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eng
01
EUR
491017389
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SLCS 182 Eb
15
9789027265951
06
10.1075/slcs.182
13
2017030054
DG
002
02
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
182
01
Lexical Polycategoriality
Cross-linguistic, cross-theoretical and language acquisition approaches
01
slcs.182
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.182
1
B01
Valentina Vapnarsky
Vapnarsky, Valentina
Valentina
Vapnarsky
CNRS & Université Paris Nanterre
2
B01
Edy Veneziano
Veneziano, Edy
Edy
Veneziano
Université Paris Descartes & CNRS
01
eng
493
xiii
479
LAN009060
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.LA
Language acquisition
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PSYLIN
Psycholinguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This book presents a collection of chapters on the nature, flexibility and acquisition of lexical categories. These long-debated issues are looked at anew by exploring the hypothesis of lexical polycategoriality –according to which lexical forms are not fully, or univocally, specified for lexical category– in a wide number of unrelated languages, and within different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Twenty languages are thoroughly analyzed. Apart from French, Arabic and Hebrew, the volume includes mostly understudied languages, spoken in New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Amazonia, Meso- and North America. Resulting from a long-standing collaboration between leading international experts, this book brings under one cover new data analyses and results on word categories from the linguistic and acquisitional point of view. It will be of the utmost interest to researchers, teachers and graduate students in different fields of linguistics (morpho-syntax, semantics, typology), language acquisition, as well as psycholinguistics, cognition and anthropology.
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1
Miscellaneous
1
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Acknowledgments
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slcs.182.cont
xi
xiii
3
Miscellaneous
2
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List of contributors
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JB code
slcs.182.01val
1
31
31
Chapter
3
01
Lexical Polycategoriality: Cross-linguistic, cross-theoretical and language acquisition approaches
An introduction
1
A01
Valentina Vapnarsky
Vapnarsky, Valentina
Valentina
Vapnarsky
LESC/EREA-CNRS & Université Paris Nanterre
2
A01
Edy Veneziano
Veneziano, Edy
Edy
Veneziano
MoDyCo & LPPS, Université Paris Descartes
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p1
33
97
65
Section header
4
01
Part I. Polycategoriality
The where and how of flexibility?
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.02cre
35
57
23
Chapter
5
01
The flexibility of the noun/verb distinction in the lexicon of Mandinka
The
flexibility of the noun/verb distinction in the lexicon of Mandinka
1
A01
Denis Creissels
Creissels, Denis
Denis
Creissels
Université Lumière (Lyon 2)
20
mandinka
20
noun/verb distinction
20
unmarked nominalization
20
verbo-nominal lexemes
01
In Mandinka, a Mande language, it is easy to identify words fulfilling the function of verbal head of a clause or nominal head of a noun phrase, but the division of lexemes into a class of nominal lexemes and a class of verbal lexemes is problematic, due to their categorial flexibility. This article argues that three major classes or lexemes must be distinguished: verbal lexemes (whose nominal use is fully predictable and can conveniently be analyzed as morphologically unmarked nominalization), nominal lexemes (whose verbal use is limited to the expression of ‘provide someone with X’), and verbo-nominal lexemes (whose nominal and verbal uses are equally productive, and at the same time cannot be related to each other by any general rule).
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JB code
slcs.182.03ker
59
78
20
Chapter
6
01
Derivationally based homophony in French
1
A01
Françoise Kerleroux
Kerleroux, Françoise
Françoise
Kerleroux
Université Paris Nanterre
20
conversion
20
derivation
20
French
20
homophony
20
lexical morphology
01
French reveals many cases of homophony, which raise the question of categorial flexibility. This paper analyses Verb/Noun pairs with identical form and compares them to Verb/Noun pairs with overt derivation. It is argued that French homophony phenomena are based on non-affixal derivational morphology (conversion). The study is conducted within the framework of lexical constructional morphology, with the underlying hypothesis that lexical units or lexemes used in the construction of complex lexemes are characterised by three correlated properties – phonological form, semantic interpretation and category. In this framework, the affixal formants are regarded as exponents of the derivation rules. The analysis concludes by returning to Saussure’s key proposals about the sign and its differential.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.04lio
79
97
19
Chapter
7
01
Categorial flexibility as an emergent phenomenon
A comparison of Arabic, Wolof, and French
1
A01
Alain Kihm
Kihm, Alain
Alain
Kihm
CNRS & Université Paris-Diderot
20
categorial flexibility
20
conversion
20
lexical network
20
lexical root
20
Word and Pardigm
01
The present paper takes the view that categorial flexibility (CF, also called polycategoriality), i.e. having the “same” items function both as nouns and verbs, is not a possible substantial property of lexemes. Given the semantic quirks that often characterize such alternative uses (e.g. <i>a tree</i> vs. <i>to tree</i>), assuming CF leads one to posit roots endowed with general and vague meanings, the grammatical and cognitive reality of which appears highly dubious. Lexemes ought therefore to be viewed as rigidly categorized with precise meanings. CF is an emergent phenomenon that results when nouns and verbs share more or less loose semantic networks with the language-particular morphological property that they do not or minimally differ in their forms.
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JB code
slcs.182.p2
99
203
105
Section header
8
01
Part II. Polycategoriality across Amerindian languages
From words to roots
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.05loi
101
153
53
Chapter
9
01
Polycategoriality and hybridity across Mayan languages
Action nouns and ergative splits
1
A01
Ximena Lois
Lois, Ximena
Ximena
Lois
Artis Research
2
A01
Valentina Vapnarsky
Vapnarsky, Valentina
Valentina
Vapnarsky
LESC/EREA-CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre
3
A01
Cédric Becquey
Becquey, Cédric
Cédric
Becquey
LESC/EREA-CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre
4
A01
Aurore Monod Becquelin
Monod Becquelin, Aurore
Aurore
Monod Becquelin
LESC-CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre
20
agency
20
ergativity
20
lexical category
20
Mayan languages
20
polycategoriality
20
verbal noun
01
This article presents a comparative study of Mayan languages belonging to three different branches (Cholan, Tseltalan and Yucatecan), with respect to polycategoriality. Mayan languages appear to be particularly interesting for exploring polycategoriality for several structural reasons, as well as for the way relevant properties vary across the Mayan family. We analyze levels and processes of categorial determination and their relationship with other facts, in particular the ergative splits (aspectual and agentive). We study morphophonological, morphosyntactic and semantic properties for evaluating polycategoriality at the root or stem level. At the structure level, we put forth the hypothesis of a hybrid nature based on simultaneous nominal and verbal properties. For some cases, a reanalysis from nominal to verbal stems is proposed.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.06mit
155
174
20
Chapter
10
01
Polycategoriality and zero derivation
Insights from Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimo
1
A01
Marianne Mithun
Mithun, Marianne
Marianne
Mithun
University of California, Santa Barbara
20
conversion
20
lexical category
20
polycategoriality
20
Yup'ik
20
zero derivation
01
The possibility of polycategorial lexical items, unspecified for category, raises interesting issues. One is the predictability of semantic relationships between polycategorial forms in predicating and referring uses. Another is the language-internal generality of the phenomenon, whether it necessarily holds of all units at a particular level. A third is its cross-linguistic generality and potential association with certain typological features. These issues are examined with examples from a language exhibiting striking similarities to the Mayan languages for which polycategoriality has recently been argued. Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimo appears to show robust polycategoriality at the root, stem, word, and clause level. A closer look indicates that the story is actually more interesting, and that the universality of polycategoriality remains an open question.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.07haa
175
203
29
Chapter
11
01
What determines constraints on the relationships between roots and lexical categories?
Evidence from Choctaw and Cherokee
1
A01
Marcia Haag
Haag, Marcia
Marcia
Haag
University of Oklahoma
20
Amerindian languages
20
conversion
20
lexical roots
20
polycategoriality
20
properties of lexical categories
01
Evidence from Amerindian languages suggests that there are roots that have no inherent lexical category and roots that do. Both can co-exist in a single language. Acategorial roots, typical of Cherokee, have semantic content, but lexical category does not emerge until the level of the grammatical word. Words that share lexical roots are not predictable in their relationships. A different type of root, exemplified in Choctaw, places robust restrictions on its derivations. These roots predict not only a verb-noun correspondence, but also the semantic type of derivation. Nouns derived from verbs utilize the argument structure of the related verb to determine semantic type. Predicative roots with no argument structure have no predictable correspondences; those derivations are simply examples of conversion.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p3
205
271
67
Section header
12
01
Part III. Polycategoriality across Austronesian and Australian languages
Function and typology
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.08bri
207
242
36
Chapter
13
01
Lexical and syntactic categories in Nêlêmwa (New Caledonia) and some other Austronesian languages
Fluid vs. rigid categoriality
1
A01
Isabelle Bril
Bril, Isabelle
Isabelle
Bril
LACITO-CNRS, & EPHE
20
categorial fluidity
20
conversion
20
derivation
20
fluid bases
20
lexico-syntactic categories
20
omnipredicativity
20
polycategoriality
01
In contrast with various Austronesian languages (especially Formosan, Philippine, Polynesian) for which lexical roots are claimed to be functionally unspecified or <sc>precategorial</sc>, lexical bases in Nêlêmwa (New Caledonia) evidence a clear noun/verb opposition, identifiable by distinctive morphosyntactic features, except for some 5% fluid bases which can be nouns or verbs without any derivation. Beyond their prototypical functions, nouns, verbs and their subcategories display some functional flexibility in Nêlêmwa; it thus stands midway between flexible and rigid languages. Yet categorial flexibility is asymmetrical, nouns are the most flexible and may be recategorised in relation to their propositional operation and syntactic function, giving rise to hybrid lexico-syntactic words. Nêlêmwa data will be compared and put into perspective with data from other Austronesian languages.
10
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JB code
slcs.182.09sch
243
271
29
Chapter
14
01
Two classes of verbs in Northern Australian languages
Implications for the typology of polycategoriality
1
A01
Eva Schultze-Berndt
Schultze-Berndt, Eva
Eva
Schultze-Berndt
University of Manchester
20
Australian languages
20
closed-class verbs
20
dependent predicates
20
ideophones
20
parts of speech
20
preverbs
20
subordination
01
This paper discusses some of the implications for the typology of parts of speech – including the notion of polycategoriality – of the existence, in some Australian languages, of two clearly distinct lexical categories which meet the common definition of “verb”. Both appear exclusively in predicative function, but only one of them can form independent predicates, while the other is restricted to dependent predication. It is argued that the commonly assumed set of universal major parts of speech, even if conceived of as prototypes, is eurocentric and should be replaced by a more fine-grained set of syntacto-pragmatic functions which are better suited to identifying categorial overlap, and allow us to give proper consideration to more specialised parts of speech.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p4
273
377
105
Section header
15
01
Part IV. Linguistic analysis in the light of acquisition data
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.10fra
275
306
32
Chapter
16
01
The ontology of roots and the emergence of nouns and verbs in Kuikuro
The
ontology of roots and the emergence of nouns and verbs in Kuikuro
Adult speech and children’s acquisition
1
A01
Bruna Franchetto
Franchetto, Bruna
Bruna
Franchetto
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CNPq
2
A01
Mara Santos
Santos, Mara
Mara
Santos
Universidade Federal do Amapue - UNIFAP
20
acategorial roots
20
Carib
20
genesis of Nouns and Verbs
20
Kuikuro
20
language acquisition
01
Kuikuro, a dialect of the Upper Xingu Carib Language (Southern Amazonia, Brazil), cannot be defined as polycategorial. Instead, we argue that it is a highly agglutinative language in which the postulates of Distributed Morphology are extremely effective for their descriptive and explanatory power: roots are acategorized lexical items from which families of words can be generated in syntax, and not before, through pairing with functional morphemes. Inflection, both nominal and verbal, is the phonological expression of syntactic identities and functions, e.g., Nouns and Verbs as arguments and their heads. A first excursion into the speech production of Kuikuro children aged 14 to 36 months brings new evidence in favor of the hypothesis that Nouns and Verbs emerge step by step in the development of syntactic functional projections, from an early phase of multi-functional and uninflected baby-words – a phenomenon at the heart of the ethnotheory of language acquisition.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.11mer
307
341
35
Chapter
17
01
Flexibles and polyvalence in Ku Waru
A developmental perspective
1
A01
Francesca Merlan
Merlan, Francesca
Francesca
Merlan
2
A01
Alan Rumsey
Rumsey, Alan
Alan
Rumsey
Australian National University
20
child language acquisition
20
longitudinal study
20
Papuan languages
20
serial verb constructions
20
word classes
01
This chapter concerns the nature and universality of word classes and their relation to syntagmatic types. Having thought through these issues on the basis of material from a Papuan language, Ku Waru, of the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea, in this paper we make use of child language acquisition data from that language to examine the acquisition of word classes and clause-level syntactic structures. In particular, we examine the frequency and development in children’s acquisition of two distinct multi-word verbal constructions: the adjunct+verb construction and the serial verb construction. The paper considers these structures and the processes of their acquisition from two points of view: that of the adult target language towards which children’s proficiency is developing; and that of children’s speech at various points in development, from 17 to about 36 months, considered as emergent and evolving systems in their own right.
10
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JB code
slcs.182.12ber
343
377
35
Chapter
18
01
Word class distinctiveness versus polycategoriality in Modern Hebrew
Typological and psycholinguistic perspectives
1
A01
Ruth A. Berman
Berman, Ruth A.
Ruth A.
Berman
Tel Aviv University
20
children acquisition
20
intergitiation
20
mental lexicon
20
Modern Hebrew
20
word-class
20
word-formation
01
The paper deals with word-formation devices in Modern Hebrew as reflecting word-class distinctiveness rather than polycategoriality, defined here as characterizing lexical items that share the same surface morpho-phonological form, yet function in different lexico-grammatical categories. Relevant typological features of the Modern Hebrew lexicon are outlined in terms of: the two major derivational processes of interdigitation of consonantal roots with affixal patterns and linear affixation to a stem; the relative morpho-phonological distinctiveness of the categories of N, V, and A; and the special status of <i>benoni</i> ‘intermediate’ participial forms as allowing polycategoriality in the shape of form-function shifts between these three lexical categories. Empirical evidence is then reviewed concerning preferred patterns of new-word formation in current Hebrew usage, and findings from structured elicitations and naturalistic speech samples are detailed for acquisition of word-class distinctions by pre-school Hebrew-speaking children, including the relatively minor role played by <i>benoni</i> polycategoriality in early child language. The concluding section discusses these findings in terms of the impact of linguistic typology and the lengthy developmental route in this, as in other domains, from initial non-analysis via morphological decomposition of lexical items and on to proficient, literacy-based construal of the elements constituting the mental lexicon.
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slcs.182.p5
379
466
88
Section header
19
01
Part V. Lexical categories and polycategoriality in acquisition
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.13ven
381
411
31
Chapter
20
01
Noun and Verb categories in acquisition
Evidence from <i>fillers</i> and inflectional morphology in French-acquiring children
1
A01
Edy Veneziano
Veneziano, Edy
Edy
Veneziano
MoDyCo & LPPS, Université Paris Descartes & CNRS
20
acquisition
20
comprehension
20
fillers
20
French acquisition
20
French verbal inflectional morphology
20
nouns
20
production
20
verbs
20
word categories
01
Our analyses suggest that early fillers are premorphological. They help children realize phonoprosodic features, and reflect the distributional regularities of child-directed speech, but are not used to differentiate nouns from verbs, a differentiation that starts to show up a few months after their appearance. The analysis of verbal inflectional morphology confirms these results, showing that, at first, verbs are not treated differently from nouns. The results of a comprehension task administered longitudinally to one of the children are also reported. In this task the child has to attribute an action or object meaning to homophonous or nonce words on the sole basis of the grammatical context in which they occur. The more mature understanding of the distinction between noun and verb frames required by the comprehension task sheds further light on the early psychological reality of Nouns and Verbs for young children.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.14par
413
442
30
Chapter
21
01
Semantic discrimination of Noun/Verb categories in French children aged 1;6 to 2;11
1
A01
Christophe Parisse
Parisse, Christophe
Christophe
Parisse
Modyco, INSERM, CNRS & Université Paris Nanterre
2
A01
Caroline Rossi
Rossi, Caroline
Caroline
Rossi
Université Grenoble Alpes, ICLEA4 (GREMUTS)
20
early language acquisition
20
grammatical categories (Noun, Verb)
20
semantic categorization
01
This study assesses the part played by semantics in the emergence of grammatical categories in child language. Based on basic, real-world properties, we analyze each of the first nouns and verbs used by three French-speaking children, and code them along six semantic dimensions – animacy, concreteness, determination, distance, motion and number. We use multiple correspondence analyses and hierarchical clustering to model the categories of child language that emerge based on the above semantic dimensions. We then compare them with adult noun and verb categories. Our results show that a gradual organization of meaning takes place during language development, with a degree of variation from one child to the other, especially in the early steps.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.15pfe
443
466
24
Chapter
22
01
The acquisition of action nouns in Yucatec Maya
The
acquisition of action nouns in Yucatec Maya
1
A01
Barbara Pfeiler
Pfeiler, Barbara
Barbara
Pfeiler
Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y en Ciencias Sociales, UNAM
20
action nouns
20
language acquisition
20
Yucatec Maya
01
The fact that ergative-absolutive inflectional morphology applies to nouns as well as to verbs in Yucatec Maya obscures the boundary between nouns and verbs, and makes it difficult for children to acquire the distinction between them. Acquisition is particularly difficult for the category of action nouns which can be used as either nouns or verbs in Yucatec. The analysis of the spontaneous speech of two Yucatec monolingual children from 1;9 to 2;3 shows that the most frequent action noun ‘play, toy’ is used as both a noun and a verb in the children’s corpus. The children preferred the nominal use of other action nouns when referring to concrete objects. The frequency of action noun use in the adult speech, the discourse context and rephrasing affected the children’s use of action nouns to different degrees. Research on the acquisition of language-specific lexical categories is essential to understanding how children acquire language.
10
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slcs.182.aut
467
471
5
Miscellaneous
23
01
Author index
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slcs.182.lan
473
474
2
Miscellaneous
24
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Language index
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slcs.182.sub
475
479
5
Miscellaneous
25
01
Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
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20171101
2017
John Benjamins B.V.
02
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JB code
SLCS 182 Hb
15
9789027259479
13
2017003697
BB
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
182
01
Lexical Polycategoriality
Cross-linguistic, cross-theoretical and language acquisition approaches
01
slcs.182
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.182
1
B01
Valentina Vapnarsky
Vapnarsky, Valentina
Valentina
Vapnarsky
CNRS & Université Paris Nanterre
2
B01
Edy Veneziano
Veneziano, Edy
Edy
Veneziano
Université Paris Descartes & CNRS
01
eng
493
xiii
479
LAN009060
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.LA
Language acquisition
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PSYLIN
Psycholinguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This book presents a collection of chapters on the nature, flexibility and acquisition of lexical categories. These long-debated issues are looked at anew by exploring the hypothesis of lexical polycategoriality –according to which lexical forms are not fully, or univocally, specified for lexical category– in a wide number of unrelated languages, and within different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Twenty languages are thoroughly analyzed. Apart from French, Arabic and Hebrew, the volume includes mostly understudied languages, spoken in New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Amazonia, Meso- and North America. Resulting from a long-standing collaboration between leading international experts, this book brings under one cover new data analyses and results on word categories from the linguistic and acquisitional point of view. It will be of the utmost interest to researchers, teachers and graduate students in different fields of linguistics (morpho-syntax, semantics, typology), language acquisition, as well as psycholinguistics, cognition and anthropology.
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slcs.182.acks
ix
1
Miscellaneous
1
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Acknowledgments
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slcs.182.cont
xi
xiii
3
Miscellaneous
2
01
List of contributors
10
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slcs.182.01val
1
31
31
Chapter
3
01
Lexical Polycategoriality: Cross-linguistic, cross-theoretical and language acquisition approaches
An introduction
1
A01
Valentina Vapnarsky
Vapnarsky, Valentina
Valentina
Vapnarsky
LESC/EREA-CNRS & Université Paris Nanterre
2
A01
Edy Veneziano
Veneziano, Edy
Edy
Veneziano
MoDyCo & LPPS, Université Paris Descartes
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p1
33
97
65
Section header
4
01
Part I. Polycategoriality
The where and how of flexibility?
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.02cre
35
57
23
Chapter
5
01
The flexibility of the noun/verb distinction in the lexicon of Mandinka
The
flexibility of the noun/verb distinction in the lexicon of Mandinka
1
A01
Denis Creissels
Creissels, Denis
Denis
Creissels
Université Lumière (Lyon 2)
20
mandinka
20
noun/verb distinction
20
unmarked nominalization
20
verbo-nominal lexemes
01
In Mandinka, a Mande language, it is easy to identify words fulfilling the function of verbal head of a clause or nominal head of a noun phrase, but the division of lexemes into a class of nominal lexemes and a class of verbal lexemes is problematic, due to their categorial flexibility. This article argues that three major classes or lexemes must be distinguished: verbal lexemes (whose nominal use is fully predictable and can conveniently be analyzed as morphologically unmarked nominalization), nominal lexemes (whose verbal use is limited to the expression of ‘provide someone with X’), and verbo-nominal lexemes (whose nominal and verbal uses are equally productive, and at the same time cannot be related to each other by any general rule).
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.03ker
59
78
20
Chapter
6
01
Derivationally based homophony in French
1
A01
Françoise Kerleroux
Kerleroux, Françoise
Françoise
Kerleroux
Université Paris Nanterre
20
conversion
20
derivation
20
French
20
homophony
20
lexical morphology
01
French reveals many cases of homophony, which raise the question of categorial flexibility. This paper analyses Verb/Noun pairs with identical form and compares them to Verb/Noun pairs with overt derivation. It is argued that French homophony phenomena are based on non-affixal derivational morphology (conversion). The study is conducted within the framework of lexical constructional morphology, with the underlying hypothesis that lexical units or lexemes used in the construction of complex lexemes are characterised by three correlated properties – phonological form, semantic interpretation and category. In this framework, the affixal formants are regarded as exponents of the derivation rules. The analysis concludes by returning to Saussure’s key proposals about the sign and its differential.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.04lio
79
97
19
Chapter
7
01
Categorial flexibility as an emergent phenomenon
A comparison of Arabic, Wolof, and French
1
A01
Alain Kihm
Kihm, Alain
Alain
Kihm
CNRS & Université Paris-Diderot
20
categorial flexibility
20
conversion
20
lexical network
20
lexical root
20
Word and Pardigm
01
The present paper takes the view that categorial flexibility (CF, also called polycategoriality), i.e. having the “same” items function both as nouns and verbs, is not a possible substantial property of lexemes. Given the semantic quirks that often characterize such alternative uses (e.g. <i>a tree</i> vs. <i>to tree</i>), assuming CF leads one to posit roots endowed with general and vague meanings, the grammatical and cognitive reality of which appears highly dubious. Lexemes ought therefore to be viewed as rigidly categorized with precise meanings. CF is an emergent phenomenon that results when nouns and verbs share more or less loose semantic networks with the language-particular morphological property that they do not or minimally differ in their forms.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p2
99
203
105
Section header
8
01
Part II. Polycategoriality across Amerindian languages
From words to roots
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.05loi
101
153
53
Chapter
9
01
Polycategoriality and hybridity across Mayan languages
Action nouns and ergative splits
1
A01
Ximena Lois
Lois, Ximena
Ximena
Lois
Artis Research
2
A01
Valentina Vapnarsky
Vapnarsky, Valentina
Valentina
Vapnarsky
LESC/EREA-CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre
3
A01
Cédric Becquey
Becquey, Cédric
Cédric
Becquey
LESC/EREA-CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre
4
A01
Aurore Monod Becquelin
Monod Becquelin, Aurore
Aurore
Monod Becquelin
LESC-CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre
20
agency
20
ergativity
20
lexical category
20
Mayan languages
20
polycategoriality
20
verbal noun
01
This article presents a comparative study of Mayan languages belonging to three different branches (Cholan, Tseltalan and Yucatecan), with respect to polycategoriality. Mayan languages appear to be particularly interesting for exploring polycategoriality for several structural reasons, as well as for the way relevant properties vary across the Mayan family. We analyze levels and processes of categorial determination and their relationship with other facts, in particular the ergative splits (aspectual and agentive). We study morphophonological, morphosyntactic and semantic properties for evaluating polycategoriality at the root or stem level. At the structure level, we put forth the hypothesis of a hybrid nature based on simultaneous nominal and verbal properties. For some cases, a reanalysis from nominal to verbal stems is proposed.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.06mit
155
174
20
Chapter
10
01
Polycategoriality and zero derivation
Insights from Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimo
1
A01
Marianne Mithun
Mithun, Marianne
Marianne
Mithun
University of California, Santa Barbara
20
conversion
20
lexical category
20
polycategoriality
20
Yup'ik
20
zero derivation
01
The possibility of polycategorial lexical items, unspecified for category, raises interesting issues. One is the predictability of semantic relationships between polycategorial forms in predicating and referring uses. Another is the language-internal generality of the phenomenon, whether it necessarily holds of all units at a particular level. A third is its cross-linguistic generality and potential association with certain typological features. These issues are examined with examples from a language exhibiting striking similarities to the Mayan languages for which polycategoriality has recently been argued. Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimo appears to show robust polycategoriality at the root, stem, word, and clause level. A closer look indicates that the story is actually more interesting, and that the universality of polycategoriality remains an open question.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.07haa
175
203
29
Chapter
11
01
What determines constraints on the relationships between roots and lexical categories?
Evidence from Choctaw and Cherokee
1
A01
Marcia Haag
Haag, Marcia
Marcia
Haag
University of Oklahoma
20
Amerindian languages
20
conversion
20
lexical roots
20
polycategoriality
20
properties of lexical categories
01
Evidence from Amerindian languages suggests that there are roots that have no inherent lexical category and roots that do. Both can co-exist in a single language. Acategorial roots, typical of Cherokee, have semantic content, but lexical category does not emerge until the level of the grammatical word. Words that share lexical roots are not predictable in their relationships. A different type of root, exemplified in Choctaw, places robust restrictions on its derivations. These roots predict not only a verb-noun correspondence, but also the semantic type of derivation. Nouns derived from verbs utilize the argument structure of the related verb to determine semantic type. Predicative roots with no argument structure have no predictable correspondences; those derivations are simply examples of conversion.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p3
205
271
67
Section header
12
01
Part III. Polycategoriality across Austronesian and Australian languages
Function and typology
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.08bri
207
242
36
Chapter
13
01
Lexical and syntactic categories in Nêlêmwa (New Caledonia) and some other Austronesian languages
Fluid vs. rigid categoriality
1
A01
Isabelle Bril
Bril, Isabelle
Isabelle
Bril
LACITO-CNRS, & EPHE
20
categorial fluidity
20
conversion
20
derivation
20
fluid bases
20
lexico-syntactic categories
20
omnipredicativity
20
polycategoriality
01
In contrast with various Austronesian languages (especially Formosan, Philippine, Polynesian) for which lexical roots are claimed to be functionally unspecified or <sc>precategorial</sc>, lexical bases in Nêlêmwa (New Caledonia) evidence a clear noun/verb opposition, identifiable by distinctive morphosyntactic features, except for some 5% fluid bases which can be nouns or verbs without any derivation. Beyond their prototypical functions, nouns, verbs and their subcategories display some functional flexibility in Nêlêmwa; it thus stands midway between flexible and rigid languages. Yet categorial flexibility is asymmetrical, nouns are the most flexible and may be recategorised in relation to their propositional operation and syntactic function, giving rise to hybrid lexico-syntactic words. Nêlêmwa data will be compared and put into perspective with data from other Austronesian languages.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.09sch
243
271
29
Chapter
14
01
Two classes of verbs in Northern Australian languages
Implications for the typology of polycategoriality
1
A01
Eva Schultze-Berndt
Schultze-Berndt, Eva
Eva
Schultze-Berndt
University of Manchester
20
Australian languages
20
closed-class verbs
20
dependent predicates
20
ideophones
20
parts of speech
20
preverbs
20
subordination
01
This paper discusses some of the implications for the typology of parts of speech – including the notion of polycategoriality – of the existence, in some Australian languages, of two clearly distinct lexical categories which meet the common definition of “verb”. Both appear exclusively in predicative function, but only one of them can form independent predicates, while the other is restricted to dependent predication. It is argued that the commonly assumed set of universal major parts of speech, even if conceived of as prototypes, is eurocentric and should be replaced by a more fine-grained set of syntacto-pragmatic functions which are better suited to identifying categorial overlap, and allow us to give proper consideration to more specialised parts of speech.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p4
273
377
105
Section header
15
01
Part IV. Linguistic analysis in the light of acquisition data
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.10fra
275
306
32
Chapter
16
01
The ontology of roots and the emergence of nouns and verbs in Kuikuro
The
ontology of roots and the emergence of nouns and verbs in Kuikuro
Adult speech and children’s acquisition
1
A01
Bruna Franchetto
Franchetto, Bruna
Bruna
Franchetto
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CNPq
2
A01
Mara Santos
Santos, Mara
Mara
Santos
Universidade Federal do Amapue - UNIFAP
20
acategorial roots
20
Carib
20
genesis of Nouns and Verbs
20
Kuikuro
20
language acquisition
01
Kuikuro, a dialect of the Upper Xingu Carib Language (Southern Amazonia, Brazil), cannot be defined as polycategorial. Instead, we argue that it is a highly agglutinative language in which the postulates of Distributed Morphology are extremely effective for their descriptive and explanatory power: roots are acategorized lexical items from which families of words can be generated in syntax, and not before, through pairing with functional morphemes. Inflection, both nominal and verbal, is the phonological expression of syntactic identities and functions, e.g., Nouns and Verbs as arguments and their heads. A first excursion into the speech production of Kuikuro children aged 14 to 36 months brings new evidence in favor of the hypothesis that Nouns and Verbs emerge step by step in the development of syntactic functional projections, from an early phase of multi-functional and uninflected baby-words – a phenomenon at the heart of the ethnotheory of language acquisition.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.11mer
307
341
35
Chapter
17
01
Flexibles and polyvalence in Ku Waru
A developmental perspective
1
A01
Francesca Merlan
Merlan, Francesca
Francesca
Merlan
2
A01
Alan Rumsey
Rumsey, Alan
Alan
Rumsey
Australian National University
20
child language acquisition
20
longitudinal study
20
Papuan languages
20
serial verb constructions
20
word classes
01
This chapter concerns the nature and universality of word classes and their relation to syntagmatic types. Having thought through these issues on the basis of material from a Papuan language, Ku Waru, of the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea, in this paper we make use of child language acquisition data from that language to examine the acquisition of word classes and clause-level syntactic structures. In particular, we examine the frequency and development in children’s acquisition of two distinct multi-word verbal constructions: the adjunct+verb construction and the serial verb construction. The paper considers these structures and the processes of their acquisition from two points of view: that of the adult target language towards which children’s proficiency is developing; and that of children’s speech at various points in development, from 17 to about 36 months, considered as emergent and evolving systems in their own right.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.12ber
343
377
35
Chapter
18
01
Word class distinctiveness versus polycategoriality in Modern Hebrew
Typological and psycholinguistic perspectives
1
A01
Ruth A. Berman
Berman, Ruth A.
Ruth A.
Berman
Tel Aviv University
20
children acquisition
20
intergitiation
20
mental lexicon
20
Modern Hebrew
20
word-class
20
word-formation
01
The paper deals with word-formation devices in Modern Hebrew as reflecting word-class distinctiveness rather than polycategoriality, defined here as characterizing lexical items that share the same surface morpho-phonological form, yet function in different lexico-grammatical categories. Relevant typological features of the Modern Hebrew lexicon are outlined in terms of: the two major derivational processes of interdigitation of consonantal roots with affixal patterns and linear affixation to a stem; the relative morpho-phonological distinctiveness of the categories of N, V, and A; and the special status of <i>benoni</i> ‘intermediate’ participial forms as allowing polycategoriality in the shape of form-function shifts between these three lexical categories. Empirical evidence is then reviewed concerning preferred patterns of new-word formation in current Hebrew usage, and findings from structured elicitations and naturalistic speech samples are detailed for acquisition of word-class distinctions by pre-school Hebrew-speaking children, including the relatively minor role played by <i>benoni</i> polycategoriality in early child language. The concluding section discusses these findings in terms of the impact of linguistic typology and the lengthy developmental route in this, as in other domains, from initial non-analysis via morphological decomposition of lexical items and on to proficient, literacy-based construal of the elements constituting the mental lexicon.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.p5
379
466
88
Section header
19
01
Part V. Lexical categories and polycategoriality in acquisition
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.13ven
381
411
31
Chapter
20
01
Noun and Verb categories in acquisition
Evidence from <i>fillers</i> and inflectional morphology in French-acquiring children
1
A01
Edy Veneziano
Veneziano, Edy
Edy
Veneziano
MoDyCo & LPPS, Université Paris Descartes & CNRS
20
acquisition
20
comprehension
20
fillers
20
French acquisition
20
French verbal inflectional morphology
20
nouns
20
production
20
verbs
20
word categories
01
Our analyses suggest that early fillers are premorphological. They help children realize phonoprosodic features, and reflect the distributional regularities of child-directed speech, but are not used to differentiate nouns from verbs, a differentiation that starts to show up a few months after their appearance. The analysis of verbal inflectional morphology confirms these results, showing that, at first, verbs are not treated differently from nouns. The results of a comprehension task administered longitudinally to one of the children are also reported. In this task the child has to attribute an action or object meaning to homophonous or nonce words on the sole basis of the grammatical context in which they occur. The more mature understanding of the distinction between noun and verb frames required by the comprehension task sheds further light on the early psychological reality of Nouns and Verbs for young children.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.14par
413
442
30
Chapter
21
01
Semantic discrimination of Noun/Verb categories in French children aged 1;6 to 2;11
1
A01
Christophe Parisse
Parisse, Christophe
Christophe
Parisse
Modyco, INSERM, CNRS & Université Paris Nanterre
2
A01
Caroline Rossi
Rossi, Caroline
Caroline
Rossi
Université Grenoble Alpes, ICLEA4 (GREMUTS)
20
early language acquisition
20
grammatical categories (Noun, Verb)
20
semantic categorization
01
This study assesses the part played by semantics in the emergence of grammatical categories in child language. Based on basic, real-world properties, we analyze each of the first nouns and verbs used by three French-speaking children, and code them along six semantic dimensions – animacy, concreteness, determination, distance, motion and number. We use multiple correspondence analyses and hierarchical clustering to model the categories of child language that emerge based on the above semantic dimensions. We then compare them with adult noun and verb categories. Our results show that a gradual organization of meaning takes place during language development, with a degree of variation from one child to the other, especially in the early steps.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.15pfe
443
466
24
Chapter
22
01
The acquisition of action nouns in Yucatec Maya
The
acquisition of action nouns in Yucatec Maya
1
A01
Barbara Pfeiler
Pfeiler, Barbara
Barbara
Pfeiler
Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y en Ciencias Sociales, UNAM
20
action nouns
20
language acquisition
20
Yucatec Maya
01
The fact that ergative-absolutive inflectional morphology applies to nouns as well as to verbs in Yucatec Maya obscures the boundary between nouns and verbs, and makes it difficult for children to acquire the distinction between them. Acquisition is particularly difficult for the category of action nouns which can be used as either nouns or verbs in Yucatec. The analysis of the spontaneous speech of two Yucatec monolingual children from 1;9 to 2;3 shows that the most frequent action noun ‘play, toy’ is used as both a noun and a verb in the children’s corpus. The children preferred the nominal use of other action nouns when referring to concrete objects. The frequency of action noun use in the adult speech, the discourse context and rephrasing affected the children’s use of action nouns to different degrees. Research on the acquisition of language-specific lexical categories is essential to understanding how children acquire language.
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.aut
467
471
5
Miscellaneous
23
01
Author index
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.lan
473
474
2
Miscellaneous
24
01
Language index
10
01
JB code
slcs.182.sub
475
479
5
Miscellaneous
25
01
Subject index
02
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