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443007406 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 103 Eb 15 9789027290359 06 10.1075/slcs.103 13 2008019878 DG 002 02 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 103 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interdependence of Diachronic and Synchronic Analyses</TitleText> 01 slcs.103 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.103 1 B01 Folke Josephson Josephson, Folke Folke Josephson University of Gothenburg 2 B01 Ingmar Söhrman Söhrman, Ingmar Ingmar Söhrman University of Gothenburg 01 eng 360 viii 350 LAN009000 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 The focus of this volume is the interdependence of diachrony and synchrony in the investigation of syntactic structure. A diverse set of modern and ancient languages is investigated from this perspective, including Hittite, the Classical languages, Old Norse, Coptic, Bantu languages, Australian languages and Creoles. A variety of topics are covered, including TAM, diathesis, valency, case marking, cliticization, and grammaticalization. This volume should be of interest to<div>syntacticians, typologists, and historical linguists with an interest in syntax and morphology.</div> 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.103.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205704.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205704.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.103.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.103.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.103.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.103.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.103.01con vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.103.02int 1 11 11 Miscellaneous 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.103.03rij 13 42 30 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Synchronic and diachronic evidence for parallels between noun phrases and sentences</TitleText> 1 A01 Jan Rijkhoff Rijkhoff, Jan Jan Rijkhoff 01 It has been shown that, up to a point, noun phrases and clauses have the same underlying structure: they share the same kind of ‘layered’ organization and accommodate the same kind of semantic modifier categories (Rijkhoff 2008a). This article presents synchronic and diachronic evidence to substantiate the claim that there are parallels between the layered analysis of the noun phrase and the clause. It will be argued that the layered NP/clause model is supported by two largely unidirectional historical developments in language, one metaphorical in nature (‘<i>from space to time</i>’) the other metonymic (‘<i>from inner to outer layer</i>’). 10 01 JB code slcs.103.04bak 43 59 17 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The development of tense, mood, and aspect in the creole languages, and the typology of affix order</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">development of tense, mood, and aspect in the creole languages, and the typology of affix order</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Peter Bakker Bakker, Peter Peter Bakker 01 Creole languages display systems of marking tense, mood and aspect (TAM) that are rather different from what is commonly found in non-creoles, but at the same time highly similar across creoles. In this chapter I will show some of these similarities and differences, and try to explain them with general cognitive principles, focusing on the order of these elements with respect to the verb stem. Further I will discuss the genesis and development of the form of some of these TAM markers from a typological point of view. Finally I will discuss their specific forms of these markers as more or less typical instances of grammaticalization. In creoles, being young languages, it is often easier to trace grammaticalization patterns, and this can help shed light on grammaticalization in general. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.05hau 61 72 12 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Aspectual oppositions from Proto-Indo-European to Latin</TitleText> 1 A01 Dag T.T. Haug Haug, Dag T.T. Dag T.T. Haug 01 In this paper, I attempt to trace the evolution of the aspect system from Indo-European times to the historically attested Latin system. The focus is not on the study of single changes, but on providing an overview which shows what diachronic typology can contribute to the history of the Latin aspect system. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.06hav 73 104 32 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the development of actionality, tense, and viewpoint from Early to Late Latin</TitleText> 1 A01 Gerd V.M. Haverling Haverling, Gerd V.M. Gerd V.M. Haverling 01 In Early and Classical Latin, verbal affixes indicate actional oppositions, such as non-dynamic vs. dynamic, atelic vs. telic, or the focus on the beginning or the end of a development or change. The tense system emphasises the relative sequence of events and sometimes it even distinguishes the normal past from the anterior past. There is a viewpoint opposition in all the forms of actionality and even in the indication of permanent states in the past. In Late Latin, several of the verbal affixes lose their actional functions and several previously transitive verbs become intransitive. The sensitivity to the relative sequence of events diminishes and there are major changes in the functions of the tense forms and a tendency to use the imperfective viewpoint, where Classical Latin distinguished the perfective viewpoint from the imperfective one. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.07ger 105 129 25 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Continuity and change: The history of two Greek tenses</TitleText> 1 A01 Eva-Carin Gerö Gerö, Eva-Carin Eva-Carin Gerö 2 A01 Hans Ruge Ruge, Hans Hans Ruge 01 The goal of this paper is to demonstrate two cases of continuity in the Greek tense system from Antiquity till today, viz. the Imperfect and the Future, both of which, in spite of partly changing morphology and other variation on a surface level, remain remarkably constant semantically and conceptually. The constant meaning of the Imperfect may be defined quite cogently, depending on the choice of theoretical framework, either as <i>developing</i>, <i>intraterminal </i>or <i>inclusive</i>. Also the Future, in spite of more radical surface variation diachronically, displays a remarkably high degree of continuity on a conceptual level. Already Ancient Greek had the possibility of expressing different aspects also in the future tense by means of modal expressions or by periphrasis. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.08jos 131 147 17 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Actionality and aspect in Hittite</TitleText> 1 A01 Folke Josephson Josephson, Folke Folke Josephson 01 The Hittite reflexive construction has perfective-like functions like Spanish and Italian reflexives. We will consider if they express ‘inner’ aspect. Most present tense forms in narrative tense-switching belong to verbs with a -<i>ske/a</i>-suffix. These verbs can be seen as +INTRA items with actional and aspectual features. -<i>kan </i>and -<i>san </i>are frequently found in the last slot of Wackernagel clitics. -<i>san </i>is allative-directional, -<i>kan </i>locational. -<i>kan </i>indicates initial and final limitation and is similar to Latin <i>con- </i>and Gothic <i>ga-</i>. Lexical (inner) aspect is an important element in modern analysis of Russian perfectivity. An aspectual ‘pair’ system of the Russian kind with an interplay between telicity and quantification as expressed by preverbs and imperfectivity expressed by suffixation did not arise in Hittite though -<i>kan </i>and -<i>ske/a- </i>which could have allowed a similar development were present as were <i>con- </i>and <i>-sco </i>in Latin. Hittite preverbs did not play the same role for aspectuality as preverbs did in many other IE languages but -<i>kan </i>and -<i>san </i>were involved in the VP and affected verb semantics and aspectuality. The discussion will be focused on the function of clitics and verbal suffixation. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.09gro 149 165 17 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Imperfectivity and complete events</TitleText> 1 A01 Atle Grønn Grønn, Atle Atle Grønn 01 Imperfectivity is cross-linguistically associated with the subinterval property and a modal component induced by the famous ‘imperfective paradox’. These properties arguably hold for both the progressive and habitual-iterative readings. However, both in Romance and Slavic, the imperfective may also refer to complete events instantiated in the world of evaluation: the so-called <i>Imparfait narratif </i>in French and the <i>Factual Imperfective </i>in Russian. <br />I propose an analysis of viewpoint aspect in terms of temporal inclusion relations between the event time and the assertion time. Importantly, however, the source of the two complete event readings in question are quite different inasmuch as the Russian imperfective is unmarked and is used whenever the marked perfective aspect is inappropriate, while the French <i>Imparfait </i>is marked. This means that the French <i>Imparfait </i>retains its meaning of contemporaneity even when it has a complete event interpretation. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.10soh 167 184 18 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Predicative verbs of transition in Portuguese and Spanish: A cognitive approach to aspect, aktionsart, and tense</TitleText> 1 A01 Ingmar Söhrman Söhrman, Ingmar Ingmar Söhrman 2 A01 Kåre Nilsson Nilsson, Kåre Kåre Nilsson 01 Contrary to the Germanic languages, the Romance languages have a whole range of verbs instead of one (or two) specific, polysemic copula verb which can be used to express all kinds of transition from one state or situation into another, i.e. serving as a dynamic counterpart of a corresponding static verb used to describe existing states of affairs related to animate or inanimate subjects in a predicative context. There also exist more synthetic ways of expressing change in the state of affairs through the so-called ingressive verbs. These verbs reflect the typical situation in Latin, where transition, i.e. change in the state of affairs, was normally represented by lexical and/or synthetic means of expression. Cf.<i>excandesco </i>and <i>irascor </i>‘to get angry’, where the rise of a new situation is made explicit by the inchoative infix <i>-sc-. </i>Thus the nowadays current analytical expressions of transition by means of a dynamic copula or a factitive verb followed by a predicative complement of the subject or object, respectively,represent a typological shift from the ancient, synthetic ways of expressing situational change. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.11ott 185 219 35 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Old Nordic Middle Voice in the pre-literary period: Questions of grammaticalisation and cliticisation</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Old Nordic Middle Voice in the pre-literary period: Questions of grammaticalisation and cliticisation</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Kjartan G. Ottósson Ottósson, Kjartan G. Kjartan G. Ottósson 01 In this paper, data from sources predating the earliest preserved manuscripts, runic inscriptions as well as poetry, is used to shed light on the earliest history of the morphologically defined Nordic Middle Voice, ending in <i>-sk </i>in Old West Nordic and in <i>-s </i>in Old East Nordic. This category has not only the reflexive meaning inherited from the reflexive clitic <i>–sk</i>, but also i.a. reciprocal and anticausative meaning. The semantic development must be independent from the formal development including cliticisation, as shown by comparison with the German Middle Voice, which lacks cliticisation. The formal development includes generalisation of the clitic <i>-sk </i>from the 3rd person and infinitive as well as from the accusative to the dative (and genitive). The cliticisation is not restricted to arguments to the verbal hosts, but can involve elements very loosely connected to the verb. Morphological and syntactic arguments show that the clitic must have become an affix as early as the 9th and 10th centuries. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.12dah 221 247 27 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The relevance of tense and aspect in Semitic Languages: The case of Hebrew and Arabic</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">relevance of tense and aspect in Semitic Languages: The case of Hebrew and Arabic</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Sven-Olof Dahlgren Dahlgren, Sven-Olof Sven-Olof Dahlgren 01 This article presents an introduction to the verbal system of the Semitic languages and an historic account of the research on the verbal system of Hebrew as a background to the main subject of the paper: the verbal system of Hebrew and Arabic.<br />At variance with the common view that these systems are based on aspect, we propose that Biblical Hebrew and – to a large extent – Arabic have a relative tense system. Although this is not a new notion it introduces the foreground/background distinction in this context, as well as the concept of marked and unmarked verbal forms as an explanation of the mysterious verbal system of Biblical Hebrew.<br />The notion of aspect is, however, not discarded. Its use in modern written and spoken Arabic is dealt with at the end of this article. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.13tho 249 281 33 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The verb phrase in the Kerebe language</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">verb phrase in the Kerebe language</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Christina Thornell Thornell, Christina Christina Thornell 01 The present article focuses on the Tanzanian Bantu language Kerebe and its morphologically complex verb phrase, which is presented in a descriptive framework. The description includes affirmative verb forms of general verbs and of copulas, negation and verbal extensions. The morphological complexity is reflected in the tense-aspect-mood (TAM) system, in copula markings and in verbal derivations. The analysis is based on a grammatical sketch of the Kerebe language written by the French Catholic priest Eugène Hurel (Hurel 1909) and two Internet-accessible word lists. Since Hurel describes Kerebe as being spoken in the beginning of 1900s, there was also a need to consult a mother-tongue speaker in order to verify the relevance of the data to present-day language items. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.14mah 283 298 16 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Comparative TAM morphology in Niger-Congo: The case of persistive, and some other markers in Bantu</TitleText> 1 A01 Jouni Filip Maho Maho, Jouni Filip Jouni Filip Maho 01 The present paper looks at so-called persistive markers (denoting something like “still going on”) in the sub-Saharan Bantu languages, one of the major subgroups of the Niger-Congo language phylum. The intention is to relate these persistive markers, in terms of cognacy, to a few non-persistive markers (especially progressives and futures). 10 01 JB code slcs.103.15mcg 299 321 23 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Indexicals as sources of case markers in Australian languages</TitleText> 1 A01 William B. McGregor McGregor, William B. William B. McGregor 01 Among the well-known and widely discussed sources of case-markers are verbs,body part nouns, spatial terms (spatial adverbials and nominals denoting spatial concepts), other case-markers, and combinations of other case-markers. A less well-known source of case-markers is indexical items such as pronominals, determiners, and the like. In this paper I discuss some possible examples of such diachronic developments for oblique, genitive, and ergative markers in Australian languages. It is proposed that the first stage of this developmental pathway is a construction in which the indexical element is in apposition with an NP; over time the indexical element loses its independent status and deictic value and becomes a bound morpheme marking just a grammatical relation. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.16eng 323 344 22 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Differential object marking in Sahidic Coptic</TitleText> 1 A01 Åke Engsheden Engsheden, Åke Åke Engsheden 01 In Coptic a direct object can either follow the verb directly or indirectly being introduced by a marker <i>n </i>(before nouns) or <i>mmo </i>(before pronouns). In a wide range of languages the direct object alternates between a morphologically marked and an unmarked form, so called ‘differential object marking’ (e.g., Bossong 1991; Bossong 1998: Lazard 2001). A well-attested language in which differential object marking (DOM) occurs, in my opinion, is Coptic. An analysis of all direct objects in the Gospels in Sahidic Coptic shows that contrary to common belief Coptic also exhibited differential object marking in agreement with patterns attested cross-linguistically. The main factors governing the distribution of object constructions in Coptic were referentiality and thematicity. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.17ind 345 350 6 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20080829 2008 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027205704 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 110.00 EUR R 01 00 92.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 165.00 USD S 307007022 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 103 Hb 15 9789027205704 13 2008019878 BB 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 103 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interdependence of Diachronic and Synchronic Analyses</TitleText> 01 slcs.103 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.103 1 B01 Folke Josephson Josephson, Folke Folke Josephson University of Gothenburg 2 B01 Ingmar Söhrman Söhrman, Ingmar Ingmar Söhrman University of Gothenburg 01 eng 360 viii 350 LAN009000 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 The focus of this volume is the interdependence of diachrony and synchrony in the investigation of syntactic structure. A diverse set of modern and ancient languages is investigated from this perspective, including Hittite, the Classical languages, Old Norse, Coptic, Bantu languages, Australian languages and Creoles. A variety of topics are covered, including TAM, diathesis, valency, case marking, cliticization, and grammaticalization. This volume should be of interest to<div>syntacticians, typologists, and historical linguists with an interest in syntax and morphology.</div> 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.103.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205704.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205704.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.103.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.103.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.103.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.103.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.103.01con vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.103.02int 1 11 11 Miscellaneous 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.103.03rij 13 42 30 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Synchronic and diachronic evidence for parallels between noun phrases and sentences</TitleText> 1 A01 Jan Rijkhoff Rijkhoff, Jan Jan Rijkhoff 01 It has been shown that, up to a point, noun phrases and clauses have the same underlying structure: they share the same kind of ‘layered’ organization and accommodate the same kind of semantic modifier categories (Rijkhoff 2008a). This article presents synchronic and diachronic evidence to substantiate the claim that there are parallels between the layered analysis of the noun phrase and the clause. It will be argued that the layered NP/clause model is supported by two largely unidirectional historical developments in language, one metaphorical in nature (‘<i>from space to time</i>’) the other metonymic (‘<i>from inner to outer layer</i>’). 10 01 JB code slcs.103.04bak 43 59 17 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The development of tense, mood, and aspect in the creole languages, and the typology of affix order</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">development of tense, mood, and aspect in the creole languages, and the typology of affix order</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Peter Bakker Bakker, Peter Peter Bakker 01 Creole languages display systems of marking tense, mood and aspect (TAM) that are rather different from what is commonly found in non-creoles, but at the same time highly similar across creoles. In this chapter I will show some of these similarities and differences, and try to explain them with general cognitive principles, focusing on the order of these elements with respect to the verb stem. Further I will discuss the genesis and development of the form of some of these TAM markers from a typological point of view. Finally I will discuss their specific forms of these markers as more or less typical instances of grammaticalization. In creoles, being young languages, it is often easier to trace grammaticalization patterns, and this can help shed light on grammaticalization in general. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.05hau 61 72 12 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Aspectual oppositions from Proto-Indo-European to Latin</TitleText> 1 A01 Dag T.T. Haug Haug, Dag T.T. Dag T.T. Haug 01 In this paper, I attempt to trace the evolution of the aspect system from Indo-European times to the historically attested Latin system. The focus is not on the study of single changes, but on providing an overview which shows what diachronic typology can contribute to the history of the Latin aspect system. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.06hav 73 104 32 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the development of actionality, tense, and viewpoint from Early to Late Latin</TitleText> 1 A01 Gerd V.M. Haverling Haverling, Gerd V.M. Gerd V.M. Haverling 01 In Early and Classical Latin, verbal affixes indicate actional oppositions, such as non-dynamic vs. dynamic, atelic vs. telic, or the focus on the beginning or the end of a development or change. The tense system emphasises the relative sequence of events and sometimes it even distinguishes the normal past from the anterior past. There is a viewpoint opposition in all the forms of actionality and even in the indication of permanent states in the past. In Late Latin, several of the verbal affixes lose their actional functions and several previously transitive verbs become intransitive. The sensitivity to the relative sequence of events diminishes and there are major changes in the functions of the tense forms and a tendency to use the imperfective viewpoint, where Classical Latin distinguished the perfective viewpoint from the imperfective one. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.07ger 105 129 25 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Continuity and change: The history of two Greek tenses</TitleText> 1 A01 Eva-Carin Gerö Gerö, Eva-Carin Eva-Carin Gerö 2 A01 Hans Ruge Ruge, Hans Hans Ruge 01 The goal of this paper is to demonstrate two cases of continuity in the Greek tense system from Antiquity till today, viz. the Imperfect and the Future, both of which, in spite of partly changing morphology and other variation on a surface level, remain remarkably constant semantically and conceptually. The constant meaning of the Imperfect may be defined quite cogently, depending on the choice of theoretical framework, either as <i>developing</i>, <i>intraterminal </i>or <i>inclusive</i>. Also the Future, in spite of more radical surface variation diachronically, displays a remarkably high degree of continuity on a conceptual level. Already Ancient Greek had the possibility of expressing different aspects also in the future tense by means of modal expressions or by periphrasis. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.08jos 131 147 17 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Actionality and aspect in Hittite</TitleText> 1 A01 Folke Josephson Josephson, Folke Folke Josephson 01 The Hittite reflexive construction has perfective-like functions like Spanish and Italian reflexives. We will consider if they express ‘inner’ aspect. Most present tense forms in narrative tense-switching belong to verbs with a -<i>ske/a</i>-suffix. These verbs can be seen as +INTRA items with actional and aspectual features. -<i>kan </i>and -<i>san </i>are frequently found in the last slot of Wackernagel clitics. -<i>san </i>is allative-directional, -<i>kan </i>locational. -<i>kan </i>indicates initial and final limitation and is similar to Latin <i>con- </i>and Gothic <i>ga-</i>. Lexical (inner) aspect is an important element in modern analysis of Russian perfectivity. An aspectual ‘pair’ system of the Russian kind with an interplay between telicity and quantification as expressed by preverbs and imperfectivity expressed by suffixation did not arise in Hittite though -<i>kan </i>and -<i>ske/a- </i>which could have allowed a similar development were present as were <i>con- </i>and <i>-sco </i>in Latin. Hittite preverbs did not play the same role for aspectuality as preverbs did in many other IE languages but -<i>kan </i>and -<i>san </i>were involved in the VP and affected verb semantics and aspectuality. The discussion will be focused on the function of clitics and verbal suffixation. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.09gro 149 165 17 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Imperfectivity and complete events</TitleText> 1 A01 Atle Grønn Grønn, Atle Atle Grønn 01 Imperfectivity is cross-linguistically associated with the subinterval property and a modal component induced by the famous ‘imperfective paradox’. These properties arguably hold for both the progressive and habitual-iterative readings. However, both in Romance and Slavic, the imperfective may also refer to complete events instantiated in the world of evaluation: the so-called <i>Imparfait narratif </i>in French and the <i>Factual Imperfective </i>in Russian. <br />I propose an analysis of viewpoint aspect in terms of temporal inclusion relations between the event time and the assertion time. Importantly, however, the source of the two complete event readings in question are quite different inasmuch as the Russian imperfective is unmarked and is used whenever the marked perfective aspect is inappropriate, while the French <i>Imparfait </i>is marked. This means that the French <i>Imparfait </i>retains its meaning of contemporaneity even when it has a complete event interpretation. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.10soh 167 184 18 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Predicative verbs of transition in Portuguese and Spanish: A cognitive approach to aspect, aktionsart, and tense</TitleText> 1 A01 Ingmar Söhrman Söhrman, Ingmar Ingmar Söhrman 2 A01 Kåre Nilsson Nilsson, Kåre Kåre Nilsson 01 Contrary to the Germanic languages, the Romance languages have a whole range of verbs instead of one (or two) specific, polysemic copula verb which can be used to express all kinds of transition from one state or situation into another, i.e. serving as a dynamic counterpart of a corresponding static verb used to describe existing states of affairs related to animate or inanimate subjects in a predicative context. There also exist more synthetic ways of expressing change in the state of affairs through the so-called ingressive verbs. These verbs reflect the typical situation in Latin, where transition, i.e. change in the state of affairs, was normally represented by lexical and/or synthetic means of expression. Cf.<i>excandesco </i>and <i>irascor </i>‘to get angry’, where the rise of a new situation is made explicit by the inchoative infix <i>-sc-. </i>Thus the nowadays current analytical expressions of transition by means of a dynamic copula or a factitive verb followed by a predicative complement of the subject or object, respectively,represent a typological shift from the ancient, synthetic ways of expressing situational change. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.11ott 185 219 35 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Old Nordic Middle Voice in the pre-literary period: Questions of grammaticalisation and cliticisation</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Old Nordic Middle Voice in the pre-literary period: Questions of grammaticalisation and cliticisation</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Kjartan G. Ottósson Ottósson, Kjartan G. Kjartan G. Ottósson 01 In this paper, data from sources predating the earliest preserved manuscripts, runic inscriptions as well as poetry, is used to shed light on the earliest history of the morphologically defined Nordic Middle Voice, ending in <i>-sk </i>in Old West Nordic and in <i>-s </i>in Old East Nordic. This category has not only the reflexive meaning inherited from the reflexive clitic <i>–sk</i>, but also i.a. reciprocal and anticausative meaning. The semantic development must be independent from the formal development including cliticisation, as shown by comparison with the German Middle Voice, which lacks cliticisation. The formal development includes generalisation of the clitic <i>-sk </i>from the 3rd person and infinitive as well as from the accusative to the dative (and genitive). The cliticisation is not restricted to arguments to the verbal hosts, but can involve elements very loosely connected to the verb. Morphological and syntactic arguments show that the clitic must have become an affix as early as the 9th and 10th centuries. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.12dah 221 247 27 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The relevance of tense and aspect in Semitic Languages: The case of Hebrew and Arabic</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">relevance of tense and aspect in Semitic Languages: The case of Hebrew and Arabic</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Sven-Olof Dahlgren Dahlgren, Sven-Olof Sven-Olof Dahlgren 01 This article presents an introduction to the verbal system of the Semitic languages and an historic account of the research on the verbal system of Hebrew as a background to the main subject of the paper: the verbal system of Hebrew and Arabic.<br />At variance with the common view that these systems are based on aspect, we propose that Biblical Hebrew and – to a large extent – Arabic have a relative tense system. Although this is not a new notion it introduces the foreground/background distinction in this context, as well as the concept of marked and unmarked verbal forms as an explanation of the mysterious verbal system of Biblical Hebrew.<br />The notion of aspect is, however, not discarded. Its use in modern written and spoken Arabic is dealt with at the end of this article. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.13tho 249 281 33 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The verb phrase in the Kerebe language</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">verb phrase in the Kerebe language</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Christina Thornell Thornell, Christina Christina Thornell 01 The present article focuses on the Tanzanian Bantu language Kerebe and its morphologically complex verb phrase, which is presented in a descriptive framework. The description includes affirmative verb forms of general verbs and of copulas, negation and verbal extensions. The morphological complexity is reflected in the tense-aspect-mood (TAM) system, in copula markings and in verbal derivations. The analysis is based on a grammatical sketch of the Kerebe language written by the French Catholic priest Eugène Hurel (Hurel 1909) and two Internet-accessible word lists. Since Hurel describes Kerebe as being spoken in the beginning of 1900s, there was also a need to consult a mother-tongue speaker in order to verify the relevance of the data to present-day language items. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.14mah 283 298 16 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Comparative TAM morphology in Niger-Congo: The case of persistive, and some other markers in Bantu</TitleText> 1 A01 Jouni Filip Maho Maho, Jouni Filip Jouni Filip Maho 01 The present paper looks at so-called persistive markers (denoting something like “still going on”) in the sub-Saharan Bantu languages, one of the major subgroups of the Niger-Congo language phylum. The intention is to relate these persistive markers, in terms of cognacy, to a few non-persistive markers (especially progressives and futures). 10 01 JB code slcs.103.15mcg 299 321 23 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Indexicals as sources of case markers in Australian languages</TitleText> 1 A01 William B. McGregor McGregor, William B. William B. McGregor 01 Among the well-known and widely discussed sources of case-markers are verbs,body part nouns, spatial terms (spatial adverbials and nominals denoting spatial concepts), other case-markers, and combinations of other case-markers. A less well-known source of case-markers is indexical items such as pronominals, determiners, and the like. In this paper I discuss some possible examples of such diachronic developments for oblique, genitive, and ergative markers in Australian languages. It is proposed that the first stage of this developmental pathway is a construction in which the indexical element is in apposition with an NP; over time the indexical element loses its independent status and deictic value and becomes a bound morpheme marking just a grammatical relation. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.16eng 323 344 22 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Differential object marking in Sahidic Coptic</TitleText> 1 A01 Åke Engsheden Engsheden, Åke Åke Engsheden 01 In Coptic a direct object can either follow the verb directly or indirectly being introduced by a marker <i>n </i>(before nouns) or <i>mmo </i>(before pronouns). In a wide range of languages the direct object alternates between a morphologically marked and an unmarked form, so called ‘differential object marking’ (e.g., Bossong 1991; Bossong 1998: Lazard 2001). A well-attested language in which differential object marking (DOM) occurs, in my opinion, is Coptic. An analysis of all direct objects in the Gospels in Sahidic Coptic shows that contrary to common belief Coptic also exhibited differential object marking in agreement with patterns attested cross-linguistically. The main factors governing the distribution of object constructions in Coptic were referentiality and thematicity. 10 01 JB code slcs.103.17ind 345 350 6 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20080829 2008 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 795 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 27 20 01 02 JB 1 00 110.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 116.60 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 20 02 02 JB 1 00 92.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 20 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 165.00 USD