721026565
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SILV 23 Eb
15
9789027261564
06
10.1075/silv.23
13
2019050588
DG
002
02
01
SILV
02
1872-9592
Studies in Language Variation
23
01
Walking on the Grammaticalization Path of the Definite Article
Functional Main and Side Roads
01
silv.23
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/silv.23
1
B01
Renata Szczepaniak
Szczepaniak, Renata
Renata
Szczepaniak
Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
2
B01
Johanna Flick
Flick, Johanna
Johanna
Flick
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
01
eng
259
vi
253
LAN009010
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GERM
Germanic linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
06
01
This volume focuses on the grammaticalization of the definite article in German. It contains eight empirically-based papers which examine individual stages of the grammaticalization path from its beginnings as a demonstrative to the definite article and beyond. Focusing on cognitive, pragmatic, semantic and syntactic factors, the contributions not only address the development from pragmatic to semantic definiteness, but also deal with functional and formal changes starting as soon as the linguistic unit has acquired the function of marking semantic definiteness. Based on corpora spanning the entire history of the German language, from Old High German (750-1050) to present-day German, the analyses challenge the traditional linear model of grammaticalization and provide alternative pathways. What all the contributions have in common is the idea that the main grammaticalization path is accompanied or crossed by several side roads which lead to different destinations such as preposition-article-clitics, generic usages or onymic articles.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.23.png
04
03
01
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04
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09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.23.hb.png
10
01
JB code
silv.23.int
1
14
14
Chapter
1
01
Introduction
Walking on the grammaticalization path of the definite article – functional main and side roads
1
A01
Renata Szczepaniak
Szczepaniak, Renata
Renata
Szczepaniak
2
A01
Johanna Flick
Flick, Johanna
Johanna
Flick
10
01
JB code
silv.23.p1
18
94
77
Section header
2
01
Section I. “From pragmatic to semantic definiteness”
10
01
JB code
silv.23.01sch
17
42
26
Chapter
3
01
A complex grammaticalization scenario for the definite article
A
complex grammaticalization scenario for the definite article
The interplay of different article forms
1
A01
Eva Schlachter
Schlachter, Eva
Eva
Schlachter
20
contraction forms
20
demonstratives
20
grammaticalization
20
Old High German
20
pragmatic definiteness
20
reanalysis
20
semantic definiteness
20
weak article forms
01
The rise of the definite article in Old High German is the result of a more complex grammaticalization process than has commonly been assumed. Current explanations do not take into account the existence of early definite secondary article forms that are attested since the 8th/9th century. The notion of secondary article forms refers to preposition-article-combinations, the alternation of two different article forms <i>ther-thie</i> ‘the’ and occurrences of apparent personal pronouns which will be analyzed as definite article forms. On the other hand, the reanalysis from a demonstrative to a definite article is not possible in purely semantically definite contexts. The absence of definiteness marking in these contexts must be the result of incomplete analogical spreading and not of the non-existence of a definite article.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.02dem
43
74
32
Chapter
4
01
The grammaticalization of the definite article in German
The
grammaticalization of the definite article in German
From demonstratives to weak definites
1
A01
Ulrike Demske
Demske, Ulrike
Ulrike
Demske
20
definite article
20
German
20
grammaticalization
20
possessive constructions
20
weak definites
01
The present paper looks into the grammaticalization of the definite article in the history of German. Starting with the well-known emergence of the definite article from a demonstrative pronoun over the course of Old High German (750–1050), I will consider the rise of so-called weak definites in Early New High German (1350–1650) as a new piece of evidence for the grammaticalization process. Here, the subclass of possessive weak definites is of particular interest for the grammaticalization of the definite article in German, because of a word order change affecting the position of possessor phrases. As soon as the possessor systematically follows the head noun (except for proper names), we observe three alternatives for the prenominal determiner slot: it may remain empty, or it may be filled either by the indefinite or the definite article in Early New High German. In Present-Day German, the definite article is used in the unmarked case, thus pointing to a second stage in the grammaticalization process of the definite article in German, which has so far not been acknowledged in the literature.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.03pet
75
94
20
Chapter
5
01
What genericity reveals about the establishment of the definite determiner in German
1
A01
Svetlana Petrova
Petrova, Svetlana
Svetlana
Petrova
20
definite determiner
20
generic NPs
20
grammaticalization of the determiner system of German
20
Old High German
01
This contribution deals with the rise of the definite determiner in generic noun phrases in German. It calls attention to a by now neglected part of the diachronic development of the determiner system of German and provides a special contribution on the subject, building upon newly collected, first-hand corpus data and its interpretation in the context of the current semantic debate on genericity.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.p2
98
195
98
Section header
6
01
Section II. “Syntactic contexts, cognition and grammaticalization”
10
01
JB code
silv.23.04ron
97
128
32
Chapter
7
01
The role of the definite article in the rise of the German Framing Principle
The
role of the definite article in the rise of the German Framing Principle
A comparative study of verbal and nominal constructions in the Old High German <i>Muspilli</i> and the Old English <i>Dream of the Rood</i>
1
A01
Elke Ronneberger-Sibold
Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke
Elke
Ronneberger-Sibold
20
definite article
20
Dream of the Rood
20
German Framing Principle
20
German noun-phrase
20
Muspilli
20
Old English
20
Old High German
20
prerequisites for framing
20
Ruthwell Crucification Poem
20
typological divergence of German and English
01
This paper develops ideas broached in Ronneberger-Sibold (2010) on the origins of the divergent typological developments of English towards a “classical” analytic S-V-O language, and German into a “framing” language, in which the dominating typologically relevant feature is the framing of different constituents by two elements related to each other, such that the recipient can conclude from the appearance of the first element that the constituent in question will not be complete before the second element appears. This principle was discovered and gradually implemented by German language users in a self-fortifying process from OHG on. To isolate specifically OHG prerequisites for this process, two comparable alliterative poems, one in each language, were analysed with respect to separable verbal complexes, verb position as a marker of sentence type, and the structure of complex noun-phrases. The most radical differences concerned the noun-phrase, and particularly the definite article, whereas the differences in verb position were less pronounced. Therefore, a scenario of the first steps of the typological divergence is outlined in which the OHG definite article plays a decisive role.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.05wal
129
160
32
Chapter
8
01
Cliticization of definite articles to prepositions in Middle High German – early stages of grammaticalization?
A qualitative study
1
A01
Sandra Waldenberger
Waldenberger, Sandra
Sandra
Waldenberger
20
clitization
20
grammaticalization
20
Middle High German
20
preposition definite article clitics
01
The subject of this contribution is clitic forms of preposition and definite article in Middle High German (AD 1050–1350). Given the fact that some of these contractions (e.g. <i>am</i>, <i>im</i>, <i>ins</i>, <i>zum</i>, <i>zur</i>) have, in varying degrees, undergone grammaticalization and have been integrated into the system of definiteness markers in contemporary Standard German (<i>Er fliegt zum Mond</i> vs. *<i>Er fliegt zu dem Mond</i>), it seems likely that the documented instances of such Preposition Definite Article Clitics (PDCs) in MHG constitute an early stage of grammaticalization. This contribution addresses this question by means of a qualitative empirical approach, using the <sc>korpus der mittelhochdeutschen grammatik</sc>. The results show that the MHG forms anticipate the later stage of the development in modern German.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.06dam
161
196
36
Chapter
9
01
Absence as evidence
Determination and coordination ellipsis in conjoined noun phrases in (Early) New High German
1
A01
Antje Dammel
Dammel, Antje
Antje
Dammel
20
(Early) New High German
20
coordination
20
definiteness
20
determiners
20
ellipsis
20
German
20
grammaticalization
20
Modern Standard German
20
natural coordination
20
noun phrase
01
In simple noun phrases, the generalization of definiteness marking to all kinds of head nouns was well-advanced by the Early New High German period (ENHG). In conjoined noun phrases, however, coordination ellipsis of determiners was common and subject to fewer restrictions than in Modern Standard German (MSG). A corpus analysis reveals a <i>there-and-back change</i> in the frequency of coordination ellipsis within ENHG and early NHG and a substantial structural change in its conditioning towards MSG. The semantic and pragmatic regularities favouring coordination ellipsis across diverging grammatical features in (E)NHG can be described in terms of natural coordination (the probability of concepts to co-occur). Towards MSG, formal constraints on morphosyntactic feature combinations (gender, number) prevail. A possible explanation combines internal and external factors: grammaticalization and codification. Methodologically, it turns out fruitful to regard not only the spread of a new gram, but also constructions favouring its absence.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.p3
200
249
50
Section header
10
01
Section III. “From definite into onymic article – and finally onymic classifier”
10
01
JB code
silv.23.07sch
199
226
28
Chapter
11
01
The rise of the onymic article in Early New High German
The
rise of the onymic article in Early New High German
Areal factors and the triggering effect of bynames
1
A01
Mirjam Schmuck
Schmuck, Mirjam
Mirjam
Schmuck
20
definite article
20
demonstrative
20
grammaticalization
20
proper names
20
Upper German
01
The rise of the definite article in Old High German (750–1050) is well documented, but little is so far known about the emergence of the onymic article, i.e. the definite article in combination with proper names, which represents a later stage in grammaticalization. This paper focuses on early instances of the onymic article and seeks to define the driving factors for the gradual spread of the definite article to proper names on the basis of transcriptions of witch trial records from the late 15th – 17th centuries. The underlying data covers the entire German-speaking area, including present-day Switzerland and Austria and thus allows an investigation of areal variation in article use in late Early New High German (1350–1650). It will be demonstrated that the grammaticalization is most advanced in (East) Upper German. For this core area, some parts of the Municipal Registers of Vienna are taken into account (entries from 14th – early 15th c.) as an additional source. To explain the areal distribution, it is argued that: (1) language-internally, the spread of the newly emerging onymic article is strongly dependent on case (oblique cases) and compensates for the early loss of inflectional case marking on proper names; (2) the rise of the onymic article is triggered by individual bynames; as these can mainly be traced back to common nouns in Upper German (e.g. occupational names). They therefore provide an ideal bridging context in the transition from definite article to onymic article.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.08nub
227
250
24
Chapter
12
01
<i>Die Capital – der Astra – das Adler</i>
The emergence of a classifier system for proper names in German
1
A01
Damaris Nübling
Nübling, Damaris
Damaris
Nübling
20
classifiers
20
definite article
20
degrammaticalization
20
exaptation
20
German
20
language change
20
onymic article
20
proper names
20
typological change
01
German proper names can be divided into two large classes, i.e. one with and one without an obligatory definite article. It will be shown that this article is part of a classifier system, which provides semantic information about the referent. Furthermore, the inherited three-gender system in combination with the presence or absence of the article is used to create a new system of six proper name classes. This paper deals with a diachronic change where so-called junk is transferred into a new classifier system arguing for a case of exaptation with respect to the article and for a case of degrammaticalization with respect to gender. This development towards a classifier system has occurred rather recently. Its consolidation can be observed in Present-Day German and creates a high amount of variation.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.index
251
1
Miscellaneous
13
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20200408
2020
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027204943
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
105.00
EUR
R
01
00
88.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
158.00
USD
S
335026564
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SILV 23 Hb
15
9789027204943
13
2019050587
BB
01
SILV
02
1872-9592
Studies in Language Variation
23
01
Walking on the Grammaticalization Path of the Definite Article
Functional Main and Side Roads
01
silv.23
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/silv.23
1
B01
Renata Szczepaniak
Szczepaniak, Renata
Renata
Szczepaniak
Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
2
B01
Johanna Flick
Flick, Johanna
Johanna
Flick
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
01
eng
259
vi
253
LAN009010
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GERM
Germanic linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
06
01
This volume focuses on the grammaticalization of the definite article in German. It contains eight empirically-based papers which examine individual stages of the grammaticalization path from its beginnings as a demonstrative to the definite article and beyond. Focusing on cognitive, pragmatic, semantic and syntactic factors, the contributions not only address the development from pragmatic to semantic definiteness, but also deal with functional and formal changes starting as soon as the linguistic unit has acquired the function of marking semantic definiteness. Based on corpora spanning the entire history of the German language, from Old High German (750-1050) to present-day German, the analyses challenge the traditional linear model of grammaticalization and provide alternative pathways. What all the contributions have in common is the idea that the main grammaticalization path is accompanied or crossed by several side roads which lead to different destinations such as preposition-article-clitics, generic usages or onymic articles.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.23.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027204943.jpg
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027204943.tif
06
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.23.hb.png
07
09
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25
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27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.23.hb.png
10
01
JB code
silv.23.int
1
14
14
Chapter
1
01
Introduction
Walking on the grammaticalization path of the definite article – functional main and side roads
1
A01
Renata Szczepaniak
Szczepaniak, Renata
Renata
Szczepaniak
2
A01
Johanna Flick
Flick, Johanna
Johanna
Flick
10
01
JB code
silv.23.p1
18
94
77
Section header
2
01
Section I. “From pragmatic to semantic definiteness”
10
01
JB code
silv.23.01sch
17
42
26
Chapter
3
01
A complex grammaticalization scenario for the definite article
A
complex grammaticalization scenario for the definite article
The interplay of different article forms
1
A01
Eva Schlachter
Schlachter, Eva
Eva
Schlachter
20
contraction forms
20
demonstratives
20
grammaticalization
20
Old High German
20
pragmatic definiteness
20
reanalysis
20
semantic definiteness
20
weak article forms
01
The rise of the definite article in Old High German is the result of a more complex grammaticalization process than has commonly been assumed. Current explanations do not take into account the existence of early definite secondary article forms that are attested since the 8th/9th century. The notion of secondary article forms refers to preposition-article-combinations, the alternation of two different article forms <i>ther-thie</i> ‘the’ and occurrences of apparent personal pronouns which will be analyzed as definite article forms. On the other hand, the reanalysis from a demonstrative to a definite article is not possible in purely semantically definite contexts. The absence of definiteness marking in these contexts must be the result of incomplete analogical spreading and not of the non-existence of a definite article.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.02dem
43
74
32
Chapter
4
01
The grammaticalization of the definite article in German
The
grammaticalization of the definite article in German
From demonstratives to weak definites
1
A01
Ulrike Demske
Demske, Ulrike
Ulrike
Demske
20
definite article
20
German
20
grammaticalization
20
possessive constructions
20
weak definites
01
The present paper looks into the grammaticalization of the definite article in the history of German. Starting with the well-known emergence of the definite article from a demonstrative pronoun over the course of Old High German (750–1050), I will consider the rise of so-called weak definites in Early New High German (1350–1650) as a new piece of evidence for the grammaticalization process. Here, the subclass of possessive weak definites is of particular interest for the grammaticalization of the definite article in German, because of a word order change affecting the position of possessor phrases. As soon as the possessor systematically follows the head noun (except for proper names), we observe three alternatives for the prenominal determiner slot: it may remain empty, or it may be filled either by the indefinite or the definite article in Early New High German. In Present-Day German, the definite article is used in the unmarked case, thus pointing to a second stage in the grammaticalization process of the definite article in German, which has so far not been acknowledged in the literature.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.03pet
75
94
20
Chapter
5
01
What genericity reveals about the establishment of the definite determiner in German
1
A01
Svetlana Petrova
Petrova, Svetlana
Svetlana
Petrova
20
definite determiner
20
generic NPs
20
grammaticalization of the determiner system of German
20
Old High German
01
This contribution deals with the rise of the definite determiner in generic noun phrases in German. It calls attention to a by now neglected part of the diachronic development of the determiner system of German and provides a special contribution on the subject, building upon newly collected, first-hand corpus data and its interpretation in the context of the current semantic debate on genericity.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.p2
98
195
98
Section header
6
01
Section II. “Syntactic contexts, cognition and grammaticalization”
10
01
JB code
silv.23.04ron
97
128
32
Chapter
7
01
The role of the definite article in the rise of the German Framing Principle
The
role of the definite article in the rise of the German Framing Principle
A comparative study of verbal and nominal constructions in the Old High German <i>Muspilli</i> and the Old English <i>Dream of the Rood</i>
1
A01
Elke Ronneberger-Sibold
Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke
Elke
Ronneberger-Sibold
20
definite article
20
Dream of the Rood
20
German Framing Principle
20
German noun-phrase
20
Muspilli
20
Old English
20
Old High German
20
prerequisites for framing
20
Ruthwell Crucification Poem
20
typological divergence of German and English
01
This paper develops ideas broached in Ronneberger-Sibold (2010) on the origins of the divergent typological developments of English towards a “classical” analytic S-V-O language, and German into a “framing” language, in which the dominating typologically relevant feature is the framing of different constituents by two elements related to each other, such that the recipient can conclude from the appearance of the first element that the constituent in question will not be complete before the second element appears. This principle was discovered and gradually implemented by German language users in a self-fortifying process from OHG on. To isolate specifically OHG prerequisites for this process, two comparable alliterative poems, one in each language, were analysed with respect to separable verbal complexes, verb position as a marker of sentence type, and the structure of complex noun-phrases. The most radical differences concerned the noun-phrase, and particularly the definite article, whereas the differences in verb position were less pronounced. Therefore, a scenario of the first steps of the typological divergence is outlined in which the OHG definite article plays a decisive role.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.05wal
129
160
32
Chapter
8
01
Cliticization of definite articles to prepositions in Middle High German – early stages of grammaticalization?
A qualitative study
1
A01
Sandra Waldenberger
Waldenberger, Sandra
Sandra
Waldenberger
20
clitization
20
grammaticalization
20
Middle High German
20
preposition definite article clitics
01
The subject of this contribution is clitic forms of preposition and definite article in Middle High German (AD 1050–1350). Given the fact that some of these contractions (e.g. <i>am</i>, <i>im</i>, <i>ins</i>, <i>zum</i>, <i>zur</i>) have, in varying degrees, undergone grammaticalization and have been integrated into the system of definiteness markers in contemporary Standard German (<i>Er fliegt zum Mond</i> vs. *<i>Er fliegt zu dem Mond</i>), it seems likely that the documented instances of such Preposition Definite Article Clitics (PDCs) in MHG constitute an early stage of grammaticalization. This contribution addresses this question by means of a qualitative empirical approach, using the <sc>korpus der mittelhochdeutschen grammatik</sc>. The results show that the MHG forms anticipate the later stage of the development in modern German.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.06dam
161
196
36
Chapter
9
01
Absence as evidence
Determination and coordination ellipsis in conjoined noun phrases in (Early) New High German
1
A01
Antje Dammel
Dammel, Antje
Antje
Dammel
20
(Early) New High German
20
coordination
20
definiteness
20
determiners
20
ellipsis
20
German
20
grammaticalization
20
Modern Standard German
20
natural coordination
20
noun phrase
01
In simple noun phrases, the generalization of definiteness marking to all kinds of head nouns was well-advanced by the Early New High German period (ENHG). In conjoined noun phrases, however, coordination ellipsis of determiners was common and subject to fewer restrictions than in Modern Standard German (MSG). A corpus analysis reveals a <i>there-and-back change</i> in the frequency of coordination ellipsis within ENHG and early NHG and a substantial structural change in its conditioning towards MSG. The semantic and pragmatic regularities favouring coordination ellipsis across diverging grammatical features in (E)NHG can be described in terms of natural coordination (the probability of concepts to co-occur). Towards MSG, formal constraints on morphosyntactic feature combinations (gender, number) prevail. A possible explanation combines internal and external factors: grammaticalization and codification. Methodologically, it turns out fruitful to regard not only the spread of a new gram, but also constructions favouring its absence.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.p3
200
249
50
Section header
10
01
Section III. “From definite into onymic article – and finally onymic classifier”
10
01
JB code
silv.23.07sch
199
226
28
Chapter
11
01
The rise of the onymic article in Early New High German
The
rise of the onymic article in Early New High German
Areal factors and the triggering effect of bynames
1
A01
Mirjam Schmuck
Schmuck, Mirjam
Mirjam
Schmuck
20
definite article
20
demonstrative
20
grammaticalization
20
proper names
20
Upper German
01
The rise of the definite article in Old High German (750–1050) is well documented, but little is so far known about the emergence of the onymic article, i.e. the definite article in combination with proper names, which represents a later stage in grammaticalization. This paper focuses on early instances of the onymic article and seeks to define the driving factors for the gradual spread of the definite article to proper names on the basis of transcriptions of witch trial records from the late 15th – 17th centuries. The underlying data covers the entire German-speaking area, including present-day Switzerland and Austria and thus allows an investigation of areal variation in article use in late Early New High German (1350–1650). It will be demonstrated that the grammaticalization is most advanced in (East) Upper German. For this core area, some parts of the Municipal Registers of Vienna are taken into account (entries from 14th – early 15th c.) as an additional source. To explain the areal distribution, it is argued that: (1) language-internally, the spread of the newly emerging onymic article is strongly dependent on case (oblique cases) and compensates for the early loss of inflectional case marking on proper names; (2) the rise of the onymic article is triggered by individual bynames; as these can mainly be traced back to common nouns in Upper German (e.g. occupational names). They therefore provide an ideal bridging context in the transition from definite article to onymic article.
10
01
JB code
silv.23.08nub
227
250
24
Chapter
12
01
<i>Die Capital – der Astra – das Adler</i>
The emergence of a classifier system for proper names in German
1
A01
Damaris Nübling
Nübling, Damaris
Damaris
Nübling
20
classifiers
20
definite article
20
degrammaticalization
20
exaptation
20
German
20
language change
20
onymic article
20
proper names
20
typological change
01
German proper names can be divided into two large classes, i.e. one with and one without an obligatory definite article. It will be shown that this article is part of a classifier system, which provides semantic information about the referent. Furthermore, the inherited three-gender system in combination with the presence or absence of the article is used to create a new system of six proper name classes. This paper deals with a diachronic change where so-called junk is transferred into a new classifier system arguing for a case of exaptation with respect to the article and for a case of degrammaticalization with respect to gender. This development towards a classifier system has occurred rather recently. Its consolidation can be observed in Present-Day German and creates a high amount of variation.
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silv.23.index
251
1
Miscellaneous
13
01
Index
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