113014516 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 123 GE 15 9789027287403 06 10.1075/slcs.123 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 JB code 0165-7763 02 123.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 Studies on German-Language Islands Studies on German-Language Islands 1 B01 01 JB code 504117243 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 01 eng 11 496 03 03 xii 03 00 477 03 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 01 06 02 00

The contributions in this volume present cutting-edge theoretical and structural analyses of issues surrounding German-language islands, or Sprachinseln, throughout the world focusing on (but not limited to) phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of these languages.

03 00 The contributions in this volume present cutting-edge theoretical and structural analyses of issues surrounding German-language islands, or Sprachinseln, throughout the world. The individual topics of study in this volume focus on various aspects of these German-language islands such as (but not limited to) phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of these languages under investigation. Collectively, the body of research contained in this volume explores significantly under-researched topics in the fields of language contact and language attrition and illustrates how this on-going research can be enhanced through the application of formal theoretical frameworks and structural analyses. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.123.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205902.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205902.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.123.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.123.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.123.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.123.hb.png
01 01 JB code slcs.123.001toc 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc i viii 8 Article 1 01 04 Table of contents Table of contents 01 01 JB code slcs.123.002ack 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc vii viii 2 Article 2 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 01 JB code slcs.123.003abb 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc ix x 2 Article 3 01 04 List of abbreviations List of abbreviations 01 01 JB code slcs.123.004con 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc xi xii 2 Article 4 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 01 JB code slcs.123.01put 06 10.1075/slcs.123.01put 1 10 10 Article 5 01 04 Why study Sprachinseln from generative or structural perspectives? Why study Sprachinseln from generative or structural perspectives? 01 04 Introductory remarks Introductory remarks 1 A01 01 JB code 541136312 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p1 06 10.1075/slcs.123.02rem 11 64 54 Article 6 01 04 Section 1. Phonetics & Phonology Section 1. Phonetics & Phonology 01 01 JB code slcs.123.02rem 06 10.1075/slcs.123.02rem 13 32 20 Article 7 01 04 On final laryngeal distinctions in Wisconsin Standard German On final laryngeal distinctions in Wisconsin Standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 83136313 Renee Remy Remy, Renee Renee Remy Fremdspracheninstitut der Landeshauptstadt München 01 01 JB code slcs.123.03alb 06 10.1075/slcs.123.03alb 33 64 32 Article 8 01 04 Past participles in Mocheno Past participles in Mòcheno 01 04 Allomorphy, alignment and the distribution of obstruents Allomorphy, alignment and the distribution of obstruents 1 A01 01 JB code 263136314 Birgit Alber Alber, Birgit Birgit Alber Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere, Università di Verona 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p2 06 10.1075/slcs.123.04toe 65 162 98 Article 9 01 04 Section 2. Morphology & Lexical studies Section 2. Morphology & Lexical studies 01 01 JB code slcs.123.04toe 06 10.1075/slcs.123.04toe 67 110 44 Article 10 01 04 Plautdietsch gender Plautdietsch gender 01 04 Between Dutch and German Between Dutch and German 1 A01 01 JB code 656136315 Annemarie Toebosch Toebosch, Annemarie Annemarie Toebosch University of Michigan-Flint 01 01 JB code slcs.123.05put 06 10.1075/slcs.123.05put 111 128 18 Article 11 01 04 Anaphors in contact Anaphors in contact 01 04 The distribution of intensifiers and reflexives in Amana German The distribution of intensifiers and reflexives in Amana German 1 A01 01 JB code 111136316 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 01 01 JB code slcs.123.06bao 06 10.1075/slcs.123.06bao 129 150 22 Article 12 01 04 Lexical developments in Texas German Lexical developments in Texas German 1 A01 01 JB code 469136317 Hans C. Boas Boas, Hans C. Hans C. Boas University of Texas at Austin 2 A01 01 JB code 590136318 Marc Pierce Pierce, Marc Marc Pierce University of Texas at Austin 01 01 JB code slcs.123.07pag 06 10.1075/slcs.123.07pag 151 162 12 Article 13 01 04 Gender assignment of English loanwords in Pennsylvania German Gender assignment of English loanwords in Pennsylvania German 01 04 Is there a feminine tendency? Is there a feminine tendency? 1 A01 01 JB code 780136319 B. Richard Page Page, B. Richard B. Richard Page Pennsylvania State University 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p3 06 10.1075/slcs.123.08lou 163 230 68 Article 14 01 04 section 3. Syntax I - Verb clusters Section 3. Syntax I - Verb clusters 01 01 JB code slcs.123.08lou 06 10.1075/slcs.123.08lou 165 186 22 Article 15 01 04 Synchrony and diachrony of verb clusters in Pennsylvania Dutch Synchrony and diachrony of verb clusters in Pennsylvania Dutch 1 A01 01 JB code 331136320 Mark L. Louden Louden, Mark L. Mark L. Louden University of Wisconsin-Madison 01 01 JB code slcs.123.09kau 06 10.1075/slcs.123.09kau 187 230 44 Article 16 01 04 Looking for order in chaos Looking for order in chaos 01 04 Standard convergence and divergence in Mennonite Low German Standard convergence and divergence in Mennonite Low German 1 A01 01 JB code 526136321 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann Freiburg, Germany 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p4 06 10.1075/slcs.123.10abr 231 368 138 Article 17 01 04 section 4. Syntax II - The syntax of Cimbrian German Section 4. Syntax II - The syntax of Cimbrian German 01 01 JB code slcs.123.10abr 06 10.1075/slcs.123.10abr 233 278 46 Article 18 01 04 Spoken syntax in Cimbrian of the linguistic islands in Northern Italy- and what they (do not) betray about language universals and change under areal contact with Italo-Romance Spoken syntax in Cimbrian of the linguistic islands in Northern Italy- and what they (do not) betray about language universals and change under areal contact with Italo-Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 77136322 Werner Abraham Abraham, Werner Werner Abraham Universität Wien 01 01 JB code slcs.123.11pad 06 10.1075/slcs.123.11pad 279 300 22 Article 19 01 04 Diachronic clues to grammaticalization phenomena in the Cimbrian CP Diachronic clues to grammaticalization phenomena in the Cimbrian CP 1 A01 01 JB code 278136323 Andrea Padovan Padovan, Andrea Andrea Padovan University of Trento 01 01 JB code slcs.123.12gre 06 10.1075/slcs.123.12gre 301 346 46 Article 20 01 04 Hidden verb second Hidden verb second 01 04 The case of Cimbrian The case of Cimbrian 1 A01 01 JB code 766136324 Günther Grewendorf Grewendorf, Günther Günther Grewendorf University of Frankfurt 2 A01 01 JB code 21136325 Cecilia Poletto Poletto, Cecilia Cecilia Poletto University of Venice 01 01 JB code slcs.123.13bid 06 10.1075/slcs.123.13bid 347 368 22 Article 21 01 04 Revisiting the Wackernagelposition Revisiting the Wackernagelposition 01 04 The evolution of the Cimbrian pronominal system The evolution of the Cimbrian pronominal system 1 A01 01 JB code 169136326 Ermenegildo Bidese Bidese, Ermenegildo Ermenegildo Bidese Università di Trento 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p5 06 10.1075/slcs.123.14wes 369 412 44 Article 22 01 04 section 5. Syntax III - The syntax of Pennsylvania German Section 5. Syntax III - The syntax of Pennsylvania German 01 01 JB code slcs.123.14wes 06 10.1075/slcs.123.14wes 371 384 14 Article 23 01 04 Changes in frequency as a measure of language change Changes in frequency as a measure of language change 01 04 Extraposition in Pennsylvania German Extraposition in Pennsylvania German 1 A01 01 JB code 766136327 Gesche Westphal Fitch Fitch, Gesche Westphal Gesche Westphal Fitch Universität Wien 01 01 JB code slcs.123.15bor 06 10.1075/slcs.123.15bor 385 412 28 Article 24 01 04 From preposition to purposive to infinitival marker From preposition to purposive to infinitival marker 01 04 The Pennsylvania German ferzu construction The Pennsylvania German fer…zu construction 1 A01 01 JB code 874136328 Kersti Börjars Börjars, Kersti Kersti Börjars The University of Manchester 2 A01 01 JB code 96136329 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p6 06 10.1075/slcs.123.16bet 413 474 62 Article 25 01 04 section 6. Pragmatics & Conversation analysis Section 6. Pragmatics & Conversation analysis 01 01 JB code slcs.123.16bet 06 10.1075/slcs.123.16bet 415 454 40 Article 26 01 04 Word choice, turn construction, and topic management in German conversation Word choice, turn construction, and topic management in German conversation 01 04 Adverbs that are sensitive to interactional positioning Adverbs that are sensitive to interactional positioning 1 A01 01 JB code 401136330 Emma Betz Betz, Emma Emma Betz Kansas State University 01 01 JB code slcs.123.17wei 06 10.1075/slcs.123.17wei 455 474 20 Article 27 01 04 Texas German discourse pragmatics Texas German discourse pragmatics 01 04 A preliminary study of the English-origin discourse markers of course, see, and now A preliminary study of the English-origin discourse markers of course, see, and now 1 A01 01 JB code 844136331 Hunter Weilbacher Weilbacher, Hunter Hunter Weilbacher University of Texas at Austin 01 01 JB code slcs.123.18ind 06 10.1075/slcs.123.18ind 475 478 4 Article 28 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20110131 C 2011 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2011 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027205902 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 88.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 158.00 USD
516008311 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 123 Eb 15 9789027287403 06 10.1075/slcs.123 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 123.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-slcs 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 05 02 SLCS (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 01 01 Studies on German-Language Islands Studies on German-Language Islands 1 B01 01 JB code 504117243 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/504117243 01 eng 11 496 03 03 xii 03 00 477 03 01 22 435 03 2011 PF5861 04 German language--Syntax. 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Syntax. 04 German language--Foreign countries. 04 German language--Variation. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00

The contributions in this volume present cutting-edge theoretical and structural analyses of issues surrounding German-language islands, or Sprachinseln, throughout the world focusing on (but not limited to) phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of these languages.

03 00 The contributions in this volume present cutting-edge theoretical and structural analyses of issues surrounding German-language islands, or Sprachinseln, throughout the world. The individual topics of study in this volume focus on various aspects of these German-language islands such as (but not limited to) phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of these languages under investigation. Collectively, the body of research contained in this volume explores significantly under-researched topics in the fields of language contact and language attrition and illustrates how this on-going research can be enhanced through the application of formal theoretical frameworks and structural analyses. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.123.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205902.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205902.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.123.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.123.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.123.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.123.hb.png
01 01 JB code slcs.123.001toc 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc i viii 8 Article 1 01 04 Table of contents Table of contents 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.002ack 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc vii viii 2 Article 2 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.003abb 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc ix x 2 Article 3 01 04 List of abbreviations List of abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.004con 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc xi xii 2 Article 4 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.01put 06 10.1075/slcs.123.01put 1 10 10 Article 5 01 04 Why study Sprachinseln from generative or structural perspectives? Why study Sprachinseln from generative or structural perspectives? 01 04 Introductory remarks Introductory remarks 1 A01 01 JB code 541136312 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/541136312 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p1 06 10.1075/slcs.123.02rem 11 64 54 Article 6 01 04 Section 1. Phonetics & Phonology Section 1. Phonetics & Phonology 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.02rem 06 10.1075/slcs.123.02rem 13 32 20 Article 7 01 04 On final laryngeal distinctions in Wisconsin Standard German On final laryngeal distinctions in Wisconsin Standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 83136313 Renee Remy Remy, Renee Renee Remy Fremdspracheninstitut der Landeshauptstadt München 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/83136313 01 eng 30 00

Final laryngeal distinctions in the speech of two Eastern Wisconsin Germans provide insight into the German dialects spoken in Eastern Wisconsin, and how Wisconsin English has apparently begun to develop patterns of final fortition (Auslautverhärtung). The speech samples show that both speakers differ from standard German and each other, with regard to laryngeally neutral consonants. In Manitowoc county, some voicing is present on underlying /s/ consonants, while underlying /b,d,g/ consonants remain almost exclusively laryngeally neutral. The Ozaukee county speaker shows neutralization across /b,d,g,z/ consonants with predictable exceptions. Looking at Wisconsin German also helps to understand American English as spoken in Eastern Wisconsin. Thus, final laryngeal distinctions are important for obtaining a clear picture of speech patterns used by bilingual Germans in Eastern Wisconsin.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.03alb 06 10.1075/slcs.123.03alb 33 64 32 Article 8 01 04 Past participles in Mocheno Past participles in Mòcheno 01 04 Allomorphy, alignment and the distribution of obstruents Allomorphy, alignment and the distribution of obstruents 1 A01 01 JB code 263136314 Birgit Alber Alber, Birgit Birgit Alber Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere, Università di Verona 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/263136314 01 eng 30 00

Mòcheno, a German variety spoken in Trentino (Italy), displays an interesting case of phonologically conditioned suppletive allomorphy in past participle formation. Past participle formation involves a variety of strategies, from absence of a prefix, to affrication, to prefixing a CV-prefix ga-. I propose that two allomorphs are involved in the process, a subsegment [?cont, ?voice] and a prefix ga- and that the distribution of the two allomorphs is regulated by a hierarchy of wellformedness constraints. This hierarchy in turn consists of two independent partial hierarchies, which are active in the grammar of the language in general, where they are responsible for morphoprosodic alignment at left stem edges and for the distribution of obstruents, respectively. This means that Mòcheno past participles give us evidence in favor of the hypothesis that allomorph selection can, and sometimes must, be interpreted in terms of optimization. By adopting an alternative analysis in terms of subcategorization of the allomorphs for a certain phonological context, the relationship between the distribution of past participle allomorphs and other pieces of the Mòcheno grammar would remain completely opaque.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p2 06 10.1075/slcs.123.04toe 65 162 98 Article 9 01 04 Section 2. Morphology & Lexical studies Section 2. Morphology & Lexical studies 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.04toe 06 10.1075/slcs.123.04toe 67 110 44 Article 10 01 04 Plautdietsch gender Plautdietsch gender 01 04 Between Dutch and German Between Dutch and German 1 A01 01 JB code 656136315 Annemarie Toebosch Toebosch, Annemarie Annemarie Toebosch University of Michigan-Flint 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/656136315 01 eng 30 00

In this paper, I describe the grammatical gender system of Plautdietsch as it relates to referent animacy. Plautdietsch (a settlement dialect of netherlandic Mennonites in the Americas), and more specifically Henderson Plautdietsch (the variety of Plautdietsch spoken in Henderson, Nebraska), has a mixed syntactic-semantic gender system that is structurally positioned between that of Standard Dutch and High German. It has a three-way masculine-feminine-neuter grammatical gender contrast across gender agreement targets, and exhibits DP-internal hybrid gender assignment (where a noun assigns one gender to one and another gender to another type of DP-internal gender agreement target). I explain that a geometry of hierarchically organized gender and animacy features is uniquely suited to explain the hybrid gender assignment we find in Plautdietsch, as well as explains a number of other phenomena we observe in gender systems (such as default gender and the flexible gender assignment of inanimate nouns).

01 01 JB code slcs.123.05put 06 10.1075/slcs.123.05put 111 128 18 Article 11 01 04 Anaphors in contact Anaphors in contact 01 04 The distribution of intensifiers and reflexives in Amana German The distribution of intensifiers and reflexives in Amana German 1 A01 01 JB code 111136316 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/111136316 01 eng 30 00

This paper presents a novel sketch of a research program into the morpho-syntactic/semantic characteristics of intensifiers and reflexives in a moribund Sprachinsel language, Amana German. As demonstrated in this pilot study, Amana German has (apparently) undergone a shift in the syntactic distributional properties of its intensifier and reflexive inventory. As a result, Amana German in this regard more strongly resembles Dutch and modern English rather than German. Following Gast (2006), I interpret this as a shift involving the morpho-syntactic/semantic realization of recognizing two distributional types of transitive predicates; namely, typically 'other-directed' (e.g. [+Od]) and typically 'self-directed' predicates (e.g. [?Od]).

01 01 JB code slcs.123.06bao 06 10.1075/slcs.123.06bao 129 150 22 Article 12 01 04 Lexical developments in Texas German Lexical developments in Texas German 1 A01 01 JB code 469136317 Hans C. Boas Boas, Hans C. Hans C. Boas University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/469136317 2 A01 01 JB code 590136318 Marc Pierce Pierce, Marc Marc Pierce University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/590136318 01 eng 30 00

This paper offers new insights into on-going research on lexical borrowing in language contact situations by presenting a typology of lexical borrowings in Texas German (TxG), a critically endangered dialect that will go extinct within the next 30 years. We show that the lexicon of TxG has not undergone any dramatic changes over the past four decades and that the dialectal origins of words that were still apparent when Gilbert collected his data in the 1960s can still be found today. We also argue that TxG should be classified as "stage 2" in Thomason and Kaufman's (1988) 5-stage borrowing scale ("slightly more intense contact"), which is characterized by lexical borrowing and slight structural borrowing in combination with conjunctions and adverbial particles.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.07pag 06 10.1075/slcs.123.07pag 151 162 12 Article 13 01 04 Gender assignment of English loanwords in Pennsylvania German Gender assignment of English loanwords in Pennsylvania German 01 04 Is there a feminine tendency? Is there a feminine tendency? 1 A01 01 JB code 780136319 B. Richard Page Page, B. Richard B. Richard Page Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/780136319 01 eng 30 00

Previous investigations have reported a feminine tendency in the assignment of grammatical gender for English loanwords in Pennsylvania German as well as in other German Sprachinseln languages located in Anglophone areas (e.g. Reed 1942). This study investigates whether or not there is a feminine tendency in Pennsylvania German using a corpus based on the Comprehensive Pennsylvania German Dictionary. A statistical analysis reveals no evidence of a feminine tendency in Pennsylvania German. Monomorphemic English loanwords and monomorphemic native nouns in Pennsylvania German are significantly more likely to be assigned masculine gender than monomorphemic nouns in Standard German. Unlike Standard German, there is no significant difference in gender assignment in Pennsylvania German between monosyllabic and polysyllabic nouns for either the native lexicon or English loanwords.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p3 06 10.1075/slcs.123.08lou 163 230 68 Article 14 01 04 section 3. Syntax I - Verb clusters Section 3. Syntax I - Verb clusters 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.08lou 06 10.1075/slcs.123.08lou 165 186 22 Article 15 01 04 Synchrony and diachrony of verb clusters in Pennsylvania Dutch Synchrony and diachrony of verb clusters in Pennsylvania Dutch 1 A01 01 JB code 331136320 Mark L. Louden Louden, Mark L. Mark L. Louden University of Wisconsin-Madison 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331136320 01 eng 30 00

This paper presents the major synchronic facts about verb clusters in modern Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania German) and indicates how they have developed historically. Although Pennsylvania Dutch is descended from primarily Palatine German dialects, the behavior of verb clusters in the modern language is distinct from what is found in European German dialects. Focusing on three- and four-verb clusters in subordinate clauses, it is observed that Pennsylvania Dutch observes a strict rule whereby a maximum of one lexical verb may occur within a clause; additional lexical verbs are located to the right of the clause periphery. The analysis presumes that non-lexical verbs in verb clusters, specifically the finite auxiliary hawwe 'have' and a non-finite modal, form a single syntactic unit.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.09kau 06 10.1075/slcs.123.09kau 187 230 44 Article 16 01 04 Looking for order in chaos Looking for order in chaos 01 04 Standard convergence and divergence in Mennonite Low German Standard convergence and divergence in Mennonite Low German 1 A01 01 JB code 526136321 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann Freiburg, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/526136321 01 eng 30 00

In this paper I analyze the ongoing converging and diverging processes between Mennonite Low German (MLG) and Standard German in six Mennonite colonies in the Americas. The statistically detectable differences in the informants' behavior with regard to five linguistic phenomena and the comparison between all colonies and between different age-gender-subgroups in three of these colonies offer new and promising insights into the structural and sociolinguistic conditioning of converging and diverging.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p4 06 10.1075/slcs.123.10abr 231 368 138 Article 17 01 04 section 4. Syntax II - The syntax of Cimbrian German Section 4. Syntax II - The syntax of Cimbrian German 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.10abr 06 10.1075/slcs.123.10abr 233 278 46 Article 18 01 04 Spoken syntax in Cimbrian of the linguistic islands in Northern Italy- and what they (do not) betray about language universals and change under areal contact with Italo-Romance Spoken syntax in Cimbrian of the linguistic islands in Northern Italy- and what they (do not) betray about language universals and change under areal contact with Italo-Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 77136322 Werner Abraham Abraham, Werner Werner Abraham Universität Wien 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/77136322 01 eng 30 00

This article is on Cimbrian German, an old enclave dialect in Upper Italy surrounded by Italo-Romance dialects. Next to clear traces of German clausal syntax, it shows Romance characteristics, which could be due to borrowing from the surrounding Italo-Romance majority dialects. Pertinent literature to date has assumed that the mix of structural properties of German and Italian are indeed due to the century-long isolation of the German island dialects and their relationship to the majority Italo-Romance dialects. The position presented in this paper focuses on the exclusive orality of Cimbrian and the specific structural changes oral-only variants are subject to as opposed to written, standard vernaculars. More generally, the methodological tenet is pursued that single changes subject to ambiguous interpretation need to be disambiguated by careful alignment with the major set of properties - i.e. a minority structures that are commonly found in Italo-Romance dialects may receive interpretations that are typical of oral-only German. The methodological null-hypothesis, then, is that change occurs under the narrowest accompanying structural conditions accessible within one and the same language rather than by borrowing from the social majority language.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.11pad 06 10.1075/slcs.123.11pad 279 300 22 Article 19 01 04 Diachronic clues to grammaticalization phenomena in the Cimbrian CP Diachronic clues to grammaticalization phenomena in the Cimbrian CP 1 A01 01 JB code 278136323 Andrea Padovan Padovan, Andrea Andrea Padovan University of Trento 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/278136323 01 eng 30 00

Saying that a minority language proves to be quite a fascinating object of research when it comes to describing how it is affected by a stronger (standard) language is quite obvious. However, the way in which elements (both lexical and functional) borrowed from the stronger language infiltrate the weaker one is far less evident. Observing the Cimbrian CP, I will take into account both the complementizer ke (Italian loanword, competing with the earlier az) and other (CP-related) particles that I take to have undergone a process of reanalysis from a diachronic point of view, putting forward that the "expansion" of loanwords (especially functional ones) does not take place randomly. I also will show that synchronic data - especially when it comes to the so-called semi-speakers - can confirm this hypothesis. Key words. Complementation, minority language, cartography.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.12gre 06 10.1075/slcs.123.12gre 301 346 46 Article 20 01 04 Hidden verb second Hidden verb second 01 04 The case of Cimbrian The case of Cimbrian 1 A01 01 JB code 766136324 Günther Grewendorf Grewendorf, Günther Günther Grewendorf University of Frankfurt 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/766136324 2 A01 01 JB code 21136325 Cecilia Poletto Poletto, Cecilia Cecilia Poletto University of Venice 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/21136325 01 eng 30 00

The aim of the work is to provide some detailed insight into the mechanisms that regulate movement to the left periphery on the empirical basis of an up to now rather poorly investigated German variety, i.e. Cimbrian. We first show that Cimbrian still possesses the V2 property in the sense that the inflected verb moves to the left periphery of the clause. Five empirical arguments are discussed in favor of this hypothesis concerning the existence of a prefield-expletive of the German 'es' type, the order of clitics, of negation, of separable prefixes and of the particle da with respect to the inflected verb. We propose that V3 instances, which apparently violate the V2 linear restriction, are to be analyzed as involving Topics located higher than the C projection where the inflected verb moves. We also show that wh-elements are to be split into two classes, which are moved to two different specifiers in the layered left periphery of the clause. This split is a function of the internal structure of the wh-items, which can contain or not a lexical restrictor, which is in turn related to two different interpretations (i.e. de dicto and de re) of the wh-item itself. Key words:?left periphery; Cimbrian; wh-items; verb second; Topics

01 01 JB code slcs.123.13bid 06 10.1075/slcs.123.13bid 347 368 22 Article 21 01 04 Revisiting the Wackernagelposition Revisiting the Wackernagelposition 01 04 The evolution of the Cimbrian pronominal system The evolution of the Cimbrian pronominal system 1 A01 01 JB code 169136326 Ermenegildo Bidese Bidese, Ermenegildo Ermenegildo Bidese Università di Trento 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/169136326 01 eng 30 00

The present contribution reconstructs the development of the personal object pronouns of Cimbrian, a German dialect spoken in Northern Italy which evolved many centuries in close contact with northern Italy's Romance dialects. With reference to their functional status and their clausal position we discover that Cimbrian's object pronouns started from a German model and have over time become closer to a Romance one. In the older Cimbrian texts, these elements are clearly recognizable as full phrases (XP), occupying the traditional Wackernagelposition; in modern writings they behave as heads (X0) and appear only in an 'adverbal' position, i.e. enclitic to the finite verb, similarly to the syntax of Romance object pronouns. The fact that they cannot be realized as proclitic to the finite verb - like the Romance ones - shows however that the original Germanic syntax limits the influence of that Romance. Attempting to explain this phenomenon, this current study suggests revisiting the structure of the Wackernagelposition.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p5 06 10.1075/slcs.123.14wes 369 412 44 Article 22 01 04 section 5. Syntax III - The syntax of Pennsylvania German Section 5. Syntax III - The syntax of Pennsylvania German 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.14wes 06 10.1075/slcs.123.14wes 371 384 14 Article 23 01 04 Changes in frequency as a measure of language change Changes in frequency as a measure of language change 01 04 Extraposition in Pennsylvania German Extraposition in Pennsylvania German 1 A01 01 JB code 766136327 Gesche Westphal Fitch Fitch, Gesche Westphal Gesche Westphal Fitch Universität Wien 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/766136327 01 eng 30 00

Samples of Pennsylvania German (PG) are compared with samples of Standard German (SG) and Palatinate (PL) dialects. Analyses of the frequency of the occurrence of extraposition show that all dialect groups differ significantly from each other. PG has the highest rate of extraposition. However, the PL group also has a higher extraposition rate than SG. Concerning adverbials, speakers of PG extrapose significantly more elements than the two comparison samples. SG and PL are not different from each other in this respect. A high frequency of event-related adverb placement that corresponds to an English surface order (‘mirror order’) and a low frequency of the order corresponding to unmarked German in PG is presented. This frequency distribution is not found in the comparison samples. Crucially, the mirror orders do occur, abeit rarely, in PL. It is argued that PG is displaying frequency changes in which previously marked variants corresponding to English surface structure rise in frequency which is possibly facilitated by pre-existing tendencies in PL.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.15bor 06 10.1075/slcs.123.15bor 385 412 28 Article 24 01 04 From preposition to purposive to infinitival marker From preposition to purposive to infinitival marker 01 04 The Pennsylvania German ferzu construction The Pennsylvania German fer…zu construction 1 A01 01 JB code 874136328 Kersti Börjars Börjars, Kersti Kersti Börjars The University of Manchester 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874136328 2 A01 01 JB code 96136329 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/96136329 01 eng 30 00

The development from an allative preposition to a purposive marker to an infinitival marker is a common one cross-linguistically. In this paper, we look in some detail at this change in Pennsylvania German. We demonstrate that fer has completed this change in that it now occurs in a full range of complements. It has gone paired with a loss of the original infinitival marker zu. Functionally, the element has undergone a drastic change and given the loss of zu, one might expect that there would be equally far-reaching structural changes. The standard account of this type of change is one of reanalysis, but in this paper, we argue that the change is likely not to have involved reanalysis. Key words: Allative; grammaticalization; infinitival marker; Lexical-Functional Grammar; Pennsylvania German; purposive; reanalysis

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p6 06 10.1075/slcs.123.16bet 413 474 62 Article 25 01 04 section 6. Pragmatics & Conversation analysis Section 6. Pragmatics & Conversation analysis 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.16bet 06 10.1075/slcs.123.16bet 415 454 40 Article 26 01 04 Word choice, turn construction, and topic management in German conversation Word choice, turn construction, and topic management in German conversation 01 04 Adverbs that are sensitive to interactional positioning Adverbs that are sensitive to interactional positioning 1 A01 01 JB code 401136330 Emma Betz Betz, Emma Emma Betz Kansas State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/401136330 01 eng 30 00

Using conversation analysis, this study examines the relationship between word choice and turn construction. In Siebenbürger Sächsisch, a Romanian settlement variety of German, certain adverbs possess functional variants that exhibit position-sensitivity with respect to their placement in turns in interaction. This study investigates the lexical items ientz(t)/'now' and ientzter/'now'. In interaction, speakers use these variants as resources to mark the status of a turn constructional unit or turn as complete or incomplete. Moreover, the use of ientz(t) and ientzter is sensitive to the placement within the larger sequence: Turn-final ientzter is tied to the management of topics in interaction, specifically to promoting a new action trajectory. This study outlines an intersection of turn construction, topic development, and word choice and expands the body of comparative work in conversation analysis.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.17wei 06 10.1075/slcs.123.17wei 455 474 20 Article 27 01 04 Texas German discourse pragmatics Texas German discourse pragmatics 01 04 A preliminary study of the English-origin discourse markers of course, see, and now A preliminary study of the English-origin discourse markers of course, see, and now 1 A01 01 JB code 844136331 Hunter Weilbacher Weilbacher, Hunter Hunter Weilbacher University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/844136331 01 eng 30 00

This article seeks to clarify the role that English-origin pragmatic discourse markers play in the speech of Texas German (TxG). The data in this study reveal that these elements function to lighten the cognitive load of the speaker by pragmatically indicating that the speaker is processing the upcoming utterance. This observation may be taken to indicate that for many TxG speakers English is (or has become) the pragmatically dominant language, however it does not rule out that these discourse markers are lexical items found in a unified mixed-code system.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.18ind 06 10.1075/slcs.123.18ind 475 478 4 Article 28 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.123 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20110131 C 2011 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2011 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027205902 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027287403 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 88.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 158.00 USD
733008310 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 123 Hb 15 9789027205902 06 10.1075/slcs.123 13 2010045325 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 1050 gr 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 123.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 Studies on German-Language Islands Studies on German-Language Islands 1 B01 01 JB code 504117243 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/504117243 01 eng 11 496 03 03 xii 03 00 477 03 01 22 435 03 2011 PF5861 04 German language--Syntax. 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Syntax. 04 German language--Foreign countries. 04 German language--Variation. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00

The contributions in this volume present cutting-edge theoretical and structural analyses of issues surrounding German-language islands, or Sprachinseln, throughout the world focusing on (but not limited to) phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of these languages.

03 00 The contributions in this volume present cutting-edge theoretical and structural analyses of issues surrounding German-language islands, or Sprachinseln, throughout the world. The individual topics of study in this volume focus on various aspects of these German-language islands such as (but not limited to) phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of these languages under investigation. Collectively, the body of research contained in this volume explores significantly under-researched topics in the fields of language contact and language attrition and illustrates how this on-going research can be enhanced through the application of formal theoretical frameworks and structural analyses. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.123.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205902.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205902.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.123.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.123.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.123.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.123.hb.png
01 01 JB code slcs.123.001toc 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc i viii 8 Article 1 01 04 Table of contents Table of contents 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.002ack 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc vii viii 2 Article 2 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.003abb 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc ix x 2 Article 3 01 04 List of abbreviations List of abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.004con 06 10.1075/slcs.123.00toc xi xii 2 Article 4 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.01put 06 10.1075/slcs.123.01put 1 10 10 Article 5 01 04 Why study Sprachinseln from generative or structural perspectives? Why study Sprachinseln from generative or structural perspectives? 01 04 Introductory remarks Introductory remarks 1 A01 01 JB code 541136312 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/541136312 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.p1 06 10.1075/slcs.123.02rem 11 64 54 Article 6 01 04 Section 1. Phonetics & Phonology Section 1. Phonetics & Phonology 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.02rem 06 10.1075/slcs.123.02rem 13 32 20 Article 7 01 04 On final laryngeal distinctions in Wisconsin Standard German On final laryngeal distinctions in Wisconsin Standard German 1 A01 01 JB code 83136313 Renee Remy Remy, Renee Renee Remy Fremdspracheninstitut der Landeshauptstadt München 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/83136313 01 eng 30 00

Final laryngeal distinctions in the speech of two Eastern Wisconsin Germans provide insight into the German dialects spoken in Eastern Wisconsin, and how Wisconsin English has apparently begun to develop patterns of final fortition (Auslautverhärtung). The speech samples show that both speakers differ from standard German and each other, with regard to laryngeally neutral consonants. In Manitowoc county, some voicing is present on underlying /s/ consonants, while underlying /b,d,g/ consonants remain almost exclusively laryngeally neutral. The Ozaukee county speaker shows neutralization across /b,d,g,z/ consonants with predictable exceptions. Looking at Wisconsin German also helps to understand American English as spoken in Eastern Wisconsin. Thus, final laryngeal distinctions are important for obtaining a clear picture of speech patterns used by bilingual Germans in Eastern Wisconsin.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.03alb 06 10.1075/slcs.123.03alb 33 64 32 Article 8 01 04 Past participles in Mocheno Past participles in Mòcheno 01 04 Allomorphy, alignment and the distribution of obstruents Allomorphy, alignment and the distribution of obstruents 1 A01 01 JB code 263136314 Birgit Alber Alber, Birgit Birgit Alber Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere, Università di Verona 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/263136314 01 eng 30 00

Mòcheno, a German variety spoken in Trentino (Italy), displays an interesting case of phonologically conditioned suppletive allomorphy in past participle formation. Past participle formation involves a variety of strategies, from absence of a prefix, to affrication, to prefixing a CV-prefix ga-. I propose that two allomorphs are involved in the process, a subsegment [?cont, ?voice] and a prefix ga- and that the distribution of the two allomorphs is regulated by a hierarchy of wellformedness constraints. This hierarchy in turn consists of two independent partial hierarchies, which are active in the grammar of the language in general, where they are responsible for morphoprosodic alignment at left stem edges and for the distribution of obstruents, respectively. This means that Mòcheno past participles give us evidence in favor of the hypothesis that allomorph selection can, and sometimes must, be interpreted in terms of optimization. By adopting an alternative analysis in terms of subcategorization of the allomorphs for a certain phonological context, the relationship between the distribution of past participle allomorphs and other pieces of the Mòcheno grammar would remain completely opaque.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p2 06 10.1075/slcs.123.04toe 65 162 98 Article 9 01 04 Section 2. Morphology & Lexical studies Section 2. Morphology & Lexical studies 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.04toe 06 10.1075/slcs.123.04toe 67 110 44 Article 10 01 04 Plautdietsch gender Plautdietsch gender 01 04 Between Dutch and German Between Dutch and German 1 A01 01 JB code 656136315 Annemarie Toebosch Toebosch, Annemarie Annemarie Toebosch University of Michigan-Flint 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/656136315 01 eng 30 00

In this paper, I describe the grammatical gender system of Plautdietsch as it relates to referent animacy. Plautdietsch (a settlement dialect of netherlandic Mennonites in the Americas), and more specifically Henderson Plautdietsch (the variety of Plautdietsch spoken in Henderson, Nebraska), has a mixed syntactic-semantic gender system that is structurally positioned between that of Standard Dutch and High German. It has a three-way masculine-feminine-neuter grammatical gender contrast across gender agreement targets, and exhibits DP-internal hybrid gender assignment (where a noun assigns one gender to one and another gender to another type of DP-internal gender agreement target). I explain that a geometry of hierarchically organized gender and animacy features is uniquely suited to explain the hybrid gender assignment we find in Plautdietsch, as well as explains a number of other phenomena we observe in gender systems (such as default gender and the flexible gender assignment of inanimate nouns).

01 01 JB code slcs.123.05put 06 10.1075/slcs.123.05put 111 128 18 Article 11 01 04 Anaphors in contact Anaphors in contact 01 04 The distribution of intensifiers and reflexives in Amana German The distribution of intensifiers and reflexives in Amana German 1 A01 01 JB code 111136316 Michael T. Putnam Putnam, Michael T. Michael T. Putnam The Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/111136316 01 eng 30 00

This paper presents a novel sketch of a research program into the morpho-syntactic/semantic characteristics of intensifiers and reflexives in a moribund Sprachinsel language, Amana German. As demonstrated in this pilot study, Amana German has (apparently) undergone a shift in the syntactic distributional properties of its intensifier and reflexive inventory. As a result, Amana German in this regard more strongly resembles Dutch and modern English rather than German. Following Gast (2006), I interpret this as a shift involving the morpho-syntactic/semantic realization of recognizing two distributional types of transitive predicates; namely, typically 'other-directed' (e.g. [+Od]) and typically 'self-directed' predicates (e.g. [?Od]).

01 01 JB code slcs.123.06bao 06 10.1075/slcs.123.06bao 129 150 22 Article 12 01 04 Lexical developments in Texas German Lexical developments in Texas German 1 A01 01 JB code 469136317 Hans C. Boas Boas, Hans C. Hans C. Boas University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/469136317 2 A01 01 JB code 590136318 Marc Pierce Pierce, Marc Marc Pierce University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/590136318 01 eng 30 00

This paper offers new insights into on-going research on lexical borrowing in language contact situations by presenting a typology of lexical borrowings in Texas German (TxG), a critically endangered dialect that will go extinct within the next 30 years. We show that the lexicon of TxG has not undergone any dramatic changes over the past four decades and that the dialectal origins of words that were still apparent when Gilbert collected his data in the 1960s can still be found today. We also argue that TxG should be classified as "stage 2" in Thomason and Kaufman's (1988) 5-stage borrowing scale ("slightly more intense contact"), which is characterized by lexical borrowing and slight structural borrowing in combination with conjunctions and adverbial particles.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.07pag 06 10.1075/slcs.123.07pag 151 162 12 Article 13 01 04 Gender assignment of English loanwords in Pennsylvania German Gender assignment of English loanwords in Pennsylvania German 01 04 Is there a feminine tendency? Is there a feminine tendency? 1 A01 01 JB code 780136319 B. Richard Page Page, B. Richard B. Richard Page Pennsylvania State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/780136319 01 eng 30 00

Previous investigations have reported a feminine tendency in the assignment of grammatical gender for English loanwords in Pennsylvania German as well as in other German Sprachinseln languages located in Anglophone areas (e.g. Reed 1942). This study investigates whether or not there is a feminine tendency in Pennsylvania German using a corpus based on the Comprehensive Pennsylvania German Dictionary. A statistical analysis reveals no evidence of a feminine tendency in Pennsylvania German. Monomorphemic English loanwords and monomorphemic native nouns in Pennsylvania German are significantly more likely to be assigned masculine gender than monomorphemic nouns in Standard German. Unlike Standard German, there is no significant difference in gender assignment in Pennsylvania German between monosyllabic and polysyllabic nouns for either the native lexicon or English loanwords.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p3 06 10.1075/slcs.123.08lou 163 230 68 Article 14 01 04 section 3. Syntax I - Verb clusters Section 3. Syntax I - Verb clusters 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.08lou 06 10.1075/slcs.123.08lou 165 186 22 Article 15 01 04 Synchrony and diachrony of verb clusters in Pennsylvania Dutch Synchrony and diachrony of verb clusters in Pennsylvania Dutch 1 A01 01 JB code 331136320 Mark L. Louden Louden, Mark L. Mark L. Louden University of Wisconsin-Madison 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331136320 01 eng 30 00

This paper presents the major synchronic facts about verb clusters in modern Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania German) and indicates how they have developed historically. Although Pennsylvania Dutch is descended from primarily Palatine German dialects, the behavior of verb clusters in the modern language is distinct from what is found in European German dialects. Focusing on three- and four-verb clusters in subordinate clauses, it is observed that Pennsylvania Dutch observes a strict rule whereby a maximum of one lexical verb may occur within a clause; additional lexical verbs are located to the right of the clause periphery. The analysis presumes that non-lexical verbs in verb clusters, specifically the finite auxiliary hawwe 'have' and a non-finite modal, form a single syntactic unit.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.09kau 06 10.1075/slcs.123.09kau 187 230 44 Article 16 01 04 Looking for order in chaos Looking for order in chaos 01 04 Standard convergence and divergence in Mennonite Low German Standard convergence and divergence in Mennonite Low German 1 A01 01 JB code 526136321 Göz Kaufmann Kaufmann, Göz Göz Kaufmann Freiburg, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/526136321 01 eng 30 00

In this paper I analyze the ongoing converging and diverging processes between Mennonite Low German (MLG) and Standard German in six Mennonite colonies in the Americas. The statistically detectable differences in the informants' behavior with regard to five linguistic phenomena and the comparison between all colonies and between different age-gender-subgroups in three of these colonies offer new and promising insights into the structural and sociolinguistic conditioning of converging and diverging.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p4 06 10.1075/slcs.123.10abr 231 368 138 Article 17 01 04 section 4. Syntax II - The syntax of Cimbrian German Section 4. Syntax II - The syntax of Cimbrian German 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.10abr 06 10.1075/slcs.123.10abr 233 278 46 Article 18 01 04 Spoken syntax in Cimbrian of the linguistic islands in Northern Italy- and what they (do not) betray about language universals and change under areal contact with Italo-Romance Spoken syntax in Cimbrian of the linguistic islands in Northern Italy- and what they (do not) betray about language universals and change under areal contact with Italo-Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 77136322 Werner Abraham Abraham, Werner Werner Abraham Universität Wien 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/77136322 01 eng 30 00

This article is on Cimbrian German, an old enclave dialect in Upper Italy surrounded by Italo-Romance dialects. Next to clear traces of German clausal syntax, it shows Romance characteristics, which could be due to borrowing from the surrounding Italo-Romance majority dialects. Pertinent literature to date has assumed that the mix of structural properties of German and Italian are indeed due to the century-long isolation of the German island dialects and their relationship to the majority Italo-Romance dialects. The position presented in this paper focuses on the exclusive orality of Cimbrian and the specific structural changes oral-only variants are subject to as opposed to written, standard vernaculars. More generally, the methodological tenet is pursued that single changes subject to ambiguous interpretation need to be disambiguated by careful alignment with the major set of properties - i.e. a minority structures that are commonly found in Italo-Romance dialects may receive interpretations that are typical of oral-only German. The methodological null-hypothesis, then, is that change occurs under the narrowest accompanying structural conditions accessible within one and the same language rather than by borrowing from the social majority language.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.11pad 06 10.1075/slcs.123.11pad 279 300 22 Article 19 01 04 Diachronic clues to grammaticalization phenomena in the Cimbrian CP Diachronic clues to grammaticalization phenomena in the Cimbrian CP 1 A01 01 JB code 278136323 Andrea Padovan Padovan, Andrea Andrea Padovan University of Trento 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/278136323 01 eng 30 00

Saying that a minority language proves to be quite a fascinating object of research when it comes to describing how it is affected by a stronger (standard) language is quite obvious. However, the way in which elements (both lexical and functional) borrowed from the stronger language infiltrate the weaker one is far less evident. Observing the Cimbrian CP, I will take into account both the complementizer ke (Italian loanword, competing with the earlier az) and other (CP-related) particles that I take to have undergone a process of reanalysis from a diachronic point of view, putting forward that the "expansion" of loanwords (especially functional ones) does not take place randomly. I also will show that synchronic data - especially when it comes to the so-called semi-speakers - can confirm this hypothesis. Key words. Complementation, minority language, cartography.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.12gre 06 10.1075/slcs.123.12gre 301 346 46 Article 20 01 04 Hidden verb second Hidden verb second 01 04 The case of Cimbrian The case of Cimbrian 1 A01 01 JB code 766136324 Günther Grewendorf Grewendorf, Günther Günther Grewendorf University of Frankfurt 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/766136324 2 A01 01 JB code 21136325 Cecilia Poletto Poletto, Cecilia Cecilia Poletto University of Venice 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/21136325 01 eng 30 00

The aim of the work is to provide some detailed insight into the mechanisms that regulate movement to the left periphery on the empirical basis of an up to now rather poorly investigated German variety, i.e. Cimbrian. We first show that Cimbrian still possesses the V2 property in the sense that the inflected verb moves to the left periphery of the clause. Five empirical arguments are discussed in favor of this hypothesis concerning the existence of a prefield-expletive of the German 'es' type, the order of clitics, of negation, of separable prefixes and of the particle da with respect to the inflected verb. We propose that V3 instances, which apparently violate the V2 linear restriction, are to be analyzed as involving Topics located higher than the C projection where the inflected verb moves. We also show that wh-elements are to be split into two classes, which are moved to two different specifiers in the layered left periphery of the clause. This split is a function of the internal structure of the wh-items, which can contain or not a lexical restrictor, which is in turn related to two different interpretations (i.e. de dicto and de re) of the wh-item itself. Key words:?left periphery; Cimbrian; wh-items; verb second; Topics

01 01 JB code slcs.123.13bid 06 10.1075/slcs.123.13bid 347 368 22 Article 21 01 04 Revisiting the Wackernagelposition Revisiting the Wackernagelposition 01 04 The evolution of the Cimbrian pronominal system The evolution of the Cimbrian pronominal system 1 A01 01 JB code 169136326 Ermenegildo Bidese Bidese, Ermenegildo Ermenegildo Bidese Università di Trento 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/169136326 01 eng 30 00

The present contribution reconstructs the development of the personal object pronouns of Cimbrian, a German dialect spoken in Northern Italy which evolved many centuries in close contact with northern Italy's Romance dialects. With reference to their functional status and their clausal position we discover that Cimbrian's object pronouns started from a German model and have over time become closer to a Romance one. In the older Cimbrian texts, these elements are clearly recognizable as full phrases (XP), occupying the traditional Wackernagelposition; in modern writings they behave as heads (X0) and appear only in an 'adverbal' position, i.e. enclitic to the finite verb, similarly to the syntax of Romance object pronouns. The fact that they cannot be realized as proclitic to the finite verb - like the Romance ones - shows however that the original Germanic syntax limits the influence of that Romance. Attempting to explain this phenomenon, this current study suggests revisiting the structure of the Wackernagelposition.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p5 06 10.1075/slcs.123.14wes 369 412 44 Article 22 01 04 section 5. Syntax III - The syntax of Pennsylvania German Section 5. Syntax III - The syntax of Pennsylvania German 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.14wes 06 10.1075/slcs.123.14wes 371 384 14 Article 23 01 04 Changes in frequency as a measure of language change Changes in frequency as a measure of language change 01 04 Extraposition in Pennsylvania German Extraposition in Pennsylvania German 1 A01 01 JB code 766136327 Gesche Westphal Fitch Fitch, Gesche Westphal Gesche Westphal Fitch Universität Wien 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/766136327 01 eng 30 00

Samples of Pennsylvania German (PG) are compared with samples of Standard German (SG) and Palatinate (PL) dialects. Analyses of the frequency of the occurrence of extraposition show that all dialect groups differ significantly from each other. PG has the highest rate of extraposition. However, the PL group also has a higher extraposition rate than SG. Concerning adverbials, speakers of PG extrapose significantly more elements than the two comparison samples. SG and PL are not different from each other in this respect. A high frequency of event-related adverb placement that corresponds to an English surface order (‘mirror order’) and a low frequency of the order corresponding to unmarked German in PG is presented. This frequency distribution is not found in the comparison samples. Crucially, the mirror orders do occur, abeit rarely, in PL. It is argued that PG is displaying frequency changes in which previously marked variants corresponding to English surface structure rise in frequency which is possibly facilitated by pre-existing tendencies in PL.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.15bor 06 10.1075/slcs.123.15bor 385 412 28 Article 24 01 04 From preposition to purposive to infinitival marker From preposition to purposive to infinitival marker 01 04 The Pennsylvania German ferzu construction The Pennsylvania German fer…zu construction 1 A01 01 JB code 874136328 Kersti Börjars Börjars, Kersti Kersti Börjars The University of Manchester 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874136328 2 A01 01 JB code 96136329 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/96136329 01 eng 30 00

The development from an allative preposition to a purposive marker to an infinitival marker is a common one cross-linguistically. In this paper, we look in some detail at this change in Pennsylvania German. We demonstrate that fer has completed this change in that it now occurs in a full range of complements. It has gone paired with a loss of the original infinitival marker zu. Functionally, the element has undergone a drastic change and given the loss of zu, one might expect that there would be equally far-reaching structural changes. The standard account of this type of change is one of reanalysis, but in this paper, we argue that the change is likely not to have involved reanalysis. Key words: Allative; grammaticalization; infinitival marker; Lexical-Functional Grammar; Pennsylvania German; purposive; reanalysis

01 01 JB code slcs.123.p6 06 10.1075/slcs.123.16bet 413 474 62 Article 25 01 04 section 6. Pragmatics & Conversation analysis Section 6. Pragmatics & Conversation analysis 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.123.16bet 06 10.1075/slcs.123.16bet 415 454 40 Article 26 01 04 Word choice, turn construction, and topic management in German conversation Word choice, turn construction, and topic management in German conversation 01 04 Adverbs that are sensitive to interactional positioning Adverbs that are sensitive to interactional positioning 1 A01 01 JB code 401136330 Emma Betz Betz, Emma Emma Betz Kansas State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/401136330 01 eng 30 00

Using conversation analysis, this study examines the relationship between word choice and turn construction. In Siebenbürger Sächsisch, a Romanian settlement variety of German, certain adverbs possess functional variants that exhibit position-sensitivity with respect to their placement in turns in interaction. This study investigates the lexical items ientz(t)/'now' and ientzter/'now'. In interaction, speakers use these variants as resources to mark the status of a turn constructional unit or turn as complete or incomplete. Moreover, the use of ientz(t) and ientzter is sensitive to the placement within the larger sequence: Turn-final ientzter is tied to the management of topics in interaction, specifically to promoting a new action trajectory. This study outlines an intersection of turn construction, topic development, and word choice and expands the body of comparative work in conversation analysis.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.17wei 06 10.1075/slcs.123.17wei 455 474 20 Article 27 01 04 Texas German discourse pragmatics Texas German discourse pragmatics 01 04 A preliminary study of the English-origin discourse markers of course, see, and now A preliminary study of the English-origin discourse markers of course, see, and now 1 A01 01 JB code 844136331 Hunter Weilbacher Weilbacher, Hunter Hunter Weilbacher University of Texas at Austin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/844136331 01 eng 30 00

This article seeks to clarify the role that English-origin pragmatic discourse markers play in the speech of Texas German (TxG). The data in this study reveal that these elements function to lighten the cognitive load of the speaker by pragmatically indicating that the speaker is processing the upcoming utterance. This observation may be taken to indicate that for many TxG speakers English is (or has become) the pragmatically dominant language, however it does not rule out that these discourse markers are lexical items found in a unified mixed-code system.

01 01 JB code slcs.123.18ind 06 10.1075/slcs.123.18ind 475 478 4 Article 28 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
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