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01
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117007535
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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JB code
SLCS 110 Eb
15
9789027289612
06
10.1075/slcs.110
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2008054333
DG
002
02
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
110
01
Coding Participant Marking
Construction types in twelve African languages
01
slcs.110
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.110
1
B01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
University of Cologne
01
eng
408
xvi
389
LAN009000
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.AFAS
Afro-Asiatic languages
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.OTHAF
Other African languages
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.TYP
Typology
06
01
Whereas Africa as a typological area is often associated with extensive verb morphology and verb serialization, this collection of studies shows that there is tremendous typological diversity at the clausal level. Verb serialization in the Khoisan area contrasts with extensive case-marking in languages of northeastern Africa, which also use converbs and light verb plus coverb constructions. Although the categorial distinction between nouns and verbs is generally clear in African languages, a number of them nevertheless provide intricate analytical challenges in this respect. Whereas some languages are strongly head marking at the clausal level, others manifest an interesting mixture of alternative strategies for the coding of participants. The analysis of information packaging, and related issues such as split ergativity, Differential Object Marking, and discourse-configurational properties also play a role in several contributions. The collection contains not only innovative analyses for the respective language families these languages belong to, but also material relevant for the current debate in theoretical linguistics concerning lexical specification as against construction-based approaches towards argument structure.
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slcs.110.01pre
ix
1
Miscellaneous
1
01
Preface
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.02abb
xi
xiv
4
Miscellaneous
2
01
Abbreviations and glossing conventions
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.03lis
xv
1
Miscellaneous
3
01
List of contributors
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.03dim
1
22
22
Article
4
01
Introduction
1
A01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.04kon
23
53
31
Article
5
01
!Xun
1
A01
Christa König
König, Christa
Christa
König
01
!Xun (also known as Jul'hoan) is essentially an isolating language. Phonetically it represents one of the most complex languages of the world (see Heikkinen 1986). It shows a productive serial verb construction (Svc) which has properties of compounding. Although nearly all verbs of the language can appear in an Svc, a subset of roughly thirty verbs, called coverb, is used in a more grammaticalized way to express functions like manner, location, position, way of moving, tense, aspect, and modality. There is hardly any cross reference on the verb. Participant marking is optional. The basic constituent order is verb-medial. !Xun has a noun class system of three (in some dialects four) noun classes (or genders). Gender is covertly expressed on nominal modifiers such as demonstratives and possessives. Gender and number are basically independent. Each noun class can either refer to singular or plural. Plurality is optionally marked by clitics suffixed to the noun phrase.<br />Verbs are either intransitive or transitive, ditransitive verbs are absent. The language uses two productive mechanisms to increase the valency: A verbal suffix <i>-ā</i>, increasing the valency by one, and a preposition like element called the transitivizer <i>kē</i>. The transitivizer provides the most general way to include further participants, whether core, like objects, or peripheral, like locatives. Its occurrence is in principle not constrained. Its use is mainly restricted to the position after the verb. All the features mentioned above, such as a Svc, a noun class system where gender and number are basically independent of one another, a transitivizing device which freely adds participants, used only post-verbally, are salient not only in !Xuu (North Khoisan) but also in !Ui-Taa (South Khoisan) languages. However, whether these two groupings are genetically related remains unclear. In two dialects of !Xun there is an obligatory topic marker, which in some contexts is used like a subject case marker. Focus constituents precede topic ones, so that the general discourse structure tends to show the ordering is focus – topic – subject – verb – object.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.05sch
55
96
42
Article
6
01
Alaaba
1
A01
Gertrud Schneider-Blum
Schneider-Blum, Gertrud
Gertrud
Schneider-Blum
01
Participant marking in Alaaba is mainly manifested in its case system. Eight cases can be differentiated with nouns: The Absolutive primarily encodes the direct object of a sentence and is used as the citation form of the noun. The Nominative is basically used to encode the subject of a sentence. The Genitive marks a possessive relationship. The Dative typically encodes the recipient of an action. The Ablative marks the source, the Locative a location and the Instrumental the instrument with which something is achieved. Finally the Similative is used to show similarity between two items. The case systems for modifers are considerably reduced as is shown with dependent demonstratives, numerals and adjectives. The pronominal case system is special insofar as the citation form is the Nominative; also a Locative form cannot be differentiated from the Instrumental. – The valency of verbs interacts with the use of the different cases. Some verbs may change their valency unmarked. The following verbal derivational devices can be formally established: the causative with several allomorphs, the transitivizing morpheme <i>-a?-</i>, the anticausative <i>-ta?-</i>, the passive marker -am-, the middle voice with two allomorphs, and the reciprocal which is combined of the middle voice and the passive morpheme.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.06wol
97
122
26
Article
7
01
Haro
1
A01
Hirut Woldemaram
Woldemaram, Hirut
Hirut
Woldemaram
01
In Haro, an Omotic language of Ethiopia, participants are encoded both on nouns as well as verbs. The principal strategy used to mark participants is by way of morphology. Apart from Agents and Patients (or Goals), noun phrases with Dative, Comitative, Instrumental and Ablative roles are identified by morphological ways. One remarkable feature concerning participant marking in Haro is that this system closely interacts with definiteness marking. An indefinite noun cannot undergo a morphological marking for subjecthood or objecthood. Hence, with indefinite nouns, constituent order remains to be the only means to identify who did what to whom. One other remarkable property of the system is that it closely interacts with focus marking. Participants within a focus domain are marked distinctively from those outside a focus domain.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.07sto
123
140
18
Article
8
01
Hone
1
A01
Anne Storch
Storch, Anne
Anne
Storch
01
Hone is a Jukun language of Nigeria which exhibits patterns of participant coding that are characteristic for a linguistic area which encompasses Chadic, Plateau, Adamawa and Jukunoid languages. But instead of displaying the typical intransitive copy pronoun constructions that are often found in the area, Hone uses syntactic and nominal formatives to indicate transitivity and changes of valency. While there are no morphological traces of intransitivity, there exist specific syntactic patterns that allow for intransitive constructions. It is intriguing that deverbal nouns that occur as cognate objects in such constructions are the only nouns with a highly productive morphology. A feature of particular interest in the context of coding participant marking is mirativity. In Hone, mirative meaning is expressed by a particular pronoun which refers to the agent and correlates with the strategies of subject focus in Hone. The different strategies of coding participant marking are discussed with reference to the typology of word classes and the diachronic processes that have led to the current situation in Hone.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.08kon
141
172
32
Article
9
01
Ik
1
A01
Christa König
König, Christa
Christa
König
01
On African standards, the Kuliak language Ik is one of the few languages with an elaborated case system: Seven cases are distinguished by nominal suffixes. Case is highly productive. Nearly all elements of the language are at least to some extent case inflected: Nouns, adverbs, adpositions, verbs, and even conjunctions. But with core participants (intransitive subject, S, transitive subject, A, and object, O) case marking is defective to the extent that it is even questionable whether case provides a sufficient analysis for the system under consideration. Five case patterns are used to encode the core participants S, A and O. All patterns either show an accusative alignment or no case distinction at all. It will be shown that case is the only reasonable parameter for describing nominal inflection. Ik will be presented as a split (nominative)/accusative language. The core participants are encoded by a complex interplay of head and dependent marking: With core participants the dependent case marking occurs when cross reference by means of head marking devices fails. The language shows a clear distinction between core and peripheral participants. Pragmatically, Ik has a highly grammaticalized focus structure expressed by a separate case marker.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.09lub
173
214
42
Article
10
01
Jalonke
1
A01
Friederike Lübke
Lübke, Friederike
Friederike
Lübke
01
This paper introduces participant coding in Jalonke, a Central Mande language of Guinea. The paper gives an appraisal of noun/verb distinction in the language and establishes verbs as heads of verb phrases. It sets out to identify the syntactic status and thematic roles of the participants of Jalonke verbs. The paper further investigates argument structure classes of the language; that is, classes of verbs that can be distinguished based on the number and status of their participants. It is shown that Jalonke has intransitive, transitive, causative/inchoative alternating and reflexive-only verbs, and that the motivation for three of these classes lies in an interaction of the parameters of causation type, likelihood of the denoted event to be construed as uncaused vs. externally caused and the inclination of the language towards fundamental transitivity vs. fundamental intransitivity. The fourth class of reflexive-only verbs is determined through a positive specification for control. The main result of a quantitative study on argument realization in discourse are discussed in order to demonstrate that in contrast to other languages and approaches, argument structure in Jalonke can be taken to be lexically specified.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.10kil
215
237
23
Article
11
01
Khwe
1
A01
Christa Kilian-Hatz
Kilian-Hatz, Christa
Christa
Kilian-Hatz
01
Khwe uses four of five cross-linguistically attested strategies of participant marking: (1) Constituent order is relevant only in basic sentences. (2) Most postpositions assign a semantic role to peripheral participant, whereas the postposition <i>à </i>marks a core participant. (3) There is one instance of suffixation: The oblique case suffix <i>-à </i>or the gender suffixes <i>-B </i>and <i>-cì </i>mark a peripheral participant which may precede a postposition or is a nominal attribute. (4) Finally, derivation through suffixes attached to the verb stem is used to vary the semantics of the verb, which may also result in a manipulation of the valency of the verb. The fifth strategy – verb-serialization – only applies in combination with the verb *<i>ma </i>/ *<i>mō´ </i>as a lexical source for a derivational suffix.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.11ame
239
279
41
Article
12
01
Likpe
1
A01
Felix K. Ameka
Ameka, Felix K.
Felix K.
Ameka
01
This paper explores the ways in which participants involved in the realisation of events as labelled by verbs and licensed by constructions are expressed in Likpe (Sεkpεlé lip), a Na-Togo, Kwa (Niger-Congo) language spoken in Ghana. A semantically based view of grammar is adopted. It is shown that the strategies deployed in the language are significant for theoretical and cross-linguistic understandings of the coding of participants in several respects: Participants with locative function are systematically linked to core, oblique and peripheral roles. There is linking underspecification with some experiential and spatial predicates such that their participants can be linked to either core grammatical relation with attendant semantic consequences. A complexification in this domain of Likpe is the combination of serial verb constructions, adpositions and verb derivational processes for fulfilling some of the participant coding functions.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.12kra
281
303
23
Article
13
01
Makonde
1
A01
Peter Kraal
Kraal, Peter
Peter
Kraal
01
There have been a number of reports in the linguistic literature, dating back to the beginning of the previous century, about a ‘weak/strong’ or ‘conjoint/disjoint’ distinction between verbal forms in Bantu languages. Some linguists described the distinction as follows: Only the disjoint form can be used in final sentence position, implying a break between the verb and what follows, whereas the conjoint form implies a continuity. The present study of two Makonde variants spoken in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique pays detailed attention to this distinction between verbal forms as part of a general overview of participant marking in the present volume; it also shows that the conjoint/disjoint distinction exists between (nominal) specifiers as well. This distinction is based on pragmatics, with focus and information structure of the sentence in general being the key words connected with this distinction.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.13dim
305
329
25
Article
14
01
Tama
1
A01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
01
In the Eastern Sudanic (Nilo-Saharan) language Tama event structure is expressed either by full verbs or by combinations of light verbs plus complements. Tama has a rather extensive case-marking system involving clitical elements which are attached to pronouns or to the final constituent in a noun phrase, which may be either the noun or a nominal modifier. This dependent-marking strategy is characterized by iconicity on the one hand and economy principles on the other, as manifested in particular through the use of Differential Object Marking.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.14dim
331
353
23
Article
15
01
Tima
1
A01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
01
This study presents a first introduction to the phonological, morphosyntactic and pragmatic structure of Tima, a poorly-known language in Sudan whose wider genetic affiliations still need to be clarified. A number of structural properties of Tima, being of particular interest from an areal and general typological point of view, are discussed in more detail below: The highly reduced noun-class system with remnants of a more extensive former system, its discourse-configurational structure, and split ergativity.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.15amh
355
384
30
Article
16
01
Wolaitta
1
A01
Azeb Amha
Amha, Azeb
Azeb
Amha
01
Three strategies are used for participant identification in Wolaitta, an Omotic language spoken in south Ethiopia. These include direct marking, i.e., participant marking on nominals themselves through case affixes; participant marking on the verb and word order. Of the three, direct marking is the most reliable diagnostic for identifying participant roles since case marking is obligatory in the language and a number of structural and semantic cases are morphologically distinguished. Moreover, non-canonical marking is limited. Verbal marking is also obligatory and robust in the language as distinct person marking morphemes are used in different types of constructions. However, this second diagnostic means is restricted to A/S roles; O and other participant roles are not marked on the verb. Word order can be indicative of participant roles in a restricted sense. SOV is the most frequently used word order and it designates pragmatically neutral assertions, questions or commands. However, word order by itself is not a reliable means for participant identification since it can be altered for focus and topicalization purposes. Like in most other Omotic languages, in Wolaitta texts long sentences with a series of dependent clauses are frequent. Verbal marking extends also to such dependent clauses, since some of the verbs that head dependent clauses are morphologically marked to indicate whether the S/A of the verb in the dependent clause is the same or different from the S/A of the matrix clause. Thus, the three strategies combined work efficiently in processing the role of each participant in such ‘paragraph long sentences’.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.17ind
385
389
5
Miscellaneous
17
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20090422
2009
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027205773
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
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WORLD
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105.00
EUR
R
01
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88.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
158.00
USD
S
500007135
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SLCS 110 Hb
15
9789027205773
13
2008054333
BB
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
110
01
Coding Participant Marking
Construction types in twelve African languages
01
slcs.110
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.110
1
B01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
University of Cologne
01
eng
408
xvi
389
LAN009000
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.AFAS
Afro-Asiatic languages
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.OTHAF
Other African languages
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.TYP
Typology
06
01
Whereas Africa as a typological area is often associated with extensive verb morphology and verb serialization, this collection of studies shows that there is tremendous typological diversity at the clausal level. Verb serialization in the Khoisan area contrasts with extensive case-marking in languages of northeastern Africa, which also use converbs and light verb plus coverb constructions. Although the categorial distinction between nouns and verbs is generally clear in African languages, a number of them nevertheless provide intricate analytical challenges in this respect. Whereas some languages are strongly head marking at the clausal level, others manifest an interesting mixture of alternative strategies for the coding of participants. The analysis of information packaging, and related issues such as split ergativity, Differential Object Marking, and discourse-configurational properties also play a role in several contributions. The collection contains not only innovative analyses for the respective language families these languages belong to, but also material relevant for the current debate in theoretical linguistics concerning lexical specification as against construction-based approaches towards argument structure.
04
09
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10
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JB code
slcs.110.01pre
ix
1
Miscellaneous
1
01
Preface
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.02abb
xi
xiv
4
Miscellaneous
2
01
Abbreviations and glossing conventions
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.03lis
xv
1
Miscellaneous
3
01
List of contributors
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.03dim
1
22
22
Article
4
01
Introduction
1
A01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.04kon
23
53
31
Article
5
01
!Xun
1
A01
Christa König
König, Christa
Christa
König
01
!Xun (also known as Jul'hoan) is essentially an isolating language. Phonetically it represents one of the most complex languages of the world (see Heikkinen 1986). It shows a productive serial verb construction (Svc) which has properties of compounding. Although nearly all verbs of the language can appear in an Svc, a subset of roughly thirty verbs, called coverb, is used in a more grammaticalized way to express functions like manner, location, position, way of moving, tense, aspect, and modality. There is hardly any cross reference on the verb. Participant marking is optional. The basic constituent order is verb-medial. !Xun has a noun class system of three (in some dialects four) noun classes (or genders). Gender is covertly expressed on nominal modifiers such as demonstratives and possessives. Gender and number are basically independent. Each noun class can either refer to singular or plural. Plurality is optionally marked by clitics suffixed to the noun phrase.<br />Verbs are either intransitive or transitive, ditransitive verbs are absent. The language uses two productive mechanisms to increase the valency: A verbal suffix <i>-ā</i>, increasing the valency by one, and a preposition like element called the transitivizer <i>kē</i>. The transitivizer provides the most general way to include further participants, whether core, like objects, or peripheral, like locatives. Its occurrence is in principle not constrained. Its use is mainly restricted to the position after the verb. All the features mentioned above, such as a Svc, a noun class system where gender and number are basically independent of one another, a transitivizing device which freely adds participants, used only post-verbally, are salient not only in !Xuu (North Khoisan) but also in !Ui-Taa (South Khoisan) languages. However, whether these two groupings are genetically related remains unclear. In two dialects of !Xun there is an obligatory topic marker, which in some contexts is used like a subject case marker. Focus constituents precede topic ones, so that the general discourse structure tends to show the ordering is focus – topic – subject – verb – object.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.05sch
55
96
42
Article
6
01
Alaaba
1
A01
Gertrud Schneider-Blum
Schneider-Blum, Gertrud
Gertrud
Schneider-Blum
01
Participant marking in Alaaba is mainly manifested in its case system. Eight cases can be differentiated with nouns: The Absolutive primarily encodes the direct object of a sentence and is used as the citation form of the noun. The Nominative is basically used to encode the subject of a sentence. The Genitive marks a possessive relationship. The Dative typically encodes the recipient of an action. The Ablative marks the source, the Locative a location and the Instrumental the instrument with which something is achieved. Finally the Similative is used to show similarity between two items. The case systems for modifers are considerably reduced as is shown with dependent demonstratives, numerals and adjectives. The pronominal case system is special insofar as the citation form is the Nominative; also a Locative form cannot be differentiated from the Instrumental. – The valency of verbs interacts with the use of the different cases. Some verbs may change their valency unmarked. The following verbal derivational devices can be formally established: the causative with several allomorphs, the transitivizing morpheme <i>-a?-</i>, the anticausative <i>-ta?-</i>, the passive marker -am-, the middle voice with two allomorphs, and the reciprocal which is combined of the middle voice and the passive morpheme.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.06wol
97
122
26
Article
7
01
Haro
1
A01
Hirut Woldemaram
Woldemaram, Hirut
Hirut
Woldemaram
01
In Haro, an Omotic language of Ethiopia, participants are encoded both on nouns as well as verbs. The principal strategy used to mark participants is by way of morphology. Apart from Agents and Patients (or Goals), noun phrases with Dative, Comitative, Instrumental and Ablative roles are identified by morphological ways. One remarkable feature concerning participant marking in Haro is that this system closely interacts with definiteness marking. An indefinite noun cannot undergo a morphological marking for subjecthood or objecthood. Hence, with indefinite nouns, constituent order remains to be the only means to identify who did what to whom. One other remarkable property of the system is that it closely interacts with focus marking. Participants within a focus domain are marked distinctively from those outside a focus domain.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.07sto
123
140
18
Article
8
01
Hone
1
A01
Anne Storch
Storch, Anne
Anne
Storch
01
Hone is a Jukun language of Nigeria which exhibits patterns of participant coding that are characteristic for a linguistic area which encompasses Chadic, Plateau, Adamawa and Jukunoid languages. But instead of displaying the typical intransitive copy pronoun constructions that are often found in the area, Hone uses syntactic and nominal formatives to indicate transitivity and changes of valency. While there are no morphological traces of intransitivity, there exist specific syntactic patterns that allow for intransitive constructions. It is intriguing that deverbal nouns that occur as cognate objects in such constructions are the only nouns with a highly productive morphology. A feature of particular interest in the context of coding participant marking is mirativity. In Hone, mirative meaning is expressed by a particular pronoun which refers to the agent and correlates with the strategies of subject focus in Hone. The different strategies of coding participant marking are discussed with reference to the typology of word classes and the diachronic processes that have led to the current situation in Hone.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.08kon
141
172
32
Article
9
01
Ik
1
A01
Christa König
König, Christa
Christa
König
01
On African standards, the Kuliak language Ik is one of the few languages with an elaborated case system: Seven cases are distinguished by nominal suffixes. Case is highly productive. Nearly all elements of the language are at least to some extent case inflected: Nouns, adverbs, adpositions, verbs, and even conjunctions. But with core participants (intransitive subject, S, transitive subject, A, and object, O) case marking is defective to the extent that it is even questionable whether case provides a sufficient analysis for the system under consideration. Five case patterns are used to encode the core participants S, A and O. All patterns either show an accusative alignment or no case distinction at all. It will be shown that case is the only reasonable parameter for describing nominal inflection. Ik will be presented as a split (nominative)/accusative language. The core participants are encoded by a complex interplay of head and dependent marking: With core participants the dependent case marking occurs when cross reference by means of head marking devices fails. The language shows a clear distinction between core and peripheral participants. Pragmatically, Ik has a highly grammaticalized focus structure expressed by a separate case marker.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.09lub
173
214
42
Article
10
01
Jalonke
1
A01
Friederike Lübke
Lübke, Friederike
Friederike
Lübke
01
This paper introduces participant coding in Jalonke, a Central Mande language of Guinea. The paper gives an appraisal of noun/verb distinction in the language and establishes verbs as heads of verb phrases. It sets out to identify the syntactic status and thematic roles of the participants of Jalonke verbs. The paper further investigates argument structure classes of the language; that is, classes of verbs that can be distinguished based on the number and status of their participants. It is shown that Jalonke has intransitive, transitive, causative/inchoative alternating and reflexive-only verbs, and that the motivation for three of these classes lies in an interaction of the parameters of causation type, likelihood of the denoted event to be construed as uncaused vs. externally caused and the inclination of the language towards fundamental transitivity vs. fundamental intransitivity. The fourth class of reflexive-only verbs is determined through a positive specification for control. The main result of a quantitative study on argument realization in discourse are discussed in order to demonstrate that in contrast to other languages and approaches, argument structure in Jalonke can be taken to be lexically specified.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.10kil
215
237
23
Article
11
01
Khwe
1
A01
Christa Kilian-Hatz
Kilian-Hatz, Christa
Christa
Kilian-Hatz
01
Khwe uses four of five cross-linguistically attested strategies of participant marking: (1) Constituent order is relevant only in basic sentences. (2) Most postpositions assign a semantic role to peripheral participant, whereas the postposition <i>à </i>marks a core participant. (3) There is one instance of suffixation: The oblique case suffix <i>-à </i>or the gender suffixes <i>-B </i>and <i>-cì </i>mark a peripheral participant which may precede a postposition or is a nominal attribute. (4) Finally, derivation through suffixes attached to the verb stem is used to vary the semantics of the verb, which may also result in a manipulation of the valency of the verb. The fifth strategy – verb-serialization – only applies in combination with the verb *<i>ma </i>/ *<i>mō´ </i>as a lexical source for a derivational suffix.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.11ame
239
279
41
Article
12
01
Likpe
1
A01
Felix K. Ameka
Ameka, Felix K.
Felix K.
Ameka
01
This paper explores the ways in which participants involved in the realisation of events as labelled by verbs and licensed by constructions are expressed in Likpe (Sεkpεlé lip), a Na-Togo, Kwa (Niger-Congo) language spoken in Ghana. A semantically based view of grammar is adopted. It is shown that the strategies deployed in the language are significant for theoretical and cross-linguistic understandings of the coding of participants in several respects: Participants with locative function are systematically linked to core, oblique and peripheral roles. There is linking underspecification with some experiential and spatial predicates such that their participants can be linked to either core grammatical relation with attendant semantic consequences. A complexification in this domain of Likpe is the combination of serial verb constructions, adpositions and verb derivational processes for fulfilling some of the participant coding functions.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.12kra
281
303
23
Article
13
01
Makonde
1
A01
Peter Kraal
Kraal, Peter
Peter
Kraal
01
There have been a number of reports in the linguistic literature, dating back to the beginning of the previous century, about a ‘weak/strong’ or ‘conjoint/disjoint’ distinction between verbal forms in Bantu languages. Some linguists described the distinction as follows: Only the disjoint form can be used in final sentence position, implying a break between the verb and what follows, whereas the conjoint form implies a continuity. The present study of two Makonde variants spoken in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique pays detailed attention to this distinction between verbal forms as part of a general overview of participant marking in the present volume; it also shows that the conjoint/disjoint distinction exists between (nominal) specifiers as well. This distinction is based on pragmatics, with focus and information structure of the sentence in general being the key words connected with this distinction.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.13dim
305
329
25
Article
14
01
Tama
1
A01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
01
In the Eastern Sudanic (Nilo-Saharan) language Tama event structure is expressed either by full verbs or by combinations of light verbs plus complements. Tama has a rather extensive case-marking system involving clitical elements which are attached to pronouns or to the final constituent in a noun phrase, which may be either the noun or a nominal modifier. This dependent-marking strategy is characterized by iconicity on the one hand and economy principles on the other, as manifested in particular through the use of Differential Object Marking.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.14dim
331
353
23
Article
15
01
Tima
1
A01
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.
Gerrit J.
Dimmendaal
01
This study presents a first introduction to the phonological, morphosyntactic and pragmatic structure of Tima, a poorly-known language in Sudan whose wider genetic affiliations still need to be clarified. A number of structural properties of Tima, being of particular interest from an areal and general typological point of view, are discussed in more detail below: The highly reduced noun-class system with remnants of a more extensive former system, its discourse-configurational structure, and split ergativity.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.15amh
355
384
30
Article
16
01
Wolaitta
1
A01
Azeb Amha
Amha, Azeb
Azeb
Amha
01
Three strategies are used for participant identification in Wolaitta, an Omotic language spoken in south Ethiopia. These include direct marking, i.e., participant marking on nominals themselves through case affixes; participant marking on the verb and word order. Of the three, direct marking is the most reliable diagnostic for identifying participant roles since case marking is obligatory in the language and a number of structural and semantic cases are morphologically distinguished. Moreover, non-canonical marking is limited. Verbal marking is also obligatory and robust in the language as distinct person marking morphemes are used in different types of constructions. However, this second diagnostic means is restricted to A/S roles; O and other participant roles are not marked on the verb. Word order can be indicative of participant roles in a restricted sense. SOV is the most frequently used word order and it designates pragmatically neutral assertions, questions or commands. However, word order by itself is not a reliable means for participant identification since it can be altered for focus and topicalization purposes. Like in most other Omotic languages, in Wolaitta texts long sentences with a series of dependent clauses are frequent. Verbal marking extends also to such dependent clauses, since some of the verbs that head dependent clauses are morphologically marked to indicate whether the S/A of the verb in the dependent clause is the same or different from the S/A of the matrix clause. Thus, the three strategies combined work efficiently in processing the role of each participant in such ‘paragraph long sentences’.
10
01
JB code
slcs.110.17ind
385
389
5
Miscellaneous
17
01
Index
02
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