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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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01
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568014965
03
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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JB code
SLCS 161 Eb
15
9789027269737
06
10.1075/slcs.161
13
2014020748
DG
002
02
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
161
01
Paradigm Change
In the Transeurasian languages and beyond
01
slcs.161
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.161
1
B01
Martine Robbeets
Robbeets, Martine
Martine
Robbeets
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
2
B01
Walter Bisang
Bisang, Walter
Walter
Bisang
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
eng
364
xix
345
LAN009000
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
06
01
This book is concerned with comparing morphological paradigms between languages in order to establish areal and genealogical relationships. The languages in focus are the Transeurasian languages: Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic languages. World-eminent experts in diachronic morphology and typology interact with specialists on Transeurasian languages, presenting innovative theoretical analyses and new empirical facts. The stress on the importance of paradigmatic morphology in historical linguistics contrasts sharply with the paucity of existing literature on the topic. This volume partially fills this gap, by shifting focus from Indo-European to other language families. “Paradigm change” will appeal to scholars and advanced students concerned with linguistic reconstruction, language contact, morphology and typology, and to anyone interested in the Transeurasian languages.
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ix
xiv
6
Miscellaneous
1
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List of tables
10
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JB code
slcs.161.02fig
xv
xvi
2
Miscellaneous
2
01
List of figures
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.03con
xvii
xviii
2
Miscellaneous
3
01
List of contributors
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.04ack
xix
xx
2
Miscellaneous
4
01
Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.05rob
1
20
20
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 1. When paradigms change
1
A01
Martine Robbeets
Robbeets, Martine
Martine
Robbeets
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
2
A01
Walter Bisang
Bisang, Walter
Walter
Bisang
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.06pa1
Section header
6
01
Part I. Paradigm change
Theoretical issues
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.07bis
23
60
38
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 2. On the strength of morphological paradigms
A historical account of radical pro-drop
1
A01
Walter Bisang
Bisang, Walter
Walter
Bisang
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
This paper will present a historical explanation of radical pro-drop based on the strength of morphological paradigms. It will start out from the observation that East and mainland Southeast Asian languages (EMSEA) with their reduced or absent morphology are radical pro-drop, while West African Niger-Congo languages with similarly reduced or absent morphology have obligatory subject and object arguments. The reason for this is that the ancestor languages of Niger-Congo had a morphological paradigm expressing the features of [person] and [number] on the verb, while the ancestor languages of EMSEA had not. It will be argued that the existence of morphological paradigms keeps the frequency of [person] and [number] features above the critical percentage of 20–30% for linguistic change (s-curve model, Wang & Cheng 1970) and thus blocks the change from non-pro-drop to radical pro-drop in the West African languages concerned by passing on the frequency of the former morphological features to syntax and obligatory pronouns. In EMSEA languages, there is no morphological paradigm that pushes the frequency of these features up to the percentage that would be necessary for a change to non-pro-drop.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.08nic
61
88
28
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 3. Derivational paradigms in diachrony 
and comparison
1
A01
Johanna Nichols
Nichols, Johanna
Johanna
Nichols
University of California, Berkeley
01
Wordlists used for subgrouping and long-range comparison under-utilize the verbal lexicon, and comparative work of all kinds makes more use of lexical roots and inflectional morphology than word formation. This chapter is a first attempt to utilize derivational morphology of verbs, in particular typologies of derivational processes and derivational bases, in subgrouping and external comparison of several language families of Eurasia. The basic method has four steps: set up a closed list of well-defined lexemes; set up a derivational type or paradigm or space and situate each word in that paradigm; determine which, if any, of the words or word forms in the paradigm is basic; and utilize what can be known about how the base determines the evolution of the whole set. It turns out that properties of the base plus the structure of the paradigm, together with some minimal information about the cognacy and/or segmental structure of the root, can yield a surprisingly good subgrouping from a small wordlist. Addition of this approach to the usual set of comparative procedures could increase the rigor of external comparison.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.09jos
89
102
14
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 4. On arguing from diachrony for paradigms
1
A01
Brian D. Joseph
Joseph, Brian D.
Brian D.
Joseph
The Ohio State University
01
Paradigms hold a special place in most linguistic descriptions and are often crucial in linguistic reconstruction and in the determining genealogical relations. Nonetheless, theoreticians debate whether paradigms constitute a necessary basic construct or instead are secondary, deriving from other basic constructs. This debate impacts the usefulness of the paradigm in typological and historical comparisons, for if the paradigm itself is derivative, it may not offer anything tangible for comparison. However, the diachronic evidence from analogical change demonstrates that speakers clearly recognize the importance of paradigms, for analogies often are restricted to just the paradigm, not extending to derivationally related forms. The role of paradigms for cross-linguistic comparisons, for establishing morphological cognates or for determining typological patterns is thus reaffirmed.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.10hym
103
126
24
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 5. Reconstructing the Niger-Congo Verb Extension Paradigm
What’s Cognate, Copied or Renewed?
1
A01
Larry M. Hyman
Hyman, Larry M.
Larry M.
Hyman
University of California, Berkeley
01
<i>You cannot reconstruct a language phylum unless you have good arguments about which language families it includes. The most striking case is Altaic, where one group of scholars produces thousands of reconstructed forms, and another denies that the major branches are even related. The most extreme case for Niger-Congo is Gerrit Dimmendaal’s 2011 book, which rejects numerous established branches and treats them as “independent”.</i> (Blench 2012: 1)It is generally assumed that Proto-Niger-Congo (PNC) had a well-developed paradigm of verb-to-verb derivational suffixes known as verb extensions (Voeltz 1977; Hyman 2007). Specific language studies identify three types of extensions: valence increasing (e.g. causative, applicative, associative, instrumental), valence decreasing (e.g. reciprocal, reflexive, decausative, passive, stative) and valence neutral (e.g. intensive, attenuative, pluractional). Sometimes also implicated in the suffix system are inflectional suffixes marking aspect (e.g. (im)perfectivity)). Despite the assumption of such verb extensions at the PNC level, languages within the vast Niger-Congo family of ca. 1200 languages differ considerably: Some have very full paradigms of verb extensions, e.g. many Atlantic languages (Becher 2000) in the West and nearly all Bantu in the East (Meeussen 1967). Others have a limited subset of the above, only a few traces, or perhaps no verb extensions at all (e.g. much of Mande). This paper is concerned with strategies for determining whether the various reflexes of the causative, applicative etc are cognate, i.e. inherited from PNC, are copied directly or indirectly through external contact, or result from renewal via morphological cycles (Heath 1998). One problem is that head-marking and such verb extensions are found in all four of Greenberg’s (1963) original African macro-groups (Dimmendaal 2000: 187–188). Starting with Bantu and then moving out to other parts of Niger-Congo and bordering non-Niger-Congo, I address both the substantive and methodological issues involved in comparing phonetically and semantically similar verb suffixes and their linear ordering properties.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.11pa2
Section header
11
01
Part II. The continuation of paradigms
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.12csa
129
140
12
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 6. Perceived formal and functional equivalence
The Hungarian <i>ik</i>-conjugation
1
A01
Éva Ágnes Csató
Csató, Éva Ágnes
Éva Ágnes
Csató
Uppsala University
01
Hungarian prefers indirect insertion of copied verbal stems. The few counterexamples of directly inserted verbal stems indicate a high degree of intimacy due to intensive contact or relatedness. András Róna-Tas and Árpád Berta’s work <i>West Old Turkic</i> published in 2011 gives a list of over thirty Turkic verb stems that were inserted directly into Hungarian during the historical period from the sixth to the tenth centuries when Hungarians lived in close contact with Turkic-speaking tribes. The paper discusses the role of perceived formal and functional equivalence in copying and discusses the question of how the evolvement and the irregular pattern of the Hungarian <i>ik</i>-conjugation can be seen in relation with credible copying processes between West Old Turkic and Ancient Hungarian.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.13ko
141
176
36
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 7. Comparative consequences of the tongue root harmony analysis for proto-Tungusic, proto-Mongolic, and proto-Korean
1
A01
Seongyeon Ko
Ko, Seongyeon
Seongyeon
Ko
Queens College of the City University of New York
2
A01
Andrew Joseph
Joseph, Andrew
Andrew
Joseph
Cornell University
3
A01
John Whitman
Whitman, John
John
Whitman
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics/Cornell University
01
This paper examines the role of retracted tongue root ([RTR]) harmony in Northeast Asian areal and genetic relationships. Recent research has suggested that at least three of the families grouped together as Altaic by Poppe (1960) – Korean, Mongolic, and Tungusic (KMT) – should be reconstructed with [RTR] vowel harmony. In this paper we reinforce this conclusion, arguing specifically against proposals that [RTR] harmony is secondary, or that [ATR] is the dominant feature. We also argue against the proposal of Starostin et al. (2003) that specific proto-families such as proto-Tungusic should be reconstructed without vowel harmony. We then compare the status of [RTR] harmony in Northeast Asia to the status of tongue root harmony in the Central Sudanic Zone, extending our discussion to the vowel harmony found in Chukchi, Yukaghir, Nivkh, and Ainu. We discuss whether KMT-style [RTR] harmony should be viewed as an innovation or a retention, and examine the particular issue of the Korean vowel inventory.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.14ung
177
196
20
Chapter
14
01
Chapter 8. Old Japanese bigrade paradigms and Korean passives and causatives
1
A01
J. Marshall Unger
Unger, J. Marshall
J. Marshall
Unger
The Ohio State University
01
There is a consensus that two Old Japanese (OJ, 8th c. ce) verb paradigms, called <i>bigrade</i>, were not present in proto-Japanese (pJ, 1st millennium BCE). There is less agreement on how the bigrades originated and how many unitary pJ vowels their reconstruction requires. I argue here that bigrade verbs began as a proto-Korean-Japanese (pKJ) passive or inchoative formation, and that six unitary pJ vowels (allowing intrasyllabic glides) suffice to capture the observed alternations of bigrade and all other verb stems. An alleged seventh pJ vowel, *ɨ, is not needed, though it may have been present in proto-Korean-Japanese. The pKJ reconstructed passive may have been an innovation that distinguished it from other Macro-Tungusic branches.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.15rob
197
232
36
Chapter
15
01
Chapter 9. The Japanese inflectional paradigm in a Transeurasian perspective
1
A01
Martine Robbeets
Robbeets, Martine
Martine
Robbeets
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
Although the genealogical relationship between Japanese and the Transeurasian languages has been a source of contention for nearly two centuries, scholars seem to agree that paradigmatic morphology could substantially help to prove relatedness. Starting from this consensus, this contribution examines whether the correlations in verb inflections between Japanese and these languages can be characterized as “paradigmatic” and whether they are more likely to result from chance or borrowing than from inheritance. For this purpose, this paper advances Transeurasian cognates for the five basic inflected forms of Japanese grammar as well as one derived stem. Taking into account internal cohesion between ordered sets of cognate forms, shared idiosyncrasies and extended relationships of grammatical patterning, the paper concludes that the correlations in verb inflections are indeed paradigmatic and more likely to be inherited than to be coincidental or borrowed.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.16pa3
Section header
16
01
Part III. The innovation of paradigms
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.17joh
235
242
8
Chapter
17
01
Chapter 10. A Yakut copy of a Tungusic viewpoint 
aspect paradigm
1
A01
Lars Johanson
Johanson, Lars
Lars
Johanson
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
The North Siberian Turkic language Yakut has two imperfect paradigms. One is “analytic”, composed of a so-called aorist and the past tense of a copula inflected for person, e.g. <i>Min bar-ar ä-ti-m</i> [I go-aor be-pret-agr.poss.1sg] ‘I was going away’. The other is a “synthetic” imperfect based on the aorist and with person markers of the so-called possessive type, e.g. <i>Min bar-ar-ïm</i> [I go-aor-agr.poss.1sg] ‘I was going away’. The basic element, the aorist, is a formal verbal category which seems to be common to the Transeurasian (Altaic) languages. In both cases studied here, the aorist has an intraterminal viewpoint aspect meaning. The “synthetic” paradigm lacks a past marker, which is highly remarkable for a Turkic language. It cannot have emerged through contraction of the “analytic” one. The paper discusses possible explanations of this phenomenon and suggests that the “synthetic” paradigm has been selectively copied in its entirety from a Tungusic language, probably Even. The paradigm would thus be the result of copying a Tungusic combinational pattern consisting of an aorist + possessive suffixes, which is a viewpoint aspect construction unparalleled in other Turkic languages. This would be an example of “carry-over influence”, which means that speakers of Tungusic have copied the paradigm into their own variety of the superstrate language Yakut. The paper also raises the question why the pattern was copied at all, given the possibility to express the imperfect meaning “analytically”.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.18nug
243
256
14
Chapter
18
01
Chapter 11. Amdo Altaic directives and comparatives based on the verb ‘to see’
1
A01
Hans Nugteren
Nugteren, Hans
Hans
Nugteren
Göttingen University
01
The Amdo or Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund consists of Mongolic and Turkic languages, as well as of many varieties of Amdo Tibetan and Northwestern Mandarin. This paper discusses the directive/allative markers and the comparative markers based on verbs of vision, as found in most of the Shirongol Mongolic languages and in the Turkic language Salar, as well as in Amdo Tibetan and aberrant varieties of Mandarin like Wutun. Comparable developments seem to be absent in Dongxiang, Eastern Yugur and Western Yugur. The forms found in the Mongolic and Turkic languages of Amdo will be compared with similar markers in Central Turkic languages, which developed them independently on the basis of different verbs.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.19nev
257
286
30
Chapter
19
01
Chapter 12. Innovations and archaisms in Siberian Turkic spatial case paradigms
A Transeurasian historical and areal perspective
1
A01
Irina Nevskaya
Nevskaya, Irina
Irina
Nevskaya
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main
01
Case systems in Siberian Turkic are an excellent example for studying paradigm change between continuity and innovation. In spite of all shared and individual innovations and developments, the core of the Proto-Turkic case paradigm remains stable here. Most innovations in Turkic case paradigms of individual languages depend on the existence of the paradigms and can be seen as attempts to restore their stability and functionality. In this article, we present several case studies on innovations and archaisms in Siberian Turkic case paradigms, in particular those of Yakut, Khakas, Shor, Altay, Tofa and Tuvan, concentrating on spatial case forms in these languages: in their inventories of case forms, and in their functions. Based on contemporary and historical data of these languages, as well as on Old Turkic material, we try to trace the sources of genuine innovations and of those that are, in fact, archaic features preserved here. In order to diagnose copied patterns we consider data from neighboring languages.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.20pak
287
310
24
Chapter
20
01
Chapter 13. Paradigm copying in Tungusic
The Lamunkhin dialect of Ėven and beyond
1
A01
Brigitte Pakendorf
Pakendorf, Brigitte
Brigitte
Pakendorf
Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, UMR5596, CNRS & Université cLyon Lumière 2
01
While it is generally acknowledged that shared correspondences in inflectional morphology provide solid evidence for a genealogical relationship between languages, inflectional paradigms are not immune to copying: two cases of verbal paradigms copied from the Turkic language Sakha (Yakut) into North Tungusic lects are known. In this paper I survey over 20 dialect descriptions of the North Tungusic languages Evenki and Ėven in order to elucidate the factors that play a role in paradigm copying. I show that both intimate contact (intermarriage) and structural congruence are necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisites for such copying and argue that the decisive factor in the known cases of paradigms copied from Sakha is the specific structure of Sakha TAM morphology.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.21jan
311
336
26
Chapter
21
01
Chapter 14. Ural-Altaic
The Polygenetic Origins of Nominal Morphology 
in the Transeurasian Zone
1
A01
Juha A. Janhunen
Janhunen, Juha A.
Juha A.
Janhunen
University of Helsinki-Helsingfors
01
The paper reviews the data concerning the nominal inflectional morphology in the chain of languages comprising Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic, collectively termed “Ural-Altaic”. Although nominal morphology has traditionally been quoted in support of the hypothesis concerning the genetic relationship of these languages, a more detailed survey of the data shows that the extant parallels are in various ways secondary and/or accidental. This suggests that Ural-Altaic is an areal and typological complex of languages, but not a genetic entity. On the other hand, it is also evident that much of the synchronically observed nominal morphology in the languages of this complex is relatively recent. The only examples of potentially relevant inter-family morphological parallels can be found between Mongolic and Tungusic.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.22lan
337
342
6
Miscellaneous
22
01
Language index
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.23sub
343
346
4
Miscellaneous
23
01
Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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2014
John Benjamins B.V.
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254014964
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SLCS 161 Hb
15
9789027259264
13
2014020748
BB
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
161
01
Paradigm Change
In the Transeurasian languages and beyond
01
slcs.161
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.161
1
B01
Martine Robbeets
Robbeets, Martine
Martine
Robbeets
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
2
B01
Walter Bisang
Bisang, Walter
Walter
Bisang
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
eng
364
xix
345
LAN009000
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
06
01
This book is concerned with comparing morphological paradigms between languages in order to establish areal and genealogical relationships. The languages in focus are the Transeurasian languages: Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic languages. World-eminent experts in diachronic morphology and typology interact with specialists on Transeurasian languages, presenting innovative theoretical analyses and new empirical facts. The stress on the importance of paradigmatic morphology in historical linguistics contrasts sharply with the paucity of existing literature on the topic. This volume partially fills this gap, by shifting focus from Indo-European to other language families. “Paradigm change” will appeal to scholars and advanced students concerned with linguistic reconstruction, language contact, morphology and typology, and to anyone interested in the Transeurasian languages.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.161.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027259264.jpg
04
03
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10
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JB code
slcs.161.01tab
ix
xiv
6
Miscellaneous
1
01
List of tables
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.02fig
xv
xvi
2
Miscellaneous
2
01
List of figures
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.03con
xvii
xviii
2
Miscellaneous
3
01
List of contributors
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.04ack
xix
xx
2
Miscellaneous
4
01
Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.05rob
1
20
20
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 1. When paradigms change
1
A01
Martine Robbeets
Robbeets, Martine
Martine
Robbeets
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
2
A01
Walter Bisang
Bisang, Walter
Walter
Bisang
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.06pa1
Section header
6
01
Part I. Paradigm change
Theoretical issues
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.07bis
23
60
38
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 2. On the strength of morphological paradigms
A historical account of radical pro-drop
1
A01
Walter Bisang
Bisang, Walter
Walter
Bisang
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
This paper will present a historical explanation of radical pro-drop based on the strength of morphological paradigms. It will start out from the observation that East and mainland Southeast Asian languages (EMSEA) with their reduced or absent morphology are radical pro-drop, while West African Niger-Congo languages with similarly reduced or absent morphology have obligatory subject and object arguments. The reason for this is that the ancestor languages of Niger-Congo had a morphological paradigm expressing the features of [person] and [number] on the verb, while the ancestor languages of EMSEA had not. It will be argued that the existence of morphological paradigms keeps the frequency of [person] and [number] features above the critical percentage of 20–30% for linguistic change (s-curve model, Wang & Cheng 1970) and thus blocks the change from non-pro-drop to radical pro-drop in the West African languages concerned by passing on the frequency of the former morphological features to syntax and obligatory pronouns. In EMSEA languages, there is no morphological paradigm that pushes the frequency of these features up to the percentage that would be necessary for a change to non-pro-drop.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.08nic
61
88
28
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 3. Derivational paradigms in diachrony 
and comparison
1
A01
Johanna Nichols
Nichols, Johanna
Johanna
Nichols
University of California, Berkeley
01
Wordlists used for subgrouping and long-range comparison under-utilize the verbal lexicon, and comparative work of all kinds makes more use of lexical roots and inflectional morphology than word formation. This chapter is a first attempt to utilize derivational morphology of verbs, in particular typologies of derivational processes and derivational bases, in subgrouping and external comparison of several language families of Eurasia. The basic method has four steps: set up a closed list of well-defined lexemes; set up a derivational type or paradigm or space and situate each word in that paradigm; determine which, if any, of the words or word forms in the paradigm is basic; and utilize what can be known about how the base determines the evolution of the whole set. It turns out that properties of the base plus the structure of the paradigm, together with some minimal information about the cognacy and/or segmental structure of the root, can yield a surprisingly good subgrouping from a small wordlist. Addition of this approach to the usual set of comparative procedures could increase the rigor of external comparison.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.09jos
89
102
14
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 4. On arguing from diachrony for paradigms
1
A01
Brian D. Joseph
Joseph, Brian D.
Brian D.
Joseph
The Ohio State University
01
Paradigms hold a special place in most linguistic descriptions and are often crucial in linguistic reconstruction and in the determining genealogical relations. Nonetheless, theoreticians debate whether paradigms constitute a necessary basic construct or instead are secondary, deriving from other basic constructs. This debate impacts the usefulness of the paradigm in typological and historical comparisons, for if the paradigm itself is derivative, it may not offer anything tangible for comparison. However, the diachronic evidence from analogical change demonstrates that speakers clearly recognize the importance of paradigms, for analogies often are restricted to just the paradigm, not extending to derivationally related forms. The role of paradigms for cross-linguistic comparisons, for establishing morphological cognates or for determining typological patterns is thus reaffirmed.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.10hym
103
126
24
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 5. Reconstructing the Niger-Congo Verb Extension Paradigm
What’s Cognate, Copied or Renewed?
1
A01
Larry M. Hyman
Hyman, Larry M.
Larry M.
Hyman
University of California, Berkeley
01
<i>You cannot reconstruct a language phylum unless you have good arguments about which language families it includes. The most striking case is Altaic, where one group of scholars produces thousands of reconstructed forms, and another denies that the major branches are even related. The most extreme case for Niger-Congo is Gerrit Dimmendaal’s 2011 book, which rejects numerous established branches and treats them as “independent”.</i> (Blench 2012: 1)It is generally assumed that Proto-Niger-Congo (PNC) had a well-developed paradigm of verb-to-verb derivational suffixes known as verb extensions (Voeltz 1977; Hyman 2007). Specific language studies identify three types of extensions: valence increasing (e.g. causative, applicative, associative, instrumental), valence decreasing (e.g. reciprocal, reflexive, decausative, passive, stative) and valence neutral (e.g. intensive, attenuative, pluractional). Sometimes also implicated in the suffix system are inflectional suffixes marking aspect (e.g. (im)perfectivity)). Despite the assumption of such verb extensions at the PNC level, languages within the vast Niger-Congo family of ca. 1200 languages differ considerably: Some have very full paradigms of verb extensions, e.g. many Atlantic languages (Becher 2000) in the West and nearly all Bantu in the East (Meeussen 1967). Others have a limited subset of the above, only a few traces, or perhaps no verb extensions at all (e.g. much of Mande). This paper is concerned with strategies for determining whether the various reflexes of the causative, applicative etc are cognate, i.e. inherited from PNC, are copied directly or indirectly through external contact, or result from renewal via morphological cycles (Heath 1998). One problem is that head-marking and such verb extensions are found in all four of Greenberg’s (1963) original African macro-groups (Dimmendaal 2000: 187–188). Starting with Bantu and then moving out to other parts of Niger-Congo and bordering non-Niger-Congo, I address both the substantive and methodological issues involved in comparing phonetically and semantically similar verb suffixes and their linear ordering properties.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.11pa2
Section header
11
01
Part II. The continuation of paradigms
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.12csa
129
140
12
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 6. Perceived formal and functional equivalence
The Hungarian <i>ik</i>-conjugation
1
A01
Éva Ágnes Csató
Csató, Éva Ágnes
Éva Ágnes
Csató
Uppsala University
01
Hungarian prefers indirect insertion of copied verbal stems. The few counterexamples of directly inserted verbal stems indicate a high degree of intimacy due to intensive contact or relatedness. András Róna-Tas and Árpád Berta’s work <i>West Old Turkic</i> published in 2011 gives a list of over thirty Turkic verb stems that were inserted directly into Hungarian during the historical period from the sixth to the tenth centuries when Hungarians lived in close contact with Turkic-speaking tribes. The paper discusses the role of perceived formal and functional equivalence in copying and discusses the question of how the evolvement and the irregular pattern of the Hungarian <i>ik</i>-conjugation can be seen in relation with credible copying processes between West Old Turkic and Ancient Hungarian.
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01
JB code
slcs.161.13ko
141
176
36
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 7. Comparative consequences of the tongue root harmony analysis for proto-Tungusic, proto-Mongolic, and proto-Korean
1
A01
Seongyeon Ko
Ko, Seongyeon
Seongyeon
Ko
Queens College of the City University of New York
2
A01
Andrew Joseph
Joseph, Andrew
Andrew
Joseph
Cornell University
3
A01
John Whitman
Whitman, John
John
Whitman
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics/Cornell University
01
This paper examines the role of retracted tongue root ([RTR]) harmony in Northeast Asian areal and genetic relationships. Recent research has suggested that at least three of the families grouped together as Altaic by Poppe (1960) – Korean, Mongolic, and Tungusic (KMT) – should be reconstructed with [RTR] vowel harmony. In this paper we reinforce this conclusion, arguing specifically against proposals that [RTR] harmony is secondary, or that [ATR] is the dominant feature. We also argue against the proposal of Starostin et al. (2003) that specific proto-families such as proto-Tungusic should be reconstructed without vowel harmony. We then compare the status of [RTR] harmony in Northeast Asia to the status of tongue root harmony in the Central Sudanic Zone, extending our discussion to the vowel harmony found in Chukchi, Yukaghir, Nivkh, and Ainu. We discuss whether KMT-style [RTR] harmony should be viewed as an innovation or a retention, and examine the particular issue of the Korean vowel inventory.
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01
JB code
slcs.161.14ung
177
196
20
Chapter
14
01
Chapter 8. Old Japanese bigrade paradigms and Korean passives and causatives
1
A01
J. Marshall Unger
Unger, J. Marshall
J. Marshall
Unger
The Ohio State University
01
There is a consensus that two Old Japanese (OJ, 8th c. ce) verb paradigms, called <i>bigrade</i>, were not present in proto-Japanese (pJ, 1st millennium BCE). There is less agreement on how the bigrades originated and how many unitary pJ vowels their reconstruction requires. I argue here that bigrade verbs began as a proto-Korean-Japanese (pKJ) passive or inchoative formation, and that six unitary pJ vowels (allowing intrasyllabic glides) suffice to capture the observed alternations of bigrade and all other verb stems. An alleged seventh pJ vowel, *ɨ, is not needed, though it may have been present in proto-Korean-Japanese. The pKJ reconstructed passive may have been an innovation that distinguished it from other Macro-Tungusic branches.
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JB code
slcs.161.15rob
197
232
36
Chapter
15
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Chapter 9. The Japanese inflectional paradigm in a Transeurasian perspective
1
A01
Martine Robbeets
Robbeets, Martine
Martine
Robbeets
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
Although the genealogical relationship between Japanese and the Transeurasian languages has been a source of contention for nearly two centuries, scholars seem to agree that paradigmatic morphology could substantially help to prove relatedness. Starting from this consensus, this contribution examines whether the correlations in verb inflections between Japanese and these languages can be characterized as “paradigmatic” and whether they are more likely to result from chance or borrowing than from inheritance. For this purpose, this paper advances Transeurasian cognates for the five basic inflected forms of Japanese grammar as well as one derived stem. Taking into account internal cohesion between ordered sets of cognate forms, shared idiosyncrasies and extended relationships of grammatical patterning, the paper concludes that the correlations in verb inflections are indeed paradigmatic and more likely to be inherited than to be coincidental or borrowed.
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JB code
slcs.161.16pa3
Section header
16
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Part III. The innovation of paradigms
10
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JB code
slcs.161.17joh
235
242
8
Chapter
17
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Chapter 10. A Yakut copy of a Tungusic viewpoint 
aspect paradigm
1
A01
Lars Johanson
Johanson, Lars
Lars
Johanson
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
01
The North Siberian Turkic language Yakut has two imperfect paradigms. One is “analytic”, composed of a so-called aorist and the past tense of a copula inflected for person, e.g. <i>Min bar-ar ä-ti-m</i> [I go-aor be-pret-agr.poss.1sg] ‘I was going away’. The other is a “synthetic” imperfect based on the aorist and with person markers of the so-called possessive type, e.g. <i>Min bar-ar-ïm</i> [I go-aor-agr.poss.1sg] ‘I was going away’. The basic element, the aorist, is a formal verbal category which seems to be common to the Transeurasian (Altaic) languages. In both cases studied here, the aorist has an intraterminal viewpoint aspect meaning. The “synthetic” paradigm lacks a past marker, which is highly remarkable for a Turkic language. It cannot have emerged through contraction of the “analytic” one. The paper discusses possible explanations of this phenomenon and suggests that the “synthetic” paradigm has been selectively copied in its entirety from a Tungusic language, probably Even. The paradigm would thus be the result of copying a Tungusic combinational pattern consisting of an aorist + possessive suffixes, which is a viewpoint aspect construction unparalleled in other Turkic languages. This would be an example of “carry-over influence”, which means that speakers of Tungusic have copied the paradigm into their own variety of the superstrate language Yakut. The paper also raises the question why the pattern was copied at all, given the possibility to express the imperfect meaning “analytically”.
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JB code
slcs.161.18nug
243
256
14
Chapter
18
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Chapter 11. Amdo Altaic directives and comparatives based on the verb ‘to see’
1
A01
Hans Nugteren
Nugteren, Hans
Hans
Nugteren
Göttingen University
01
The Amdo or Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund consists of Mongolic and Turkic languages, as well as of many varieties of Amdo Tibetan and Northwestern Mandarin. This paper discusses the directive/allative markers and the comparative markers based on verbs of vision, as found in most of the Shirongol Mongolic languages and in the Turkic language Salar, as well as in Amdo Tibetan and aberrant varieties of Mandarin like Wutun. Comparable developments seem to be absent in Dongxiang, Eastern Yugur and Western Yugur. The forms found in the Mongolic and Turkic languages of Amdo will be compared with similar markers in Central Turkic languages, which developed them independently on the basis of different verbs.
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JB code
slcs.161.19nev
257
286
30
Chapter
19
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Chapter 12. Innovations and archaisms in Siberian Turkic spatial case paradigms
A Transeurasian historical and areal perspective
1
A01
Irina Nevskaya
Nevskaya, Irina
Irina
Nevskaya
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main
01
Case systems in Siberian Turkic are an excellent example for studying paradigm change between continuity and innovation. In spite of all shared and individual innovations and developments, the core of the Proto-Turkic case paradigm remains stable here. Most innovations in Turkic case paradigms of individual languages depend on the existence of the paradigms and can be seen as attempts to restore their stability and functionality. In this article, we present several case studies on innovations and archaisms in Siberian Turkic case paradigms, in particular those of Yakut, Khakas, Shor, Altay, Tofa and Tuvan, concentrating on spatial case forms in these languages: in their inventories of case forms, and in their functions. Based on contemporary and historical data of these languages, as well as on Old Turkic material, we try to trace the sources of genuine innovations and of those that are, in fact, archaic features preserved here. In order to diagnose copied patterns we consider data from neighboring languages.
10
01
JB code
slcs.161.20pak
287
310
24
Chapter
20
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Chapter 13. Paradigm copying in Tungusic
The Lamunkhin dialect of Ėven and beyond
1
A01
Brigitte Pakendorf
Pakendorf, Brigitte
Brigitte
Pakendorf
Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, UMR5596, CNRS & Université cLyon Lumière 2
01
While it is generally acknowledged that shared correspondences in inflectional morphology provide solid evidence for a genealogical relationship between languages, inflectional paradigms are not immune to copying: two cases of verbal paradigms copied from the Turkic language Sakha (Yakut) into North Tungusic lects are known. In this paper I survey over 20 dialect descriptions of the North Tungusic languages Evenki and Ėven in order to elucidate the factors that play a role in paradigm copying. I show that both intimate contact (intermarriage) and structural congruence are necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisites for such copying and argue that the decisive factor in the known cases of paradigms copied from Sakha is the specific structure of Sakha TAM morphology.
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01
JB code
slcs.161.21jan
311
336
26
Chapter
21
01
Chapter 14. Ural-Altaic
The Polygenetic Origins of Nominal Morphology 
in the Transeurasian Zone
1
A01
Juha A. Janhunen
Janhunen, Juha A.
Juha A.
Janhunen
University of Helsinki-Helsingfors
01
The paper reviews the data concerning the nominal inflectional morphology in the chain of languages comprising Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic, collectively termed “Ural-Altaic”. Although nominal morphology has traditionally been quoted in support of the hypothesis concerning the genetic relationship of these languages, a more detailed survey of the data shows that the extant parallels are in various ways secondary and/or accidental. This suggests that Ural-Altaic is an areal and typological complex of languages, but not a genetic entity. On the other hand, it is also evident that much of the synchronically observed nominal morphology in the languages of this complex is relatively recent. The only examples of potentially relevant inter-family morphological parallels can be found between Mongolic and Tungusic.
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slcs.161.22lan
337
342
6
Miscellaneous
22
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Language index
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slcs.161.23sub
343
346
4
Miscellaneous
23
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Subject index
02
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