509026261 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 25 Eb 15 9789027259820 06 10.1075/silv.25 13 2021010869 DG 002 02 01 SILV 02 1872-9592 Studies in Language Variation 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language Variation – European Perspectives VIII</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Selected papers from the Tenth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 10), Leeuwarden, June 2019</Subtitle> 01 silv.25 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/silv.25 1 B01 Hans Van de Velde Van de Velde, Hans Hans Van de Velde Fryske Akademy & Utrecht University 2 B01 Nanna Haug Hilton Hilton, Nanna Haug Nanna Haug Hilton University of Groningen 3 B01 Remco Knooihuizen Knooihuizen, Remco Remco Knooihuizen University of Groningen 01 eng 322 vi 316 LAN009050 v.2006 CFB 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume contains a selection of papers from the 10th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 10), which was organized by the Fryske Akademy and held in Leeuwarden/Ljouwert (the Netherlands) in June 2019. The editors have selected thirteen papers on a wide range of language varieties, geographically ranging from Dutch-Frisian contact varieties in Leeuwarden to English in Sydney, Australia. The selection includes traditional quantitative and qualitative approaches to different types of linguistic variables, as well as state-of-the-art techniques for the analysis of speech sounds, new dialectometrical methods, covariation analysis, and a range of statistical methods. The papers are based on data from traditional sources such as sociolinguistic interviews, speech corpora and newspapers, but also on hip hop lyrics, historical private letters and administrative documents, as well as re-analyses of dialect atlas data and older dialect recordings. The reader will enjoy the vibrant diversity of language variation studies presented in this volume. 46 01 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 47 Open access -- this title is available under a CC BY-NC-ND license. For full details, see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.25.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027208859.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027208859.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.25.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.25.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.25.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.25.hb.png 10 01 JB code silv.25.int 1 10 10 Chapter 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Remco Knooihuizen Knooihuizen, Remco Remco Knooihuizen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 2 A01 Nanna Haug Hilton Hilton, Nanna Haug Nanna Haug Hilton Rijksuniversiteit Groningen/EFTA 3 A01 Hans Van de Velde Van de Velde, Hans Hans Van de Velde Fryske Akademy/Universiteit Utrecht 10 01 JB code silv.25.01ver 11 34 24 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. The volatile linguistic shape of ‘Town Frisian’/‘Town Hollandic’</TitleText> 1 A01 Arjen P. Versloot Versloot, Arjen P. Arjen P. Versloot Universiteit van Amsterdam 01 Speech communities are communication communities and reflect current or historical ties within societies. Language contact is thus an expression of cultural contact. Often, when these contacts took place in the past, little is known about the sociological context, and a linguistic analysis is one of the few sources that provide us access to historical situations. Historical linguistics aims to decipher the origin and sources of the linguistic ‘code’: the presence or absence of borrowings in various linguistic domains have been linked to different cultural and political conditions under which the language contact took place. <br />Two aspects are crucial to a successful interpretation of past events: (1) that the linguistic phenomena are correctly interpreted in terms of their linguistic origin, something that turns out to not always be as evident as it may seem at first glance, and (2) that the available data are a reliable reflection of the linguistic composition of the language at the time of language contact. Given the lack of accurate and detailed historical attestations, many such analyses are based on much younger stages of the languages, assuming a relatively high stability of linguistic markers. <br />The interpretation of ‘Town Frisian’, a Dutch variety spoken in a few historical cities in the Dutch province of Fryslân since the 16th century, is a case where both these problematic aspects have insufficiently been addressed, leading to conclusions untenable after closer scrutiny. It is illustrated that the linguistic composition of the varieties was fairly dynamic, and that, on top of it, its perception by linguists and speakers was equally volatile, so that the concepts of Dutch, Frisian and Town Frisian equal ‘moving targets’ in terms of content and assigned identities. This article focusses on the linguistic aspects of these shifting identities. 10 01 JB code silv.25.02van 35 52 18 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Is there an interlanguage speech acceptability deficit?</TitleText> 1 A01 Rias van den Doel Doel, Rias van den Rias van den Doel Universiteit Utrecht 2 A01 Adriaan Walpot Walpot, Adriaan Adriaan Walpot Universiteit Utrecht 20 acceptability 20 attitudes 20 identification 20 intelligibility 20 lingua franca English 20 non-native Englishes 01 It may be assumed that non-native speakers (NNSs) of English are more accommodating towards other NNS accents, as a result of increased solidarity, intelligibility, or both. Emerging evidence suggests, however, that this is not true of all groups of NNSs, especially when judging those sharing the same L1. In an online survey we conducted among 67 Dutch and 45 French NNSs of English, we found that both groups of judges evaluated the speakers whose L1 they shared more negatively than any other accents. This does not only build on previous findings, but also suggests that communication among NNSs, instead of benefiting from an “intelligibility benefit”, may be affected by what we have termed an “acceptability deficit”. 10 01 JB code silv.25.03but 53 78 26 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Revisiting the vowel mergers of East Anglia</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Correlations of <sc>moan</sc>, <sc>mown</sc> and <sc>goose</sc></Subtitle> 1 A01 Kerri-Ann Butcher Butcher, Kerri-Ann Kerri-Ann Butcher University of Cambridge 20 British English 20 dialectology 20 language variation and change 20 levelling 20 sociophonetics 20 vowel mergers 01 This study revisits the longstanding distinction between /u:/ (<sc>moan</sc>) and /ʌu/ (<sc>mown</sc>) in East Anglia, where the Long Mid Mergers that resulted in a single <sc>goat</sc> vowel did not take place. Words such as <i>‘road’</i> and ‘<i>rowed’</i> are therefore not homophonous. Recently, however, this distinction has started to break down. Acoustic analysis of 24 speakers indicates change in apparent time, where a merger by approximation of <sc>moan</sc> and <sc>mown</sc> is taking place in Lowestoft (northern East Anglia) for working-class speakers. Findings further suggest that a previously reported ongoing merger between <sc>moan</sc> and <sc>goose</sc>, which occurred as a result of a chain shift, was not completed but may have had a hand in deferring the <sc>moan</sc>/<sc>mown</sc> merger in East Anglia over many years. <sc>goose</sc> fronting is also reported as a change in apparent time. 10 01 JB code silv.25.04pug 79 110 32 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Modeling regional variation in voice onset time of Jutlandic varieties of Danish</TitleText> 1 A01 Rasmus Puggaard Puggaard, Rasmus Rasmus Puggaard Universiteit Leiden 20 aspiration 20 Danish 20 generalized additive mixed modeling 20 Jutlandic 20 microvariation 20 phonetics 20 regional variation 20 stop realization 20 voice onset time 01 It is a well-known overt feature of the Northern Jutlandic variety of Danish that /t/ is pronounced with short voice onset time and no affrication. This is not limited to Northern Jutland, but shows up across the peninsula. This paper expands on this research, using a large corpus to show that complex geographical patterns of variation in voice onset time is found in all fortis stops, but not in lenis stops. Modeling the data using generalized additive mixed modeling both allows us to explore these geographical patterns in detail, as well as test a number of hypotheses about how a number of environmental and social factors affect voice onset time. 10 01 JB code silv.25.05ful 111 134 24 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. “Organically German”?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Changing ideologies of national belonging</Subtitle> 1 A01 Janet M. Fuller Fuller, Janet M. Janet M. Fuller University of Groningen 20 biodeutsch 20 German 20 media discourse 20 national identity 01 This chapter examines variation in the situated meanings of the term <i>Biodeutsche(r)</i>, a term which has emerged relatively recently as a way to refer to people who are German by descent (i.e., not of migration background). This analysis shows that use of this term reflects competing discourses about the role of ethnicity in national belonging in Germany. While the origin and many uses of the term challenge the validity of ethnicity as a basis for legitimacy in German society, some of the data suggest that it has also been adopted as a supposedly neutral term to describe a segment of the German population, which supports an ethnonational ideology. 10 01 JB code silv.25.06bea 135 160 26 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Exploring an approach for modelling lectal coherence</TitleText> 1 A01 Karen V. Beaman Beaman, Karen V. Karen V. Beaman Queen Mary University of London/Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 20 dialects 20 German 20 language variation and change 20 lifespan change 20 linguistic coherence 20 longitudinal studies 20 quantitative models 20 sociolinguistics 20 Swabian 01 This paper presents an exploratory approach for modelling and measuring the concept of lectal coherence – the logical unity of idiolects, dialects, sociolects, regiolects, etc. – and how coherence can shape variation and foster or constrain language change. Twelve phonological and morpho-syntactic features of Central Swabian, a variety of German spoken in the southwestern part of the country, exemplify differences in lectal coherence across two communities (Stuttgart and Schwäbisch Gmünd) and two points in time (1982 and 2017). Following the traditional quantitative variationist approach pioneered by Labov (1963), coupled with Guttman-like (1944) implicational scaling, and drawing on concepts from the order and <sc>lattice</sc> theory of mathematics (Partee, Ter Meulen, and Wall 1993), the proposed model brings together three views of coherence – covariation, implicational scaling, and <sc>lattice</sc> theory – to demonstrate a holistic approach to the study of linguistic coherence and its influence on language change. The research question this investigation explores is: does lectal coherence enable or inhibit linguistic change? The hypothesis tested in this study is that more coherent lects are less vulnerable to change and convergence while less coherent lects are more susceptible. 10 01 JB code silv.25.07byr 161 180 20 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. “I’m dead posh in school”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Attitudes and linguistic behaviour of Merseyside adolescents</Subtitle> 1 A01 Rachel Byrne Byrne, Rachel Rachel Byrne University of Liverpool 20 accent 20 change 20 dialect 20 enregisterment 20 identity 20 indexicality 20 sociolinguistics 20 style-shifting 20 variation 01 Liverpool English, or “Scouse”, is a dialect often used by speakers in Merseyside. This study involves the use of word-list elicitation and semi-structured group interviews with adolescents from two schools in Merseyside: one in Liverpool, and one on the Wirral. Analysis of the elicited vowels of the <sc>square</sc> and <sc>nurse</sc> lexical sets shows that Wirral speakers orient themselves to Liverpool pronunciations to an extent, using <sc>nurse</sc> fronting in unexpected ways to achieve varying linguistic and social goals. The qualitative data shows that Merseyside speakers are highly aware of the social markedness of Scouse, with Wirral speakers using Liverpool forms to identify themselves as local Merseyside speakers, but not “Scousers”. Participants from both schools intentionally engage in style-shifting of local dialect in order to construct unique identities for themselves.1 10 01 JB code silv.25.08you 181 208 28 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. <i>Benim</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A new pronoun in Swedish</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nathan J. Young Young, Nathan J. Nathan J. Young Centre for Research on Bilingualism at Stockholm University 20 constructionalization 20 contact linguistics 20 grammaticalization 20 multiethnolects 20 pronouns 20 Rinkeby Swedish 20 Stockholm Swedish 01 A new first-person pronoun has emerged in the vernacular of Stockholm Swedish. A loan from Turkish, <i>benim</i> is indexically self-aggrandizing and a feature of the male genderlect of Stockholm’s racialized proletariat. It is also typologically unusual by virtue of being a loanword in an abstract functional role, namely, a pronoun. I detail several factors that, in concert, allowed <i>benim</i> to enter into Swedish first as a naked prototype, then as a reanalysis of dissociative third-person constructions, and finally, as a productive first-person personal pronoun. I conclude further that the actuation of these factors was the unique social ecology of class and racial exclusion, which are generally known to drive symbolic status-moves among the subordinated. 10 01 JB code silv.25.09cha 209 226 18 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Identification of clusters of lexical areas using geographical factors</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study in the Occitan language area</Subtitle> 1 A01 Clément Chagnaud Chagnaud, Clément Clément Chagnaud Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG, PACTE 2 A01 Guylaine Brun-Trigaud Brun-Trigaud, Guylaine Guylaine Brun-Trigaud Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, BCL 3 A01 Philippe Garat Garat, Philippe Philippe Garat Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LJK 20 clustering 20 digital humanities 20 geolinguistics 20 geovisualisation 20 Occitan language 20 statistics 01 We propose a multidimensional statistical analysis procedure using projection and clustering methods in order to identify coherent clusters in a set of lexical areas. The methodology includes a geographical factor, such as administrative divisions or land cover features, to help the identification of clusters. By applying this method on data from the Occitan language area in the south of France, we are able to identify new spatial patterns and lexical boundaries that do not match traditional dialect boundaries. Our method helps to suggest possible explanations for these new patterns. 10 01 JB code silv.25.10kra 227 246 20 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. (Il)literacy and language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Non-standard relative constructions in historical Basque</Subtitle> 1 A01 Dorota Krajewska Krajewska, Dorota Dorota Krajewska University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 2 A01 Eneko Zuloaga Zuloaga, Eneko Eneko Zuloaga University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 20 Basque 20 historical sociolinguistics 20 literacy 20 relative clauses 20 syntax 01 In this paper we examine a corpus of sixteenth- to nineteenth-century Basque private letters and administration documents from a historical sociolinguistic point of view. Because of the diglossic situation, such texts are rare but valuable in the historical corpus of Basque. In particular, we analyse relative clauses with the pronoun <i>zein</i> ‘which’. The construction was borrowed from Romance by highly literate bilinguals, but then spread, especially through formulaic language, to less literate writers too. We focus on the development of non-standard variants of this relative clause, which are common in our corpus, but not found in printed literary texts. We argue that the sociolinguistic context was crucial in the emergence, spread and syntactic change of the relative construction. 10 01 JB code silv.25.11vas 247 268 22 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Dialect contact in the vowel system of Mišótika Cappadocian</TitleText> 1 A01 Nicole Vassalou Vassalou, Nicole Nicole Vassalou University of Patras/Ghent University 2 A01 Dimitris Papazachariou Papazachariou, Dimitris Dimitris Papazachariou University of Patras 3 A01 Mark Janse Janse, Mark Mark Janse Ghent University 20 Cappadocian 20 dialect contact 20 gender 20 linguistic change 20 Misótika 20 vowel system 01 This study focuses on changes in the vowel system of contemporary Mišótika Cappadocian. It presents an acoustic analysis of the vowels of Mišótika, based on recordings of 16 native speakers from two different Cappadocian communities in Northern Greece. Our analysis shows that the current vowel system diverges from the one attested a century ago. Moreover, there are significant differences between the two Cappadocian speech communities, which are the result of dialect contact under different sociolinguistic conditions. Finally, gender also seems to be a significant sociolinguistic parameter, as male speakers seem to be one step ahead in the process of linguistic change. 10 01 JB code silv.25.12tam 269 290 22 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Leaders of language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Macro and micro perspectives</Subtitle> 1 A01 Meredith Tamminga Tamminga, Meredith Meredith Tamminga University of Pennsylvania 20 coherence 20 covariation 20 English 20 individual differences 20 leaders 20 sound change 01 Questions about who leads language change have been central to the sociolinguistic literature for decades. More recent work on covariation between simultaneous changes calls into question whether broad, generalized change leadership can exist. Using data from Philadelphia, I show that covariation patterns fluctuate over time. These fluctuations are not random but rather appear to be tied to the overall diachronic shifts in the community. However, I also suggest that predicting individual differences in covarying changes is not as simple as operationalizing the traits that have been captured in qualitative descriptions of particular leaders. I propose that reconciling these results requires distinguishing between individual leadership in Labov’s “saccadic” sense and the broader structure of how innovations covary within the community as a whole. 10 01 JB code silv.25.13gra 291 314 24 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. Ethnic variation in real time</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Change in Australian English diphthongs</Subtitle> 1 A01 James Grama Grama, James James Grama University of Duisburg-Essen 2 A01 Catherine E. Travis Travis, Catherine E. Catherine E. Travis Australian National University 3 A01 Simon Gonzalez Gonzalez, Simon Simon Gonzalez Australian National University 20 Australian English 20 diphthongs 20 ethnic variation 20 ethnolects 20 gender 20 language change 20 socio-economic status 01 Ethnic and ethnolectal variation in migrant communities have received much attention, but the manifestation and longevity of this variation is not yet well understood. Capitalising on Barbara Horvath’s foundational study of social variation in Australian English, and a comparable, recent corpus of sociolinguistic interviews (Sydney Speaks 2010s), we present a real-time test of ethnic variation in the speech of approximately 170 Australians over a 40-year period. We examine the speech of Anglo-, Italian- and Chinese-Australians, focusing on five diphthongs considered to be characteristic of Australian English. Analyses of over 20,000 tokens reveal no wholesale differences among ethnic groups, but they do reveal some differences in the progression and social conditioning of changes over time, which we argue are best understood in relation to the social nature of the changes undergone. 10 01 JB code silv.25.index 315 316 2 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20210616 2021 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027208859 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 40 01 27026260 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SILV 25 Hb 15 9789027208859 13 2021010868 BB 01 SILV 02 1872-9592 Studies in Language Variation 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language Variation – European Perspectives VIII</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Selected papers from the Tenth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 10), Leeuwarden, June 2019</Subtitle> 01 silv.25 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/silv.25 1 B01 Hans Van de Velde Van de Velde, Hans Hans Van de Velde Fryske Akademy & Utrecht University 2 B01 Nanna Haug Hilton Hilton, Nanna Haug Nanna Haug Hilton University of Groningen 3 B01 Remco Knooihuizen Knooihuizen, Remco Remco Knooihuizen University of Groningen 01 eng 322 vi 316 LAN009050 v.2006 CFB 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume contains a selection of papers from the 10th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 10), which was organized by the Fryske Akademy and held in Leeuwarden/Ljouwert (the Netherlands) in June 2019. The editors have selected thirteen papers on a wide range of language varieties, geographically ranging from Dutch-Frisian contact varieties in Leeuwarden to English in Sydney, Australia. The selection includes traditional quantitative and qualitative approaches to different types of linguistic variables, as well as state-of-the-art techniques for the analysis of speech sounds, new dialectometrical methods, covariation analysis, and a range of statistical methods. The papers are based on data from traditional sources such as sociolinguistic interviews, speech corpora and newspapers, but also on hip hop lyrics, historical private letters and administrative documents, as well as re-analyses of dialect atlas data and older dialect recordings. The reader will enjoy the vibrant diversity of language variation studies presented in this volume. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/silv.25.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027208859.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027208859.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/silv.25.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/silv.25.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/silv.25.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/silv.25.hb.png 10 01 JB code silv.25.int 1 10 10 Chapter 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Remco Knooihuizen Knooihuizen, Remco Remco Knooihuizen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 2 A01 Nanna Haug Hilton Hilton, Nanna Haug Nanna Haug Hilton Rijksuniversiteit Groningen/EFTA 3 A01 Hans Van de Velde Van de Velde, Hans Hans Van de Velde Fryske Akademy/Universiteit Utrecht 10 01 JB code silv.25.01ver 11 34 24 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. The volatile linguistic shape of ‘Town Frisian’/‘Town Hollandic’</TitleText> 1 A01 Arjen P. Versloot Versloot, Arjen P. Arjen P. Versloot Universiteit van Amsterdam 01 Speech communities are communication communities and reflect current or historical ties within societies. Language contact is thus an expression of cultural contact. Often, when these contacts took place in the past, little is known about the sociological context, and a linguistic analysis is one of the few sources that provide us access to historical situations. Historical linguistics aims to decipher the origin and sources of the linguistic ‘code’: the presence or absence of borrowings in various linguistic domains have been linked to different cultural and political conditions under which the language contact took place. <br />Two aspects are crucial to a successful interpretation of past events: (1) that the linguistic phenomena are correctly interpreted in terms of their linguistic origin, something that turns out to not always be as evident as it may seem at first glance, and (2) that the available data are a reliable reflection of the linguistic composition of the language at the time of language contact. Given the lack of accurate and detailed historical attestations, many such analyses are based on much younger stages of the languages, assuming a relatively high stability of linguistic markers. <br />The interpretation of ‘Town Frisian’, a Dutch variety spoken in a few historical cities in the Dutch province of Fryslân since the 16th century, is a case where both these problematic aspects have insufficiently been addressed, leading to conclusions untenable after closer scrutiny. It is illustrated that the linguistic composition of the varieties was fairly dynamic, and that, on top of it, its perception by linguists and speakers was equally volatile, so that the concepts of Dutch, Frisian and Town Frisian equal ‘moving targets’ in terms of content and assigned identities. This article focusses on the linguistic aspects of these shifting identities. 10 01 JB code silv.25.02van 35 52 18 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Is there an interlanguage speech acceptability deficit?</TitleText> 1 A01 Rias van den Doel Doel, Rias van den Rias van den Doel Universiteit Utrecht 2 A01 Adriaan Walpot Walpot, Adriaan Adriaan Walpot Universiteit Utrecht 20 acceptability 20 attitudes 20 identification 20 intelligibility 20 lingua franca English 20 non-native Englishes 01 It may be assumed that non-native speakers (NNSs) of English are more accommodating towards other NNS accents, as a result of increased solidarity, intelligibility, or both. Emerging evidence suggests, however, that this is not true of all groups of NNSs, especially when judging those sharing the same L1. In an online survey we conducted among 67 Dutch and 45 French NNSs of English, we found that both groups of judges evaluated the speakers whose L1 they shared more negatively than any other accents. This does not only build on previous findings, but also suggests that communication among NNSs, instead of benefiting from an “intelligibility benefit”, may be affected by what we have termed an “acceptability deficit”. 10 01 JB code silv.25.03but 53 78 26 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Revisiting the vowel mergers of East Anglia</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Correlations of <sc>moan</sc>, <sc>mown</sc> and <sc>goose</sc></Subtitle> 1 A01 Kerri-Ann Butcher Butcher, Kerri-Ann Kerri-Ann Butcher University of Cambridge 20 British English 20 dialectology 20 language variation and change 20 levelling 20 sociophonetics 20 vowel mergers 01 This study revisits the longstanding distinction between /u:/ (<sc>moan</sc>) and /ʌu/ (<sc>mown</sc>) in East Anglia, where the Long Mid Mergers that resulted in a single <sc>goat</sc> vowel did not take place. Words such as <i>‘road’</i> and ‘<i>rowed’</i> are therefore not homophonous. Recently, however, this distinction has started to break down. Acoustic analysis of 24 speakers indicates change in apparent time, where a merger by approximation of <sc>moan</sc> and <sc>mown</sc> is taking place in Lowestoft (northern East Anglia) for working-class speakers. Findings further suggest that a previously reported ongoing merger between <sc>moan</sc> and <sc>goose</sc>, which occurred as a result of a chain shift, was not completed but may have had a hand in deferring the <sc>moan</sc>/<sc>mown</sc> merger in East Anglia over many years. <sc>goose</sc> fronting is also reported as a change in apparent time. 10 01 JB code silv.25.04pug 79 110 32 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Modeling regional variation in voice onset time of Jutlandic varieties of Danish</TitleText> 1 A01 Rasmus Puggaard Puggaard, Rasmus Rasmus Puggaard Universiteit Leiden 20 aspiration 20 Danish 20 generalized additive mixed modeling 20 Jutlandic 20 microvariation 20 phonetics 20 regional variation 20 stop realization 20 voice onset time 01 It is a well-known overt feature of the Northern Jutlandic variety of Danish that /t/ is pronounced with short voice onset time and no affrication. This is not limited to Northern Jutland, but shows up across the peninsula. This paper expands on this research, using a large corpus to show that complex geographical patterns of variation in voice onset time is found in all fortis stops, but not in lenis stops. Modeling the data using generalized additive mixed modeling both allows us to explore these geographical patterns in detail, as well as test a number of hypotheses about how a number of environmental and social factors affect voice onset time. 10 01 JB code silv.25.05ful 111 134 24 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. “Organically German”?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Changing ideologies of national belonging</Subtitle> 1 A01 Janet M. Fuller Fuller, Janet M. Janet M. Fuller University of Groningen 20 biodeutsch 20 German 20 media discourse 20 national identity 01 This chapter examines variation in the situated meanings of the term <i>Biodeutsche(r)</i>, a term which has emerged relatively recently as a way to refer to people who are German by descent (i.e., not of migration background). This analysis shows that use of this term reflects competing discourses about the role of ethnicity in national belonging in Germany. While the origin and many uses of the term challenge the validity of ethnicity as a basis for legitimacy in German society, some of the data suggest that it has also been adopted as a supposedly neutral term to describe a segment of the German population, which supports an ethnonational ideology. 10 01 JB code silv.25.06bea 135 160 26 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Exploring an approach for modelling lectal coherence</TitleText> 1 A01 Karen V. Beaman Beaman, Karen V. Karen V. Beaman Queen Mary University of London/Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 20 dialects 20 German 20 language variation and change 20 lifespan change 20 linguistic coherence 20 longitudinal studies 20 quantitative models 20 sociolinguistics 20 Swabian 01 This paper presents an exploratory approach for modelling and measuring the concept of lectal coherence – the logical unity of idiolects, dialects, sociolects, regiolects, etc. – and how coherence can shape variation and foster or constrain language change. Twelve phonological and morpho-syntactic features of Central Swabian, a variety of German spoken in the southwestern part of the country, exemplify differences in lectal coherence across two communities (Stuttgart and Schwäbisch Gmünd) and two points in time (1982 and 2017). Following the traditional quantitative variationist approach pioneered by Labov (1963), coupled with Guttman-like (1944) implicational scaling, and drawing on concepts from the order and <sc>lattice</sc> theory of mathematics (Partee, Ter Meulen, and Wall 1993), the proposed model brings together three views of coherence – covariation, implicational scaling, and <sc>lattice</sc> theory – to demonstrate a holistic approach to the study of linguistic coherence and its influence on language change. The research question this investigation explores is: does lectal coherence enable or inhibit linguistic change? The hypothesis tested in this study is that more coherent lects are less vulnerable to change and convergence while less coherent lects are more susceptible. 10 01 JB code silv.25.07byr 161 180 20 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. “I’m dead posh in school”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Attitudes and linguistic behaviour of Merseyside adolescents</Subtitle> 1 A01 Rachel Byrne Byrne, Rachel Rachel Byrne University of Liverpool 20 accent 20 change 20 dialect 20 enregisterment 20 identity 20 indexicality 20 sociolinguistics 20 style-shifting 20 variation 01 Liverpool English, or “Scouse”, is a dialect often used by speakers in Merseyside. This study involves the use of word-list elicitation and semi-structured group interviews with adolescents from two schools in Merseyside: one in Liverpool, and one on the Wirral. Analysis of the elicited vowels of the <sc>square</sc> and <sc>nurse</sc> lexical sets shows that Wirral speakers orient themselves to Liverpool pronunciations to an extent, using <sc>nurse</sc> fronting in unexpected ways to achieve varying linguistic and social goals. The qualitative data shows that Merseyside speakers are highly aware of the social markedness of Scouse, with Wirral speakers using Liverpool forms to identify themselves as local Merseyside speakers, but not “Scousers”. Participants from both schools intentionally engage in style-shifting of local dialect in order to construct unique identities for themselves.1 10 01 JB code silv.25.08you 181 208 28 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. <i>Benim</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A new pronoun in Swedish</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nathan J. Young Young, Nathan J. Nathan J. Young Centre for Research on Bilingualism at Stockholm University 20 constructionalization 20 contact linguistics 20 grammaticalization 20 multiethnolects 20 pronouns 20 Rinkeby Swedish 20 Stockholm Swedish 01 A new first-person pronoun has emerged in the vernacular of Stockholm Swedish. A loan from Turkish, <i>benim</i> is indexically self-aggrandizing and a feature of the male genderlect of Stockholm’s racialized proletariat. It is also typologically unusual by virtue of being a loanword in an abstract functional role, namely, a pronoun. I detail several factors that, in concert, allowed <i>benim</i> to enter into Swedish first as a naked prototype, then as a reanalysis of dissociative third-person constructions, and finally, as a productive first-person personal pronoun. I conclude further that the actuation of these factors was the unique social ecology of class and racial exclusion, which are generally known to drive symbolic status-moves among the subordinated. 10 01 JB code silv.25.09cha 209 226 18 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Identification of clusters of lexical areas using geographical factors</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study in the Occitan language area</Subtitle> 1 A01 Clément Chagnaud Chagnaud, Clément Clément Chagnaud Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG, PACTE 2 A01 Guylaine Brun-Trigaud Brun-Trigaud, Guylaine Guylaine Brun-Trigaud Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, BCL 3 A01 Philippe Garat Garat, Philippe Philippe Garat Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LJK 20 clustering 20 digital humanities 20 geolinguistics 20 geovisualisation 20 Occitan language 20 statistics 01 We propose a multidimensional statistical analysis procedure using projection and clustering methods in order to identify coherent clusters in a set of lexical areas. The methodology includes a geographical factor, such as administrative divisions or land cover features, to help the identification of clusters. By applying this method on data from the Occitan language area in the south of France, we are able to identify new spatial patterns and lexical boundaries that do not match traditional dialect boundaries. Our method helps to suggest possible explanations for these new patterns. 10 01 JB code silv.25.10kra 227 246 20 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. (Il)literacy and language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Non-standard relative constructions in historical Basque</Subtitle> 1 A01 Dorota Krajewska Krajewska, Dorota Dorota Krajewska University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 2 A01 Eneko Zuloaga Zuloaga, Eneko Eneko Zuloaga University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 20 Basque 20 historical sociolinguistics 20 literacy 20 relative clauses 20 syntax 01 In this paper we examine a corpus of sixteenth- to nineteenth-century Basque private letters and administration documents from a historical sociolinguistic point of view. Because of the diglossic situation, such texts are rare but valuable in the historical corpus of Basque. In particular, we analyse relative clauses with the pronoun <i>zein</i> ‘which’. The construction was borrowed from Romance by highly literate bilinguals, but then spread, especially through formulaic language, to less literate writers too. We focus on the development of non-standard variants of this relative clause, which are common in our corpus, but not found in printed literary texts. We argue that the sociolinguistic context was crucial in the emergence, spread and syntactic change of the relative construction. 10 01 JB code silv.25.11vas 247 268 22 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Dialect contact in the vowel system of Mišótika Cappadocian</TitleText> 1 A01 Nicole Vassalou Vassalou, Nicole Nicole Vassalou University of Patras/Ghent University 2 A01 Dimitris Papazachariou Papazachariou, Dimitris Dimitris Papazachariou University of Patras 3 A01 Mark Janse Janse, Mark Mark Janse Ghent University 20 Cappadocian 20 dialect contact 20 gender 20 linguistic change 20 Misótika 20 vowel system 01 This study focuses on changes in the vowel system of contemporary Mišótika Cappadocian. It presents an acoustic analysis of the vowels of Mišótika, based on recordings of 16 native speakers from two different Cappadocian communities in Northern Greece. Our analysis shows that the current vowel system diverges from the one attested a century ago. Moreover, there are significant differences between the two Cappadocian speech communities, which are the result of dialect contact under different sociolinguistic conditions. Finally, gender also seems to be a significant sociolinguistic parameter, as male speakers seem to be one step ahead in the process of linguistic change. 10 01 JB code silv.25.12tam 269 290 22 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Leaders of language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Macro and micro perspectives</Subtitle> 1 A01 Meredith Tamminga Tamminga, Meredith Meredith Tamminga University of Pennsylvania 20 coherence 20 covariation 20 English 20 individual differences 20 leaders 20 sound change 01 Questions about who leads language change have been central to the sociolinguistic literature for decades. More recent work on covariation between simultaneous changes calls into question whether broad, generalized change leadership can exist. Using data from Philadelphia, I show that covariation patterns fluctuate over time. These fluctuations are not random but rather appear to be tied to the overall diachronic shifts in the community. However, I also suggest that predicting individual differences in covarying changes is not as simple as operationalizing the traits that have been captured in qualitative descriptions of particular leaders. I propose that reconciling these results requires distinguishing between individual leadership in Labov’s “saccadic” sense and the broader structure of how innovations covary within the community as a whole. 10 01 JB code silv.25.13gra 291 314 24 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. Ethnic variation in real time</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Change in Australian English diphthongs</Subtitle> 1 A01 James Grama Grama, James James Grama University of Duisburg-Essen 2 A01 Catherine E. Travis Travis, Catherine E. Catherine E. Travis Australian National University 3 A01 Simon Gonzalez Gonzalez, Simon Simon Gonzalez Australian National University 20 Australian English 20 diphthongs 20 ethnic variation 20 ethnolects 20 gender 20 language change 20 socio-economic status 01 Ethnic and ethnolectal variation in migrant communities have received much attention, but the manifestation and longevity of this variation is not yet well understood. Capitalising on Barbara Horvath’s foundational study of social variation in Australian English, and a comparable, recent corpus of sociolinguistic interviews (Sydney Speaks 2010s), we present a real-time test of ethnic variation in the speech of approximately 170 Australians over a 40-year period. We examine the speech of Anglo-, Italian- and Chinese-Australians, focusing on five diphthongs considered to be characteristic of Australian English. Analyses of over 20,000 tokens reveal no wholesale differences among ethnic groups, but they do reveal some differences in the progression and social conditioning of changes over time, which we argue are best understood in relation to the social nature of the changes undergone. 10 01 JB code silv.25.index 315 316 2 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20210616 2021 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 715 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 82 20 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 20 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 5 20 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD