73007156 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 2 Eb 15 9789027290380 06 10.1075/silv.2 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SILV 02 1872-9592 02 2.00 01 02 Studies in Language Variation Studies in Language Variation 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-silv 01 02 Studies in Language Variation (vols. 1–18, 2006–2015) 05 02 SILV (vols. 1–18, 2006–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation Corpus evidence on English past and present The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation: Corpus evidence on English past and present 1 B01 01 JB code 859098695 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/859098695 2 B01 01 JB code 499098696 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/499098696 3 B01 01 JB code 936099720 Päivi Pahta Pahta, Päivi Päivi Pahta University of Tempere 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/936099720 4 B01 01 JB code 753099721 Minna Korhonen Korhonen, Minna Minna Korhonen University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/753099721 01 eng 11 348 03 03 viii 03 00 339 03 01 22 427/.00285 03 2008 PE1074.5 04 English language--Data processing--Congresses. 04 English language--Variation--Congresses. 04 Computational linguistics--Congresses. 04 English language--Discourse analysis--Congresses. 04 Sociolinguistics--Data processing--Congresses. 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 Variability is characteristic of any living language. This volume approaches the ‘life cycle’ of linguistic variability in English using data sources that range from electronic corpora to the internet. In the spirit of the 1968 Weinreich, Labov and Herzog classic, the fifteen contributions divide into three sections, each highlighting different stages in the dynamics of English across time and space. They show, first, how increase in variability can be initiated by processes that give rise to new patterns of discourse, which can ultimately crystallize into new grammatical elements. The next phase is the spread of linguistic features and patterns of discourse, both new and well established, through the social and regional varieties of English. The final phase in this ebb and flow of linguistic variability consists of processes promoting some variable features over others across registers and regional and social varieties, thus resulting in reduced variation and increased linguistic homogeneity. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.2.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027234827.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027234827.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.2.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.2.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.2.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.2.hb.png 01 01 JB code silv.2.01lis 06 10.1075/silv.2.01lis vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.02nev 06 10.1075/silv.2.02nev 1 9 9 Article 2 01 04 Exploring the dynamics of linguistic variation through public and private corpora Exploring the dynamics of linguistic variation through public and private corpora 1 A01 01 JB code 159099743 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/159099743 2 A01 01 JB code 504099744 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/504099744 3 A01 01 JB code 537099745 Päivi Pahta Pahta, Päivi Päivi Pahta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/537099745 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.03par 06 10.1075/silv.2.03par 11 11 1 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Creating discourse Part I. Creating discourse 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.04int 06 10.1075/silv.2.04int 13 15 3 Miscellaneous 4 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.05def 06 10.1075/silv.2.05def 17 36 20 Article 5 01 04 'And so now': The grammaticalisation and (inter)subjectification of now 'And so now…': The grammaticalisation and (inter)subjectification of now 1 A01 01 JB code 32099746 Tine Defour Defour, Tine Tine Defour University of Ghent 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/32099746 01 eng 03 00

In addition to its primary temporal meaning, the adverb now displays a variety of pragmatic meanings in present-day English. Now serves as a means to structure topic changes or to emphasise different steps in an argumentation, providing “a temporal index for the world within the utterance” (Schiffrin 1987: 245). On an interpersonal level, the marker can introduce a subjective opinion, often placing the speaker’s view in disalignment with that of others. With the recognition of interpersonal differences, now also offers the hearer a chance to be involved in the suggested discourse frame. Diachronically, semantically bleached meanings of now are attested as early as the Old English period (Aijmer 2002). This paper aims to further examine various stages in the marker’s semanticpragmatic development, with specific attention for the influence of underlying hypotheses of grammaticalisation – implying semantic bleaching and pragmatic strengthening – and processes of (inter)subjectification, through which historical language change develops meanings that focus increasingly on speaker and addressee (Traugott 1999). The material for this paper is taken from three historical corpora containing speech-based data, i.e. the diachronic part of theHelsinki Corpus of English Texts (HC), the Corpus of Early English Correspondence (Sampler) (CEECS), and the Corpus of English Dialogues (CED).

01 01 JB code silv.2.06kje 06 10.1075/silv.2.06kje 37 60 24 Article 6 01 04 Self-repetition in spoken English discourse Self-repetition in spoken English discourse 1 A01 01 JB code 259099747 Göran Kjellmer Kjellmer, Göran Göran Kjellmer University of Gothenburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/259099747 01 eng 03 00

The objects of the present paper are, first, to chart the occurrence of selfrepetition in the spoken British module “ukspok” in the Cobuild Corpus, and secondly, to present evidence to show that repetition serves a great number of functions, and that far from being an obstacle it is a helpful and sometimes even necessary ingredient for everyday conversation to be successful. It was found that repetititon is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the spoken language and is very often used in preparation for long and complex sentences. It was also found that men have a much higher rate of repetition-introduced turns than women, and that men’s repetition-introduced sentences are much longer than women’s.

01 01 JB code silv.2.07aij 06 10.1075/silv.2.07aij 61 83 23 Article 7 01 04 Modal adverbs in interaction - obviously and definitely in adolescent speech Modal adverbs in interaction – obviously and definitely in adolescent speech 1 A01 01 JB code 571099748 Karin Aijmer Aijmer, Karin Karin Aijmer Göteborg University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/571099748 01 eng 03 00

When we compare corpora compiled at different periods we can notice that the overall frequency of the adverbs of certainty is different. For example, certainly and surely do not have such a strong position in the Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT) as in the London-Lund Corpus (LLC). On the other hand, obviously and definitely are proportionately more frequent in the COLT corpus than in the LLC. In particular they have become more frequent in uses involving intensification and affective meaning. Changes in the language are intimately connected with grammaticalization. The article argues that the grammaticalization of obviously and definitely can be explained with reference to the characteristics of adolescent speech.

01 01 JB code silv.2.08whe 06 10.1075/silv.2.08whe 85 97 13 Article 8 01 04 Pressing -ing into service: I don't want you coming around here any more Pressing -ing into service: I don't want you coming around here any more 1 A01 01 JB code 914099749 Michael P. Wherrity Wherrity, Michael P. Michael P. Wherrity Karlstad University, Sweden 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/914099749 2 A01 01 JB code 893099750 Solveig Granath Granath, Solveig Solveig Granath Karlstad University, Sweden 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/893099750 01 eng 03 00

In this paper we focus on a common construction which has received relatively little attention to date in the literature, namely, want [NP Ving] as in I don’t want you coming around here anymore. Recent British newspaper corpora suggest that this construction is becoming increasingly popular among speakers. Although it occurs in affirmatives and interrogatives, it is most frequently encountered in negative utterances which perform imperative, proclamatory, and exhortatory functions. One reason for this, we maintain, is that the -ing complement, by virtue of its semantics, is felt by speakers to be more forceful and, accordingly, more appropriate to such utterances than an infinitive complement would be. Whereas the infinitive to tends to temporally distance the activity of the verb from the present, the ‑ing reifies the activity of the matrix verb as something ongoing, i.e., in process, thereby rendering it both vivid and immediate. Thus, the construction want [NP Ving] can be regarded as a handy device for speakers to brighten up and strengthen utterances, especially when they want them “to stick”.

01 01 JB code silv.2.09par 06 10.1075/silv.2.09par 99 99 1 Section header 9 01 04 Part II. Moving across varieties Part II. Moving across varieties 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.10int 06 10.1075/silv.2.10int 101 105 5 Miscellaneous 10 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.11tag 06 10.1075/silv.2.11tag 107 128 22 Article 11 01 04 Conversations from the speech community: Exploring language variation in synchronic dialect corpora Conversations from the speech community: Exploring language variation in synchronic dialect corpora 1 A01 01 JB code 353099751 Sali A. Tagliamonte Tagliamonte, Sali A. Sali A. Tagliamonte University of Toronto 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/353099751 01 eng 03 00

Using a corpus of synchronic dialects from England, Scotland and Northern Ireland (the Roots Archive) I present a quantitative distributional analysis of a series of morpho-syntactic changes: verbal -s (1), causal conjunctions (2), relative clauses (3), the modals of necessity (4), stative possessive meaning (5), and future temporal reference (6)

(1) Them boys goes out.

(2) You’ll have to marry, Willie, for you can’t stay with me all your life

because you need your life to live.

(3) It was a job that I always wanted…It was a job Ø I’ve always enjoyed.

(4) You’ve got to move with the times … one has to do these things.

(5) He’s got bad breath; he has smelly feet.

(6) It’ll only be six month. Didn’t know it were gan be six year.

While the dialects sometimes differ in their favoured variant, internal linguistic constraints are typically shared. These can often be traced to the history of English, and can be interpreted as persistence. On the other hand, cross-dialectal differences, particularly in terms of regional diffusion and social embedding, reveal that the changes are not progressing at the same rate. Indeed, each community represents its own ‘slice in time’. Such findings illuminate how internal grammatical constraints and external factors conspire in the ebb and flow of linguistic change; dialect corpora can provide useful insights into these processes.

01 01 JB code silv.2.12col 06 10.1075/silv.2.12col 129 145 17 Article 12 01 04 The English modals and semi-modals: Regional and stylistic variation The English modals and semi-modals: Regional and stylistic variation 1 A01 01 JB code 672099752 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of NSW 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/672099752 01 eng 03 00

This paper reports a study of the uses of modal auxiliaries (can, may, will, shall,must, ought and need), plus a set of related semi-modals (need (to), have got (to),have (to), be going (to) and want (to)), in three parallel corpora of contemporary American, British, and Australian English. Quantitative findings relating to regional and stylistic variation are presented, and consideration is given to the possible influence upon the relative popularity of modal uses of ‘Americanization’, ‘colloquialization’ and ‘democratization’. It is suggested that these external processes provide possible explanations for, inter alia, the differing fortunes of the moribund shall on the one hand and on the other those of the popular semimodalsbe going to and want to, the relative popularity of deontic have to andshould over must, and the differing fortunes of must and have got to.

01 01 JB code silv.2.13pet 06 10.1075/silv.2.13pet 147 162 16 Article 13 01 04 Patterns of negation: The relationship between NO and NOT in regional varieties of English Patterns of negation: The relationship between NO and NOT in regional varieties of English 1 A01 01 JB code 93099753 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/93099753 01 eng 03 00

The choice between NO and NOT in the expression of the negative in English has been found to vary with lexical, syntagmatic, and contextual factors such as medium, register and regional variety. This paper uses matching data from British, American, Australian and New Zealand corpora, in order to examine regional differences in the distribution of NO and NOT, and linguistic factors that promote their use.

The frequency of NO is everywhere boosted by its use (a) as a reaction signal, and (b) in a variety of relatively fixed two-part collocations, such as no doubt, no way etc. With these stripped away, NO emerges as a discretionary resource for both speakers and writers when making negative statements, but it is used much more frequently in NZ English writing than either British or Australian, by the evidence of their respective ICE corpora.

In further analysis of its relative frequency in different written registers, NO occurs more often in fiction than other forms of writing, in four-way comparisons of data from the parallel standard corpora of British, American, Australian and New Zealand English. Thus NO negation is particularly associated with creative and crafted writing, while NOT (N’T) is the default in all other kinds of written and spoken discourse. The combined registerial and regional factors make New Zealand fiction writing a stronghold of the older pattern of negation with NO.

01 01 JB code silv.2.14muk 06 10.1075/silv.2.14muk 163 181 19 Article 14 01 04 Verb-complementational profiles across varieties of English: Comparing verb classes in Indian English and British English Verb-complementational profiles across varieties of English: Comparing verb classes in Indian English and British English 1 A01 01 JB code 372099754 Joybrato Mukherjee Mukherjee, Joybrato Joybrato Mukherjee Justus Liebig University, Giessen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/372099754 2 A01 01 JB code 439099755 Marco Schilk Schilk, Marco Marco Schilk Justus Liebig University, Giessen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/439099755 01 eng 03 00

It has been frequently noted that many characteristic features of New Englishes tend to cluster around the interface between lexis and grammar. Focusing on present-day standard Indian English, the largest second-language variety of English, Olavarría de Ersson and Shaw (2003) and Mukherjee and Hoffmann (2006) have shown in recent corpus-based pilot studies that there are also significant differences between Indian and British English in the complementation of ditransitive verbs. In the present paper, we will make use of a large web-derived corpus of Indian English newspapers and extend the analysis of verb complementation in Indian and British English from ditransitive verbs to a semantically and syntactically related class of verbs. Specifically, we will analyse some verbs that are typically associated with the ‘transfer-caused-motion construction’ (cf. Goldberg 1995), which we refer to as ‘TCM-related verbs’. Our findings show that Indian English also displays some interesting deviations from the verb-complementational profile of British English with regard to TCM-related verbs, which raises some more general questions about divergent transitivity trends in the two varieties.

01 01 JB code silv.2.15san 06 10.1075/silv.2.15san 183 202 20 Article 15 01 04 Angloversals? Concord and interrogatives in contact varieties of English Angloversals? Concord and interrogatives in contact varieties of English 1 A01 01 JB code 702099756 Andrea Sand Sand, Andrea Andrea Sand Universität Trier 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/702099756 01 eng 03 00

In previous studies on contact varieties of English, a number of shared features have been claimed. The present study presents a corpus-based investigation of two of these features, subject-verb concord and interrogative constructions. By comparing ICE-corpora from Great Britain, New Zealand, India, Kenya, Jamaica, Singapore as well as two smaller corpora from Northern Ireland, the possible roles of substrate influence and more general language contact phenomena are investigated in a systematic way. Corpus evidence suggests that there is indeed a qualitative difference between contact and non-contact varieties due to typological and SLA trends.

01 01 JB code silv.2.16bie 06 10.1075/silv.2.16bie 203 219 17 Article 16 01 04 South Pacific Englishes - Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect South Pacific Englishes – Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect 1 A01 01 JB code 78099757 Carolin Biewer Biewer, Carolin Carolin Biewer Universität Zürich 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78099757 01 eng 03 00

The outer circle varieties of English in Fiji, Samoa and the Cook Islands show similarities as well as differences, due among other things to the Melanesian and Polynesian substrate influence. Possible candidates would be a preference for conversion (to broom the room) or the special usage of invariant tags (Mugler & Tent 2004: 778; Lynch & Mugler 1999: 10). Another possible source for the unity and diversity of South Pacific Englishes is the fact that – due to geographical, political and economic reasons – New Zealand English may in some of the islands supersede the former prestigious American and British varieties as a model for the national standard. This paper discusses the extent to which we can talk about different varieties of Fiji English, Samoan English and Cook Island English, and which features rather call for a ‘Pan-Pacific English’ perspective. To test the unity and diversity of these new varieties of English the internet was used to create a corpus of editorials and letters to the editor collected from newspapers representing the different outer circle varieties in question. The focus will be on the usage of the present perfect. The paper discusses the results as a first step towards a general description of ‘South Pacific Englishes’ as well as the suitability of the www as a source for such a study.

01 01 JB code silv.2.17par 06 10.1075/silv.2.17par 221 221 1 Section header 17 01 04 Part III. Levelling out variability Part III. Levelling out variability 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.18int 06 10.1075/silv.2.18int 223 227 5 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.19hic 06 10.1075/silv.2.19hic 229 243 15 Article 19 01 04 Feature loss in 19th century Irish English Feature loss in 19th century Irish English 1 A01 01 JB code 126099758 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey Essen University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/126099758 01 eng 03 00

The current contribution is concerned with the disappearance of a number of dialect features from the English language in Ireland during the course of the 19th century. At the outset of this century there were many archaic and dialectal features from earlier input varieties of English as well as transfer features from Irish which had been carried over by bilinguals during the language shift to English. In the course of the 19th century a native middle class arose in Ireland due to the emancipation of, and general education for the Catholic population. This in turn led to the emergence of a supraregional variety of English in which many of the earlier features were removed and/or replaced by more mainstream ones, stemming from southern British usage. Developments were not always straightforward and many features were relegated to vernacular varieties or to positions of slighter salience, thus escaping censure by later generations. The consideration of just what paths was taken by what features forms the backbone of this contribution.

01 01 JB code silv.2.20fri 06 10.1075/silv.2.20fri 245 267 23 Article 20 01 04 The written wor(l)ds of men and women in early white Australia The written wor(l)ds of men and women in early white Australia 1 A01 01 JB code 274099759 Clemens Fritz Fritz, Clemens Clemens Fritz Freie Universität Berlin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/274099759 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigates the written wor(l)ds of men and women in eighteenth and nineteenth century Australia. Using a self-collected corpus of early English in Australia, COOEE, possible variation is looked for in a number of fields. In some of them men and women differ a lot, in others not at all. These differences can be attributed to sociocultural factors and/or the gender of the writer. It is naturally difficult to decide which factor is dominant; however, the data suggest some real gender differences e.g. in the area of evidentiality and for linguistic change in progress. Another finding is the unexpected level of similarity of male and female writings. Egalitarianism in early white Australia seems to extend not only to all classes but also to the sexes.

01 01 JB code silv.2.21smi 06 10.1075/silv.2.21smi 269 289 21 Article 21 01 04 The progressive and phrasal verbs: Evidence of colloquialization in nineteenth-century English? The progressive and phrasal verbs: Evidence of colloquialization in nineteenth-century English? 1 A01 01 JB code 571099760 Erik Smitterberg Smitterberg, Erik Erik Smitterberg University of Gävle 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/571099760 01 eng 03 00

The present study, which is based on the CONCE corpus, considers two linguistic features that are characteristic of spoken rather than written production: the progressive and phrasal verbs. The frequency development of these features in nineteenth-century English is examined in relation to contemporaneous changes in British society.

The results show that the most informal genres in the corpus, comedies and private letters, exhibit increasing frequencies, while the formal genre of scientific writing displays stability. These results are shown to be partly similar to those reached in studies of late twentieth-century English, where the progressive and phrasal verbs increase in frequency in some written genres but not others. In previous research, this development has been taken to be part of an ongoing colloquialization of genre norms, which has in turn been linked to the democratization of discourse in post-1945 Western society. The present study demonstrates that related developments can be identified in nineteenth-century Britain, which implies that the concept of colloquialization may explain some of the stability and change attested in the data.

01 01 JB code silv.2.22szm 06 10.1075/silv.2.22szm 291 309 19 Article 22 01 04 Probabilistic determinants of genitive variation in spoken and written English: A multivariate comparison across time, space, and genres Probabilistic determinants of genitive variation in spoken and written English: A multivariate comparison across time, space, and genres 1 A01 01 JB code 975099761 Benedikt Szmrecsanyi Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt Benedikt Szmrecsanyi University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/975099761 2 A01 01 JB code 620099762 Lars Hinrichs Hinrichs, Lars Lars Hinrichs University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/620099762 01 eng 03 00

This is a paper about language variation and about language change, investigating the competition between the s-genitive and the of-genitive in Modern English (written and spoken, British and American) as a case study. Drawing on a range of spoken and written corpora and considering a multivariate envelope of seven major conditioning factors (such as possessor animacy and end-weight), we seek to uncover, first, how the probabilistic preferences of British and American journalists might have changed between the 1960s and 1990s, and, second, how such changes in written English relate to the way speakers of English choose between the two genitives. We find that the s-genitive is comparatively frequent in both spoken English and contemporary journalistic English thanks to quite different reasons, and that the recent spread of the s-genitive in press English is due to a process of economization rather than colloquialization.

01 01 JB code silv.2.23lyn 06 10.1075/silv.2.23lyn 311 333 23 Article 23 01 04 Her daughter's being taken into care or her daughter being taken? Genitive and common-case marking of subjects of verbal gerund clauses in Present-day English Her daughter's being taken into care or her daughter being taken…? Genitive and common-case marking of subjects of verbal gerund clauses in Present-day English 1 A01 01 JB code 784099763 Susanna Lyne Lyne, Susanna Susanna Lyne Uppsala University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/784099763 01 eng 03 00

This article deals with the variation between genitive and common-case NPs as subjects of verbal gerunds in Present-day British English, as in As compensation for Polly’s (Polly) keeping the house, Preston had received twenty thousand pounds. Previous research on the topic has mostly focused on personal pronouns and the possessive/objective distinction, wheras the present paper draws attention to other NPs, those which take or do not take the genitive ’s.

The material comprises 16 million words from the British National Corpus, representing the four genres Academic Prose, Fiction, News, and Conversation. Methods of retrieval are discussed in some detail, since searches for NPs in the common case proved to require manual scanning.

Results show that the genitive form is very infrequent in Present-day English, but figures more often than not in formal texts; this finding is in accordance with modern grammars such as Quirk et al. (1985). More than 50% of all genitives are found in the Academic Prose genre, whereas Conversation displays no genitives at all. Common-case forms are seen to be spread more evenly across genres. Moreover, the linguistic factors phonology, animacy and NP length are seen to have influence on the choice of form.

01 01 JB code silv.2.24sub 06 10.1075/silv.2.24sub 335 339 5 Miscellaneous 24 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/silv.2 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20081203 C 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027234827 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027290380 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 88.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 158.00 USD
383014068 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 2 GE 15 9789027290380 06 10.1075/silv.2 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SILV 02 JB code 1872-9592 02 2.00 01 02 Studies in Language Variation Studies in Language Variation 01 01 The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation 1 B01 01 JB code 859098695 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen University of Helsinki 2 B01 01 JB code 499098696 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 3 B01 01 JB code 936099720 Päivi Pahta Pahta, Päivi Päivi Pahta University of Tempere 4 B01 01 JB code 753099721 Minna Korhonen Korhonen, Minna Minna Korhonen University of Helsinki 01 eng 11 348 03 03 viii 03 00 339 03 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 01 06 03 00 Variability is characteristic of any living language. This volume approaches the ‘life cycle’ of linguistic variability in English using data sources that range from electronic corpora to the internet. In the spirit of the 1968 Weinreich, Labov and Herzog classic, the fifteen contributions divide into three sections, each highlighting different stages in the dynamics of English across time and space. They show, first, how increase in variability can be initiated by processes that give rise to new patterns of discourse, which can ultimately crystallize into new grammatical elements. The next phase is the spread of linguistic features and patterns of discourse, both new and well established, through the social and regional varieties of English. The final phase in this ebb and flow of linguistic variability consists of processes promoting some variable features over others across registers and regional and social varieties, thus resulting in reduced variation and increased linguistic homogeneity. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.2.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027234827.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027234827.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.2.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.2.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.2.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.2.hb.png 01 01 JB code silv.2.01lis 06 10.1075/silv.2.01lis vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 01 JB code silv.2.02nev 06 10.1075/silv.2.02nev 1 9 9 Article 2 01 04 Exploring the dynamics of linguistic variation through public and private corpora Exploring the dynamics of linguistic variation through public and private corpora 1 A01 01 JB code 159099743 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen 2 A01 01 JB code 504099744 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 3 A01 01 JB code 537099745 Päivi Pahta Pahta, Päivi Päivi Pahta 01 01 JB code silv.2.03par 06 10.1075/silv.2.03par 11 11 1 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Creating discourse Part I. Creating discourse 01 01 JB code silv.2.04int 06 10.1075/silv.2.04int 13 15 3 Miscellaneous 4 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 01 JB code silv.2.05def 06 10.1075/silv.2.05def 17 36 20 Article 5 01 04 'And so now': The grammaticalisation and (inter)subjectification of now 'And so now…': The grammaticalisation and (inter)subjectification of now 1 A01 01 JB code 32099746 Tine Defour Defour, Tine Tine Defour University of Ghent 01 01 JB code silv.2.06kje 06 10.1075/silv.2.06kje 37 60 24 Article 6 01 04 Self-repetition in spoken English discourse Self-repetition in spoken English discourse 1 A01 01 JB code 259099747 Göran Kjellmer Kjellmer, Göran Göran Kjellmer University of Gothenburg 01 01 JB code silv.2.07aij 06 10.1075/silv.2.07aij 61 83 23 Article 7 01 04 Modal adverbs in interaction - obviously and definitely in adolescent speech Modal adverbs in interaction – obviously and definitely in adolescent speech 1 A01 01 JB code 571099748 Karin Aijmer Aijmer, Karin Karin Aijmer Göteborg University 01 01 JB code silv.2.08whe 06 10.1075/silv.2.08whe 85 97 13 Article 8 01 04 Pressing -ing into service: I don't want you coming around here any more Pressing -ing into service: I don't want you coming around here any more 1 A01 01 JB code 914099749 Michael P. Wherrity Wherrity, Michael P. Michael P. Wherrity Karlstad University, Sweden 2 A01 01 JB code 893099750 Solveig Granath Granath, Solveig Solveig Granath Karlstad University, Sweden 01 01 JB code silv.2.09par 06 10.1075/silv.2.09par 99 99 1 Section header 9 01 04 Part II. Moving across varieties Part II. Moving across varieties 01 01 JB code silv.2.10int 06 10.1075/silv.2.10int 101 105 5 Miscellaneous 10 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 01 JB code silv.2.11tag 06 10.1075/silv.2.11tag 107 128 22 Article 11 01 04 Conversations from the speech community: Exploring language variation in synchronic dialect corpora Conversations from the speech community: Exploring language variation in synchronic dialect corpora 1 A01 01 JB code 353099751 Sali A. Tagliamonte Tagliamonte, Sali A. Sali A. Tagliamonte University of Toronto 01 01 JB code silv.2.12col 06 10.1075/silv.2.12col 129 145 17 Article 12 01 04 The English modals and semi-modals: Regional and stylistic variation The English modals and semi-modals: Regional and stylistic variation 1 A01 01 JB code 672099752 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of NSW 01 01 JB code silv.2.13pet 06 10.1075/silv.2.13pet 147 162 16 Article 13 01 04 Patterns of negation: The relationship between NO and NOT in regional varieties of English Patterns of negation: The relationship between NO and NOT in regional varieties of English 1 A01 01 JB code 93099753 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 01 01 JB code silv.2.14muk 06 10.1075/silv.2.14muk 163 181 19 Article 14 01 04 Verb-complementational profiles across varieties of English: Comparing verb classes in Indian English and British English Verb-complementational profiles across varieties of English: Comparing verb classes in Indian English and British English 1 A01 01 JB code 372099754 Joybrato Mukherjee Mukherjee, Joybrato Joybrato Mukherjee Justus Liebig University, Giessen 2 A01 01 JB code 439099755 Marco Schilk Schilk, Marco Marco Schilk Justus Liebig University, Giessen 01 01 JB code silv.2.15san 06 10.1075/silv.2.15san 183 202 20 Article 15 01 04 Angloversals? Concord and interrogatives in contact varieties of English Angloversals? Concord and interrogatives in contact varieties of English 1 A01 01 JB code 702099756 Andrea Sand Sand, Andrea Andrea Sand Universität Trier 01 01 JB code silv.2.16bie 06 10.1075/silv.2.16bie 203 219 17 Article 16 01 04 South Pacific Englishes - Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect South Pacific Englishes – Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect 1 A01 01 JB code 78099757 Carolin Biewer Biewer, Carolin Carolin Biewer Universität Zürich 01 01 JB code silv.2.17par 06 10.1075/silv.2.17par 221 221 1 Section header 17 01 04 Part III. Levelling out variability Part III. Levelling out variability 01 01 JB code silv.2.18int 06 10.1075/silv.2.18int 223 227 5 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 01 JB code silv.2.19hic 06 10.1075/silv.2.19hic 229 243 15 Article 19 01 04 Feature loss in 19th century Irish English Feature loss in 19th century Irish English 1 A01 01 JB code 126099758 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey Essen University 01 01 JB code silv.2.20fri 06 10.1075/silv.2.20fri 245 267 23 Article 20 01 04 The written wor(l)ds of men and women in early white Australia The written wor(l)ds of men and women in early white Australia 1 A01 01 JB code 274099759 Clemens Fritz Fritz, Clemens Clemens Fritz Freie Universität Berlin 01 01 JB code silv.2.21smi 06 10.1075/silv.2.21smi 269 289 21 Article 21 01 04 The progressive and phrasal verbs: Evidence of colloquialization in nineteenth-century English? The progressive and phrasal verbs: Evidence of colloquialization in nineteenth-century English? 1 A01 01 JB code 571099760 Erik Smitterberg Smitterberg, Erik Erik Smitterberg University of Gävle 01 01 JB code silv.2.22szm 06 10.1075/silv.2.22szm 291 309 19 Article 22 01 04 Probabilistic determinants of genitive variation in spoken and written English: A multivariate comparison across time, space, and genres Probabilistic determinants of genitive variation in spoken and written English: A multivariate comparison across time, space, and genres 1 A01 01 JB code 975099761 Benedikt Szmrecsanyi Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt Benedikt Szmrecsanyi University of Freiburg 2 A01 01 JB code 620099762 Lars Hinrichs Hinrichs, Lars Lars Hinrichs University of Texas at Austin 01 01 JB code silv.2.23lyn 06 10.1075/silv.2.23lyn 311 333 23 Article 23 01 04 Her daughter's being taken into care or her daughter being taken? Genitive and common-case marking of subjects of verbal gerund clauses in Present-day English Her daughter's being taken into care or her daughter being taken…? Genitive and common-case marking of subjects of verbal gerund clauses in Present-day English 1 A01 01 JB code 784099763 Susanna Lyne Lyne, Susanna Susanna Lyne Uppsala University 01 01 JB code silv.2.24sub 06 10.1075/silv.2.24sub 335 339 5 Miscellaneous 24 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20081203 C 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027234827 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 88.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 158.00 USD 762007155 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 2 Hb 15 9789027234827 06 10.1075/silv.2 13 2008035115 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 765 gr 10 01 JB code SILV 02 1872-9592 02 2.00 01 02 Studies in Language Variation Studies in Language Variation 01 01 The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation Corpus evidence on English past and present The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation: Corpus evidence on English past and present 1 B01 01 JB code 859098695 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/859098695 2 B01 01 JB code 499098696 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/499098696 3 B01 01 JB code 936099720 Päivi Pahta Pahta, Päivi Päivi Pahta University of Tempere 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/936099720 4 B01 01 JB code 753099721 Minna Korhonen Korhonen, Minna Minna Korhonen University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/753099721 01 eng 11 348 03 03 viii 03 00 339 03 01 22 427/.00285 03 2008 PE1074.5 04 English language--Data processing--Congresses. 04 English language--Variation--Congresses. 04 Computational linguistics--Congresses. 04 English language--Discourse analysis--Congresses. 04 Sociolinguistics--Data processing--Congresses. 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 Variability is characteristic of any living language. This volume approaches the ‘life cycle’ of linguistic variability in English using data sources that range from electronic corpora to the internet. In the spirit of the 1968 Weinreich, Labov and Herzog classic, the fifteen contributions divide into three sections, each highlighting different stages in the dynamics of English across time and space. They show, first, how increase in variability can be initiated by processes that give rise to new patterns of discourse, which can ultimately crystallize into new grammatical elements. The next phase is the spread of linguistic features and patterns of discourse, both new and well established, through the social and regional varieties of English. The final phase in this ebb and flow of linguistic variability consists of processes promoting some variable features over others across registers and regional and social varieties, thus resulting in reduced variation and increased linguistic homogeneity. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.2.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027234827.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027234827.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.2.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.2.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.2.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.2.hb.png 01 01 JB code silv.2.01lis 06 10.1075/silv.2.01lis vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.02nev 06 10.1075/silv.2.02nev 1 9 9 Article 2 01 04 Exploring the dynamics of linguistic variation through public and private corpora Exploring the dynamics of linguistic variation through public and private corpora 1 A01 01 JB code 159099743 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/159099743 2 A01 01 JB code 504099744 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/504099744 3 A01 01 JB code 537099745 Päivi Pahta Pahta, Päivi Päivi Pahta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/537099745 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.03par 06 10.1075/silv.2.03par 11 11 1 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Creating discourse Part I. Creating discourse 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.04int 06 10.1075/silv.2.04int 13 15 3 Miscellaneous 4 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.05def 06 10.1075/silv.2.05def 17 36 20 Article 5 01 04 'And so now': The grammaticalisation and (inter)subjectification of now 'And so now…': The grammaticalisation and (inter)subjectification of now 1 A01 01 JB code 32099746 Tine Defour Defour, Tine Tine Defour University of Ghent 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/32099746 01 eng 03 00

In addition to its primary temporal meaning, the adverb now displays a variety of pragmatic meanings in present-day English. Now serves as a means to structure topic changes or to emphasise different steps in an argumentation, providing “a temporal index for the world within the utterance” (Schiffrin 1987: 245). On an interpersonal level, the marker can introduce a subjective opinion, often placing the speaker’s view in disalignment with that of others. With the recognition of interpersonal differences, now also offers the hearer a chance to be involved in the suggested discourse frame. Diachronically, semantically bleached meanings of now are attested as early as the Old English period (Aijmer 2002). This paper aims to further examine various stages in the marker’s semanticpragmatic development, with specific attention for the influence of underlying hypotheses of grammaticalisation – implying semantic bleaching and pragmatic strengthening – and processes of (inter)subjectification, through which historical language change develops meanings that focus increasingly on speaker and addressee (Traugott 1999). The material for this paper is taken from three historical corpora containing speech-based data, i.e. the diachronic part of theHelsinki Corpus of English Texts (HC), the Corpus of Early English Correspondence (Sampler) (CEECS), and the Corpus of English Dialogues (CED).

01 01 JB code silv.2.06kje 06 10.1075/silv.2.06kje 37 60 24 Article 6 01 04 Self-repetition in spoken English discourse Self-repetition in spoken English discourse 1 A01 01 JB code 259099747 Göran Kjellmer Kjellmer, Göran Göran Kjellmer University of Gothenburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/259099747 01 eng 03 00

The objects of the present paper are, first, to chart the occurrence of selfrepetition in the spoken British module “ukspok” in the Cobuild Corpus, and secondly, to present evidence to show that repetition serves a great number of functions, and that far from being an obstacle it is a helpful and sometimes even necessary ingredient for everyday conversation to be successful. It was found that repetititon is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the spoken language and is very often used in preparation for long and complex sentences. It was also found that men have a much higher rate of repetition-introduced turns than women, and that men’s repetition-introduced sentences are much longer than women’s.

01 01 JB code silv.2.07aij 06 10.1075/silv.2.07aij 61 83 23 Article 7 01 04 Modal adverbs in interaction - obviously and definitely in adolescent speech Modal adverbs in interaction – obviously and definitely in adolescent speech 1 A01 01 JB code 571099748 Karin Aijmer Aijmer, Karin Karin Aijmer Göteborg University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/571099748 01 eng 03 00

When we compare corpora compiled at different periods we can notice that the overall frequency of the adverbs of certainty is different. For example, certainly and surely do not have such a strong position in the Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT) as in the London-Lund Corpus (LLC). On the other hand, obviously and definitely are proportionately more frequent in the COLT corpus than in the LLC. In particular they have become more frequent in uses involving intensification and affective meaning. Changes in the language are intimately connected with grammaticalization. The article argues that the grammaticalization of obviously and definitely can be explained with reference to the characteristics of adolescent speech.

01 01 JB code silv.2.08whe 06 10.1075/silv.2.08whe 85 97 13 Article 8 01 04 Pressing -ing into service: I don't want you coming around here any more Pressing -ing into service: I don't want you coming around here any more 1 A01 01 JB code 914099749 Michael P. Wherrity Wherrity, Michael P. Michael P. Wherrity Karlstad University, Sweden 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/914099749 2 A01 01 JB code 893099750 Solveig Granath Granath, Solveig Solveig Granath Karlstad University, Sweden 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/893099750 01 eng 03 00

In this paper we focus on a common construction which has received relatively little attention to date in the literature, namely, want [NP Ving] as in I don’t want you coming around here anymore. Recent British newspaper corpora suggest that this construction is becoming increasingly popular among speakers. Although it occurs in affirmatives and interrogatives, it is most frequently encountered in negative utterances which perform imperative, proclamatory, and exhortatory functions. One reason for this, we maintain, is that the -ing complement, by virtue of its semantics, is felt by speakers to be more forceful and, accordingly, more appropriate to such utterances than an infinitive complement would be. Whereas the infinitive to tends to temporally distance the activity of the verb from the present, the ‑ing reifies the activity of the matrix verb as something ongoing, i.e., in process, thereby rendering it both vivid and immediate. Thus, the construction want [NP Ving] can be regarded as a handy device for speakers to brighten up and strengthen utterances, especially when they want them “to stick”.

01 01 JB code silv.2.09par 06 10.1075/silv.2.09par 99 99 1 Section header 9 01 04 Part II. Moving across varieties Part II. Moving across varieties 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.10int 06 10.1075/silv.2.10int 101 105 5 Miscellaneous 10 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.11tag 06 10.1075/silv.2.11tag 107 128 22 Article 11 01 04 Conversations from the speech community: Exploring language variation in synchronic dialect corpora Conversations from the speech community: Exploring language variation in synchronic dialect corpora 1 A01 01 JB code 353099751 Sali A. Tagliamonte Tagliamonte, Sali A. Sali A. Tagliamonte University of Toronto 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/353099751 01 eng 03 00

Using a corpus of synchronic dialects from England, Scotland and Northern Ireland (the Roots Archive) I present a quantitative distributional analysis of a series of morpho-syntactic changes: verbal -s (1), causal conjunctions (2), relative clauses (3), the modals of necessity (4), stative possessive meaning (5), and future temporal reference (6)

(1) Them boys goes out.

(2) You’ll have to marry, Willie, for you can’t stay with me all your life

because you need your life to live.

(3) It was a job that I always wanted…It was a job Ø I’ve always enjoyed.

(4) You’ve got to move with the times … one has to do these things.

(5) He’s got bad breath; he has smelly feet.

(6) It’ll only be six month. Didn’t know it were gan be six year.

While the dialects sometimes differ in their favoured variant, internal linguistic constraints are typically shared. These can often be traced to the history of English, and can be interpreted as persistence. On the other hand, cross-dialectal differences, particularly in terms of regional diffusion and social embedding, reveal that the changes are not progressing at the same rate. Indeed, each community represents its own ‘slice in time’. Such findings illuminate how internal grammatical constraints and external factors conspire in the ebb and flow of linguistic change; dialect corpora can provide useful insights into these processes.

01 01 JB code silv.2.12col 06 10.1075/silv.2.12col 129 145 17 Article 12 01 04 The English modals and semi-modals: Regional and stylistic variation The English modals and semi-modals: Regional and stylistic variation 1 A01 01 JB code 672099752 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of NSW 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/672099752 01 eng 03 00

This paper reports a study of the uses of modal auxiliaries (can, may, will, shall,must, ought and need), plus a set of related semi-modals (need (to), have got (to),have (to), be going (to) and want (to)), in three parallel corpora of contemporary American, British, and Australian English. Quantitative findings relating to regional and stylistic variation are presented, and consideration is given to the possible influence upon the relative popularity of modal uses of ‘Americanization’, ‘colloquialization’ and ‘democratization’. It is suggested that these external processes provide possible explanations for, inter alia, the differing fortunes of the moribund shall on the one hand and on the other those of the popular semimodalsbe going to and want to, the relative popularity of deontic have to andshould over must, and the differing fortunes of must and have got to.

01 01 JB code silv.2.13pet 06 10.1075/silv.2.13pet 147 162 16 Article 13 01 04 Patterns of negation: The relationship between NO and NOT in regional varieties of English Patterns of negation: The relationship between NO and NOT in regional varieties of English 1 A01 01 JB code 93099753 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/93099753 01 eng 03 00

The choice between NO and NOT in the expression of the negative in English has been found to vary with lexical, syntagmatic, and contextual factors such as medium, register and regional variety. This paper uses matching data from British, American, Australian and New Zealand corpora, in order to examine regional differences in the distribution of NO and NOT, and linguistic factors that promote their use.

The frequency of NO is everywhere boosted by its use (a) as a reaction signal, and (b) in a variety of relatively fixed two-part collocations, such as no doubt, no way etc. With these stripped away, NO emerges as a discretionary resource for both speakers and writers when making negative statements, but it is used much more frequently in NZ English writing than either British or Australian, by the evidence of their respective ICE corpora.

In further analysis of its relative frequency in different written registers, NO occurs more often in fiction than other forms of writing, in four-way comparisons of data from the parallel standard corpora of British, American, Australian and New Zealand English. Thus NO negation is particularly associated with creative and crafted writing, while NOT (N’T) is the default in all other kinds of written and spoken discourse. The combined registerial and regional factors make New Zealand fiction writing a stronghold of the older pattern of negation with NO.

01 01 JB code silv.2.14muk 06 10.1075/silv.2.14muk 163 181 19 Article 14 01 04 Verb-complementational profiles across varieties of English: Comparing verb classes in Indian English and British English Verb-complementational profiles across varieties of English: Comparing verb classes in Indian English and British English 1 A01 01 JB code 372099754 Joybrato Mukherjee Mukherjee, Joybrato Joybrato Mukherjee Justus Liebig University, Giessen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/372099754 2 A01 01 JB code 439099755 Marco Schilk Schilk, Marco Marco Schilk Justus Liebig University, Giessen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/439099755 01 eng 03 00

It has been frequently noted that many characteristic features of New Englishes tend to cluster around the interface between lexis and grammar. Focusing on present-day standard Indian English, the largest second-language variety of English, Olavarría de Ersson and Shaw (2003) and Mukherjee and Hoffmann (2006) have shown in recent corpus-based pilot studies that there are also significant differences between Indian and British English in the complementation of ditransitive verbs. In the present paper, we will make use of a large web-derived corpus of Indian English newspapers and extend the analysis of verb complementation in Indian and British English from ditransitive verbs to a semantically and syntactically related class of verbs. Specifically, we will analyse some verbs that are typically associated with the ‘transfer-caused-motion construction’ (cf. Goldberg 1995), which we refer to as ‘TCM-related verbs’. Our findings show that Indian English also displays some interesting deviations from the verb-complementational profile of British English with regard to TCM-related verbs, which raises some more general questions about divergent transitivity trends in the two varieties.

01 01 JB code silv.2.15san 06 10.1075/silv.2.15san 183 202 20 Article 15 01 04 Angloversals? Concord and interrogatives in contact varieties of English Angloversals? Concord and interrogatives in contact varieties of English 1 A01 01 JB code 702099756 Andrea Sand Sand, Andrea Andrea Sand Universität Trier 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/702099756 01 eng 03 00

In previous studies on contact varieties of English, a number of shared features have been claimed. The present study presents a corpus-based investigation of two of these features, subject-verb concord and interrogative constructions. By comparing ICE-corpora from Great Britain, New Zealand, India, Kenya, Jamaica, Singapore as well as two smaller corpora from Northern Ireland, the possible roles of substrate influence and more general language contact phenomena are investigated in a systematic way. Corpus evidence suggests that there is indeed a qualitative difference between contact and non-contact varieties due to typological and SLA trends.

01 01 JB code silv.2.16bie 06 10.1075/silv.2.16bie 203 219 17 Article 16 01 04 South Pacific Englishes - Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect South Pacific Englishes – Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect 1 A01 01 JB code 78099757 Carolin Biewer Biewer, Carolin Carolin Biewer Universität Zürich 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78099757 01 eng 03 00

The outer circle varieties of English in Fiji, Samoa and the Cook Islands show similarities as well as differences, due among other things to the Melanesian and Polynesian substrate influence. Possible candidates would be a preference for conversion (to broom the room) or the special usage of invariant tags (Mugler & Tent 2004: 778; Lynch & Mugler 1999: 10). Another possible source for the unity and diversity of South Pacific Englishes is the fact that – due to geographical, political and economic reasons – New Zealand English may in some of the islands supersede the former prestigious American and British varieties as a model for the national standard. This paper discusses the extent to which we can talk about different varieties of Fiji English, Samoan English and Cook Island English, and which features rather call for a ‘Pan-Pacific English’ perspective. To test the unity and diversity of these new varieties of English the internet was used to create a corpus of editorials and letters to the editor collected from newspapers representing the different outer circle varieties in question. The focus will be on the usage of the present perfect. The paper discusses the results as a first step towards a general description of ‘South Pacific Englishes’ as well as the suitability of the www as a source for such a study.

01 01 JB code silv.2.17par 06 10.1075/silv.2.17par 221 221 1 Section header 17 01 04 Part III. Levelling out variability Part III. Levelling out variability 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.18int 06 10.1075/silv.2.18int 223 227 5 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code silv.2.19hic 06 10.1075/silv.2.19hic 229 243 15 Article 19 01 04 Feature loss in 19th century Irish English Feature loss in 19th century Irish English 1 A01 01 JB code 126099758 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey Essen University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/126099758 01 eng 03 00

The current contribution is concerned with the disappearance of a number of dialect features from the English language in Ireland during the course of the 19th century. At the outset of this century there were many archaic and dialectal features from earlier input varieties of English as well as transfer features from Irish which had been carried over by bilinguals during the language shift to English. In the course of the 19th century a native middle class arose in Ireland due to the emancipation of, and general education for the Catholic population. This in turn led to the emergence of a supraregional variety of English in which many of the earlier features were removed and/or replaced by more mainstream ones, stemming from southern British usage. Developments were not always straightforward and many features were relegated to vernacular varieties or to positions of slighter salience, thus escaping censure by later generations. The consideration of just what paths was taken by what features forms the backbone of this contribution.

01 01 JB code silv.2.20fri 06 10.1075/silv.2.20fri 245 267 23 Article 20 01 04 The written wor(l)ds of men and women in early white Australia The written wor(l)ds of men and women in early white Australia 1 A01 01 JB code 274099759 Clemens Fritz Fritz, Clemens Clemens Fritz Freie Universität Berlin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/274099759 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigates the written wor(l)ds of men and women in eighteenth and nineteenth century Australia. Using a self-collected corpus of early English in Australia, COOEE, possible variation is looked for in a number of fields. In some of them men and women differ a lot, in others not at all. These differences can be attributed to sociocultural factors and/or the gender of the writer. It is naturally difficult to decide which factor is dominant; however, the data suggest some real gender differences e.g. in the area of evidentiality and for linguistic change in progress. Another finding is the unexpected level of similarity of male and female writings. Egalitarianism in early white Australia seems to extend not only to all classes but also to the sexes.

01 01 JB code silv.2.21smi 06 10.1075/silv.2.21smi 269 289 21 Article 21 01 04 The progressive and phrasal verbs: Evidence of colloquialization in nineteenth-century English? The progressive and phrasal verbs: Evidence of colloquialization in nineteenth-century English? 1 A01 01 JB code 571099760 Erik Smitterberg Smitterberg, Erik Erik Smitterberg University of Gävle 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/571099760 01 eng 03 00

The present study, which is based on the CONCE corpus, considers two linguistic features that are characteristic of spoken rather than written production: the progressive and phrasal verbs. The frequency development of these features in nineteenth-century English is examined in relation to contemporaneous changes in British society.

The results show that the most informal genres in the corpus, comedies and private letters, exhibit increasing frequencies, while the formal genre of scientific writing displays stability. These results are shown to be partly similar to those reached in studies of late twentieth-century English, where the progressive and phrasal verbs increase in frequency in some written genres but not others. In previous research, this development has been taken to be part of an ongoing colloquialization of genre norms, which has in turn been linked to the democratization of discourse in post-1945 Western society. The present study demonstrates that related developments can be identified in nineteenth-century Britain, which implies that the concept of colloquialization may explain some of the stability and change attested in the data.

01 01 JB code silv.2.22szm 06 10.1075/silv.2.22szm 291 309 19 Article 22 01 04 Probabilistic determinants of genitive variation in spoken and written English: A multivariate comparison across time, space, and genres Probabilistic determinants of genitive variation in spoken and written English: A multivariate comparison across time, space, and genres 1 A01 01 JB code 975099761 Benedikt Szmrecsanyi Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt Benedikt Szmrecsanyi University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/975099761 2 A01 01 JB code 620099762 Lars Hinrichs Hinrichs, Lars Lars Hinrichs University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/620099762 01 eng 03 00

This is a paper about language variation and about language change, investigating the competition between the s-genitive and the of-genitive in Modern English (written and spoken, British and American) as a case study. Drawing on a range of spoken and written corpora and considering a multivariate envelope of seven major conditioning factors (such as possessor animacy and end-weight), we seek to uncover, first, how the probabilistic preferences of British and American journalists might have changed between the 1960s and 1990s, and, second, how such changes in written English relate to the way speakers of English choose between the two genitives. We find that the s-genitive is comparatively frequent in both spoken English and contemporary journalistic English thanks to quite different reasons, and that the recent spread of the s-genitive in press English is due to a process of economization rather than colloquialization.

01 01 JB code silv.2.23lyn 06 10.1075/silv.2.23lyn 311 333 23 Article 23 01 04 Her daughter's being taken into care or her daughter being taken? Genitive and common-case marking of subjects of verbal gerund clauses in Present-day English Her daughter's being taken into care or her daughter being taken…? Genitive and common-case marking of subjects of verbal gerund clauses in Present-day English 1 A01 01 JB code 784099763 Susanna Lyne Lyne, Susanna Susanna Lyne Uppsala University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/784099763 01 eng 03 00

This article deals with the variation between genitive and common-case NPs as subjects of verbal gerunds in Present-day British English, as in As compensation for Polly’s (Polly) keeping the house, Preston had received twenty thousand pounds. Previous research on the topic has mostly focused on personal pronouns and the possessive/objective distinction, wheras the present paper draws attention to other NPs, those which take or do not take the genitive ’s.

The material comprises 16 million words from the British National Corpus, representing the four genres Academic Prose, Fiction, News, and Conversation. Methods of retrieval are discussed in some detail, since searches for NPs in the common case proved to require manual scanning.

Results show that the genitive form is very infrequent in Present-day English, but figures more often than not in formal texts; this finding is in accordance with modern grammars such as Quirk et al. (1985). More than 50% of all genitives are found in the Academic Prose genre, whereas Conversation displays no genitives at all. Common-case forms are seen to be spread more evenly across genres. Moreover, the linguistic factors phonology, animacy and NP length are seen to have influence on the choice of form.

01 01 JB code silv.2.24sub 06 10.1075/silv.2.24sub 335 339 5 Miscellaneous 24 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/silv.2 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20081203 C 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 30 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 105.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 88.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 30 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 158.00 USD