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458014923 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 153 Eb 15 9789027270559 06 10.1075/slcs.153 13 2013048427 DG 002 02 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 153 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Evidential Basis of Linguistic Argumentation</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Evidential Basis of Linguistic Argumentation</TitleWithoutPrefix> 01 slcs.153 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.153 1 B01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész University of Debrecen, and MTA-DE Research Group for Theoretical Linguistics 2 B01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi MTA-DE Research Group for Theoretical Linguistics 01 eng 326 vi 320 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.FUNCT Functional linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 Currently, one of the methodological debates in linguistics focuses on the question of what kinds of <i>data</i> are allowed in different linguistic theories and what subtypes of data can work as <i>evidence</i> for or against particular hypotheses. The first part of the volume puts forward a methodological framework called the ‘p-model’ that is expected to account for the data/evidence problem in linguistics. The aim of the case studies in the second part is to show how this framework can be <i>applied</i> to the everyday research practice of the working linguist, and how it can increase the <i>effectiveness</i> of linguistic theorising. Accordingly, the case studies exemplify that the p-model can come to grips with diverse <i>object</i>-scientific quandaries in syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The third part includes case studies that illustrate how it copes with <i>meta</i>scientific issues such as inconsistency in linguistic theories and the relationship between thought experiments and real experiments. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.153.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027259189.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027259189.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.153.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.153.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.153.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.153.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.153.01ker 1 12 12 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Introduction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The state of the art and the structure of the book</Subtitle> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 10 01 JB code slcs.153.s1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I: The methodological framework</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.02ker 15 48 34 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. The p-model of data and evidence in linguistics</TitleText> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 01 The p-model is a metatheoretical approach to linguistic theorising that has been designed to capture the nature of linguistic data and evidence in an unorthodox and novel, but well-motivated and effective way. Its starting point is the insight that the latest literature on linguistic data and evidence acknowledged the <i>uncertainty</i> of the latter as their key feature. Since the main characteristic of <i>plausible inferences</i> is that they facilitate drawing conclusions from uncertain premises, and since chains of plausible inferences constitute the main body of the process of <i>plausible argumentation</i>, the basic idea of the p-model is that the structure of linguistic theories is based on various techniques of plausible argumentation. This chapter summarises the main hypotheses of the p-model, which the case studies in the volume are expected to apply to various linguistic theories. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.s2 Section header 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II: Object-theoretical applications</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.03bib 51 70 20 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. The plausibility of approaches to syntactic alternation of Hungarian verbs</TitleText> 1 A01 Károly Bibok Bibok, Károly Károly Bibok 01 Several &#8211; lexical and constructional &#8211; approaches have been proposed in the literature to theoretically treat syntactically alternating verb classes. In this chapter I aim to assess their plausibility on the basis of Kert&#233;sz and R&#225;kosi&#8217;s (this volume, 2012) notion of plausible argumentation and present <i>a lexical-constructional account</i>. I argue that both my proposal in general and my analysis of Hungarian verbs of locative alternation are more plausible than either lexical or constructional accounts are separately. As for the assessment of the plausibility of lexical-constructional theory itself, another current publication of mine (Bibok 2010) should be taken into consideration. The lexical-constructional framework of syntactic alternations is supported by a much wider p-context, namely, <i>by lexical pragmatics</i>, which duly highlights the unavoidable interaction between lexicon and contexts. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.04nag 71 102 32 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Methods and argumentation in historical linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study</Subtitle> 1 A01 Katalin Nagy C. Nagy C., Katalin Katalin Nagy C. 01 The present chapter aims to discuss some properties of historical linguistics argumentation, through the analysis of examples taken from actual research practice. Relying on Kert&#233;sz and R&#225;kosi&#8217;s (2012) <i>p-model</i> of scientific theorizing, it compares three competing accounts of the historical development of the Catalan construction &#8220;<i>anar </i>&#8216;go&#8217; &#43; infinitive&#8221;, namely, those provided in Colon (1979a, b), in Detges (2004) and in Juge (2006). The simultaneous plausibility of some statements and their negations in the starting p-context formed by these three approaches leads to a p-inconsistency, which is eliminated by the extension of the starting p-context and, then, the coordination of the extended p-context. The analysis of historical research practice from a methodological point of view suggests that the development of the Catalan &#8220;<i>anar </i>&#8216;go&#8217; &#43; infinitive&#8221; construction finds the most satisfactory explanation under Juge&#8217;s (2006) proposal, which uses sources, research methods and argumentation techniques traditionally accepted in historical linguistics. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.05nem 103 132 30 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena with explicit and implicit subject arguments</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Their use and occurrence in the light of data</Subtitle> 1 A01 Enikő Németh T. Németh T., Enikő Enikő Németh T. 01 The present chapter has two main aims. First, it attempts to provide a novel account for the occurrence of Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena with subject arguments. The problem which the present chapter wants to resolve is that there is an inconsistency between the previous explanations of the behaviour of verbs of natural phenomena with and without an explicit subject and the data. The previous approaches have considered the Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena subjectless, although data from various direct sources (such as written corpora, intuition, introspection, and spoken discourses) testify to occurrences of verbs of natural phenomena with explicit subjects. To eliminate this inconsistency, the chapter argues for a new, unified approach, according to which Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena have subject arguments in their lexical-semantic representations which can (or even should) be lexically unrealised in some contexts, while in others they can be explicitly expressed and contextual, grammatical as well as lexical-semantic factors together license the implicit or explicit occurrence of subject arguments. Second, applying Kert&#233;sz &#38; R&#225;kosi&#8217;s (this volume, 2012) p-model, the chapter aims to reflect on a metalinguistic level on how the proposed explanation has been reached in the course of the research as well as how the new account can resolve the above mentioned problem. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.06koc 133 178 46 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. The development of a taxonomy of verbal disagreements in the light of the p-model</TitleText> 1 A01 Helga Vanda Koczogh Koczogh, Helga Vanda Helga Vanda Koczogh 01 The main objective of this chapter is to find a category system that is the most capable of describing Hungarian disagreement based on certain criteria set beforehand. As none of the rival approaches to disagreement to be introduced in this chapter seem to satisfy each criterion, a new taxonomy is proposed. Distinguishing between strategies and pragmatic force modifiers (PFMs), this new category system is more reliable and more capable of capturing the complex nature of (Hungarian) disagreements that the rival models. A detailed description of the metatheoretical research is provided including a step-by-step description of the analytical procedure(s) employed. By describing each step of the research along with the decisions and re-evaluations of the information at hand as well as the p-context, the chapter demonstrates the cyclic, retrospective and prismatic nature of the plausible argumentation process. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.07rak 179 198 20 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. A case of disagreement</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">On plural reduplicating particles in Hungarian</Subtitle> 1 A01 György Rákosi Rákosi, György György Rákosi 01 The chapter discusses the so-called Hungarian <i>reduplicating particle verb construction</i> that has generated some interest in the pertinent generative literature on Hungarian. This literature is divided over whether reduplicating particles can bear plural morphology in the presence of a third person plural oblique associate or not: some accept and some reject the resulting <i>agreeing reduplicating particle verb construction</i>, thus creating a par excellence context of data inconsistency. The chapter offers a detailed and critical overview of the literature, and presents some novel arguments in an effort to find a paraconsistent solution to this problem within the framework of the p-model of Kert&#233;sz and R&#225;kosi (2012). This solution rests and on the claim that the plural and the non-plural reduplicating particle verb constructions are radically different in their grammar, since the particle only acts as a pronominal in the case of the former construction type. The pronominal use of the particle is a marked option, rendering the agreeing reduplicating particle verb construction a marked phenomenon of Hungarian grammar. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.08vec 199 218 20 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. A plausibility-based model of shifted indexicals</TitleText> 1 A01 Zoltán Vecsey Vecsey, Zoltán Zoltán Vecsey 01 In his groundbreaking formal work on context-dependent expressions, Kaplan (1989a) argued that the conventional meaning of natural language indexicals cannot be modified by sentential operators. Kaplan&#8217;s original theory, however, has been recently challenged by empirical studies. It turned out that in certain languages, for example in Amharic and Zazaki, attitude operators are able to modify the meaning of indexicals. Some of these empirical findings appear to be clearly inconsistent with the Kaplanian account. From a metatheoretical point of view, the current debate about the operator-sensitivity of indexicals can also be interpreted as a debate about the role of linguistic data. In following the p-model and considering linguistic data as statements with plausibility values, one can make some progress in this field of research. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.s3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III: Metatheoretical applications</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.09ker 221 270 50 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Thought experiments and real experiments as converging data sources in pragmatics</TitleText> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 01 The aim of the present chapter is to reconstruct the relationship between thought experiments and real experiments in pragmatics. In the first part, Searle&#8217;s (1969) thought experiment on <i>Kennst du das Land, wo die Zitronen bl&#252;hn&#63;</i> is analysed with the help of the p-model. The second part reconstructs the argumentation structure of the real experiments reported on in Holtgraves &#38; Ashley (2001), and shows that the latter and Searle&#8217;s thought experiment closely interact. Basically, their relationship is characterised by the dynamic process of the cyclic, prismatic and retrospective re-evalutation of information in the sense of the p-model. However, they have different strengths and weaknesses. Accordingly, the generalised finding is that the conscious integration of real and thought experiments as data sources within some research may considerably enhance the reliability of pragmatic hypotheses. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.10rak 271 308 38 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Data and the resolution of inconsistency in Optimality Theory</TitleText> 1 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 01 This chapter provides a survey about the most frequent methods of inconsistency resolution in Optimality Theory. With the help of the p-model, inconsistencies in OT are divided into two main groups. The first group includes conflicts that are deemed to be fatal and are solved usually by the modification of the theory: namely, clashes between &#8220;linguistic data&#8221; (acceptability judgements) and applications of the model (results of the evaluation procedure). The second group consists of conflicts that are, in contrast, tolerable in the view of OT theorists: inconsistencies between constraints and the best output candidates. The author&#8217;s analyses result in the conclusion that there is no radical break between OT and &#8220;standard&#8221; Generative Grammars with respect to the treatment of inconsistencies. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.11and 309 314 6 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Conclusions</TitleText> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 10 01 JB code slcs.153.12aut 315 316 2 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Author index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.13sub 317 320 4 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20140423 2014 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027259189 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 105.00 EUR R 01 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 158.00 USD S 410014922 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 153 Hb 15 9789027259189 13 2013048427 BB 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 153 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Evidential Basis of Linguistic Argumentation</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Evidential Basis of Linguistic Argumentation</TitleWithoutPrefix> 01 slcs.153 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.153 1 B01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész University of Debrecen, and MTA-DE Research Group for Theoretical Linguistics 2 B01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi MTA-DE Research Group for Theoretical Linguistics 01 eng 326 vi 320 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.FUNCT Functional linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 Currently, one of the methodological debates in linguistics focuses on the question of what kinds of <i>data</i> are allowed in different linguistic theories and what subtypes of data can work as <i>evidence</i> for or against particular hypotheses. The first part of the volume puts forward a methodological framework called the ‘p-model’ that is expected to account for the data/evidence problem in linguistics. The aim of the case studies in the second part is to show how this framework can be <i>applied</i> to the everyday research practice of the working linguist, and how it can increase the <i>effectiveness</i> of linguistic theorising. Accordingly, the case studies exemplify that the p-model can come to grips with diverse <i>object</i>-scientific quandaries in syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The third part includes case studies that illustrate how it copes with <i>meta</i>scientific issues such as inconsistency in linguistic theories and the relationship between thought experiments and real experiments. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.153.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027259189.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027259189.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.153.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.153.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.153.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.153.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.153.01ker 1 12 12 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Introduction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The state of the art and the structure of the book</Subtitle> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 10 01 JB code slcs.153.s1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I: The methodological framework</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.02ker 15 48 34 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. The p-model of data and evidence in linguistics</TitleText> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 01 The p-model is a metatheoretical approach to linguistic theorising that has been designed to capture the nature of linguistic data and evidence in an unorthodox and novel, but well-motivated and effective way. Its starting point is the insight that the latest literature on linguistic data and evidence acknowledged the <i>uncertainty</i> of the latter as their key feature. Since the main characteristic of <i>plausible inferences</i> is that they facilitate drawing conclusions from uncertain premises, and since chains of plausible inferences constitute the main body of the process of <i>plausible argumentation</i>, the basic idea of the p-model is that the structure of linguistic theories is based on various techniques of plausible argumentation. This chapter summarises the main hypotheses of the p-model, which the case studies in the volume are expected to apply to various linguistic theories. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.s2 Section header 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II: Object-theoretical applications</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.03bib 51 70 20 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. The plausibility of approaches to syntactic alternation of Hungarian verbs</TitleText> 1 A01 Károly Bibok Bibok, Károly Károly Bibok 01 Several &#8211; lexical and constructional &#8211; approaches have been proposed in the literature to theoretically treat syntactically alternating verb classes. In this chapter I aim to assess their plausibility on the basis of Kert&#233;sz and R&#225;kosi&#8217;s (this volume, 2012) notion of plausible argumentation and present <i>a lexical-constructional account</i>. I argue that both my proposal in general and my analysis of Hungarian verbs of locative alternation are more plausible than either lexical or constructional accounts are separately. As for the assessment of the plausibility of lexical-constructional theory itself, another current publication of mine (Bibok 2010) should be taken into consideration. The lexical-constructional framework of syntactic alternations is supported by a much wider p-context, namely, <i>by lexical pragmatics</i>, which duly highlights the unavoidable interaction between lexicon and contexts. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.04nag 71 102 32 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Methods and argumentation in historical linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study</Subtitle> 1 A01 Katalin Nagy C. Nagy C., Katalin Katalin Nagy C. 01 The present chapter aims to discuss some properties of historical linguistics argumentation, through the analysis of examples taken from actual research practice. Relying on Kert&#233;sz and R&#225;kosi&#8217;s (2012) <i>p-model</i> of scientific theorizing, it compares three competing accounts of the historical development of the Catalan construction &#8220;<i>anar </i>&#8216;go&#8217; &#43; infinitive&#8221;, namely, those provided in Colon (1979a, b), in Detges (2004) and in Juge (2006). The simultaneous plausibility of some statements and their negations in the starting p-context formed by these three approaches leads to a p-inconsistency, which is eliminated by the extension of the starting p-context and, then, the coordination of the extended p-context. The analysis of historical research practice from a methodological point of view suggests that the development of the Catalan &#8220;<i>anar </i>&#8216;go&#8217; &#43; infinitive&#8221; construction finds the most satisfactory explanation under Juge&#8217;s (2006) proposal, which uses sources, research methods and argumentation techniques traditionally accepted in historical linguistics. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.05nem 103 132 30 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena with explicit and implicit subject arguments</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Their use and occurrence in the light of data</Subtitle> 1 A01 Enikő Németh T. Németh T., Enikő Enikő Németh T. 01 The present chapter has two main aims. First, it attempts to provide a novel account for the occurrence of Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena with subject arguments. The problem which the present chapter wants to resolve is that there is an inconsistency between the previous explanations of the behaviour of verbs of natural phenomena with and without an explicit subject and the data. The previous approaches have considered the Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena subjectless, although data from various direct sources (such as written corpora, intuition, introspection, and spoken discourses) testify to occurrences of verbs of natural phenomena with explicit subjects. To eliminate this inconsistency, the chapter argues for a new, unified approach, according to which Hungarian verbs of natural phenomena have subject arguments in their lexical-semantic representations which can (or even should) be lexically unrealised in some contexts, while in others they can be explicitly expressed and contextual, grammatical as well as lexical-semantic factors together license the implicit or explicit occurrence of subject arguments. Second, applying Kert&#233;sz &#38; R&#225;kosi&#8217;s (this volume, 2012) p-model, the chapter aims to reflect on a metalinguistic level on how the proposed explanation has been reached in the course of the research as well as how the new account can resolve the above mentioned problem. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.06koc 133 178 46 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. The development of a taxonomy of verbal disagreements in the light of the p-model</TitleText> 1 A01 Helga Vanda Koczogh Koczogh, Helga Vanda Helga Vanda Koczogh 01 The main objective of this chapter is to find a category system that is the most capable of describing Hungarian disagreement based on certain criteria set beforehand. As none of the rival approaches to disagreement to be introduced in this chapter seem to satisfy each criterion, a new taxonomy is proposed. Distinguishing between strategies and pragmatic force modifiers (PFMs), this new category system is more reliable and more capable of capturing the complex nature of (Hungarian) disagreements that the rival models. A detailed description of the metatheoretical research is provided including a step-by-step description of the analytical procedure(s) employed. By describing each step of the research along with the decisions and re-evaluations of the information at hand as well as the p-context, the chapter demonstrates the cyclic, retrospective and prismatic nature of the plausible argumentation process. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.07rak 179 198 20 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. A case of disagreement</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">On plural reduplicating particles in Hungarian</Subtitle> 1 A01 György Rákosi Rákosi, György György Rákosi 01 The chapter discusses the so-called Hungarian <i>reduplicating particle verb construction</i> that has generated some interest in the pertinent generative literature on Hungarian. This literature is divided over whether reduplicating particles can bear plural morphology in the presence of a third person plural oblique associate or not: some accept and some reject the resulting <i>agreeing reduplicating particle verb construction</i>, thus creating a par excellence context of data inconsistency. The chapter offers a detailed and critical overview of the literature, and presents some novel arguments in an effort to find a paraconsistent solution to this problem within the framework of the p-model of Kert&#233;sz and R&#225;kosi (2012). This solution rests and on the claim that the plural and the non-plural reduplicating particle verb constructions are radically different in their grammar, since the particle only acts as a pronominal in the case of the former construction type. The pronominal use of the particle is a marked option, rendering the agreeing reduplicating particle verb construction a marked phenomenon of Hungarian grammar. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.08vec 199 218 20 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. A plausibility-based model of shifted indexicals</TitleText> 1 A01 Zoltán Vecsey Vecsey, Zoltán Zoltán Vecsey 01 In his groundbreaking formal work on context-dependent expressions, Kaplan (1989a) argued that the conventional meaning of natural language indexicals cannot be modified by sentential operators. Kaplan&#8217;s original theory, however, has been recently challenged by empirical studies. It turned out that in certain languages, for example in Amharic and Zazaki, attitude operators are able to modify the meaning of indexicals. Some of these empirical findings appear to be clearly inconsistent with the Kaplanian account. From a metatheoretical point of view, the current debate about the operator-sensitivity of indexicals can also be interpreted as a debate about the role of linguistic data. In following the p-model and considering linguistic data as statements with plausibility values, one can make some progress in this field of research. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.s3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III: Metatheoretical applications</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.09ker 221 270 50 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Thought experiments and real experiments as converging data sources in pragmatics</TitleText> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 01 The aim of the present chapter is to reconstruct the relationship between thought experiments and real experiments in pragmatics. In the first part, Searle&#8217;s (1969) thought experiment on <i>Kennst du das Land, wo die Zitronen bl&#252;hn&#63;</i> is analysed with the help of the p-model. The second part reconstructs the argumentation structure of the real experiments reported on in Holtgraves &#38; Ashley (2001), and shows that the latter and Searle&#8217;s thought experiment closely interact. Basically, their relationship is characterised by the dynamic process of the cyclic, prismatic and retrospective re-evalutation of information in the sense of the p-model. However, they have different strengths and weaknesses. Accordingly, the generalised finding is that the conscious integration of real and thought experiments as data sources within some research may considerably enhance the reliability of pragmatic hypotheses. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.10rak 271 308 38 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Data and the resolution of inconsistency in Optimality Theory</TitleText> 1 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 01 This chapter provides a survey about the most frequent methods of inconsistency resolution in Optimality Theory. With the help of the p-model, inconsistencies in OT are divided into two main groups. The first group includes conflicts that are deemed to be fatal and are solved usually by the modification of the theory: namely, clashes between &#8220;linguistic data&#8221; (acceptability judgements) and applications of the model (results of the evaluation procedure). The second group consists of conflicts that are, in contrast, tolerable in the view of OT theorists: inconsistencies between constraints and the best output candidates. The author&#8217;s analyses result in the conclusion that there is no radical break between OT and &#8220;standard&#8221; Generative Grammars with respect to the treatment of inconsistencies. 10 01 JB code slcs.153.11and 309 314 6 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Conclusions</TitleText> 1 A01 András Kertész Kertész, András András Kertész 2 A01 Csilla Rákosi Rákosi, Csilla Csilla Rákosi 10 01 JB code slcs.153.12aut 315 316 2 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Author index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.153.13sub 317 320 4 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20140423 2014 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 740 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 9 14 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 14 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 14 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD