Index of subjects and terms
A
- absolutive suffix
116, 238, 252–253, 280, 292–293
- affricate
92–93, 167, 174, 176, 181, 247, 263, 291, 293, 343
- alphabetic representation
81–82, 84–85
- alterity
385, 388–390, 395–397, 399, 404–406, 408, 410, 414
- Amerindian languages
15, 19, 155, 158–162, 164, 167–168, 355, 358–362, 366–367, 372–373, 375–379
- applicative
17, 29, 47–51
- approximant
18, 87, 93–98
- aspirated glottal stop
98–99
- aspirated /s̪/
155, 161, 165–168
- aspiration
98–100, 106, 159, 164–167, 223
B
- Babel363
-
see also Babylon
356, 363, 366, 375, 377–379
- Babylon
356, 363, 366, 375, 377–379
- bicultural expressions
396, 405–406
- bicultural terms
393, 395–397, 402, 404–406, 410, 414
- bilingualism
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 29–31, 40–41, 44, 47, 51, 55, 71–73, 78, 84, 86, 119, 120, 128–129, 134, 239–240, 308, 368, 398–400, 402
- borrowings
6–8, 11, 13, 18, 19–21, 29, 34–36, 56, 73, 78, 107–112, 116–121, 171–174, 181, 187, 189–194, 209, 231–235, 301, 312, 323, 331, 373, 376, 407
-
see also grammatical borrowing
314, 331
- lexical borrowing
6, 7, 17, 31–32, 36, 52, 56, 126, 129–130, 209, 216, 303–307
C
- calques
3, 12, 20, 22, 189–190, 193, 215–216, 221–222, 225, 233, 342
-
see also loan translations
12, 190, 193, 342
- semantic calques
3, 20, 22, 215–216, 225, 342
- syntactic calques
216, 221, 222
- Catholic discourse
19, 191
- Christianization
190, 238, 387, 400
- chronotope
385, 388–389, 393–396, 399, 405, 407–412, 414
- Classic period in Mesoamerica
263, 270–271, 282, 293
- classifier, numeral
321, 323–328, 331
- climate, influence on linguistic features of271
- clitic
66, 131–132, 247, 277, 287, 291, 301, 307–308, 314, 339, 344, 346
-
see also enclitic
75, 314
- code switching
29, 36, 50–51, 62–63, 74–75, 387
- confusion of tongues
356, 362–363, 366, 377–379
- conjunctions
38, 231, 234
- consonant clusters
6, 90, 92
- contact among indigenous languages
3–7, 21, 85, 89–90, 238–240, 266, 271, 276, 286, 291, 302, 320, 329–331, 335–336
-
see also inter-indigenous language contacts313
- contact between Spanish and indigenous languages
7–8, 11–16, 85, 126, 129–132, 147, 150–151, 171–172, 187, 206, 212, 225
-
see also contact between Spanish and Nahuatl
130, 187, 191, 206
- grammatical influence from Spanish13
- contact between Spanish and Nahuatl
130, 187, 191, 206
- contact-induced changes
10, 12–13, 15, 29, 40, 50–51, 211–212, 320
- copula
58, 60, 64–65, 67–70, 74–75, 78, 143, 344
- Corachol and Nahua initial h from pUA **p
280–282
- Corachol-Nahuatlan subgroup proposal
287–288
- core vs. non-core vocabulary360
- couplets in evangelization texts
191, 206
- couplets with borrowed terms
191–199
-
criollo
162, 163, 390, 396, 402, 409–411, 416
D
- dialect continuum
288, 303
- dialect variation
283, 311
- Dialogical Principle
385, 388–390
- dialogism
385, 388, 390–391, 395–402, 404–406, 411, 414
- differential object marking
146–148, 150
- discourse
7, 13, 19, 187–188, 191, 203, 206, 276, 337, 364, 385, 388–390, 394–401, 407–408, 410–411, 414–415
- discourse structures and markers
7, 13
E
- educational system
81, 85, 88–89, 91, 93
-
español indígena
8–10, 130
-
see also Indigenous Spanish
9, 126, 130, 132, 148, 150
- evangelization
5, 19, 187–191, 194, 206, 243–244, 276, 282, 376–377, 398, 402–403, 408
F
- focus
57–58, 61, 77, 345–347
G
- gender
8, 9, 115, 131–132, 231, 321, 337, 362
- General Aztec proposal
288–291
- genetic and typological distance
13–14
- geographic isolation and language change
22, 368–369, 379–380
- glottal stop
17, 18, 40–42, 92, 98–99, 234
- grammatical borrowing
314, 331
- grammatical influence from Spanish13
- grammatical interference
215–216
- grammatical transfer
125–126, 128, 130–132, 141–150
H
- head marking in nominal possession3
- head-marking language
55, 135, 138, 147, 148
- hearer
388–389, 391, 398
-
see also speaker
388–392, 395–398, 405–408, 411–412
- Hispanization
10, 11, 171–172, 409, 415
