23014771 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 128 GE 15 9789027273475 06 10.1075/slcs.128 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 JB code 0165-7763 02 128.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 The Dialect Laboratory The Dialect Laboratory 1 B01 01 JB code 630166590 Gunther De Vogelaer De Vogelaer, Gunther Gunther De Vogelaer University of Münster 2 B01 01 JB code 874166591 Guido Seiler Seiler, Guido Guido Seiler University of Freiburg 01 eng 11 304 03 03 vi 03 00 297 03 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 01 06 02 00 Shows the study of dialect variation has indeed the potential, perhaps even the duty, to play a central role in the process of finding answers to fundamental questions of theoretical historical linguistics. This book includes contributions which relate a formulated theoretical question of historical linguistic interest with a solid empirical base. 03 00 Much theorizing in language change research is made without taking into account dialect data. Yet, dialects seem to be superior data to build a theory of linguistic change on, since dialects are relatively free of standardization and therefore more tolerant of variant competition in grammar. In addition, as compared to most cross-linguistic and diachronic data, dialect data are unusually high in resolution. This book shows that the study of dialect variation has indeed the potential, perhaps even the duty, to play a central role in the process of finding answers to fundamental questions of theoretical historical linguistics. It includes contributions which relate a clearly formulated theoretical question of historical linguistic interest with a well-defined, solid empirical base. The volume discusses phenomena from different domains of grammar (phonology, morphology and syntax) and a wide variety of languages and language varieties in the light of several current theoretical frameworks. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.128.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205957.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205957.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.128.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.128.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.128.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.128.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.128.01vog 06 10.1075/slcs.128.01vog 1 32 32 Article 1 01 04 The dialect laboratory The dialect laboratory 01 04 Introductory remarks Introductory remarks 1 A01 01 JB code 337172093 Gunther De Vogelaer De Vogelaer, Gunther Gunther De Vogelaer University of Münster 2 A01 01 JB code 22172094 Guido Seiler Seiler, Guido Guido Seiler University of Freiburg 01 01 JB code slcs.128.02big 06 10.1075/slcs.128.02big 33 52 20 Article 2 01 04 The evolutionary-emergence model of language change The evolutionary-emergence model of language change 1 A01 01 JB code 336172095 Douglas S. Bigham Bigham, Douglas S. Douglas S. Bigham Department of Linguistics and Asian/Middle Eastern Languages, San Diego State Univesity 01 01 JB code slcs.128.03cla 06 10.1075/slcs.128.03cla 53 72 20 Article 3 01 04 Dialect data, lexical frequency and the usage-based approach Dialect data, lexical frequency and the usage-based approach 1 A01 01 JB code 131172096 Lynn Clark Clark, Lynn Lynn Clark University of Canterbury 01 01 JB code slcs.128.04fer 06 10.1075/slcs.128.04fer 73 106 34 Article 4 01 04 Dialect areas and linguistic change Dialect areas and linguistic change 01 04 Pronominal paradigms in Ibero-Romance dialects from a cross-linguistic and social typology perspective Pronominal paradigms in Ibero-Romance dialects from a cross-linguistic and social typology perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 599172097 Inés Fernández-Ordóñez Fernández-Ordóñez, Inés Inés Fernández-Ordóñez Autonomous University of Madrid 01 01 JB code slcs.128.05gib 06 10.1075/slcs.128.05gib 107 120 14 Article 5 01 04 The role of implicational universals in language change The role of implicational universals in language change 01 04 Evidence from Tunisian Arabic dialects Evidence from Tunisian Arabic dialects 1 A01 01 JB code 870172098 Maik Gibson Gibson, Maik Maik Gibson Africa International University & SIL International 01 01 JB code slcs.128.06len 06 10.1075/slcs.128.06len 121 138 18 Article 6 01 04 On the genesis of the German recipient passive - Two competing hypotheses in the light of current dialect data On the genesis of the German recipient passive – Two competing hypotheses in the light of current dialect data 1 A01 01 JB code 255172099 Alexandra N. Lenz Lenz, Alexandra N. Alexandra N. Lenz University of Vienna, Austria 01 01 JB code slcs.128.07maz 06 10.1075/slcs.128.07maz 139 178 40 Article 7 01 04 Paths to tone in the Tamang branch of Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Paths to tone in the Tamang branch of Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) 1 A01 01 JB code 548172100 Martine Mazaudon Mazaudon, Martine Martine Mazaudon Centre National de la recherche Scientifique, Paris 01 01 JB code slcs.128.08par 06 10.1075/slcs.128.08par 179 196 18 Article 8 01 04 Dialect choice in Fiji Dialect choice in Fiji 01 04 A variationist approach to language change in the South Pacific A variationist approach to language change in the South Pacific 1 A01 01 JB code 927172101 Karen Park Park, Karen Karen Park University of Oxford 01 01 JB code slcs.128.09mol 06 10.1075/slcs.128.09mol 197 226 30 Article 9 01 04 When diachrony meets synchrony. When diachrony meets synchrony. 01 04 Phonological change, phonological variation and Optimal Paradigms Phonological change, phonological variation and Optimal Paradigms 1 A01 01 JB code 356172102 Claudia Pons-Moll Pons-Moll, Claudia Claudia Pons-Moll Departament de Filologia Catalana, Universitat de Barcelona Centre de Lingüística Teòrica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 01 01 JB code slcs.128.10vos 06 10.1075/slcs.128.10vos 227 248 22 Article 10 01 04 Geolinguistic data and the past tense debate Geolinguistic data and the past tense debate 01 04 Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of Dutch verb regularization Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of Dutch verb regularization 1 A01 01 JB code 884172103 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters Vrije Universiteit Brussel 01 01 JB code slcs.128.11wat 06 10.1075/slcs.128.11wat 249 270 22 Article 11 01 04 Tense and aspect systems of Western and Eastern dialects in Japan Tense and aspect systems of Western and Eastern dialects in Japan 01 04 Split paths of diachronic development Split paths of diachronic development 1 A01 01 JB code 250172104 Kazuha Watanabe Watanabe, Kazuha Kazuha Watanabe California State University, Fullerton 01 01 JB code slcs.128.12wei 06 10.1075/slcs.128.12wei 271 294 24 Article 12 01 04 The rise of DP-internal possessors The rise of DP-internal possessors 01 04 On the relationship of dialectal synchrony to diachrony On the relationship of dialectal synchrony to diachrony 1 A01 01 JB code 393172105 Helmut Weiß Weiß, Helmut Helmut Weiß Goethe-University Frankfurt a.M. 01 01 JB code slcs.128.13ind 06 10.1075/slcs.128.13ind 295 298 4 Article 13 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120829 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027205957 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 166010654 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 128 Hb 15 9789027205957 06 10.1075/slcs.128 13 2012019426 00 BB 08 700 gr 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 128.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 The Dialect Laboratory Dialects as a testing ground for theories of language change The Dialect Laboratory: Dialects as a testing ground for theories of language change 1 B01 01 JB code 630166590 Gunther De Vogelaer De Vogelaer, Gunther Gunther De Vogelaer University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/630166590 2 B01 01 JB code 874166591 Guido Seiler Seiler, Guido Guido Seiler University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874166591 01 eng 11 304 03 03 vi 03 00 297 03 01 23 417 03 2012 P367 04 Dialectology. 04 Dialectology--Methodology. 04 Language and languages--Variation. 04 Linguistic geography. 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Shows the study of dialect variation has indeed the potential, perhaps even the duty, to play a central role in the process of finding answers to fundamental questions of theoretical historical linguistics. This book includes contributions which relate a formulated theoretical question of historical linguistic interest with a solid empirical base. 03 00 Much theorizing in language change research is made without taking into account dialect data. Yet, dialects seem to be superior data to build a theory of linguistic change on, since dialects are relatively free of standardization and therefore more tolerant of variant competition in grammar. In addition, as compared to most cross-linguistic and diachronic data, dialect data are unusually high in resolution. This book shows that the study of dialect variation has indeed the potential, perhaps even the duty, to play a central role in the process of finding answers to fundamental questions of theoretical historical linguistics. It includes contributions which relate a clearly formulated theoretical question of historical linguistic interest with a well-defined, solid empirical base. The volume discusses phenomena from different domains of grammar (phonology, morphology and syntax) and a wide variety of languages and language varieties in the light of several current theoretical frameworks. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.128.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205957.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205957.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.128.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.128.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.128.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.128.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.128.01vog 06 10.1075/slcs.128.01vog 1 32 32 Article 1 01 04 The dialect laboratory The dialect laboratory 01 04 Introductory remarks Introductory remarks 1 A01 01 JB code 337172093 Gunther De Vogelaer De Vogelaer, Gunther Gunther De Vogelaer University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/337172093 2 A01 01 JB code 22172094 Guido Seiler Seiler, Guido Guido Seiler University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/22172094 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.128.02big 06 10.1075/slcs.128.02big 33 52 20 Article 2 01 04 The evolutionary-emergence model of language change The evolutionary-emergence model of language change 1 A01 01 JB code 336172095 Douglas S. Bigham Bigham, Douglas S. Douglas S. Bigham Department of Linguistics and Asian/Middle Eastern Languages, San Diego State Univesity 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/336172095 01 eng 30 00

The model of language change sketched here – the evolutionary-emergence model – takes the position that language is an emergent system within which language change can be modeled as an evolutionary process applied to the emergent properties of that system. Describing language as emergent entails that the complexity of the linguistic system is built out of smaller simple processes. Though theories of language change are often juxtaposed in opposition to one another, the approach taken here shows that each may be considered correct, at least in part, once the separate roles and expectations for speakers and hearers are disentangled. After sketching the evolutionary-emergence model of language change in terms of previous models of language change, data taken from “emerging adults” living in a dialect transition-zone are described within the framework of evolutionary-emergence model. The data under consideration are the TRAP, LOT, and THOUGHT vowels, specifically, the relationship of TRAP-retraction to the LOT/THOUGHT merger. The data presented here show that while the presence of TRAP-retraction and LOT/THOUGHT merger are positively correlated at the community level, there is no need to find this correlation at the level of individual speakers.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.03cla 06 10.1075/slcs.128.03cla 53 72 20 Article 3 01 04 Dialect data, lexical frequency and the usage-based approach Dialect data, lexical frequency and the usage-based approach 1 A01 01 JB code 131172096 Lynn Clark Clark, Lynn Lynn Clark University of Canterbury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/131172096 01 eng 30 00

Unlike most work in the generative tradition, researchers employing usage-based models of language change (e.g. see the collection of papers in Barlow and Kemmer 2000) often incorporate variable data in their model building. Most of this variable data comes from large corpora. While this approach appreciates the importance of testing models of language change on observed language use, it is also problematic because it forces the researcher to test theories of language change on abstract language varieties such as ‘American English’. This is particularly problematic because the usage-based approach assumes that the speakers’ linguistic system is abstracted largely from their previous experience and, hence, that no two speakers will have the same grammar. This paper aims to redress this mismatch by considering the role of lexical frequency in a usage-based model of phonological change in light of new data that was collected from a relatively (geographically and socially) homogeneous group of speakers living within a single dialect area in east-central Scotland.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.04fer 06 10.1075/slcs.128.04fer 73 106 34 Article 4 01 04 Dialect areas and linguistic change Dialect areas and linguistic change 01 04 Pronominal paradigms in Ibero-Romance dialects from a cross-linguistic and social typology perspective Pronominal paradigms in Ibero-Romance dialects from a cross-linguistic and social typology perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 599172097 Inés Fernández-Ordóñez Fernández-Ordóñez, Inés Inés Fernández-Ordóñez Autonomous University of Madrid 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/599172097 01 eng 30 00

This paper investigates object clitic paradigms in a number of Ibero-Romance dialects. It claims that dialect areas can be extremely helpful in understanding linguistic change if carefully studied through an adequate structural analysis in conjunction with historical information. The paper, therefore, discusses the extent to which the relationship between social structure and linguistic change is relevant and suggests that the probability that innovations will emerge and diffuse is both structurally and socially conditioned. In the data analysed, the appearance of new grammatical distinctions, which are rare from a typological perspective, seems to be more frequent in stable societies with strong ties and little mobility, regardless of whether bilingualism is present. On the other hand, the loss of previously existing distinctions seems to occur more easily in social situations where speakers of different languages or dialects colonize new territories, bringing their varieties into contact with each other to form a new variety.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.05gib 06 10.1075/slcs.128.05gib 107 120 14 Article 5 01 04 The role of implicational universals in language change The role of implicational universals in language change 01 04 Evidence from Tunisian Arabic dialects Evidence from Tunisian Arabic dialects 1 A01 01 JB code 870172098 Maik Gibson Gibson, Maik Maik Gibson Africa International University & SIL International 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/870172098 01 eng 30 00

Universal properties of language constrain not only the languages themselves, but also which directions of change are possible. Implicational universals, where one linguistic property is seen to constrain, or in the weaker case, have a probabilistic influence upon the value of another parameter, have a more controversial relationship with language change. Some, e.g. Cysouw (2003a), have challenged the very validity of the notion of the implicational universal, with some welcome criticisms of its overuse. But if we still accept the notion, it is nevertheless evident that in the case of a probabilistic rather than an absolute implicational universal, we will be unable to establish an exceptionless pattern of change. This paper examines one ongoing change within Tunisian Arabic which is mediated by dialect contact. It suggests that for some changes induced by dialect contact, the question of the role of implicational universals in predicting and/or constraining outcomes of change is worth further investigation. This is based on a strong match observed between the route of change and an implicational universal.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.06len 06 10.1075/slcs.128.06len 121 138 18 Article 6 01 04 On the genesis of the German recipient passive - Two competing hypotheses in the light of current dialect data On the genesis of the German recipient passive – Two competing hypotheses in the light of current dialect data 1 A01 01 JB code 255172099 Alexandra N. Lenz Lenz, Alexandra N. Alexandra N. Lenz University of Vienna, Austria 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/255172099 01 eng 30 00

The focus of this paper is on the genesis of the German recipient passive (German GET passive). Although much theoretical and empirical research has already been carried out, there are still a number of unresolved questions concerning this phenomenon. One central problem still disputed is the genesis of the passive construction. According to the research literature, (at least) two different historical pathways are plausible. In this paper, these hypotheses are evaluated against the results. of corpus analyses based on historical and current language data.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.07maz 06 10.1075/slcs.128.07maz 139 178 40 Article 7 01 04 Paths to tone in the Tamang branch of Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Paths to tone in the Tamang branch of Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) 1 A01 01 JB code 548172100 Martine Mazaudon Mazaudon, Martine Martine Mazaudon Centre National de la recherche Scientifique, Paris 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/548172100 01 eng 30 00

We examine a phonological change in progress in Tamang-Gurung-Thakali-Manangke (TGTM), a group of Tibeto-Burman dialects or languages of Nepal. Data from eight language varieties, five of them studied first-hand in the field, are presented. The phonological change studied is a modern-day instance of the tonal split which swept through the whole of Asia in the Middle Ages: Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai and many less known languages underwent a merger of two of their series of initials (most commonly voiced/voiceless), resulting in a split of their tonal systems. Hypotheses about the modalities of implementation of this change have been offered, but modern day traces of intermediate stages are very limited. The languages of the Himalayas are situated at the geographical and chonological end of this wave so that the change is still in progress. In all the TGTM dialects studied here, the tonal split is phonologically completed, but traces of previous distinctions in manner of articulation and in phonation type survive, offering possible models for previously unobserved intermediate stages in tonogenesis. From the similarities and differences observed between the dialects, some conclusions can be drawn. In diachrony, the common passage by a breathy stage between consonant-borne voice contrasts and tone, which has been proposed for the pan-Asian tonal split, is corroborated for all TGTM languages. But after the phonologization of tone, the degree, modality and factors of retention of the old features of voice and breathiness differ from dialect to dialect. Building on the repetition of distinct but similar changes, a tentative “law” is proposed for the evolution of breathiness, emphasizing the interplay of phonetic and phonological constraints in historical development: in a language where breathiness is used as a cue to a given tone and is not an independent feature orthogonal to tone, it is retained only as long as the phonetic pitch of the tone remains low. For the synchronic analysis of linguistic states (which may last indefinitely) during which different cues contribute to the identification of a given “tone”, we propose that conceptualizing a toneme as a bundle of cues, some of them non-pitch features, rather than as defined by a single distinctive feature accompanied by “redundant” features may better account for the variability observed in tonal realization.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.08par 06 10.1075/slcs.128.08par 179 196 18 Article 8 01 04 Dialect choice in Fiji Dialect choice in Fiji 01 04 A variationist approach to language change in the South Pacific A variationist approach to language change in the South Pacific 1 A01 01 JB code 927172101 Karen Park Park, Karen Karen Park University of Oxford 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/927172101 01 eng 30 00

This work presents a variationist investigation of language change and the social factors motivating that change within the Fiji Islands at the level of dialect variation. In Fiji, urbanisation coupled with a growing sense of national identity is hypothesized to be effecting an unprecedented linguistic shift towards the standard dialect of the Fijian language and away from the country’s numerous distinct regional dialects. Urban communities with high socioeconomic status are predicted to be at the forefront of this shift, demonstrating a higher percentage of standard features in daily speech than their rural counterparts. Five social variables (Socioeconomic status, Gender, Education, Religion and Age) and two experimental design variables (Feature and Speech environment) comprised the parameters of this work. Language change was studied through a comparison of three age groups from two different villages according to their use of divergent linguistic features over three distinct dialects. Data was collected through a controlled, three-part dialogue. The data demonstrates that patterns of association between social variables and dialect choice are quite different between urban and rural Fijian villages. Rural communities with a comparatively low socioeconomic status appear to reliably follow the predicted intergenerational shift towards greater standard usage. However, though a greater percentage of standard usage has been evidenced in urbanised communities with a high socioeconomic status, intergenerational trends have been found to demonstrate a shift back to regional forms in some cases. Therefore, results only partially support the primary hypothesis that the Fijian language is undergoing a shift away from regional diversity in favour of the standard Fijian dialect.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.09mol 06 10.1075/slcs.128.09mol 197 226 30 Article 9 01 04 When diachrony meets synchrony. When diachrony meets synchrony. 01 04 Phonological change, phonological variation and Optimal Paradigms Phonological change, phonological variation and Optimal Paradigms 1 A01 01 JB code 356172102 Claudia Pons-Moll Pons-Moll, Claudia Claudia Pons-Moll Departament de Filologia Catalana, Universitat de Barcelona Centre de Lingüística Teòrica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/356172102 01 eng 30 00

This paper has three goals. First, it aims to illustrate how the problems derived from access to intricate diachronic empirical data can sometimes be informed by a careful look at interdialectal microvariation, in that this linguistic microvariation can sometimes help to explain why a phonological process applies or has applied. Second, it intends to show how some of the machineries developed within Optimality Theory to account for synchronic surface resemblances between the members of an inflectional paradigm can be applied to account for phonological change. Third, it attempts to demonstrate how the analysis of phonological change and linguistic variation in a specific linguistic variety and across nearby linguistic varieties can provide noteworthy insights about the architecture of these machineries. Overall, we provide significant empirical evidence, drawn from Catalan, Spanish and Occitan inflection, that analogy is exclusively induced by phonological markedness, that is, for concluding that what determines or governs the direction of the pressure is not a specific morphological status of a word but rather the need to respect phonological markedness.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.10vos 06 10.1075/slcs.128.10vos 227 248 22 Article 10 01 04 Geolinguistic data and the past tense debate Geolinguistic data and the past tense debate 01 04 Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of Dutch verb regularization Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of Dutch verb regularization 1 A01 01 JB code 884172103 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters Vrije Universiteit Brussel 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/884172103 01 eng 30 00

The present contribution deals with synchronic variation in Dutch past tense regularization, focusing on cognitive and geolinguistic aspects of the phenomenon. Experimental data are presented from a production task and a series of acceptability judgments, carried out among a group of 240 native speaker respondents. An empirical overview shows the relative frequency of regularization, and patterns of regional divergence are highlighted and discussed. Theoretical implications are addressed within the framework of the past tense debate. Both the observed role of token frequency and the discrepancy between usage and acceptability data from a geolinguistic perspective are taken as evidence against traditional dual-route accounts. Further analyses of geographical variation in the findings consider the possibility of analogical support from homophonous regional forms.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.11wat 06 10.1075/slcs.128.11wat 249 270 22 Article 11 01 04 Tense and aspect systems of Western and Eastern dialects in Japan Tense and aspect systems of Western and Eastern dialects in Japan 01 04 Split paths of diachronic development Split paths of diachronic development 1 A01 01 JB code 250172104 Kazuha Watanabe Watanabe, Kazuha Kazuha Watanabe California State University, Fullerton 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/250172104 01 eng 30 00

Previous research on the universal directionality of the development of aspect markers classifies them into two categories (imperfective vs. perfective), claiming that each group takes a distinctive path of semantic shifts determined by the meanings of lexical items from which the aspect markers are derived. However, this binary classification cannot account for the grammaticalization in the eastern dialects of Japanese. Furthermore, the western Japanese dialects have recently developed a distinction between the simple present and the present imperfective, although previous research claims that language generally tends to show simpler aspectual marking in the present tense, the imperfective being indistinguishable from the present tense. In this paper, I analyze corpus data from the 8th to the 17th century Japanese, which show that four periphrastic expressions, -te wir-, -wir-, -te wor-, and -wor-, all indicated aspectual meanings at some point in history, although they underwent separate paths of development in the east and the west of Japan. I claim that the separation of perfect and progressive marking seen in the west of Japan gives rise to the possibility of further semantic changes, whereas the semantic complexity of the aspect marker in the eastern dialects prevents any similar type of semantic shift.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.12wei 06 10.1075/slcs.128.12wei 271 294 24 Article 12 01 04 The rise of DP-internal possessors The rise of DP-internal possessors 01 04 On the relationship of dialectal synchrony to diachrony On the relationship of dialectal synchrony to diachrony 1 A01 01 JB code 393172105 Helmut Weiß Weiß, Helmut Helmut Weiß Goethe-University Frankfurt a.M. 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/393172105 01 eng 30 00

The traditional explanation of the emergence of DP-internal possessors (due to H. Paul and O. Behaghel) assumes a kind of structural reanalysis: The DP-internal possessor originated from an adverbal dative DP which became reanalysed as part of the possessee-DP since both DPs supposedly happened to appear adjacent in most cases. This paper proposes a new explanation, based on the development of possessive pronouns. Possessive pronouns evolved out of genitive forms of personal pronouns and Old High German still lacked true possessive pronouns. They developed into adjectives only later in the Middle High German period and into determiners in New High German. Adopting a small clause analysis for possessive constructions, the development of possessive pronouns and the emergence of DP-internal possessors can be reconstructed as follows: As personal pronouns they occupied the possessor position within the small clause, and only when they developed into adjectives and determiners, their base position must be higher within the DP leaving the DP-internal possessor position empty which thus could be filled by a full DP which then moves to Spec-DP. This possessor DP was originally case-marked with genitive and not with dative.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.13ind 06 10.1075/slcs.128.13ind 295 298 4 Article 13 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.128 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120829 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 16 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 99.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 16 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 149.00 USD
358010655 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 128 Eb 15 9789027273475 06 10.1075/slcs.128 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 128.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-slcs 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 05 02 SLCS (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 01 01 The Dialect Laboratory Dialects as a testing ground for theories of language change The Dialect Laboratory: Dialects as a testing ground for theories of language change 1 B01 01 JB code 630166590 Gunther De Vogelaer De Vogelaer, Gunther Gunther De Vogelaer University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/630166590 2 B01 01 JB code 874166591 Guido Seiler Seiler, Guido Guido Seiler University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874166591 01 eng 11 304 03 03 vi 03 00 297 03 01 23 417 03 2012 P367 04 Dialectology. 04 Dialectology--Methodology. 04 Language and languages--Variation. 04 Linguistic geography. 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Shows the study of dialect variation has indeed the potential, perhaps even the duty, to play a central role in the process of finding answers to fundamental questions of theoretical historical linguistics. This book includes contributions which relate a formulated theoretical question of historical linguistic interest with a solid empirical base. 03 00 Much theorizing in language change research is made without taking into account dialect data. Yet, dialects seem to be superior data to build a theory of linguistic change on, since dialects are relatively free of standardization and therefore more tolerant of variant competition in grammar. In addition, as compared to most cross-linguistic and diachronic data, dialect data are unusually high in resolution. This book shows that the study of dialect variation has indeed the potential, perhaps even the duty, to play a central role in the process of finding answers to fundamental questions of theoretical historical linguistics. It includes contributions which relate a clearly formulated theoretical question of historical linguistic interest with a well-defined, solid empirical base. The volume discusses phenomena from different domains of grammar (phonology, morphology and syntax) and a wide variety of languages and language varieties in the light of several current theoretical frameworks. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.128.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205957.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205957.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.128.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.128.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.128.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.128.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.128.01vog 06 10.1075/slcs.128.01vog 1 32 32 Article 1 01 04 The dialect laboratory The dialect laboratory 01 04 Introductory remarks Introductory remarks 1 A01 01 JB code 337172093 Gunther De Vogelaer De Vogelaer, Gunther Gunther De Vogelaer University of Münster 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/337172093 2 A01 01 JB code 22172094 Guido Seiler Seiler, Guido Guido Seiler University of Freiburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/22172094 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.128.02big 06 10.1075/slcs.128.02big 33 52 20 Article 2 01 04 The evolutionary-emergence model of language change The evolutionary-emergence model of language change 1 A01 01 JB code 336172095 Douglas S. Bigham Bigham, Douglas S. Douglas S. Bigham Department of Linguistics and Asian/Middle Eastern Languages, San Diego State Univesity 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/336172095 01 eng 30 00

The model of language change sketched here – the evolutionary-emergence model – takes the position that language is an emergent system within which language change can be modeled as an evolutionary process applied to the emergent properties of that system. Describing language as emergent entails that the complexity of the linguistic system is built out of smaller simple processes. Though theories of language change are often juxtaposed in opposition to one another, the approach taken here shows that each may be considered correct, at least in part, once the separate roles and expectations for speakers and hearers are disentangled. After sketching the evolutionary-emergence model of language change in terms of previous models of language change, data taken from “emerging adults” living in a dialect transition-zone are described within the framework of evolutionary-emergence model. The data under consideration are the TRAP, LOT, and THOUGHT vowels, specifically, the relationship of TRAP-retraction to the LOT/THOUGHT merger. The data presented here show that while the presence of TRAP-retraction and LOT/THOUGHT merger are positively correlated at the community level, there is no need to find this correlation at the level of individual speakers.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.03cla 06 10.1075/slcs.128.03cla 53 72 20 Article 3 01 04 Dialect data, lexical frequency and the usage-based approach Dialect data, lexical frequency and the usage-based approach 1 A01 01 JB code 131172096 Lynn Clark Clark, Lynn Lynn Clark University of Canterbury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/131172096 01 eng 30 00

Unlike most work in the generative tradition, researchers employing usage-based models of language change (e.g. see the collection of papers in Barlow and Kemmer 2000) often incorporate variable data in their model building. Most of this variable data comes from large corpora. While this approach appreciates the importance of testing models of language change on observed language use, it is also problematic because it forces the researcher to test theories of language change on abstract language varieties such as ‘American English’. This is particularly problematic because the usage-based approach assumes that the speakers’ linguistic system is abstracted largely from their previous experience and, hence, that no two speakers will have the same grammar. This paper aims to redress this mismatch by considering the role of lexical frequency in a usage-based model of phonological change in light of new data that was collected from a relatively (geographically and socially) homogeneous group of speakers living within a single dialect area in east-central Scotland.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.04fer 06 10.1075/slcs.128.04fer 73 106 34 Article 4 01 04 Dialect areas and linguistic change Dialect areas and linguistic change 01 04 Pronominal paradigms in Ibero-Romance dialects from a cross-linguistic and social typology perspective Pronominal paradigms in Ibero-Romance dialects from a cross-linguistic and social typology perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 599172097 Inés Fernández-Ordóñez Fernández-Ordóñez, Inés Inés Fernández-Ordóñez Autonomous University of Madrid 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/599172097 01 eng 30 00

This paper investigates object clitic paradigms in a number of Ibero-Romance dialects. It claims that dialect areas can be extremely helpful in understanding linguistic change if carefully studied through an adequate structural analysis in conjunction with historical information. The paper, therefore, discusses the extent to which the relationship between social structure and linguistic change is relevant and suggests that the probability that innovations will emerge and diffuse is both structurally and socially conditioned. In the data analysed, the appearance of new grammatical distinctions, which are rare from a typological perspective, seems to be more frequent in stable societies with strong ties and little mobility, regardless of whether bilingualism is present. On the other hand, the loss of previously existing distinctions seems to occur more easily in social situations where speakers of different languages or dialects colonize new territories, bringing their varieties into contact with each other to form a new variety.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.05gib 06 10.1075/slcs.128.05gib 107 120 14 Article 5 01 04 The role of implicational universals in language change The role of implicational universals in language change 01 04 Evidence from Tunisian Arabic dialects Evidence from Tunisian Arabic dialects 1 A01 01 JB code 870172098 Maik Gibson Gibson, Maik Maik Gibson Africa International University & SIL International 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/870172098 01 eng 30 00

Universal properties of language constrain not only the languages themselves, but also which directions of change are possible. Implicational universals, where one linguistic property is seen to constrain, or in the weaker case, have a probabilistic influence upon the value of another parameter, have a more controversial relationship with language change. Some, e.g. Cysouw (2003a), have challenged the very validity of the notion of the implicational universal, with some welcome criticisms of its overuse. But if we still accept the notion, it is nevertheless evident that in the case of a probabilistic rather than an absolute implicational universal, we will be unable to establish an exceptionless pattern of change. This paper examines one ongoing change within Tunisian Arabic which is mediated by dialect contact. It suggests that for some changes induced by dialect contact, the question of the role of implicational universals in predicting and/or constraining outcomes of change is worth further investigation. This is based on a strong match observed between the route of change and an implicational universal.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.06len 06 10.1075/slcs.128.06len 121 138 18 Article 6 01 04 On the genesis of the German recipient passive - Two competing hypotheses in the light of current dialect data On the genesis of the German recipient passive – Two competing hypotheses in the light of current dialect data 1 A01 01 JB code 255172099 Alexandra N. Lenz Lenz, Alexandra N. Alexandra N. Lenz University of Vienna, Austria 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/255172099 01 eng 30 00

The focus of this paper is on the genesis of the German recipient passive (German GET passive). Although much theoretical and empirical research has already been carried out, there are still a number of unresolved questions concerning this phenomenon. One central problem still disputed is the genesis of the passive construction. According to the research literature, (at least) two different historical pathways are plausible. In this paper, these hypotheses are evaluated against the results. of corpus analyses based on historical and current language data.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.07maz 06 10.1075/slcs.128.07maz 139 178 40 Article 7 01 04 Paths to tone in the Tamang branch of Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Paths to tone in the Tamang branch of Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) 1 A01 01 JB code 548172100 Martine Mazaudon Mazaudon, Martine Martine Mazaudon Centre National de la recherche Scientifique, Paris 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/548172100 01 eng 30 00

We examine a phonological change in progress in Tamang-Gurung-Thakali-Manangke (TGTM), a group of Tibeto-Burman dialects or languages of Nepal. Data from eight language varieties, five of them studied first-hand in the field, are presented. The phonological change studied is a modern-day instance of the tonal split which swept through the whole of Asia in the Middle Ages: Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai and many less known languages underwent a merger of two of their series of initials (most commonly voiced/voiceless), resulting in a split of their tonal systems. Hypotheses about the modalities of implementation of this change have been offered, but modern day traces of intermediate stages are very limited. The languages of the Himalayas are situated at the geographical and chonological end of this wave so that the change is still in progress. In all the TGTM dialects studied here, the tonal split is phonologically completed, but traces of previous distinctions in manner of articulation and in phonation type survive, offering possible models for previously unobserved intermediate stages in tonogenesis. From the similarities and differences observed between the dialects, some conclusions can be drawn. In diachrony, the common passage by a breathy stage between consonant-borne voice contrasts and tone, which has been proposed for the pan-Asian tonal split, is corroborated for all TGTM languages. But after the phonologization of tone, the degree, modality and factors of retention of the old features of voice and breathiness differ from dialect to dialect. Building on the repetition of distinct but similar changes, a tentative “law” is proposed for the evolution of breathiness, emphasizing the interplay of phonetic and phonological constraints in historical development: in a language where breathiness is used as a cue to a given tone and is not an independent feature orthogonal to tone, it is retained only as long as the phonetic pitch of the tone remains low. For the synchronic analysis of linguistic states (which may last indefinitely) during which different cues contribute to the identification of a given “tone”, we propose that conceptualizing a toneme as a bundle of cues, some of them non-pitch features, rather than as defined by a single distinctive feature accompanied by “redundant” features may better account for the variability observed in tonal realization.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.08par 06 10.1075/slcs.128.08par 179 196 18 Article 8 01 04 Dialect choice in Fiji Dialect choice in Fiji 01 04 A variationist approach to language change in the South Pacific A variationist approach to language change in the South Pacific 1 A01 01 JB code 927172101 Karen Park Park, Karen Karen Park University of Oxford 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/927172101 01 eng 30 00

This work presents a variationist investigation of language change and the social factors motivating that change within the Fiji Islands at the level of dialect variation. In Fiji, urbanisation coupled with a growing sense of national identity is hypothesized to be effecting an unprecedented linguistic shift towards the standard dialect of the Fijian language and away from the country’s numerous distinct regional dialects. Urban communities with high socioeconomic status are predicted to be at the forefront of this shift, demonstrating a higher percentage of standard features in daily speech than their rural counterparts. Five social variables (Socioeconomic status, Gender, Education, Religion and Age) and two experimental design variables (Feature and Speech environment) comprised the parameters of this work. Language change was studied through a comparison of three age groups from two different villages according to their use of divergent linguistic features over three distinct dialects. Data was collected through a controlled, three-part dialogue. The data demonstrates that patterns of association between social variables and dialect choice are quite different between urban and rural Fijian villages. Rural communities with a comparatively low socioeconomic status appear to reliably follow the predicted intergenerational shift towards greater standard usage. However, though a greater percentage of standard usage has been evidenced in urbanised communities with a high socioeconomic status, intergenerational trends have been found to demonstrate a shift back to regional forms in some cases. Therefore, results only partially support the primary hypothesis that the Fijian language is undergoing a shift away from regional diversity in favour of the standard Fijian dialect.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.09mol 06 10.1075/slcs.128.09mol 197 226 30 Article 9 01 04 When diachrony meets synchrony. When diachrony meets synchrony. 01 04 Phonological change, phonological variation and Optimal Paradigms Phonological change, phonological variation and Optimal Paradigms 1 A01 01 JB code 356172102 Claudia Pons-Moll Pons-Moll, Claudia Claudia Pons-Moll Departament de Filologia Catalana, Universitat de Barcelona Centre de Lingüística Teòrica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/356172102 01 eng 30 00

This paper has three goals. First, it aims to illustrate how the problems derived from access to intricate diachronic empirical data can sometimes be informed by a careful look at interdialectal microvariation, in that this linguistic microvariation can sometimes help to explain why a phonological process applies or has applied. Second, it intends to show how some of the machineries developed within Optimality Theory to account for synchronic surface resemblances between the members of an inflectional paradigm can be applied to account for phonological change. Third, it attempts to demonstrate how the analysis of phonological change and linguistic variation in a specific linguistic variety and across nearby linguistic varieties can provide noteworthy insights about the architecture of these machineries. Overall, we provide significant empirical evidence, drawn from Catalan, Spanish and Occitan inflection, that analogy is exclusively induced by phonological markedness, that is, for concluding that what determines or governs the direction of the pressure is not a specific morphological status of a word but rather the need to respect phonological markedness.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.10vos 06 10.1075/slcs.128.10vos 227 248 22 Article 10 01 04 Geolinguistic data and the past tense debate Geolinguistic data and the past tense debate 01 04 Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of Dutch verb regularization Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of Dutch verb regularization 1 A01 01 JB code 884172103 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters Vrije Universiteit Brussel 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/884172103 01 eng 30 00

The present contribution deals with synchronic variation in Dutch past tense regularization, focusing on cognitive and geolinguistic aspects of the phenomenon. Experimental data are presented from a production task and a series of acceptability judgments, carried out among a group of 240 native speaker respondents. An empirical overview shows the relative frequency of regularization, and patterns of regional divergence are highlighted and discussed. Theoretical implications are addressed within the framework of the past tense debate. Both the observed role of token frequency and the discrepancy between usage and acceptability data from a geolinguistic perspective are taken as evidence against traditional dual-route accounts. Further analyses of geographical variation in the findings consider the possibility of analogical support from homophonous regional forms.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.11wat 06 10.1075/slcs.128.11wat 249 270 22 Article 11 01 04 Tense and aspect systems of Western and Eastern dialects in Japan Tense and aspect systems of Western and Eastern dialects in Japan 01 04 Split paths of diachronic development Split paths of diachronic development 1 A01 01 JB code 250172104 Kazuha Watanabe Watanabe, Kazuha Kazuha Watanabe California State University, Fullerton 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/250172104 01 eng 30 00

Previous research on the universal directionality of the development of aspect markers classifies them into two categories (imperfective vs. perfective), claiming that each group takes a distinctive path of semantic shifts determined by the meanings of lexical items from which the aspect markers are derived. However, this binary classification cannot account for the grammaticalization in the eastern dialects of Japanese. Furthermore, the western Japanese dialects have recently developed a distinction between the simple present and the present imperfective, although previous research claims that language generally tends to show simpler aspectual marking in the present tense, the imperfective being indistinguishable from the present tense. In this paper, I analyze corpus data from the 8th to the 17th century Japanese, which show that four periphrastic expressions, -te wir-, -wir-, -te wor-, and -wor-, all indicated aspectual meanings at some point in history, although they underwent separate paths of development in the east and the west of Japan. I claim that the separation of perfect and progressive marking seen in the west of Japan gives rise to the possibility of further semantic changes, whereas the semantic complexity of the aspect marker in the eastern dialects prevents any similar type of semantic shift.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.12wei 06 10.1075/slcs.128.12wei 271 294 24 Article 12 01 04 The rise of DP-internal possessors The rise of DP-internal possessors 01 04 On the relationship of dialectal synchrony to diachrony On the relationship of dialectal synchrony to diachrony 1 A01 01 JB code 393172105 Helmut Weiß Weiß, Helmut Helmut Weiß Goethe-University Frankfurt a.M. 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/393172105 01 eng 30 00

The traditional explanation of the emergence of DP-internal possessors (due to H. Paul and O. Behaghel) assumes a kind of structural reanalysis: The DP-internal possessor originated from an adverbal dative DP which became reanalysed as part of the possessee-DP since both DPs supposedly happened to appear adjacent in most cases. This paper proposes a new explanation, based on the development of possessive pronouns. Possessive pronouns evolved out of genitive forms of personal pronouns and Old High German still lacked true possessive pronouns. They developed into adjectives only later in the Middle High German period and into determiners in New High German. Adopting a small clause analysis for possessive constructions, the development of possessive pronouns and the emergence of DP-internal possessors can be reconstructed as follows: As personal pronouns they occupied the possessor position within the small clause, and only when they developed into adjectives and determiners, their base position must be higher within the DP leaving the DP-internal possessor position empty which thus could be filled by a full DP which then moves to Spec-DP. This possessor DP was originally case-marked with genitive and not with dative.

01 01 JB code slcs.128.13ind 06 10.1075/slcs.128.13ind 295 298 4 Article 13 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.128 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120829 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027205957 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027273475 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD