accepting the three variants [ɾ], [ɹ], and Ø. Interviews with 27 middle-class speakers were conducted, eliciting three styles (careful speech, reading passage, and word list). Following a discussion of previous research on (r) in SSE and an explanation of the conditional hierarchical logistic regression model applied to the data, results are presented with a focus on social and stylistic factors. It appears that female speakers are more likely to vocalise /r/, and older speakers are more likely to use the more traditional tapped variant [ɾ]. Thus, quasi-phonological variation correlates with gender, and phonetic variation correlates with age. Moreover, contact with Southern Standard British English (SSBE) also increases the rates of (r)-vocalisation. In word list style, all speakers are less likely to vocalise (r), but there are significant differences between social groups in this respect: especially young men’s accents are almost categorically rhotic in word list style.

01 01 JB code silv.14.15smi 06 10.1075/silv.14.15smi 229 246 18 Article 16 01 04 Stance and code-switching Stance and code-switching 01 04 Gaelic-English bilinguals on the Isles of Skye and Harris Gaelic-English bilinguals on the Isles of Skye and Harris 1 A01 01 JB code 51187008 Cassie Smith-Christmas Smith-Christmas, Cassie Cassie Smith-Christmas University of Glasgow 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/51187008 01 eng 30 00

The concept of ‘stance,’ which is the means by which speakers position themselves in terms of the discourse and interlocutor(s), has gained attention in recent sociolinguistic literature. This paper demonstrates the value of using stance as an explicit analytic construct in examining rapid language alternation; in this case, the code-switching of first generation (50+ years) Gaelic-English bilinguals in an extended family on the Isles of Skye and Harris, Scotland. It uses a micro-interactional approach in looking at how code-switching occurs in concert with overt displays of epistemic and affective stance-taking and concludes that speakers use code-switching as a means to explicitly highlight certain stances. It further posits that facets of these interactions, such frequent occurrences of communicative trouble, necessitate the overt reification of particular stances and that to accomplish this task, these bilinguals draw on one of their most powerful communicative strategies: code-switching.

01 01 JB code silv.14.16wes 06 10.1075/silv.14.16wes 247 266 20 Article 17 01 04 A town between dialects A town between dialects 01 04 Accent levelling, psycho-social orientation and identity in Merseyside, UK Accent levelling, psycho-social orientation and identity in Merseyside, UK 1 A01 01 JB code 487187009 Helen Faye West West, Helen Faye Helen Faye West University of York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/487187009 01 eng 30 00

Speakers’ psycho-social orientation and social knowledge have often been identified as having an important role in linguistic change. We know, for example, that speakers’ adoption of linguistic features from a neighbouring region often correlates with their positive social orientation towards that region (Llamas 2007), and that their social orientation can be discussed with reference to their interpretation of physical, political and social ‘boundaries’ (Llamas 2010). Southport, located 17 miles north of the large industrial city of Liverpool, is historically an independent borough but was absorbed into Merseyside in 1974. Southport and Liverpool are well connected by frequent transport links and, given the high levels of contact between people, it has been predicted that phonetic features of the Liverpool accent will diffuse into the traditional Lancashire accent of Southport (Grey & Richardson 2007). However, a complicating factor is Liverpool’s negative stereotype (Montgomery 2007), which may be predicted to act as a barrier to the diffusion of Liverpool features. This paper aims to analyse the diffusion of two local Liverpool features – the lenition of intervocalic and word-final /t/ and /k/ – in speech from a corpus of 39 speakers stratified by age, gender and socio-economic status. I show that despite the links between the two locations, the features of Liverpool are not diffusing into Southport speech as rapidly as originally hypothesised. The second aim is to investigate whether there is a correlation between speakers’ language use and their spatial mobility patterns by mapping their external (contact) and extra-linguistic (attitudinal) behaviour onto their linguistic production. I show that varying patterns of contact could provide an explanation for the reduced level of diffusion of Liverpool features. In conclusion, I argue that understanding speakers’ psycho-social orientations and social awareness, in conjunction with correlative patterns of speech production is crucial for explaining language change.

01 01 JB code silv.14.17zel 06 10.1075/silv.14.17zel 267 280 14 Article 18 01 04 Variation of sibilants in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech Variation of sibilants in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech 1 A01 01 JB code 681187010 Jan Patrick Zeller Zeller, Jan Patrick Jan Patrick Zeller University of Oldenburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/681187010 01 eng 30 00

Due to the intensive and extensive contact of Belarusian and Russian, mixed Belarusian-Russian speech is a widespread phenomenon in the linguistic landscape of Belarus today. Along with features on other linguistic levels, phonetic-phonological features that differ between both languages appear as variants in such mixed speech. This paper reports an acoustical analysis of three sibilant variables (sj), (tj) and (ʧ j) in instances of mixed speech spoken by 27 speakers. For (sj) and (tj), Center of Gravity calculations suggest a more posterior place of articulation for older speakers and a less posterior one for younger speakers. This is interpreted as a shift towards a more Russian-like pronunciation of younger speakers, which can be explained by an earlier and more intensive exposure to Russian. While no such intergenerational difference is found for (ʧ j), there is a relation between the realization of the two affricates (tj) and (ʧ j), suggesting some general principle of keeping distances between sibilants large enough.

01 01 JB code silv.14.18zie 06 10.1075/silv.14.18zie 281 294 14 Article 19 01 04 The case of [nen] The case of [nən] 01 04 a current change in colloquial standard German a current change in colloquial standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 5187011 Evelyn Ziegler Ziegler, Evelyn Evelyn Ziegler University of Duisburg-Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/5187011 01 eng 30 00

In recent years a new form has emerged in the paradigm of the indefinite article, the so-called “extended short form” nen (Vogel 2006) as in: Ich hab’ nen Mann gesehen. As little is known about the origin of this form (when was it used first, by whom, and in what contexts?), this paper will trace the history of nen using several corpora of colloquial German that cover language use in the 1960s, 1970s and 2000s (Pfeffer-Corpus, Freiburger-Corpus, Dialogstrukturen-Corpus, Emergency-Call-Corpus). Quantitative analyses reveal distinct patterns of variation, which indicate a language change that originated among young speakers in the 1990s. Furthermore, the findings show that the norms of colloquial German have clearly changed during the last 50 years. Explicit forms, which dominated language use in the 1960s and 1970s have been replaced by short forms (including the “extended short form” nen). It can be concluded that standard norm awareness was high in the 1960s, whereas today speakers exhibit low norm awareness and evaluate colloquial, supra-regional variants positively, even in formal contexts.

01 01 JB code silv.14.19ind 06 10.1075/silv.14.19ind 295 296 2 Article 20 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
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372014731 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 14 GE 15 9789027272119 06 10.1075/silv.14 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SILV 02 JB code 1872-9592 02 14.00 01 02 Studies in Language Variation Studies in Language Variation 01 01 Language Variation - European Perspectives IV Language Variation - European Perspectives IV 1 B01 01 JB code 230154570 Peter Auer Auer, Peter Peter Auer Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 2 B01 01 JB code 727156512 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 3 B01 01 JB code 821156513 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 01 eng 11 310 03 03 xiv 03 00 296 03 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 01 06 02 00 Contains papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. This title includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knobl. 03 00 The eighteen contributions in this volume are based on papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. The volume includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers (‘Where is syntactic variation?’) and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knöbl (‘Standard usage’: Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German). In addition, the editors have selected 16 papers ranging over a wide field of languages/varieties and topics. The languages and varieties covered are Belarusian, British English, Catalan, Dutch, Gaelic, Gallo-Italic, Greek, Italian, Occitan, Rhaeto-Romance, Russian, Scottish English, Swedish, Turkish, and several varieties of German. The majority of the papers deal with phonetic and phonological variation (Caro Reina; Deppermann, Kleiner and Knöbl; Katerbow; Moosmüller and Scheutz; Schützler; Schleef; West; Zeller; Ziegler), but morphological variation (Cornips and Hulk; Dal Negro), morphosyntactic variation (Melissaropoulou, Themistocleous, Tsiplakou and Tsolakidis), and syntactic variation (Barbiers; Håkansson; Rothmayr) are also represented. Additional papers deal with code-switching. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.14.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027234940.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027234940.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.14.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.14.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.14.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.14.hb.png 01 01 JB code silv.14.001int 06 10.1075/silv.14.001int vii xiv 8 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 51186982 Peter Auer Auer, Peter Peter Auer University of Freiburg 2 A01 01 JB code 433186983 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina University of Freiburg 3 A01 01 JB code 743186984 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann University of Freiburg 01 01 JB code silv.14.01bar 06 10.1075/silv.14.01bar 1 26 26 Article 2 01 04 Where is syntactic variation? Where is syntactic variation? 1 A01 01 JB code 115186985 Sjef Barbiers Barbiers, Sjef Sjef Barbiers Meertens Instituut and Utrecht University 01 01 JB code silv.14.02car 06 10.1075/silv.14.02car 27 44 18 Article 3 01 04 Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 307186986 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina University of Freiburg 01 01 JB code silv.14.03cav 06 10.1075/silv.14.03cav 45 56 12 Article 4 01 04 Language ideologies and language attitudes Language ideologies and language attitudes 01 04 A linguistic anthropological perspective A linguistic anthropological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 725186987 Jillian R. Cavanaugh Cavanaugh, Jillian R. Jillian R. Cavanaugh Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center, CUNY 01 01 JB code silv.14.04cor 06 10.1075/silv.14.04cor 57 68 12 Article 5 01 04 Late language acquisition and identity construction Late language acquisition and identity construction 01 04 Variation in use of the Dutch definite determiners de and het Variation in use of the Dutch definite determiners de and het 1 A01 01 JB code 90186988 Leonie Cornips Cornips, Leonie Leonie Cornips Meertens Institute & Maastricht University 2 A01 01 JB code 187186989 Aafke Hulk Hulk, Aafke Aafke Hulk University of Amsterdam 01 01 JB code silv.14.05dal 06 10.1075/silv.14.05dal 69 82 14 Article 6 01 04 The variation of gender agreement on numerals in the Alpine space The variation of gender agreement on numerals in the Alpine space 1 A01 01 JB code 630186990 Silvia Negro Negro, Silvia Silvia Negro Free University of Bolzano/Bozen 01 01 JB code silv.14.06dep 06 10.1075/silv.14.06dep 83 116 34 Article 7 01 04 `Standard usage' ‘Standard usage’ 01 04 Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 367186991 Arnulf Deppermann Deppermann, Arnulf Arnulf Deppermann Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 2 A01 01 JB code 595186992 Stefan Kleiner Kleiner, Stefan Stefan Kleiner Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 3 A01 01 JB code 743186993 Ralf Knöbl Knöbl, Ralf Ralf Knöbl Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 01 01 JB code silv.14.07geo 06 10.1075/silv.14.07geo 117 128 12 Article 8 01 04 Code alternation patterns in bilingual family conversations Code alternation patterns in bilingual family conversations 01 04 Implications for an integrated model of analysis Implications for an integrated model of analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 904186994 Marianthi Georgalidou Georgalidou, Marianthi Marianthi Georgalidou University of the Aegean, Greece 2 A01 01 JB code 153186995 Hasan Kaili Kaili, Hasan Hasan Kaili University of the Aegean, Greece 3 A01 01 JB code 499186996 Aytac Celtek Celtek, Aytac Aytac Celtek University of the Aegean, Greece 01 01 JB code silv.14.08hak 06 10.1075/silv.14.08hak 129 144 16 Article 9 01 04 A variationist approach to syntactic change A variationist approach to syntactic change 01 04 The case of subordinate clause word order in the history of Swedish The case of subordinate clause word order in the history of Swedish 1 A01 01 JB code 702186997 David Håkansson Håkansson, David David Håkansson Uppsala University 01 01 JB code silv.14.09kat 06 10.1075/silv.14.09kat 145 158 14 Article 10 01 04 Children's switching/shifting competence in role-playing Children’s switching/shifting competence in role-playing 1 A01 01 JB code 1186998 Matthias Katerbow Katerbow, Matthias Matthias Katerbow University of Marburg 01 01 JB code silv.14.10mel 06 10.1075/silv.14.10mel 159 172 14 Article 11 01 04 The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited 1 A01 01 JB code 407186999 Dimitra Melissaropoulou Melissaropoulou, Dimitra Dimitra Melissaropoulou University of Patras and Open University of Cyprus 2 A01 01 JB code 761187000 Charalambos Themistocleous Themistocleous, Charalambos Charalambos Themistocleous University of Cyprus 3 A01 01 JB code 11187001 Stavroula Tsiplakou Tsiplakou, Stavroula Stavroula Tsiplakou Open University of Cyprus 4 A01 01 JB code 41187002 Simeon Tsolakidis Tsolakidis, Simeon Simeon Tsolakidis University of Patras 01 01 JB code silv.14.11moo 06 10.1075/silv.14.11moo 173 186 14 Article 12 01 04 Chain shifts revisited Chain shifts revisited 01 04 The case of monophthongisation and E-merger in the city dialects of Salzburg and Vienna The case of monophthongisation and E-merger in the city dialects of Salzburg and Vienna 1 A01 01 JB code 421187003 Sylvia Moosmüller Moosmüller, Sylvia Sylvia Moosmüller University of Vienna 2 A01 01 JB code 679187004 Hannes Scheutz Scheutz, Hannes Hannes Scheutz University of Salzburg 01 01 JB code silv.14.12rot 06 10.1075/silv.14.12rot 187 200 14 Article 13 01 04 And the beat goes on And the beat goes on 01 04 Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising at the syntax-phonology interface Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising at the syntax-phonology interface 1 A01 01 JB code 62187005 Antonia Rothmayr Rothmayr, Antonia Antonia Rothmayr 01 01 JB code silv.14.13sch 06 10.1075/silv.14.13sch 201 214 14 Article 14 01 04 Migrant teenagers' acquisition of sociolinguistic variation Migrant teenagers’ acquisition of sociolinguistic variation 01 04 The variables (ing) and (t) The variables (ing) and (t) 1 A01 01 JB code 458187006 Erik Schleef Schleef, Erik Erik Schleef University of Manchester 01 01 JB code silv.14.14sch 06 10.1075/silv.14.14sch 215 228 14 Article 15 01 04 The sociophonology and sociophonetics of Scottish Standard English (r) The sociophonology and sociophonetics of Scottish Standard English (r) 1 A01 01 JB code 679187007 Ole Schützler Schützler, Ole Ole Schützler University of Bamberg 01 01 JB code silv.14.15smi 06 10.1075/silv.14.15smi 229 246 18 Article 16 01 04 Stance and code-switching Stance and code-switching 01 04 Gaelic-English bilinguals on the Isles of Skye and Harris Gaelic-English bilinguals on the Isles of Skye and Harris 1 A01 01 JB code 51187008 Cassie Smith-Christmas Smith-Christmas, Cassie Cassie Smith-Christmas University of Glasgow 01 01 JB code silv.14.16wes 06 10.1075/silv.14.16wes 247 266 20 Article 17 01 04 A town between dialects A town between dialects 01 04 Accent levelling, psycho-social orientation and identity in Merseyside, UK Accent levelling, psycho-social orientation and identity in Merseyside, UK 1 A01 01 JB code 487187009 Helen Faye West West, Helen Faye Helen Faye West University of York 01 01 JB code silv.14.17zel 06 10.1075/silv.14.17zel 267 280 14 Article 18 01 04 Variation of sibilants in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech Variation of sibilants in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech 1 A01 01 JB code 681187010 Jan Patrick Zeller Zeller, Jan Patrick Jan Patrick Zeller University of Oldenburg 01 01 JB code silv.14.18zie 06 10.1075/silv.14.18zie 281 294 14 Article 19 01 04 The case of [nen] The case of [nən] 01 04 a current change in colloquial standard German a current change in colloquial standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 5187011 Evelyn Ziegler Ziegler, Evelyn Evelyn Ziegler University of Duisburg-Essen 01 01 JB code silv.14.19ind 06 10.1075/silv.14.19ind 295 296 2 Article 20 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20130528 C 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027234940 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 88.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 158.00 USD 776010366 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 14 Eb 15 9789027272119 06 10.1075/silv.14 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SILV 02 1872-9592 02 14.00 01 02 Studies in Language Variation Studies in Language Variation 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-silv 01 02 Studies in Language Variation (vols. 1–18, 2006–2015) 05 02 SILV (vols. 1–18, 2006–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 Language Variation - European Perspectives IV Selected papers from the Sixth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), Freiburg, June 2011 Language Variation - European Perspectives IV: Selected papers from the Sixth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), Freiburg, June 2011 1 B01 01 JB code 230154570 Peter Auer Auer, Peter Peter Auer Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/230154570 2 B01 01 JB code 727156512 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/727156512 3 B01 01 JB code 821156513 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/821156513 01 eng 11 310 03 03 xiv 03 00 296 03 01 23 417 03 2011 P120.V37 04 Language and languages--Variation--Congresses. 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Contains papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. This title includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knobl. 03 00 The eighteen contributions in this volume are based on papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. The volume includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers (‘Where is syntactic variation?’) and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knöbl (‘Standard usage’: Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German). In addition, the editors have selected 16 papers ranging over a wide field of languages/varieties and topics. The languages and varieties covered are Belarusian, British English, Catalan, Dutch, Gaelic, Gallo-Italic, Greek, Italian, Occitan, Rhaeto-Romance, Russian, Scottish English, Swedish, Turkish, and several varieties of German. The majority of the papers deal with phonetic and phonological variation (Caro Reina; Deppermann, Kleiner and Knöbl; Katerbow; Moosmüller and Scheutz; Schützler; Schleef; West; Zeller; Ziegler), but morphological variation (Cornips and Hulk; Dal Negro), morphosyntactic variation (Melissaropoulou, Themistocleous, Tsiplakou and Tsolakidis), and syntactic variation (Barbiers; Håkansson; Rothmayr) are also represented. Additional papers deal with code-switching. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.14.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027234940.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027234940.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.14.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.14.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.14.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.14.hb.png 01 01 JB code silv.14.001int 06 10.1075/silv.14.001int vii xiv 8 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 51186982 Peter Auer Auer, Peter Peter Auer University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/51186982 2 A01 01 JB code 433186983 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/433186983 3 A01 01 JB code 743186984 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/743186984 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.14.01bar 06 10.1075/silv.14.01bar 1 26 26 Article 2 01 04 Where is syntactic variation? Where is syntactic variation? 1 A01 01 JB code 115186985 Sjef Barbiers Barbiers, Sjef Sjef Barbiers Meertens Instituut and Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/115186985 01 eng 30 00

This paper discusses the consequences of some major recent developments in syntactic variation research: (i) the shift from a macro-comparative to a micro-comparative approach; (ii) the use of dialectological, sociolinguistic and theoretical methods to collect dialect syntax data; (iii) the rapidly increasing on-line availability of large amounts of data on large amounts of dialects; (iv) the hypothesis in minimalist generative grammar that there is no cross-linguistic variation in the syntactic module of the mental grammar and that all syntactic variation is reducible to other linguistic and non-linguistic levels. A brief overview is provided of the micro-comparative syntactic research infrastructure that has been built up in recent years. To demonstrate the usability of the available data and the minimalist hypothesis, the paper concentrates on the highly pervasive but little studied phenomenon of syntactic doubling. It is argued that syntactic doubling is necessary to express semantic relations and that there is much hidden doubling because locally recoverable doubles can and in certain cases must be left silent at the level of phonological spell out. In this way, syntactic doubling is an important source of syntactic variation. Using a model of linguistic variation that includes syntax, other levels of the mental grammar (phonology, semantics, pragmatics), cognition (e.g. memory, thinking), body (e.g. oral tract) and society, the paper then shows which piece of syntactic variation can be reduced to which level of linguistic variation model, thus answering the question of the title.

01 01 JB code silv.14.02car 06 10.1075/silv.14.02car 27 44 18 Article 3 01 04 Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 307186986 Javier Caro Reina Caro Reina, Javier Javier Caro Reina University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/307186986 01 eng 30 00

Typological research has been mainly based on standard written varieties. Only in recent years has there been a growing interest in studying cross-linguistic variation in regional and social non-standard varieties (e.g. Kortmann 2004). While morphology and syntax have been the focus of these cross-linguistic studies, phonological aspects have not been fully explored, partly because previous approaches to phonological typology have concentrated primarily on phoneme inventories (e.g. Maddieson 1984). The aim of this paper is to show how phonological variation in closely-related standard and non-standard varieties may be explained in terms of typological features. For that purpose, the typology of syllable and word languages will be applied to Catalan and Alemannic dialects. The focus will lie on how traditional dialect classifications can be accounted for on the basis of this typology.

01 01 JB code silv.14.03cav 06 10.1075/silv.14.03cav 45 56 12 Article 4 01 04 Language ideologies and language attitudes Language ideologies and language attitudes 01 04 A linguistic anthropological perspective A linguistic anthropological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 725186987 Jillian R. Cavanaugh Cavanaugh, Jillian R. Jillian R. Cavanaugh Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center, CUNY 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/725186987 01 eng 30 00

In the early 1990s, linguistic anthropological work seeking to integrate speakers’ perceptions and understandings of their linguistic and social contexts into analyses of language use coalesced around the theoretical paradigm of language ideology. This perspective includes both micro-interactional elements of language use as well as large-scale sociohistorical processes that shape and are shaped by language. This article first describes language ideology as a field, and describes some of its key works. Next it shifts to discuss language ideology through an analysis of the language situation in Bergamo, Italy, where ongoing language shift, socioeconomic transformation, and the politicization of language have resulted in a complex linguistic situation and a range of attitudes towards language. Based on ongoing cultural and linguistic ethnographic research in Bergamo since 1999, this paper illustrates how analyses of speaker attitudes from a language ideology perspective can produce a rich, multiplex understanding of how speakers themselves use and understand language.

01 01 JB code silv.14.04cor 06 10.1075/silv.14.04cor 57 68 12 Article 5 01 04 Late language acquisition and identity construction Late language acquisition and identity construction 01 04 Variation in use of the Dutch definite determiners de and het Variation in use of the Dutch definite determiners de and het 1 A01 01 JB code 90186988 Leonie Cornips Cornips, Leonie Leonie Cornips Meertens Institute & Maastricht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/90186988 2 A01 01 JB code 187186989 Aafke Hulk Hulk, Aafke Aafke Hulk University of Amsterdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/187186989 01 eng 30 00

Aacquisition of the grammatical gender of the Dutch definite common determiner de and neuter het is a long-lasting process since monolingual children do not acquire a target grammar with respect to the use of het until the age of six. Before that age, they overuse de. Bilingual child acquirers from ethnic minority communities show an overuse of de to a much higher extent than their monolingual controls. We will explore the relation between language acquisition and language variation. It is argued that when the acquisition process of a grammatical phenomenon takes too long, it will become vulnerable in the sense that language external and internal factors start to interfere with this process and the emerging variation will remain for some acquirers. The hypothesis is put forward that in that case a grammatical phenomenon is very eligible to be used in identity construction.

01 01 JB code silv.14.05dal 06 10.1075/silv.14.05dal 69 82 14 Article 6 01 04 The variation of gender agreement on numerals in the Alpine space The variation of gender agreement on numerals in the Alpine space 1 A01 01 JB code 630186990 Silvia Negro Negro, Silvia Silvia Negro Free University of Bolzano/Bozen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/630186990 01 eng 30 00

The study of dialects and of closely-related systems can be very interesting under the perspective of language typology since they give insights into different forms of linguistic patterning, setting off from very similar linguistic substance. The topic of this paper is gender agreement on cardinal numbers, a good example in which dialects exhibit a higher degree of complexity than their nearest standard languages, in this case German and Italian, as well as most European standard languages. Cardinal numerals are a special kind of linguistic object. From the point of view of agreement, lower numerals may share adjective-like properties and agree (usually in gender) with their head nouns, whereas higher numerals tend to have more noun-like properties and behave more as agreement controllers than as targets. Focusing on the Romance-Germanic contact area encompassing the alpine space, patterns of variation on numerals will be considered. On the basis of linguistic atlases, local grammars and dictionaries, and field-work research a typology of diffusion and evolution of the phenomenon of gender agreement on lower numerals both in Romance varieties (Gallo-Romance, Italo-Romance, Ladin) and German (Upper German dialects) can be outlined.

01 01 JB code silv.14.06dep 06 10.1075/silv.14.06dep 83 116 34 Article 7 01 04 `Standard usage' ‘Standard usage’ 01 04 Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 367186991 Arnulf Deppermann Deppermann, Arnulf Arnulf Deppermann Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/367186991 2 A01 01 JB code 595186992 Stefan Kleiner Kleiner, Stefan Stefan Kleiner Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/595186992 3 A01 01 JB code 743186993 Ralf Knöbl Knöbl, Ralf Ralf Knöbl Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/743186993 01 eng 30 00

‘Standard language’ is a contested concept, ideologically, empirically and theoretically. This is particularly true for a language such as German, where the standardization of the spoken language was based on the written standard and was established with respect to a communicative situation, i.e. public speech on stage (Bühnenaussprache), which most speakers never come across. As a consequence, the norms of the oral standard exhibit many features which are infrequent in the everyday speech even of educated speakers.This paper discusses ways to arrive at a more realistic conception of (spoken) standard German, which will be termed ‘standard usage’. It must be founded on empirical observations of speakers’ linguistic choices in everyday situations. Arguments in favor of a corpus-based notion of standard have to consider sociolinguistic, political, and didactic concerns. We report on the design of a large study of linguistic variation conducted at the Institute for the German Language (project “Variation in Spoken German”, Variation des gesprochenen Deutsch) with the aim of arriving at a representative picture of ‘standard usage’ in contemporary German. It systematically takes into account both diatopic variation covering the multi-national space in which German is an official language, and diastratic variation in terms of varying degrees of formality. Results of the study of phonetic and morphosyntactic variation are discussed. At least for German, a corpus-based notion of ‘standard usage’ inevitably includes some degree of pluralism concerning areal variation, and it needs to do justice to register-based variation as well.

01 01 JB code silv.14.07geo 06 10.1075/silv.14.07geo 117 128 12 Article 8 01 04 Code alternation patterns in bilingual family conversations Code alternation patterns in bilingual family conversations 01 04 Implications for an integrated model of analysis Implications for an integrated model of analysis 1 A01 01 JB code 904186994 Marianthi Georgalidou Georgalidou, Marianthi Marianthi Georgalidou University of the Aegean, Greece 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/904186994 2 A01 01 JB code 153186995 Hasan Kaili Kaili, Hasan Hasan Kaili University of the Aegean, Greece 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/153186995 3 A01 01 JB code 499186996 Aytac Celtek Celtek, Aytac Aytac Celtek University of the Aegean, Greece 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/499186996 01 eng 30 00

In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in the Greek/Turkish bilingual community of Rhodes within a Conversation Analysis (CA) framework. Our data comprise recordings of everyday talk-in-interaction during bilingual family gatherings. We examine aspects of the overall and sequential organization of talk as well as issues of identity based on the code alternation choices speakers of different ages and social groups make during interaction.

01 01 JB code silv.14.08hak 06 10.1075/silv.14.08hak 129 144 16 Article 9 01 04 A variationist approach to syntactic change A variationist approach to syntactic change 01 04 The case of subordinate clause word order in the history of Swedish The case of subordinate clause word order in the history of Swedish 1 A01 01 JB code 702186997 David Håkansson Håkansson, David David Håkansson Uppsala University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/702186997 01 eng 30 00

This article focuses on word order in subordinate clauses in the history of Swedish, mainly Old Swedish (c. 1225–1526) and Early Modern Swedish (1526–1732). In Old Swedish, subordinate clauses could have the same word order as main clauses with respect to the internal order between the finite verb and a sentence adverbial. This marks a clear contrast to Modern Swedish with its particular subordinate clause word order marked by the pre-finite placement of the sentence adverbial. By using variationist methods this article takes a sociolinguistic approach to syntactic change, arguing that the word order variation in subordinate clauses in the history of Swedish has to be explained in two different ways. During 1225–1450 the modern word order is restricted to subordinate clauses with pronominal subjects, and as long as the modern word order is restricted to clauses with pronominal subjects it is argued that the variation between old and modern subordinate clause word order can be described as a micro-variation in a system with obligatory verb movement and different subject positions. In Late Old Swedish, however, the modern subordinate clause word order started to occur also with non-pronominal subjects. The possibility of using the modern subordinate clause word order pattern independently of the subject type cannot be accounted for within one system with obligatory verb movement but instead reflects a macro-variation between two coexisting systems (with or without verb movement). During Early Modern Swedish one of these systems became predominant, and it is argued that this change is dependent on the sociolinguistic situation in 17th-century Sweden.

01 01 JB code silv.14.09kat 06 10.1075/silv.14.09kat 145 158 14 Article 10 01 04 Children's switching/shifting competence in role-playing Children’s switching/shifting competence in role-playing 1 A01 01 JB code 1186998 Matthias Katerbow Katerbow, Matthias Matthias Katerbow University of Marburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1186998 01 eng 30 00

This paper – part of a larger study on the acquisition of variation in a Moselle-Franconian village (Wittlich/Eifel) – deals with data from children’s natural peer-group interactions during salesperson–buyer role-play. While analyzing this data, a large amount of intracontextual variation was observed. This variation is explained by the fact that the children, who are between the ages of 3;11 and 6;10, have acquired specific registers, i.e. a role-play register and a peer-directed register.

01 01 JB code silv.14.10mel 06 10.1075/silv.14.10mel 159 172 14 Article 11 01 04 The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited 1 A01 01 JB code 407186999 Dimitra Melissaropoulou Melissaropoulou, Dimitra Dimitra Melissaropoulou University of Patras and Open University of Cyprus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/407186999 2 A01 01 JB code 761187000 Charalambos Themistocleous Themistocleous, Charalambos Charalambos Themistocleous University of Cyprus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/761187000 3 A01 01 JB code 11187001 Stavroula Tsiplakou Tsiplakou, Stavroula Stavroula Tsiplakou Open University of Cyprus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/11187001 4 A01 01 JB code 41187002 Simeon Tsolakidis Tsolakidis, Simeon Simeon Tsolakidis University of Patras 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/41187002 01 eng 30 00

This paper examines the emergence of innovative Present Perfect structures in the Cypriot Greek koiné through a quantitative study supplemented by naturalistically sampled data. The results of the study indicate that innovative Present Perfect structures are emergent in contemporary Cypriot Greek, at least among its younger, more educated speakers. Although such innovation on the morphosyntactic level may well be a result of language contact with Standard Greek, it does not entail perfect acquisition or transfer of the full range of associated semantic features of Standard Greek Present Perfect. Conversely, it seems that transfer of the exclusively resultative semantics of extant, non-innovative Cypriot Greek Present Perfect structures onto the innovative Present Perfect is not operative either.

01 01 JB code silv.14.11moo 06 10.1075/silv.14.11moo 173 186 14 Article 12 01 04 Chain shifts revisited Chain shifts revisited 01 04 The case of monophthongisation and E-merger in the city dialects of Salzburg and Vienna The case of monophthongisation and E-merger in the city dialects of Salzburg and Vienna 1 A01 01 JB code 421187003 Sylvia Moosmüller Moosmüller, Sylvia Sylvia Moosmüller University of Vienna 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/421187003 2 A01 01 JB code 679187004 Hannes Scheutz Scheutz, Hannes Hannes Scheutz University of Salzburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679187004 01 eng 30 00

In this contribution, two consecutive sound changes, the Viennese monophthongisation and the E-merger, are investigated. Both sound changes originated in the city dialect of Vienna and spread to other Austrian dialects, including the city dialect of Salzburg. Whereas in the city dialect of Vienna the monophthongisation was completed around 1940 leading to two new vowels in the vowel inventory, this process is still in progress in Salzburg. Consequently, the vowel inventories of the two dialects differ with respect to the number of vowels. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the Viennese monophthongisation caused the confusion and subsequent merger of the E-vowels. However, a comparison of the two city dialects reveals that the two changes must have occurred independently of each other.

01 01 JB code silv.14.12rot 06 10.1075/silv.14.12rot 187 200 14 Article 13 01 04 And the beat goes on And the beat goes on 01 04 Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising at the syntax-phonology interface Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising at the syntax-phonology interface 1 A01 01 JB code 62187005 Antonia Rothmayr Rothmayr, Antonia Antonia Rothmayr 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/62187005 01 eng 30 00

This paper addresses microvariation within verb cluster constructions in varieties of German, focusing on Verb Raising and Verb Projection Raising in Alemannic. It is argued that the difference in the syntax of verb clusters arises because of differences in the prosodic systems of the dialects (stress-timed vs. syllable-timed languages). The paper includes an overview of the empirical properties of the Alemannic phonological phrase and an analysis of the syntax of verb clusters based on PF-requirements.

01 01 JB code silv.14.13sch 06 10.1075/silv.14.13sch 201 214 14 Article 14 01 04 Migrant teenagers' acquisition of sociolinguistic variation Migrant teenagers’ acquisition of sociolinguistic variation 01 04 The variables (ing) and (t) The variables (ing) and (t) 1 A01 01 JB code 458187006 Erik Schleef Schleef, Erik Erik Schleef University of Manchester 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/458187006 01 eng 30 00

This paper investigates the acquisition of the sociolinguistic constraints of two variables, (ing) and (t), by non-native teenagers of Polish origin in both London and Edinburgh. First, the native sociolinguistic constraints on variation of (ing) and (t) are identified. These are then compared with the sociolinguistic constraints of two groups of non-native teenagers living in London and Edinburgh. Results of a multivariate analysis indicate that Polish adolescent immigrants do not acquire the exact same constraints on variation as their local peer group, and that the acquisition of variation varies from variable to variable, which may be due to the character of the variable and its constraint complexity. Learners seem to be using various strategies when acquiring variation in the realisation of these variables in the English of the speech community into which they have moved. While some variable constraints are replicated, there is also evidence of reallocation of the relative importance of variable input constraints in the output variation. Some constraints are altered, rejected and newly constructed, which seems more likely with some kinds of structured variation than others.

01 01 JB code silv.14.14sch 06 10.1075/silv.14.14sch 215 228 14 Article 15 01 04 The sociophonology and sociophonetics of Scottish Standard English (r) The sociophonology and sociophonetics of Scottish Standard English (r) 1 A01 01 JB code 679187007 Ole Schützler Schützler, Ole Ole Schützler University of Bamberg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679187007 01 eng 30 00

This paper inspects the variability of (r) in non-linking coda positions (e.g. in the words car, far, and art) in Scottish Standard English (SSE), accepting the three variants [ɾ], [ɹ], and Ø. Interviews with 27 middle-class speakers were conducted, eliciting three styles (careful speech, reading passage, and word list). Following a discussion of previous research on (r) in SSE and an explanation of the conditional hierarchical logistic regression model applied to the data, results are presented with a focus on social and stylistic factors. It appears that female speakers are more likely to vocalise /r/, and older speakers are more likely to use the more traditional tapped variant [ɾ]. Thus, quasi-phonological variation correlates with gender, and phonetic variation correlates with age. Moreover, contact with Southern Standard British English (SSBE) also increases the rates of (r)-vocalisation. In word list style, all speakers are less likely to vocalise (r), but there are significant differences between social groups in this respect: especially young men’s accents are almost categorically rhotic in word list style.

01 01 JB code silv.14.15smi 06 10.1075/silv.14.15smi 229 246 18 Article 16 01 04 Stance and code-switching Stance and code-switching 01 04 Gaelic-English bilinguals on the Isles of Skye and Harris Gaelic-English bilinguals on the Isles of Skye and Harris 1 A01 01 JB code 51187008 Cassie Smith-Christmas Smith-Christmas, Cassie Cassie Smith-Christmas University of Glasgow 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/51187008 01 eng 30 00

The concept of ‘stance,’ which is the means by which speakers position themselves in terms of the discourse and interlocutor(s), has gained attention in recent sociolinguistic literature. This paper demonstrates the value of using stance as an explicit analytic construct in examining rapid language alternation; in this case, the code-switching of first generation (50+ years) Gaelic-English bilinguals in an extended family on the Isles of Skye and Harris, Scotland. It uses a micro-interactional approach in looking at how code-switching occurs in concert with overt displays of epistemic and affective stance-taking and concludes that speakers use code-switching as a means to explicitly highlight certain stances. It further posits that facets of these interactions, such frequent occurrences of communicative trouble, necessitate the overt reification of particular stances and that to accomplish this task, these bilinguals draw on one of their most powerful communicative strategies: code-switching.

01 01 JB code silv.14.16wes 06 10.1075/silv.14.16wes 247 266 20 Article 17 01 04 A town between dialects A town between dialects 01 04 Accent levelling, psycho-social orientation and identity in Merseyside, UK Accent levelling, psycho-social orientation and identity in Merseyside, UK 1 A01 01 JB code 487187009 Helen Faye West West, Helen Faye Helen Faye West University of York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/487187009 01 eng 30 00

Speakers’ psycho-social orientation and social knowledge have often been identified as having an important role in linguistic change. We know, for example, that speakers’ adoption of linguistic features from a neighbouring region often correlates with their positive social orientation towards that region (Llamas 2007), and that their social orientation can be discussed with reference to their interpretation of physical, political and social ‘boundaries’ (Llamas 2010). Southport, located 17 miles north of the large industrial city of Liverpool, is historically an independent borough but was absorbed into Merseyside in 1974. Southport and Liverpool are well connected by frequent transport links and, given the high levels of contact between people, it has been predicted that phonetic features of the Liverpool accent will diffuse into the traditional Lancashire accent of Southport (Grey & Richardson 2007). However, a complicating factor is Liverpool’s negative stereotype (Montgomery 2007), which may be predicted to act as a barrier to the diffusion of Liverpool features. This paper aims to analyse the diffusion of two local Liverpool features – the lenition of intervocalic and word-final /t/ and /k/ – in speech from a corpus of 39 speakers stratified by age, gender and socio-economic status. I show that despite the links between the two locations, the features of Liverpool are not diffusing into Southport speech as rapidly as originally hypothesised. The second aim is to investigate whether there is a correlation between speakers’ language use and their spatial mobility patterns by mapping their external (contact) and extra-linguistic (attitudinal) behaviour onto their linguistic production. I show that varying patterns of contact could provide an explanation for the reduced level of diffusion of Liverpool features. In conclusion, I argue that understanding speakers’ psycho-social orientations and social awareness, in conjunction with correlative patterns of speech production is crucial for explaining language change.

01 01 JB code silv.14.17zel 06 10.1075/silv.14.17zel 267 280 14 Article 18 01 04 Variation of sibilants in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech Variation of sibilants in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech 1 A01 01 JB code 681187010 Jan Patrick Zeller Zeller, Jan Patrick Jan Patrick Zeller University of Oldenburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/681187010 01 eng 30 00

Due to the intensive and extensive contact of Belarusian and Russian, mixed Belarusian-Russian speech is a widespread phenomenon in the linguistic landscape of Belarus today. Along with features on other linguistic levels, phonetic-phonological features that differ between both languages appear as variants in such mixed speech. This paper reports an acoustical analysis of three sibilant variables (sj), (tj) and (ʧ j) in instances of mixed speech spoken by 27 speakers. For (sj) and (tj), Center of Gravity calculations suggest a more posterior place of articulation for older speakers and a less posterior one for younger speakers. This is interpreted as a shift towards a more Russian-like pronunciation of younger speakers, which can be explained by an earlier and more intensive exposure to Russian. While no such intergenerational difference is found for (ʧ j), there is a relation between the realization of the two affricates (tj) and (ʧ j), suggesting some general principle of keeping distances between sibilants large enough.

01 01 JB code silv.14.18zie 06 10.1075/silv.14.18zie 281 294 14 Article 19 01 04 The case of [nen] The case of [nən] 01 04 a current change in colloquial standard German a current change in colloquial standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 5187011 Evelyn Ziegler Ziegler, Evelyn Evelyn Ziegler University of Duisburg-Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/5187011 01 eng 30 00

In recent years a new form has emerged in the paradigm of the indefinite article, the so-called “extended short form” nen (Vogel 2006) as in: Ich hab’ nen Mann gesehen. As little is known about the origin of this form (when was it used first, by whom, and in what contexts?), this paper will trace the history of nen using several corpora of colloquial German that cover language use in the 1960s, 1970s and 2000s (Pfeffer-Corpus, Freiburger-Corpus, Dialogstrukturen-Corpus, Emergency-Call-Corpus). Quantitative analyses reveal distinct patterns of variation, which indicate a language change that originated among young speakers in the 1990s. Furthermore, the findings show that the norms of colloquial German have clearly changed during the last 50 years. Explicit forms, which dominated language use in the 1960s and 1970s have been replaced by short forms (including the “extended short form” nen). It can be concluded that standard norm awareness was high in the 1960s, whereas today speakers exhibit low norm awareness and evaluate colloquial, supra-regional variants positively, even in formal contexts.

01 01 JB code silv.14.19ind 06 10.1075/silv.14.19ind 295 296 2 Article 20 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/silv.14 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20130528 C 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027234940 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027272119 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 88.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 158.00 USD