-
hispanism
159–161, 164, 168
I
- identity
83, 189, 191, 194, 385, 388–390, 396, 406–410, 414
- imperfect learning
32, 51
- inalienable possession
285, 321, 338–339, 343–344
- incorporation
15, 58, 61, 72, 73–76, 202
-
indiano
396, 406, 408–411
- indigenous languages
2–3, 5–16, 18–22, 32, 38, 51, 85–86, 89, 126, 128–131, 147–148, 150, 160, 166, 171–172, 174, 182, 190, 206, 214, 216, 220, 223, 225, 301–302, 312–313, 320, 358–367, 371–373, 377, 400, 401, 403–405
- Indigenous Spanish
9, 126, 130, 132, 148, 150
-
see also español indígena
8–10, 130
- initial ye- / e- isogloss in Nahua
281–282
- innovating dialect or language
13, 106, 266, 270, 287
- innovative use of prepositions8
- interethnic communication
5–6
- interethnic lingua francas5
-
see also lingua franca
4–5, 6, 239, 243, 257, 294, 380, 401
- interferences
129, 216, 237–238, 248
- inter-indigenous language contacts313
- interlocutors
385, 388–390, 393, 396, 397–399, 408–410, 414–415
- interpreters
5, 10, 240–242, 257, 398, 400–402, 414
- intragrupal vs. extragrupal dialogic contact
385, 397–398
J
- Jesuits
22, 230, 239, 251, 251, 255, 355–356, 363, 366, 376, 403
K
- koine
16, 19, 21, 155, 158–159, 160, 161, 162–163, 166–167, 168, 172–173, 263, 267, 276, 293, 386–387, 405
- koineization
162, 172, 243, 257
- koineized variety of Spanish15
L
- language change
3, 16, 22, 29, 32, 51, 101, 311, 355–356, 362–364, 369, 372, 379
- language congresses
90, 99
- language contact
1–3, 7, 16, 18–23, 32, 41, 43, 56, 62, 83, 84, 115, 160, 187, 190–191, 238, 301–302, 313–315, 319–320, 322–324, 331, 355–356, 363–364, 368–369, 372–375, 378–379, 385, 387, 405
- language diversity in the Americas
22, 362–367, 370, 377, 379
- language extinction
257, 358
- language ideology of contact communities7
- language isolate
21, 264, 307, 320, 323, 375
- language mixing
32, 368, 370
- language policies in the Spanish colonies
10, 189–190
- large location
22, 350–351
- laryngeal contrasts
13–14
- Latin American koine(s)
19, 155, 162–163, 166
- lexical borrowing
6, 7, 17, 31–32, 36, 52, 56, 126, 129–130, 209, 216, 303–307
- lexical meaning
22, 391, 393, 414
- lexical shortcuts
385, 393–394
- lexical variables
385, 391–393, 414
- light verb
17, 38–39, 55–57, 59, 62, 64–65, 67–68, 70–71, 73, 77
- lingua franca
4–5, 6, 239, 243, 257, 294, 380, 401
- linguistic area
3–4, 21–22, 147, 315, 335–336, 351
- linguistic contact
16, 129–130, 133–134, 137–138, 150, 225, 237, 239, 251, 271, 301, 331, 387
- linguistic history of Spanish America11
- linguistic Romancization15
- loan translations
12, 190, 193, 342
-
see also calques
3, 12, 20, 22, 189–190, 193, 215–216, 221–222, 225, 233, 342
- loans in Chichimec
20, 229–235
- in published sources
229–230
- in author’s own materials
230–235
- loanword
3–4, 6, 15–16, 18–21, 30–32, 35–36, 42–43, 50, 64, 70, 73, 75–76, 85, 87–88, 90–91, 105–108, 110–114, 116–121, 155, 158–162, 164–168, 172, 176–180, 183–184, 202, 215, 216, 221–225, 301–303, 306, 313–315, 331, 342, 358, 372–373, 386–387, 392, 397, 399–400, 405–406, 410–412, 414
- loanword evidence
4, 19, 172, 184, 331
- loanword nativization
114, 118
- loanword prosody
18, 105–106, 111, 119–121
- loanword stratification
105–108, 176–180
- local transfers
18–19, 125, 126, 128, 131, 151
- locatives derived from body parts
340–341, 344
- long vowels, sources in Nahua
273, 282, 289–290
-
ƛ/t/l isogloss in Nahua
291–293
M
- maintenance of indigenous languages
10, 31
- matrix language
62–63, 73, 363–366, 375–377, 379
- Mesoamerica
1–7, 15–16, 19, 31, 71, 105, 116, 125–126, 129, 147–148, 155, 160, 162–163, 171, 237–239, 243, 264, 266–267, 320, 335, 340, 351, 397, 401, 404–405, 407, 411–412, 414
- Mesoamerican contact with colonial Spanish dialects16
- Mesoamerican languages
4–7, 12–13, 15, 17, 22, 36–38, 128–129, 132, 135, 138, 151, 181, 217, 220, 237, 335
- Mesoamerican linguistic area
3, 21–22, 335, 351
- Mesoamericanization of Spanish7
-
mestizaje
387, 407–409, 411, 414–415
-
mestizo
134, 162, 163, 385, 387, 390, 396, 402, 407, 409–411
- morphosyntactic typology
13, 14
- multilingualism
3, 21, 32, 263–264, 266, 285, 293
N
- Nahua dialectology
263, 266, 272, 274, 280, 282, 291–294
- Nahua subgrouping proposals
272–293
- Nahuatl as a medium for transmission of Spanish loanwords6
- Nahuatl influence on Yucatec Maya6
- Nahuatl couplets
19, 187, 206
- Nahuatlisms
411, 412, 414
- nasalization
93–95, 97, 106–108, 177, 179
- neologism
11–13, 20, 33, 73, 171, 190, 216–220, 225
- nominalizer
59, 218, 327–329, 331
- non-verb-final basic word order
3, 337
- number and gender agreement
8, 131
- numeral classifier
321–328, 331
- numeral system
3, 14, 341
- nursery terms
356, 367, 375, 378–379
O
- oblique questions
347–349
- oblique subjects
68, 349–350
- orthographic representation
18, 44, 86
P
- perception
17–18, 85–88, 90–91, 96, 101, 115, 389, 396
- phonological adaptation
32, 118, 216, 222
- phonological and phonetic influence315
- phonological representation101
- placename
306–307, 314, 350
- polysynthetic languages
13–15
- possession
3, 22, 338–339, 343–344, 345
- possessive construction
14, 253, 339–340, 374
- possessor subjects
349–350
- PostClassic period in Mesoamerica
4, 21, 266–267, 271–274, 276, 287, 293
- preposition
8, 14, 17, 20, 22, 45, 47–51, 127, 131–132, 148, 225, 231, 234, 339–341, 247–351
- progressive
9, 17, 29, 45–47
- prosody
18, 105–106, 111, 114, 119–121
- Proto-UA *wa/a = ‘remote past’
277–278
- Proto-Uto-Aztecan vowels
273–274
- pUA **u > i/e isogloss in Nahua
283–291
R
- reanalysis of relational nouns as prepositions14
- reconstruction of American Spanish
15–16
- reflexive/reciprocal prefix isogloss in Nahua
278–279
- relational nouns
3, 14, 22, 47, 339–341
- remote/past clitic
see Proto-UA *wa/a = ‘remote past’
- remote clitic
see Proto-UA *wa/a = ‘remote past’
- past clitic
see Proto-UA *wa/a = ‘remote past’
- resemantization
19, 190, 203–204
- role of Nahuatl in the formation of Mesoamerica as a linguistic area
3–4
S
- salience of allophone
44, 85, 91, 94–96
- semantic calques
3, 20, 22, 215–216, 225, 342
- semantic extension
12, 172, 190, 219, 387, 392, 393–397, 404–406, 414
- sentence particle
21, 301–302, 307–308, 314
-
seseo
107, 155–156, 159, 163–166, 168, 171, 180, 184, 386, 405
- sociocultural contact
390, 396
- sound correspondences
358, 361–362
- southern Plains
302–303, 308–309, 311
- Spanish as a medium for transmission of Nahuatl loanwords6
- Spanish as a mixture of dialects
15–16
- Spanish influence on discourse patterns in Mesoamerican languages7
- Spanish-Huastec contact225
- speaker
388–392, 395–398, 405–408, 411–412
-
see also hearer
388–389, 391, 398
- standard monolingual varieties of Spanish
127–131
- stress
9, 18, 76, 105–116, 118–121, 178–183
- stress-to-tone mapping
18, 105, 108–111, 119, 121
- structure-changing
17, 29, 40–44
- structure-preferring
17, 29, 45–50
- subject-verb constituent order15
- subordinating conjunctions234
- substrate languages
8, 125–126, 128, 130, 131, 143, 144–145, 148, 151
- suffixing language
320, 321
- syntactic calques
216, 221, 222
T
- theme
385, 388–391, 393–396, 407, 410–411, 414–415
-
-tin nominal plural isogloss in Nahua
279–280
- tone
13, 18, 57, 75, 105–106, 108–113, 118–121, 179–180, 182–183, 234
- topic
58, 61, 136, 346–347
- toponym
330, 359, 393–394
- transfer
8–9, 18–19, 125–132, 134, 141–144, 148–151
- transitive
14, 39, 55, 57–58, 60, 62, 64–65, 67–70, 135–136, 138–139, 146, 149, 345
U
- unique lexical options385
- Uto-Aztecan classification266
- utterance
385, 388–400, 406, 408, 410, 414
V
- verb forms
29, 32, 38, 346
- vigesimal numeral systems
3, 14, 341–342
- voicing contrast
13–14, 119, 173, 178–180
W
- Westernization
11, 401, 408, 411
- word order
3–4, 22, 337–338, 346, 358
- writing
18, 43, 44, 85–86, 87, 89, 91–95, 98–99, 180, 242
Y
-
yeísmo
107, 155, 157, 159, 163–166, 168, 171, 180, 184, 386, 405