182014975 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 138 GE 15 9789027271457 06 10.1075/slcs.138 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 JB code 0165-7763 02 138.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 Comparative Studies in Early Germanic Languages Comparative Studies in Early Germanic Languages 1 B01 01 JB code 16182443 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibniz University Hannover 2 B01 01 JB code 69182444 Leena Kahlas-Tarkka Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena Leena Kahlas-Tarkka University of Helsinki 3 B01 01 JB code 276182445 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer University of Potsdam 01 eng 11 324 03 03 vi 03 00 318 03 24 JB code LIN.COMP Comparative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 01 06 02 00 Offers a coherent and detailed picture of the diachronic development of verbal categories of Old English, Old High German, and other Germanic languages. The volume will be of particular interest to scholars of language change, grammaticalisation, and diachronic sociolinguistics. 03 00 This volume offers a coherent and detailed picture of the diachronic development of verbal categories of Old English, Old High German, and other Germanic languages. Starting from the observation that German and English show diverging paths in the development of verbal categories, even though they descended from a common ancestor language, the contributions present in-depth, empirically founded studies on the stages and directions of these changes combining historical comparative methods with grammaticalisation theory. This collection of papers provides the reader with an indispensable source of information on the early traces of distinct developments, thus laying the foundation for a broad-scale scenario of the grammaticalisation of verbal categories. The volume will be of particular interest to scholars of language change, grammaticalisation, and diachronic sociolinguistics; it offers important new insights for typologists and for everybody interested in the make-up of verbal categories. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.138.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027206053.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027206053.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.138.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.138.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.138.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.138.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.138.01die 06 10.1075/slcs.138.01die 1 16 16 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 679194146 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibnitz Universität Hannover, Germany 2 A01 01 JB code 778194147 Leena Kahlas-Tarkka Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena Leena Kahlas-Tarkka University of Helsinki, Finland 3 A01 01 JB code 90194148 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer University of Potsdam, Germany 01 01 JB code slcs.138.02clo 06 10.1075/slcs.138.02clo 17 40 24 Article 2 01 04 *haitan in Gothic and Old English *haitan in Gothic and Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 387194149 Robert Cloutier Cloutier, Robert Robert Cloutier Tennessee Technological University, USA 01 01 JB code slcs.138.03mai 06 10.1075/slcs.138.03mai 41 70 30 Article 3 01 04 Incipient Grammaticalisation Incipient Grammaticalisation 01 04 Sources of passive constructions in Old High German and Old English Sources of passive constructions in Old High German and Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 730194150 Robert Mailhammer Mailhammer, Robert Robert Mailhammer University of Western Sidney, Australia 2 A01 01 JB code 14194151 Elena Smirnova Smirnova, Elena Elena Smirnova Leibnitz University Hannover, Germany 01 01 JB code slcs.138.04pet 06 10.1075/slcs.138.04pet 71 100 30 Article 4 01 04 Passive auxiliaries in English and German Passive auxiliaries in English and German 01 04 Decline versus grammaticalisation of bounded language use Decline versus grammaticalisation of bounded language use 1 A01 01 JB code 261194152 Peter Petré Petré, Peter Peter Petré KU Leuven, Belgium 01 01 JB code slcs.138.05kil 06 10.1075/slcs.138.05kil 101 126 26 Article 5 01 04 Causative habban in Old English Causative habban in Old English 01 04 Tracing the Development of a Budding Construction Tracing the Development of a Budding Construction 1 A01 01 JB code 607194153 Matti Kilpiö Kilpiö, Matti Matti Kilpiö University of Helsinki, Finland 01 01 JB code slcs.138.06eit 06 10.1075/slcs.138.06eit 127 150 24 Article 6 01 04 Remembering ( ge)munan Remembering ( ge)munan 01 04 The rise and decline of a potential modal The rise and decline of a potential modal 1 A01 01 JB code 911194154 Matthias Eitelmann Eitelmann, Matthias Matthias Eitelmann Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany 01 01 JB code slcs.138.07jag 06 10.1075/slcs.138.07jag 151 168 18 Article 7 01 04 The emergence of modal meanings from haben with zu-infinitives in Old High German The emergence of modal meanings from haben with zu-infinitives in Old High German 1 A01 01 JB code 297194155 Anne Jäger Jäger, Anne Anne Jäger Leibniz University Hannover, Germany 01 01 JB code slcs.138.08tim 06 10.1075/slcs.138.08tim 169 194 26 Article 8 01 04 Hearsay and lexical evidentials in Old Germanic languages, with focus on Old English Hearsay and lexical evidentials in Old Germanic languages, with focus on Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 556194156 Olga Timofeeva Timofeeva, Olga Olga Timofeeva University of Zurich, Switzerland 01 01 JB code slcs.138.09die 06 10.1075/slcs.138.09die 195 216 22 Article 9 01 04 Markers of Futurity in Old High German and Old English Markers of Futurity in Old High German and Old English 01 04 A Comparative Corpus-Based Study A Comparative Corpus-Based Study 1 A01 01 JB code 887194157 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibnitz Universität Hannover, Germany 2 A01 01 JB code 59194158 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer Universität Potsdam, Germany 01 01 JB code slcs.138.10bol 06 10.1075/slcs.138.10bol 217 234 18 Article 10 01 04 The Verb to be in the West Saxon Gospels and the Lindisfarne Gospels The Verb to be in the West Saxon Gospels and the Lindisfarne Gospels 1 A01 01 JB code 314194159 Christine Bolze Bolze, Christine Christine Bolze University of Cambridge, UK 01 01 JB code slcs.138.11bro 06 10.1075/slcs.138.11bro 235 262 28 Article 11 01 04 Aspectual properties of the verbal prefix a- in Old English with reference to Gothic Aspectual properties of the verbal prefix a- in Old English with reference to Gothic 1 A01 01 JB code 576194160 Vlatko Broz Broz, Vlatko Vlatko Broz University of Zagreb, Croatia 01 01 JB code slcs.138.12pfe 06 10.1075/slcs.138.12pfe 263 288 26 Article 12 01 04 Thaer waes vs. thar was Þǣr wæs vs. thâr was 01 04 Old English and Old High German existential constructions with adverbs of place Old English and Old High German existential constructions with adverbs of place 1 A01 01 JB code 896194161 Simone E. Pfenninger Pfenninger, Simone E. Simone E. Pfenninger University of Zurich, Switzerland 01 01 JB code slcs.138.13ven 06 10.1075/slcs.138.13ven 289 312 24 Article 13 01 04 On gain and loss of verbal categories in language contact On gain and loss of verbal categories in language contact 01 04 Old English vs. Old High German Old English vs. Old High German 1 A01 01 JB code 138194162 Theo Vennemann Vennemann, Theo Theo Vennemann University of Munich, Germany 01 01 JB code slcs.138.14ind 06 10.1075/slcs.138.14ind 313 318 6 Article 14 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20131010 C 2013 John Benjamins D 2013 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027206053 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 321011273 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 138 Eb 15 9789027271457 06 10.1075/slcs.138 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 138.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-slcs 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 05 02 SLCS (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 01 01 Comparative Studies in Early Germanic Languages With a focus on verbal categories Comparative Studies in Early Germanic Languages: With a focus on verbal categories 1 B01 01 JB code 16182443 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibniz University Hannover 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/16182443 2 B01 01 JB code 69182444 Leena Kahlas-Tarkka Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena Leena Kahlas-Tarkka University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/69182444 3 B01 01 JB code 276182445 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer University of Potsdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276182445 01 eng 11 324 03 03 vi 03 00 318 03 01 23 429/.56 03 2013 PE1075 04 English language--Grammar, Comparative. 04 English language--Grammar, Historical. 04 Germanic languages--Grammar, Comparative. 04 Germanic languages--Grammar, Historical. 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Grammaticalization. 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.COMP Comparative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Offers a coherent and detailed picture of the diachronic development of verbal categories of Old English, Old High German, and other Germanic languages. The volume will be of particular interest to scholars of language change, grammaticalisation, and diachronic sociolinguistics. 03 00 This volume offers a coherent and detailed picture of the diachronic development of verbal categories of Old English, Old High German, and other Germanic languages. Starting from the observation that German and English show diverging paths in the development of verbal categories, even though they descended from a common ancestor language, the contributions present in-depth, empirically founded studies on the stages and directions of these changes combining historical comparative methods with grammaticalisation theory. This collection of papers provides the reader with an indispensable source of information on the early traces of distinct developments, thus laying the foundation for a broad-scale scenario of the grammaticalisation of verbal categories. The volume will be of particular interest to scholars of language change, grammaticalisation, and diachronic sociolinguistics; it offers important new insights for typologists and for everybody interested in the make-up of verbal categories. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.138.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027206053.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027206053.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.138.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.138.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.138.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.138.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.138.01die 06 10.1075/slcs.138.01die 1 16 16 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 679194146 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibnitz Universität Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679194146 2 A01 01 JB code 778194147 Leena Kahlas-Tarkka Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena Leena Kahlas-Tarkka University of Helsinki, Finland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/778194147 3 A01 01 JB code 90194148 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer University of Potsdam, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/90194148 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.138.02clo 06 10.1075/slcs.138.02clo 17 40 24 Article 2 01 04 *haitan in Gothic and Old English *haitan in Gothic and Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 387194149 Robert Cloutier Cloutier, Robert Robert Cloutier Tennessee Technological University, USA 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/387194149 01 eng 30 00

By collecting data from various corpora, I examine and compare the use of the Gothic haitan and Old English hātan reflexes of *haitan, a transitive verb that develops into a copula-like verb in the other Germanic languages. Between the two languages, this verb can occur in five constructions: calling, transitive naming, infinitival commanding, subclause commanding, and copular naming. Both Gothic and Early Old English share the use of this verb in calling constructions whereas the subclause commanding construction is an Old English innovation and the copular naming construction does not appear until Late Old English. Regardless of the language or period, however, when *haitan occurs in transitive naming constructions, it strongly favours passive voice, which may explain its later use in copular naming constructions. Moreover, an examination of the competitors of Gothic *haitan show that it has strong competition from various verbs in each of its functions, though the competition in the transitive naming construction is weakest.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.03mai 06 10.1075/slcs.138.03mai 41 70 30 Article 3 01 04 Incipient Grammaticalisation Incipient Grammaticalisation 01 04 Sources of passive constructions in Old High German and Old English Sources of passive constructions in Old High German and Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 730194150 Robert Mailhammer Mailhammer, Robert Robert Mailhammer University of Western Sidney, Australia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/730194150 2 A01 01 JB code 14194151 Elena Smirnova Smirnova, Elena Elena Smirnova Leibnitz University Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/14194151 01 eng 30 00

In this paper we deal with Old English and Old High German copula constructions combining verbs denoting ‘be’ and ‘become’ with past participles, which are traditionally analysed as periphrastic passive constructions. We propose that these constructions cannot be seen as grammaticalised passives but rather as fully compositional structures. We investigate these constructions from an aspectual perspective and argue that the passive is only one of several possible readings for these constructions, though one that follows logically from certain combinations. In particular, we show that the copula verbs act as aspect operators that select different parts of the event structure of the past participle, and that transitivity is the crucial factor that gives rise to passive readings. As a conclusion, we outline a detailed corpus investigation in order to catalogue all possible readings and then ultimately make a contribution to the different developments of the passive in English and German.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.04pet 06 10.1075/slcs.138.04pet 71 100 30 Article 4 01 04 Passive auxiliaries in English and German Passive auxiliaries in English and German 01 04 Decline versus grammaticalisation of bounded language use Decline versus grammaticalisation of bounded language use 1 A01 01 JB code 261194152 Peter Petré Petré, Peter Peter Petré KU Leuven, Belgium 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/261194152 01 eng 30 00

The passive construction constitutes a marked difference between English, which uses the auxiliary be, and German, which uses werden ‘become’. Originally, however, both languages used both verbs. In this paper I argue, based on evidence from Old English, early Middle English, Tatian and Otfrid, that this situation changed when English and German developed different systems of boundedness. Bounded language use construes situations as completed sub-events, emphasizing narrative progress, and making abundant use of time adverbials, which split up an event chronologically and often take up the first position in a verb-second system. In German when this type of bounded language use was grammaticalised, werden grammaticalised as the only passive auxiliary, precisely because it was already predominantly used in bounded clauses. By contrast, the bounded system disappeared in English, as evidenced in the heavy decrease of time adverbials of narrative progress such as þa ‘then’, and the confusion of verb-second-syntax. Weorðan, the Old English cognate of werden, was highly entrenched in these constructions, and disappeared with them. In general, my analysis shows how the bounded-unbounded distinction makes it possible to account for a major difference in the auxiliary system between English and German.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.05kil 06 10.1075/slcs.138.05kil 101 126 26 Article 5 01 04 Causative habban in Old English Causative habban in Old English 01 04 Tracing the Development of a Budding Construction Tracing the Development of a Budding Construction 1 A01 01 JB code 607194153 Matti Kilpiö Kilpiö, Matti Matti Kilpiö University of Helsinki, Finland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/607194153 01 eng 30 00

The budding causative use of Old English habban ‘have’ has so far received little attention in the literature compared to other Old English periphrastic causatives. The construction with habban represents indirect passive causation and corresponds to the Present-Day English construction of the type I had my shoes repaired. The study is based on the entire habban material, c. 12,600 instances, from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus. The material yields 19 (20) causative habban instances. After a brief look at the diachronic and dialectal breakdown of the data, the discussion focuses on syntactic features, such as word-order and the inflection/non-inflection of the past participle, and semantic features, e.g. the roles of the causer, patient and causee, the presence of volitional or deontic modality in all the instances, and the telicity/atelicity of the action expressed by the verb phrase. The article concludes with a discussion of the origin of the construction. A new hypothesis concerning the triggering of the grammaticalisation process of causative habban is presented and viewed in the light of Diewald’s context-sensitive grammaticalisation scenario.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.06eit 06 10.1075/slcs.138.06eit 127 150 24 Article 6 01 04 Remembering ( ge)munan Remembering ( ge)munan 01 04 The rise and decline of a potential modal The rise and decline of a potential modal 1 A01 01 JB code 911194154 Matthias Eitelmann Eitelmann, Matthias Matthias Eitelmann Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/911194154 01 eng 30 00

Old English (ge)munan is one of the preterite-present verbs that became obsolete in the (strongly debated) more or less radical change into modal auxiliaries. Contrasted with those verbs that replaced the preterite-present in its lexical sense from Middle English onwards, an etymological analysis reveals gemunan to indicate an act of memory the function of which is not so much to (individually) reminisce about the past, but rather to (collectively) assess the present against the backdrop of the past. The preterite-present experienced a renaissance due to interlingual influence from Old Norse as mun was reintroduced and used as a modal especially in the northern dialects of English (cf. most prominently Sc. maun), moving steadily along the grammaticalisation cline just like the other fully-fledged modal auxiliaries. The eventual decline of mun – not only in Standard English but also in most regional varieties – can be explained from a functional perspective which also bears implications for current changes affecting the Present-day English paradigm of modality expressions.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.07jag 06 10.1075/slcs.138.07jag 151 168 18 Article 7 01 04 The emergence of modal meanings from haben with zu-infinitives in Old High German The emergence of modal meanings from haben with zu-infinitives in Old High German 1 A01 01 JB code 297194155 Anne Jäger Jäger, Anne Anne Jäger Leibniz University Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/297194155 01 eng 30 00

The grammaticalisation path from possession to obligation which describes the development of haben to a marker of modality is well-established (cf. Heine/Kuteva 2002), but opinions differ on when exactly these modal readings came about. Haspelmath (1989) argues for a dating no earlier than Middle High German, but a careful study of Notker’s writings reveals evidence of modal ‘haben + zu-infinitive’ in Old High German. Following Ebert (1976), this study identifies four stages of grammaticalisation of haben with zu-infinitive. The pivotal point is reached as soon as ‘haben + zu-infinitive’ is combined with nominal complements in the genitive or dative case, which clearly evince modal meanings. Notker’s Old High German texts contain several instances of this use. Finally, the comparison with the original texts demonstrates that ‘haben + zu-infinitive’ does not derive from Latin, but rather is used independently, even in Old High German.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.08tim 06 10.1075/slcs.138.08tim 169 194 26 Article 8 01 04 Hearsay and lexical evidentials in Old Germanic languages, with focus on Old English Hearsay and lexical evidentials in Old Germanic languages, with focus on Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 556194156 Olga Timofeeva Timofeeva, Olga Olga Timofeeva University of Zurich, Switzerland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/556194156 01 eng 30 00

This article offers a paradigmatic survey of auditory evidential constructions in Old English: direct-perception constructions – accusativus cum infinitivo (ACI) introduced by the auditory (ge)hieran ‘to hear’ ((ge)hieran+ACI) – and hearsay-evidence constructions, consisting of the verb (ge)hieran with the infinitive of a verb of utterance ((ge)hieran+Inf), followed by a compliment clause, a prepositional clause, or a parenthetical. Comparative data from other Old Germanic languages suggests a common origin of both constructions. It is further hypothesised that these two do not go back to the same Proto-Germanic construction: (ge)hieran+ACI is more likely to have arisen from the reanalysis of the verbal noun in I heard his speech into an ACI with a verb of ‘speaking’ I heard him speak, while (ge)hieran+Inf could have developed from I heard the story into I heard (the) say with the verb of ‘saying’.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.09die 06 10.1075/slcs.138.09die 195 216 22 Article 9 01 04 Markers of Futurity in Old High German and Old English Markers of Futurity in Old High German and Old English 01 04 A Comparative Corpus-Based Study A Comparative Corpus-Based Study 1 A01 01 JB code 887194157 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibnitz Universität Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/887194157 2 A01 01 JB code 59194158 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer Universität Potsdam, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/59194158 01 eng 30 00

This paper is a comparative corpus-based study of constructions that had the potential of marking future events in Old High German (OHG) and Old English (OE), i.e. modal constructions and those with be/become-verbs. Given the fact that both languages stem from a common source and probably had similar source lexemes for future grams, they nevertheless took diverging paths to develop a future tense, with werden in German and will/shall in English. The paper aims at comparing the earliest attestable stages of the two languages, i.e. Old High German and Old English to find out whether there are language internal differences with regard to the patterns of use of the possible source items. The database for our studies consists of OHG and OE text material dating from 790 to 1155, which we consider to be maximally comparable with respect to chronology, text type and content.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.10bol 06 10.1075/slcs.138.10bol 217 234 18 Article 10 01 04 The Verb to be in the West Saxon Gospels and the Lindisfarne Gospels The Verb to be in the West Saxon Gospels and the Lindisfarne Gospels 1 A01 01 JB code 314194159 Christine Bolze Bolze, Christine Christine Bolze University of Cambridge, UK 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/314194159 01 eng 30 00

This paper examines the distribution and use of the twofold present tense paradigms of the Old English verb bēon ‘to be’ in the late West Saxon Gospels (WSG) and the Northumbrian gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels (LiGl). The analysis confirms the frequently claimed semantic distinction of the paradigms. It furthermore shows that the choice of a form of OE bēon mostly depended on the tense and mood of its Latin equivalent, but it also illustrates that the translators of the two Gospel versions took the context into account. Quantitative differences of the forms in the two manuscripts are due to multiple glosses in Lindisfarne, the use of alternative forms to OE bēon in the West Saxon Gospels and the partly different morphology of the verb in Northumbrian.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.11bro 06 10.1075/slcs.138.11bro 235 262 28 Article 11 01 04 Aspectual properties of the verbal prefix a- in Old English with reference to Gothic Aspectual properties of the verbal prefix a- in Old English with reference to Gothic 1 A01 01 JB code 576194160 Vlatko Broz Broz, Vlatko Vlatko Broz University of Zagreb, Croatia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/576194160 01 eng 30 00

This paper is a corpus-based study of the Old English verbal prefix a- which is no longer productive in English today, but survives in a few lexical relics such as arise, awake or ashamed. After a brief discussion of previous research and the etymology of this prefix, the paper investigates a range of meanings and functions that the verbal prefix a- had in early English, showing that it was in an advanced stage of grammaticalisation and that its primary function was to express perfective aspect. The prefix is contrasted with its cognate in Gothic, as well as its equivalents in Modern English and Croatian, a Slavic language that marks aspect morphologically.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.12pfe 06 10.1075/slcs.138.12pfe 263 288 26 Article 12 01 04 Thaer waes vs. thar was Þǣr wæs vs. thâr was 01 04 Old English and Old High German existential constructions with adverbs of place Old English and Old High German existential constructions with adverbs of place 1 A01 01 JB code 896194161 Simone E. Pfenninger Pfenninger, Simone E. Simone E. Pfenninger University of Zurich, Switzerland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/896194161 01 eng 30 00

Even though we can observe striking differences in the isolating contexts of Modern English and Modern High German existential constructions, both languages feature existential constructions with locative adverbs that are the result of long processes of grammaticalisation. In Old English (OE), expletive þǣr diverged from the locative þǣr as a result of semantic and syntactic reanalysis, which led to the development of the English existential there-construction (ETC). In a similar way, Old High German (OHG) thâr, through grammaticalisation, diverged from its locative origin and gave rise to the existential da-construction. It is suggested in this paper that there was a common origin: both þǣr and thâr evolved as a compromise in the conflict between pragmatic and syntactic structure in OE and OHG, respectively. The aim is to contribute to the still small number of qualitative and quantitative studies of OE and OHG existential constructions.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.13ven 06 10.1075/slcs.138.13ven 289 312 24 Article 13 01 04 On gain and loss of verbal categories in language contact On gain and loss of verbal categories in language contact 01 04 Old English vs. Old High German Old English vs. Old High German 1 A01 01 JB code 138194162 Theo Vennemann Vennemann, Theo Theo Vennemann University of Munich, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/138194162 01 eng 30 00

The theory of language change has in recent years increased its explanatory repertoire by pointing out the role of language contact in determining which paths of development are entered and followed under specified conditions. In particular, language shifting – as unmonitored second language learning – is recognized as a powerful mechanism for introducing new verbal categories into language systems as well as leading to the loss of verbal categories from language systems. In this paper I will relate several of the most important structural changes and categorial differences in the verb systems of Proto-Germanic, Old English and Old High German to the different contact histories of these languages, among them: (1) the reduction of the Proto-Indo-European TAM system (TAM for tense, aspect, mood) to half its size in Proto-Germanic, (2) the existence of a double copular paradigm in Old English (and again in Irish English) but not in German; (3) a number of properties of English but not of German attributed to Celtic influence by Filppula, Klemola, and Paulasto (2008), such as the loss of the affected possessor construction and the rise of the verbal noun in -ung/-ing and the progressive based on it.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.14ind 06 10.1075/slcs.138.14ind 313 318 6 Article 14 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.138 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20131010 C 2013 John Benjamins D 2013 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027206053 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027271457 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD
868011272 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 138 Hb 15 9789027206053 06 10.1075/slcs.138 13 2013020757 00 BB 08 750 gr 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 138.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 Comparative Studies in Early Germanic Languages With a focus on verbal categories Comparative Studies in Early Germanic Languages: With a focus on verbal categories 1 B01 01 JB code 16182443 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibniz University Hannover 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/16182443 2 B01 01 JB code 69182444 Leena Kahlas-Tarkka Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena Leena Kahlas-Tarkka University of Helsinki 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/69182444 3 B01 01 JB code 276182445 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer University of Potsdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276182445 01 eng 11 324 03 03 vi 03 00 318 03 01 23 429/.56 03 2013 PE1075 04 English language--Grammar, Comparative. 04 English language--Grammar, Historical. 04 Germanic languages--Grammar, Comparative. 04 Germanic languages--Grammar, Historical. 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Grammaticalization. 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.COMP Comparative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Offers a coherent and detailed picture of the diachronic development of verbal categories of Old English, Old High German, and other Germanic languages. The volume will be of particular interest to scholars of language change, grammaticalisation, and diachronic sociolinguistics. 03 00 This volume offers a coherent and detailed picture of the diachronic development of verbal categories of Old English, Old High German, and other Germanic languages. Starting from the observation that German and English show diverging paths in the development of verbal categories, even though they descended from a common ancestor language, the contributions present in-depth, empirically founded studies on the stages and directions of these changes combining historical comparative methods with grammaticalisation theory. This collection of papers provides the reader with an indispensable source of information on the early traces of distinct developments, thus laying the foundation for a broad-scale scenario of the grammaticalisation of verbal categories. The volume will be of particular interest to scholars of language change, grammaticalisation, and diachronic sociolinguistics; it offers important new insights for typologists and for everybody interested in the make-up of verbal categories. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.138.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027206053.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027206053.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.138.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.138.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.138.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.138.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.138.01die 06 10.1075/slcs.138.01die 1 16 16 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 679194146 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibnitz Universität Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679194146 2 A01 01 JB code 778194147 Leena Kahlas-Tarkka Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena Leena Kahlas-Tarkka University of Helsinki, Finland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/778194147 3 A01 01 JB code 90194148 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer University of Potsdam, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/90194148 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.138.02clo 06 10.1075/slcs.138.02clo 17 40 24 Article 2 01 04 *haitan in Gothic and Old English *haitan in Gothic and Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 387194149 Robert Cloutier Cloutier, Robert Robert Cloutier Tennessee Technological University, USA 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/387194149 01 eng 30 00

By collecting data from various corpora, I examine and compare the use of the Gothic haitan and Old English hātan reflexes of *haitan, a transitive verb that develops into a copula-like verb in the other Germanic languages. Between the two languages, this verb can occur in five constructions: calling, transitive naming, infinitival commanding, subclause commanding, and copular naming. Both Gothic and Early Old English share the use of this verb in calling constructions whereas the subclause commanding construction is an Old English innovation and the copular naming construction does not appear until Late Old English. Regardless of the language or period, however, when *haitan occurs in transitive naming constructions, it strongly favours passive voice, which may explain its later use in copular naming constructions. Moreover, an examination of the competitors of Gothic *haitan show that it has strong competition from various verbs in each of its functions, though the competition in the transitive naming construction is weakest.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.03mai 06 10.1075/slcs.138.03mai 41 70 30 Article 3 01 04 Incipient Grammaticalisation Incipient Grammaticalisation 01 04 Sources of passive constructions in Old High German and Old English Sources of passive constructions in Old High German and Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 730194150 Robert Mailhammer Mailhammer, Robert Robert Mailhammer University of Western Sidney, Australia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/730194150 2 A01 01 JB code 14194151 Elena Smirnova Smirnova, Elena Elena Smirnova Leibnitz University Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/14194151 01 eng 30 00

In this paper we deal with Old English and Old High German copula constructions combining verbs denoting ‘be’ and ‘become’ with past participles, which are traditionally analysed as periphrastic passive constructions. We propose that these constructions cannot be seen as grammaticalised passives but rather as fully compositional structures. We investigate these constructions from an aspectual perspective and argue that the passive is only one of several possible readings for these constructions, though one that follows logically from certain combinations. In particular, we show that the copula verbs act as aspect operators that select different parts of the event structure of the past participle, and that transitivity is the crucial factor that gives rise to passive readings. As a conclusion, we outline a detailed corpus investigation in order to catalogue all possible readings and then ultimately make a contribution to the different developments of the passive in English and German.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.04pet 06 10.1075/slcs.138.04pet 71 100 30 Article 4 01 04 Passive auxiliaries in English and German Passive auxiliaries in English and German 01 04 Decline versus grammaticalisation of bounded language use Decline versus grammaticalisation of bounded language use 1 A01 01 JB code 261194152 Peter Petré Petré, Peter Peter Petré KU Leuven, Belgium 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/261194152 01 eng 30 00

The passive construction constitutes a marked difference between English, which uses the auxiliary be, and German, which uses werden ‘become’. Originally, however, both languages used both verbs. In this paper I argue, based on evidence from Old English, early Middle English, Tatian and Otfrid, that this situation changed when English and German developed different systems of boundedness. Bounded language use construes situations as completed sub-events, emphasizing narrative progress, and making abundant use of time adverbials, which split up an event chronologically and often take up the first position in a verb-second system. In German when this type of bounded language use was grammaticalised, werden grammaticalised as the only passive auxiliary, precisely because it was already predominantly used in bounded clauses. By contrast, the bounded system disappeared in English, as evidenced in the heavy decrease of time adverbials of narrative progress such as þa ‘then’, and the confusion of verb-second-syntax. Weorðan, the Old English cognate of werden, was highly entrenched in these constructions, and disappeared with them. In general, my analysis shows how the bounded-unbounded distinction makes it possible to account for a major difference in the auxiliary system between English and German.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.05kil 06 10.1075/slcs.138.05kil 101 126 26 Article 5 01 04 Causative habban in Old English Causative habban in Old English 01 04 Tracing the Development of a Budding Construction Tracing the Development of a Budding Construction 1 A01 01 JB code 607194153 Matti Kilpiö Kilpiö, Matti Matti Kilpiö University of Helsinki, Finland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/607194153 01 eng 30 00

The budding causative use of Old English habban ‘have’ has so far received little attention in the literature compared to other Old English periphrastic causatives. The construction with habban represents indirect passive causation and corresponds to the Present-Day English construction of the type I had my shoes repaired. The study is based on the entire habban material, c. 12,600 instances, from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus. The material yields 19 (20) causative habban instances. After a brief look at the diachronic and dialectal breakdown of the data, the discussion focuses on syntactic features, such as word-order and the inflection/non-inflection of the past participle, and semantic features, e.g. the roles of the causer, patient and causee, the presence of volitional or deontic modality in all the instances, and the telicity/atelicity of the action expressed by the verb phrase. The article concludes with a discussion of the origin of the construction. A new hypothesis concerning the triggering of the grammaticalisation process of causative habban is presented and viewed in the light of Diewald’s context-sensitive grammaticalisation scenario.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.06eit 06 10.1075/slcs.138.06eit 127 150 24 Article 6 01 04 Remembering ( ge)munan Remembering ( ge)munan 01 04 The rise and decline of a potential modal The rise and decline of a potential modal 1 A01 01 JB code 911194154 Matthias Eitelmann Eitelmann, Matthias Matthias Eitelmann Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/911194154 01 eng 30 00

Old English (ge)munan is one of the preterite-present verbs that became obsolete in the (strongly debated) more or less radical change into modal auxiliaries. Contrasted with those verbs that replaced the preterite-present in its lexical sense from Middle English onwards, an etymological analysis reveals gemunan to indicate an act of memory the function of which is not so much to (individually) reminisce about the past, but rather to (collectively) assess the present against the backdrop of the past. The preterite-present experienced a renaissance due to interlingual influence from Old Norse as mun was reintroduced and used as a modal especially in the northern dialects of English (cf. most prominently Sc. maun), moving steadily along the grammaticalisation cline just like the other fully-fledged modal auxiliaries. The eventual decline of mun – not only in Standard English but also in most regional varieties – can be explained from a functional perspective which also bears implications for current changes affecting the Present-day English paradigm of modality expressions.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.07jag 06 10.1075/slcs.138.07jag 151 168 18 Article 7 01 04 The emergence of modal meanings from haben with zu-infinitives in Old High German The emergence of modal meanings from haben with zu-infinitives in Old High German 1 A01 01 JB code 297194155 Anne Jäger Jäger, Anne Anne Jäger Leibniz University Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/297194155 01 eng 30 00

The grammaticalisation path from possession to obligation which describes the development of haben to a marker of modality is well-established (cf. Heine/Kuteva 2002), but opinions differ on when exactly these modal readings came about. Haspelmath (1989) argues for a dating no earlier than Middle High German, but a careful study of Notker’s writings reveals evidence of modal ‘haben + zu-infinitive’ in Old High German. Following Ebert (1976), this study identifies four stages of grammaticalisation of haben with zu-infinitive. The pivotal point is reached as soon as ‘haben + zu-infinitive’ is combined with nominal complements in the genitive or dative case, which clearly evince modal meanings. Notker’s Old High German texts contain several instances of this use. Finally, the comparison with the original texts demonstrates that ‘haben + zu-infinitive’ does not derive from Latin, but rather is used independently, even in Old High German.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.08tim 06 10.1075/slcs.138.08tim 169 194 26 Article 8 01 04 Hearsay and lexical evidentials in Old Germanic languages, with focus on Old English Hearsay and lexical evidentials in Old Germanic languages, with focus on Old English 1 A01 01 JB code 556194156 Olga Timofeeva Timofeeva, Olga Olga Timofeeva University of Zurich, Switzerland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/556194156 01 eng 30 00

This article offers a paradigmatic survey of auditory evidential constructions in Old English: direct-perception constructions – accusativus cum infinitivo (ACI) introduced by the auditory (ge)hieran ‘to hear’ ((ge)hieran+ACI) – and hearsay-evidence constructions, consisting of the verb (ge)hieran with the infinitive of a verb of utterance ((ge)hieran+Inf), followed by a compliment clause, a prepositional clause, or a parenthetical. Comparative data from other Old Germanic languages suggests a common origin of both constructions. It is further hypothesised that these two do not go back to the same Proto-Germanic construction: (ge)hieran+ACI is more likely to have arisen from the reanalysis of the verbal noun in I heard his speech into an ACI with a verb of ‘speaking’ I heard him speak, while (ge)hieran+Inf could have developed from I heard the story into I heard (the) say with the verb of ‘saying’.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.09die 06 10.1075/slcs.138.09die 195 216 22 Article 9 01 04 Markers of Futurity in Old High German and Old English Markers of Futurity in Old High German and Old English 01 04 A Comparative Corpus-Based Study A Comparative Corpus-Based Study 1 A01 01 JB code 887194157 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibnitz Universität Hannover, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/887194157 2 A01 01 JB code 59194158 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer Universität Potsdam, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/59194158 01 eng 30 00

This paper is a comparative corpus-based study of constructions that had the potential of marking future events in Old High German (OHG) and Old English (OE), i.e. modal constructions and those with be/become-verbs. Given the fact that both languages stem from a common source and probably had similar source lexemes for future grams, they nevertheless took diverging paths to develop a future tense, with werden in German and will/shall in English. The paper aims at comparing the earliest attestable stages of the two languages, i.e. Old High German and Old English to find out whether there are language internal differences with regard to the patterns of use of the possible source items. The database for our studies consists of OHG and OE text material dating from 790 to 1155, which we consider to be maximally comparable with respect to chronology, text type and content.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.10bol 06 10.1075/slcs.138.10bol 217 234 18 Article 10 01 04 The Verb to be in the West Saxon Gospels and the Lindisfarne Gospels The Verb to be in the West Saxon Gospels and the Lindisfarne Gospels 1 A01 01 JB code 314194159 Christine Bolze Bolze, Christine Christine Bolze University of Cambridge, UK 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/314194159 01 eng 30 00

This paper examines the distribution and use of the twofold present tense paradigms of the Old English verb bēon ‘to be’ in the late West Saxon Gospels (WSG) and the Northumbrian gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels (LiGl). The analysis confirms the frequently claimed semantic distinction of the paradigms. It furthermore shows that the choice of a form of OE bēon mostly depended on the tense and mood of its Latin equivalent, but it also illustrates that the translators of the two Gospel versions took the context into account. Quantitative differences of the forms in the two manuscripts are due to multiple glosses in Lindisfarne, the use of alternative forms to OE bēon in the West Saxon Gospels and the partly different morphology of the verb in Northumbrian.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.11bro 06 10.1075/slcs.138.11bro 235 262 28 Article 11 01 04 Aspectual properties of the verbal prefix a- in Old English with reference to Gothic Aspectual properties of the verbal prefix a- in Old English with reference to Gothic 1 A01 01 JB code 576194160 Vlatko Broz Broz, Vlatko Vlatko Broz University of Zagreb, Croatia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/576194160 01 eng 30 00

This paper is a corpus-based study of the Old English verbal prefix a- which is no longer productive in English today, but survives in a few lexical relics such as arise, awake or ashamed. After a brief discussion of previous research and the etymology of this prefix, the paper investigates a range of meanings and functions that the verbal prefix a- had in early English, showing that it was in an advanced stage of grammaticalisation and that its primary function was to express perfective aspect. The prefix is contrasted with its cognate in Gothic, as well as its equivalents in Modern English and Croatian, a Slavic language that marks aspect morphologically.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.12pfe 06 10.1075/slcs.138.12pfe 263 288 26 Article 12 01 04 Thaer waes vs. thar was Þǣr wæs vs. thâr was 01 04 Old English and Old High German existential constructions with adverbs of place Old English and Old High German existential constructions with adverbs of place 1 A01 01 JB code 896194161 Simone E. Pfenninger Pfenninger, Simone E. Simone E. Pfenninger University of Zurich, Switzerland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/896194161 01 eng 30 00

Even though we can observe striking differences in the isolating contexts of Modern English and Modern High German existential constructions, both languages feature existential constructions with locative adverbs that are the result of long processes of grammaticalisation. In Old English (OE), expletive þǣr diverged from the locative þǣr as a result of semantic and syntactic reanalysis, which led to the development of the English existential there-construction (ETC). In a similar way, Old High German (OHG) thâr, through grammaticalisation, diverged from its locative origin and gave rise to the existential da-construction. It is suggested in this paper that there was a common origin: both þǣr and thâr evolved as a compromise in the conflict between pragmatic and syntactic structure in OE and OHG, respectively. The aim is to contribute to the still small number of qualitative and quantitative studies of OE and OHG existential constructions.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.13ven 06 10.1075/slcs.138.13ven 289 312 24 Article 13 01 04 On gain and loss of verbal categories in language contact On gain and loss of verbal categories in language contact 01 04 Old English vs. Old High German Old English vs. Old High German 1 A01 01 JB code 138194162 Theo Vennemann Vennemann, Theo Theo Vennemann University of Munich, Germany 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/138194162 01 eng 30 00

The theory of language change has in recent years increased its explanatory repertoire by pointing out the role of language contact in determining which paths of development are entered and followed under specified conditions. In particular, language shifting – as unmonitored second language learning – is recognized as a powerful mechanism for introducing new verbal categories into language systems as well as leading to the loss of verbal categories from language systems. In this paper I will relate several of the most important structural changes and categorial differences in the verb systems of Proto-Germanic, Old English and Old High German to the different contact histories of these languages, among them: (1) the reduction of the Proto-Indo-European TAM system (TAM for tense, aspect, mood) to half its size in Proto-Germanic, (2) the existence of a double copular paradigm in Old English (and again in Irish English) but not in German; (3) a number of properties of English but not of German attributed to Celtic influence by Filppula, Klemola, and Paulasto (2008), such as the loss of the affected possessor construction and the rise of the verbal noun in -ung/-ing and the progressive based on it.

01 01 JB code slcs.138.14ind 06 10.1075/slcs.138.14ind 313 318 6 Article 14 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.138 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20131010 C 2013 John Benjamins D 2013 John Benjamins 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 75 14 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 99.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 75 14 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 149.00 USD