219-7677 10 7500817 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 201710171142 ONIX title feed eng 01 EUR
811016544 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 186 Eb 15 9789027265494 06 10.1075/slcs.186 13 2017030736 DG 002 02 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 186 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">New perspectives</Subtitle> 01 slcs.186 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.186 1 B01 Chiara Fedriani Fedriani, Chiara Chiara Fedriani University of Genoa 2 B01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Insubria 01 eng 502 ix 492 LAN009060 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This book offers new perspectives into the description of the form, meaning and function of Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles in a number of different languages, along with new methods for identifying their ‘prototypical’ instances in situated language contexts, often based on cross-linguistic comparisons. The papers collected in this volume also discuss different factors at play in processes of grammaticalization and pragmaticalization, which include contact-induced change and pragmatic borrowing, socio-interactional functional pressures and sociopragmatic indexicalities, constraints of cognitive processing, together with regularities in semantic change. Putting the traditional issues concerning the status, delimitation and categorization of Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles somewhat off the stage, the eighteen articles collected in this volume deal instead with general questions concerning the development and use of such procedural elements, explored from different approaches, both formal and functional, and from a variety of perspectives – including corpus-based, sociolinguistic, and contrastive perspectives – and offering language-specific synchronic and diachronic studies. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.186.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027259516.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027259516.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.186.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.186.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.186.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.186.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.186.001pre ix 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.01fed 1 33 33 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction. Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What do we know and where do we go from here?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Chiara Fedriani Fedriani, Chiara Chiara Fedriani University of Genoa 2 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Insubria 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p1 37 167 131 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 1. General theoretical questions and quantitative approaches</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.02mas 37 69 33 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. The emergence of Hebrew <i>loydea / loydat</i> (‘I dunno <sc>masc/fem</sc> ’) from interaction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Blurring the boundaries between discourse marker, pragmatic marker, and modal particle</Subtitle> 1 A01 Yael Maschler Maschler, Yael Yael Maschler University of Haifa 20 discourse markers 20 grammaticization 20 Hebrew 20 mental verb constructions 01 A general approach to discourse markers is sketched through an analysis which approaches grammar as emerging in interaction and coming into being through mundane language use (Hopper 1987, 2011). The study continues work on mental verb constructions in a variety of languages. By analyzing all 191 tokens of the (<sc>subj</sc>)-<sc>neg</sc>-<sc>pred</sc> construction of the Hebrew mental verb <i>yada</i> (‘know’) employed throughout audio-recordings of over 7.5 hours of Hebrew casual interactional data, I trace the route of this construction’s gravitation towards the discourse marker <i>loydea / loydat</i> (‘I dunno <sc>masc/fem</sc>’). I argue that employment of the construction is highly formulaic, not necessarily epistemic, and that its uses are closely tied to its prosodic, morphophonological and syntactic properties, to its position within the ongoing turn and sequence, and to the particular activities in which participants engage in interaction. Based on a mostly synchronic analysis of the data, I suggest two grammaticization paths leading to employment of this construction as a discourse marker. This is then supported with some diachronic evidence. The study of Hebrew <i>loydea / loydat</i> (‘I dunno <sc>masc/fem</sc>’) shows that the boundaries between the three categories of discourse marker, pragmatic marker, and modal particle can be rather blurred. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.03bol 71 98 28 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Towards a model for discourse marker annotation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From potential to feature-based discourse markers</Subtitle> 1 A01 Catherine T. Bolly Bolly, Catherine T. Catherine T. Bolly University of Cologne/ Université catholique de Louvain 2 A01 Ludivine Crible Crible, Ludivine Ludivine Crible Université catholique de Louvain 3 A01 Liesbeth Degand Degand, Liesbeth Liesbeth Degand Université catholique de Louvain 4 A01 Deniz Uygur-Distexhe Uygur-Distexhe, Deniz Deniz Uygur-Distexhe Université catholique de Louvain 20 corpus 20 discourse marker 20 multifactorial analysis 20 spoken French 01 This chapter presents an empirical method for the identification and annotation of discourse markers (DMs) in in spontaneous spoken French (MDMA project). Central to the proposal is the assumption that DMs may be described as clusters of features that, in specific patterns of combination, allow to distinguish DM use from other linguistic items fulfilling a non-propositional function, such as modal particles or pragmatic markers. The hypothesis underlying the annotation experiment is that the analysis of the distributional constraints imposed on specific markers should uncover reliable features for the identification and categorization of DMs. Multivariate statistics suggest a certain hierarchy between the different features under scrutiny, regarding their relevance and reliability, in the process of identifying DMs in context. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.04cri 99 124 26 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Towards an operational category of discourse markers</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A definition and its model</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ludivine Crible Crible, Ludivine Ludivine Crible Université catholique de Louvain 20 annotation protocol 20 bilingual corpus 20 corpus-based pragmatics 20 discourse markers 20 linguistic categorization 01 The field of discourse markers (DMs) studies suffers from lack of consensus on the limits and definition of the category. There seems to be a crucial need for onomasiological studies that account for every kind of DM in cross-linguistic data. This study presents a proposal for an operational, corpus-based definition of DMs that addresses several theoretical and methodological shortcomings in the field. I claim that any categorical definition is only useful insofar as it is endorsed by an empirical model of identification and annotation. Such a model will be described and illustrated by relevant authentic examples from a pilot study on a comparable corpus of French and English interviews. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.05gou 125 150 26 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. A corpus-based approach to functional markers in Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Exploring the role of position</Subtitle> 1 A01 Dionysis Goutsos Goutsos, Dionysis Dionysis Goutsos National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 20 corpora 20 functional markers 20 grammaticalization 20 Greek 20 position 01 The paper attempts to explore the role of position in Greek by examining how positional preferences for markers correlate with their functions in the language. A large number of these items are investigated in four sub-corpora of academic texts, newspaper opinion articles, Parliament speeches and radio and TV interviews (1 million words in total), drawn from the <i>Corpus of Greek Texts</i>. The findings suggest that items that can be described as discourse and pragmatic markers are attracted by first position, whereas modal markers tend to appear in third position and second position is reserved for grammaticalized items. The corpus-based approach followed seems to offer a useful means of delimiting the broad class of items involved in Greek. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.06cos 151 167 17 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Discourse markers and discourse relations</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The French DM <i>quoi</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Adriana Costăchescu Costăchescu, Adriana Adriana Costăchescu University of Craiova 20 dialogue 20 discourse markers 20 rhetorical relations 20 SDRT 01 We investigate if and how Discourse Markers (DMs) can be integrated into a dynamic semantic framework (in the SDRT variant, cf. Asher &#38; Lascarides 2003, 2008, 2009) in order to study the relationships between discursive markers and rhetoric relations in a dialogue. We assume that short answers (Schlangen &#38; Lascarides 2003) and DMs have the same basic characteristics: (i) both are semantically under-specified; (ii) in both cases, the receiver adds, by deduction, significant elements, in order to narrow, or even eliminate the semantic under-specification. We illustrate the possibility of integrating the DMs in the SDRT by examining the behaviour of the French DM <i>quoi</i> ‘what’ in a corpus in expressing rhetorical relations, such as: <br /> • <br /><br /> <i>Explanation</i>(α, β) (A: – <i>Le curé est arrivé à pied, ou <b>quoi</b> </i>? B: – <i>Il est venu dans la voiture de Mathurin</i>. ‘A : – The priest arrived on foot, or <b>what?</b> B: – He came in Mathurin’s car’) • <br /><br /> <i>Contrast</i>(α, β) (A: – <i>Je vais attendre</i>. B: <i>- Attendre <b>quoi</b>? Ils viennent de sortir</i>. ‘A : I am going to wait. B: – <b>What for</b>? They have just left’); • <br /><br /> <i>Phatic</i>(α, β), when the channel is not functioning (A: -<i>Coco</i>! B (who is hard of hearing): – <b> <i>Quoi</i> </b>? A: (screaming) – <i>Ils te disent au revoir</i>. ‘A: – Coco! B : -<b>What</b>? A: – They are saying ‘good bye’ to you’). <br /> <br />The study of DMs within SDRT tells us a lot about the deductive processes implied by the good functioning the human communication. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p2 171 254 84 Section header 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 2. The status of modal particles</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.07abr 171 202 32 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Modal particles and Verum focus</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">New corollaries</Subtitle> 1 A01 Werner Abraham Abraham, Werner Werner Abraham University of Vienna/ Ludwig Maximilian University Munich 01 The paper pursues two goals: first, comparing the behavior of speech act adverbials with modal particles, and second, the kinship of verum focus and modal particles with respect to their function in discourse. I explore the main difference between German(ic) grammatical modal particles and lexical discourse markers in other, non-Germanic, languages: By using modal particles in a core-grammatical sentence <i>p</i>, the speaker’s utterance of <i>p</i> sets up a thematic common ground with the further disposition that this temporarily final common ground is to be negotiated (agreed upon or challenged and, upon the addressee’s reaction, changed) with the addressee. Lexical correspondents to modal particles do not establish such a common ground and, therefore, do not invite, in an implicit fashion, the addressee’s appropriate reaction to the common ground. It is claimed that this type of grammatical modal particle is typically endorsed by <sc>v</sc>2-Vlast of German (and Dutch). 10 01 JB code slcs.186.08squ 203 228 26 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Italian non-canonical negations as modal particles</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Information state, polarity and mirativity</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mario Squartini Squartini, Mario Mario Squartini Università di Torino 20 direct questions 20 given/new 20 mirativity 20 negation 01 This chapter will focus on the role of information state as a major factor in the development of modal particles derived from negative minimizers. By capitalizing on previous research on Romance non-canonical negations (see especially Schwenter 2003, 2005, 2006), the analysis will describe the special discursive function of the Italian negative operator <i>mica</i> (etym. ‘crumb’) in direct questions, where the textual dynamics ‘given’ vs. ‘new’ interacts with the speaker’s mirative reactions. The occurrence of distinct regional patterns in the use of <i>mica</i> in direct questions indicates different combinations of polarity with the mirative role of the speaker, who, apart from managing information flow, also reacts to unexpected information by matching previous knowledge with new information acquired in discourse. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.09kre 229 254 26 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. A format for the description of German modal particles and their functional equivalents in Croatian and English</TitleText> 1 A01 Marijana Kresić Kresić, Marijana Marijana Kresić University of Zadar 2 A01 Mia Batinić Angster Angster, Mia Batinić Mia Batinić Angster University of Zadar 3 A01 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibniz University Hannover 20 basic meaning 20 contrastive analysis 20 corpus analysis 20 modal particles 20 sentence types 01 This paper presents a format for a cross-linguistic, corpus-based description of the formal features and the function of modal particles (hereafter: abbreviated as MPs) and their equivalents in German, Croatian and English. We define the word category of MPs for the Croatian language and propose a shared, pragmatic function of these particles in a cross-linguistic perspective. The starting point for the comparative analysis is the pragmatic function of German MPs, i.e. a specific discourse grammatical function which consists in anchoring the utterance in an assumed dialogic setting as the second turn, thus being set off from discourse marking elements as well as from text-connective elements in the narrow sense (cf. Diewald 2007, 2013; Diewald et al. 2009, see also Sections 1 and 2.1.2). Particle meanings are described in terms of the speaker’s assumptions about a state of affairs in the context of the communication (cf. Kresić &#38; Batinić 2014). The proposed method for the lexicographic description of particle meanings in a cross-linguistic perspective encompasses their central features on the levels of morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p3 257 397 141 Section header 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 3. Language-specific and diachronic studies</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.10kle 257 287 31 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Vocatives as a source category for pragmatic markers</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From deixis to discourse marking via affectivity</Subtitle> 1 A01 Friederike Kleinknecht Kleinknecht, Friederike Friederike Kleinknecht Ludwig Maximilian University Munich 2 A01 Miguel Souza Souza, Miguel Miguel Souza University of Mainz 20 affectivity 20 development of discourse markers 20 expressivity 20 solidarity 20 vocatives 01 This paper considers familiarizers, a special class of vocatives denoting solidarity and intimacy, as possible sources for pragmatic markers and discourse markers. We argue that affectivity plays a crucial role in the use of vocatives in general and especially in this functional development. More precisely, terms of address have the potential to intensify the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this quality, they may be employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and illocutionary force of utterances. These expressive uses may be the source of several more peculiar functions related to turn and information management. While this holds for familiarizers as well as for vocatives in general, not interferring with the deictic force of addressing contained in the vocative form, in several languages there are familiarizers which undergo an inflationary use and end up as mere elements of discourse marking, emphasizing and delimiting sequential units such as turns, utterances, and intonation units. The deictic reference to the collocutor is virtually lost, which is shown by the typical fossilization of the masculine singular form in the newly derived functions. We illustrate this development with vocative-based markers in different languages with special focus on the familiarizers <i>güey</i> in Mexican Spanish and <i>alter</i> in German. Although their sociopragmatic indexicalities are far from identical, this comparative approach reveals some interesting similarities. In our view, a definition as ‘pragmatic markers’ is justified for vocative-based markers at any point of their evolution, while the term ‘discourse marker’ should be restricted to functions that are no longer directly inferable from the vocative’s deictic and expressive qualities. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.11maz 289 304 16 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Paths of development of English DMs</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">(Inter)subjectification, deontic reversal and other stories</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gabriella Mazzon Mazzon, Gabriella Gabriella Mazzon University of Innsbruck 20 face-threat 20 intersubjectivity 20 mitigation 20 politeness 20 reversal 01 Starting from notions of conversational dominance as a locus for face-work, and of the crucial role of specific language items in managing conflict and (dis)agreement in dialogue, the paper will look at some case studies in the development and pragmaticalization stages of various English Discourse Markers (such as <i>now, pray, please, I’m afraid</i>, and <i>well</i>). Beginning with the source forms, the paper will discuss the gradual emergence of subjective and intersubjective meanings, as well as the phenomenon of layering and the tendency toward the development of deontic meanings that some English discourse markers show, possibly indicating a form of cyclical development of functions. The specific case studies presented include both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.12shi 305 333 29 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Grammaticalization of PMs/DMs/MMs in Japanese</TitleText> 1 A01 Rumiko Shinzato Shinzato, Rumiko Rumiko Shinzato Georgia Institute of Technology 20 (inter)subjectivity 20 core 20 Japanese 20 layered structures 20 periphery 01 This paper discusses the source lexemes and the grammaticalization pathways leading to such end products as Discourse Markers (DMs), Modal Markers (MMs), and Pragmatic Markers (PMs) in relation to the layered structures of Japanese syntax, as well as issues of left/right peripheries (LP/RP). It points out that DMs and MMs are categorically parallel, but PMs are not. Further, source lexemes for DMs and MMs show the preferred directionality of positional shifts based on their semantic characters. PMs source items remain within the Core. The function-periphery mappings in Japanese support Beeching &#38; Detges’ (2014) function-periphery asymmetry hypothesis as general tendencies, but also deviate from it as LP and RP are both subjective and intersubjective, reflecting the symmetrical layered structure. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.13ram 335 367 33 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Dubitative-corrective constructions in Italian</TitleText> 1 A01 Anna Giacalone Ramat Giacalone Ramat, Anna Anna Giacalone Ramat University of Pavia 2 A01 Caterina Mauri Mauri, Caterina Caterina Mauri University of Bologna 3 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Insubria 20 conditional constructions 20 dubitative-corrective constructions 20 mitigation 20 scalar constructions 01 This paper investigates the properties of a set of poorly described Italian constructions characterized, at the same time, by (i) a dubitative component, challenging a presupposition generated by the preceding context and (ii) a corrective function. These constructions revolve around four adverbial elements (<i>al massimo</i>, <i>al limite</i>, <i>tutt’al più</i> and <i>caso mai</i>) that have other functions besides the dubitative-corrective one. The analysis will illustrate how their dubitative-corrective function emerges in specific discourse configurations and will discuss their further pragmatic uses as mitigators, which appear to be crucially connected to the dubitative component. The theoretical implications of the analysis concern the definition itself of dubitative-corrective construction and the role of dialogical contexts in the development of a dubitative-corrective function. It will be shown that the constructions in question, though sharing a dubitative-corrective function, differ in various respects. These differences can be traced back to their different diachronic sources, namely a scalar construction for <i>al massimo</i>, <i>al limite</i>, and <i>tutt’al più</i>, and a conditional construction in the case of <i>caso mai</i>. The evolutionary paths leading from these source constructions to dubitative-corrective constructions present a different configuration, whereby the dubitative function emerges after the corrective function in the case of elements originally participating in a scalar construction (<i>al limite, al massimo, tutt’al più</i>) while in the development of <i>caso mai</i> the simple dubitative function precedes the dubitative-corrective one. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.14ada 369 397 29 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. On the pragmatic expansion of Polish <i>gdzieś tam</i> ‘somewhere (there)/about’</TitleText> 1 A01 Magdalena Adamczyk Adamczyk, Magdalena Magdalena Adamczyk University of Zielona Góra 20 (non-)canonical use of language 20 (non-)propositional meaning 20 discourse markers 20 hedges/hedging 01 In standard usage <i>gdzieś tam</i> functions as an adverbial adding approximation/indeterminacy to expressions of place, time and number/amount/measure, and as such it is semantically equivalent to English ‘somewhere (there) in some contexts and ‘about’ in others. In conversational speech, however, its use sometimes diverges, more or less markedly, from the standard one, which is manifested both formally and functionally. The present study sets out to examine, locally, the lexico-syntactic cotext of <i>gdzieś tam</i> (to see how it differs depending on whether the expression is used conventionally or otherwise) and, globally, novel, context-sensitive functions that the phrase is capable of performing in a communicative act. A broader issue the paper attempts to address is the extent, if any, to which the canonical meaning of <i>gdzieś tam</i> is reflected in the pragmatically expanded use of the expression. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.15giu 399 413 15 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 14. A pragmatic approach to Joseph Wright’s <i>English Dialect Dictionary</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Discourse markers in focus</Subtitle> 1 A01 Stephan Giuliani Giuliani, Stephan Stephan Giuliani University of Innsbruck 20 dialectology 20 discourse markers 20 English Dialect Dictionary 20 historical pragmatics 20 non-standard English varieties 01 Joseph Wright’s <i>English Dialect Dictionary</i> (<i>EDD</i>; 1898–1905) represents a landmark publication in Late Modern English dialectology. This article explores the potential of the <i>EDD</i> and its digital version (<i>EDD Online</i>) for historical pragmatic research and discusses essential theoretical and methodological considerations that arise from taking a pragmatic approach towards this complex historical document of non-standard English varieties. Besides traditional lexicographic information, the <i>EDD</i> also contains evidence of a great variety of different dialectal documents that are written to mimic spoken language. Three exemplary discourse markers (DM) – <i>aweel</i>, <i>lor-a-massy</i> and <i>arrah</i> – will be introduced and analysed from a pragmatic perspective. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p4 417 480 64 Section header 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 4. Language contact and variation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.16fio 417 437 21 Chapter 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 15. Italian discourse markers and modal particles in contact</TitleText> 1 A01 Ilaria Fiorentini Fiorentini, Ilaria Ilaria Fiorentini University of Bologna 20 bilingual speech 20 discourse markers 20 Dolomitic Ladin 20 language contact 01 The paper addresses the issue of the fuzzy boundaries between modal particles (henceforth MPs) and discourse markers (DMs) in a specific language contact situation, namely the Ladin area in Trentino-South Tyrol (Italy). It is still debated whether MPs should be seen as a subtype of DMs or whether they both should be seen as belonging to the more encompassing class of pragmatic markers (cf. Degand, Cornille &#38; Pietrandrea 2013). The aim of this research is to investigate the uncertain and undefined boundaries of these categories in bilingual speech, in order to find out whether bilingual speakers treat DMs and MPs as separated linguistic categories or as a unified one. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.17gor 439 457 19 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 16. Functional markers in llanito code-switching</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Regular patterns in Gibraltar’s bilingual speech</Subtitle> 1 A01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria University of Bologna 20 code switching 20 functional markers 20 Gibraltar 20 information structure 20 thetical grammar 01 Several studies have demonstrated that, in situations of language contact, discourse markers, pragmatic markers and modal particles are easily transferable from one language into the other. This contribution tries to examine how does this process take place in bilingual speech, and it discusses data from a corpus of bilingual conversations from Gibraltar. It is argued that switching of discourse and pragmatic markers, as well as modal expressions, is an extremely frequent phenomenon and, more interestingly, that regularities in this process can be found, in the form of regular and recurrent bilingual patterns. These functional elements in fact are shown to behave consistently with each other, allowing to identify class-specific patterns, and with other discourse-relevant entities such as left dislocations and pseudo-clefts. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.18bee 459 480 22 Chapter 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 17. Just a suggestion</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02"> <i>just/e</i> in French and English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kate Beeching Beeching, Kate Kate Beeching University of the West of England, Bristol 20 contrastive analysis 20 intensifier 20 language contact 20 mitigator 20 pragmatic borrowing 01 This article aims to illustrate what a contrastive perspective, combined with sociolinguistic and corpus approaches, can bring to the investigation of the evolution of pragmatic functions which emerge through language contact (Ingham 2012a) and pragmatic borrowing (Andersen 2014). A recent collection of articles (Lauwers, Vanderbauwhede &#38; Verleyen (eds) 2012) draws attention to the light which cognate forms and ‘false friends’ can shed on pragmaticalisation and semantic change. Sociolinguistic studies drawing on corpora of spoken interaction, which are tagged for demographic features, particularly speakers’ age and gender, coupled with modified matched-guise attitudinal studies, show that the use of new functions of pragmaticalising items reflects the incrementation model, posited by Labov (2001), with concomitant indexical obsolescence (Eckert 2014) of the older functions. The approach is illustrated for <i>juste/just</i>, and the conclusions confirm Dostie’s (2009) thesis that items whose meaning predisposes them to become pragmaticalised may do so to a greater extent in one region/language than in another. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.ai 481 486 6 Miscellaneous 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"> Author index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.li 487 488 2 Miscellaneous 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.si 489 492 4 Miscellaneous 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.pre ix 1 Miscellaneous 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20171113 2017 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027259516 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 298016543 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 186 Hb 15 9789027259516 13 2017014780 BB 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 186 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">New perspectives</Subtitle> 01 slcs.186 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.186 1 B01 Chiara Fedriani Fedriani, Chiara Chiara Fedriani University of Genoa 2 B01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Insubria 01 eng 502 ix 492 LAN009060 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This book offers new perspectives into the description of the form, meaning and function of Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles in a number of different languages, along with new methods for identifying their ‘prototypical’ instances in situated language contexts, often based on cross-linguistic comparisons. The papers collected in this volume also discuss different factors at play in processes of grammaticalization and pragmaticalization, which include contact-induced change and pragmatic borrowing, socio-interactional functional pressures and sociopragmatic indexicalities, constraints of cognitive processing, together with regularities in semantic change. Putting the traditional issues concerning the status, delimitation and categorization of Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles somewhat off the stage, the eighteen articles collected in this volume deal instead with general questions concerning the development and use of such procedural elements, explored from different approaches, both formal and functional, and from a variety of perspectives – including corpus-based, sociolinguistic, and contrastive perspectives – and offering language-specific synchronic and diachronic studies. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.186.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027259516.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027259516.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.186.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.186.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.186.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.186.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.186.001pre ix 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.01fed 1 33 33 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction. Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What do we know and where do we go from here?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Chiara Fedriani Fedriani, Chiara Chiara Fedriani University of Genoa 2 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Insubria 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p1 37 167 131 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 1. General theoretical questions and quantitative approaches</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.02mas 37 69 33 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. The emergence of Hebrew <i>loydea / loydat</i> (‘I dunno <sc>masc/fem</sc> ’) from interaction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Blurring the boundaries between discourse marker, pragmatic marker, and modal particle</Subtitle> 1 A01 Yael Maschler Maschler, Yael Yael Maschler University of Haifa 20 discourse markers 20 grammaticization 20 Hebrew 20 mental verb constructions 01 A general approach to discourse markers is sketched through an analysis which approaches grammar as emerging in interaction and coming into being through mundane language use (Hopper 1987, 2011). The study continues work on mental verb constructions in a variety of languages. By analyzing all 191 tokens of the (<sc>subj</sc>)-<sc>neg</sc>-<sc>pred</sc> construction of the Hebrew mental verb <i>yada</i> (‘know’) employed throughout audio-recordings of over 7.5 hours of Hebrew casual interactional data, I trace the route of this construction’s gravitation towards the discourse marker <i>loydea / loydat</i> (‘I dunno <sc>masc/fem</sc>’). I argue that employment of the construction is highly formulaic, not necessarily epistemic, and that its uses are closely tied to its prosodic, morphophonological and syntactic properties, to its position within the ongoing turn and sequence, and to the particular activities in which participants engage in interaction. Based on a mostly synchronic analysis of the data, I suggest two grammaticization paths leading to employment of this construction as a discourse marker. This is then supported with some diachronic evidence. The study of Hebrew <i>loydea / loydat</i> (‘I dunno <sc>masc/fem</sc>’) shows that the boundaries between the three categories of discourse marker, pragmatic marker, and modal particle can be rather blurred. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.03bol 71 98 28 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Towards a model for discourse marker annotation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From potential to feature-based discourse markers</Subtitle> 1 A01 Catherine T. Bolly Bolly, Catherine T. Catherine T. Bolly University of Cologne/ Université catholique de Louvain 2 A01 Ludivine Crible Crible, Ludivine Ludivine Crible Université catholique de Louvain 3 A01 Liesbeth Degand Degand, Liesbeth Liesbeth Degand Université catholique de Louvain 4 A01 Deniz Uygur-Distexhe Uygur-Distexhe, Deniz Deniz Uygur-Distexhe Université catholique de Louvain 20 corpus 20 discourse marker 20 multifactorial analysis 20 spoken French 01 This chapter presents an empirical method for the identification and annotation of discourse markers (DMs) in in spontaneous spoken French (MDMA project). Central to the proposal is the assumption that DMs may be described as clusters of features that, in specific patterns of combination, allow to distinguish DM use from other linguistic items fulfilling a non-propositional function, such as modal particles or pragmatic markers. The hypothesis underlying the annotation experiment is that the analysis of the distributional constraints imposed on specific markers should uncover reliable features for the identification and categorization of DMs. Multivariate statistics suggest a certain hierarchy between the different features under scrutiny, regarding their relevance and reliability, in the process of identifying DMs in context. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.04cri 99 124 26 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Towards an operational category of discourse markers</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A definition and its model</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ludivine Crible Crible, Ludivine Ludivine Crible Université catholique de Louvain 20 annotation protocol 20 bilingual corpus 20 corpus-based pragmatics 20 discourse markers 20 linguistic categorization 01 The field of discourse markers (DMs) studies suffers from lack of consensus on the limits and definition of the category. There seems to be a crucial need for onomasiological studies that account for every kind of DM in cross-linguistic data. This study presents a proposal for an operational, corpus-based definition of DMs that addresses several theoretical and methodological shortcomings in the field. I claim that any categorical definition is only useful insofar as it is endorsed by an empirical model of identification and annotation. Such a model will be described and illustrated by relevant authentic examples from a pilot study on a comparable corpus of French and English interviews. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.05gou 125 150 26 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. A corpus-based approach to functional markers in Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Exploring the role of position</Subtitle> 1 A01 Dionysis Goutsos Goutsos, Dionysis Dionysis Goutsos National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 20 corpora 20 functional markers 20 grammaticalization 20 Greek 20 position 01 The paper attempts to explore the role of position in Greek by examining how positional preferences for markers correlate with their functions in the language. A large number of these items are investigated in four sub-corpora of academic texts, newspaper opinion articles, Parliament speeches and radio and TV interviews (1 million words in total), drawn from the <i>Corpus of Greek Texts</i>. The findings suggest that items that can be described as discourse and pragmatic markers are attracted by first position, whereas modal markers tend to appear in third position and second position is reserved for grammaticalized items. The corpus-based approach followed seems to offer a useful means of delimiting the broad class of items involved in Greek. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.06cos 151 167 17 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Discourse markers and discourse relations</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The French DM <i>quoi</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Adriana Costăchescu Costăchescu, Adriana Adriana Costăchescu University of Craiova 20 dialogue 20 discourse markers 20 rhetorical relations 20 SDRT 01 We investigate if and how Discourse Markers (DMs) can be integrated into a dynamic semantic framework (in the SDRT variant, cf. Asher &#38; Lascarides 2003, 2008, 2009) in order to study the relationships between discursive markers and rhetoric relations in a dialogue. We assume that short answers (Schlangen &#38; Lascarides 2003) and DMs have the same basic characteristics: (i) both are semantically under-specified; (ii) in both cases, the receiver adds, by deduction, significant elements, in order to narrow, or even eliminate the semantic under-specification. We illustrate the possibility of integrating the DMs in the SDRT by examining the behaviour of the French DM <i>quoi</i> ‘what’ in a corpus in expressing rhetorical relations, such as: <br /> • <br /><br /> <i>Explanation</i>(α, β) (A: – <i>Le curé est arrivé à pied, ou <b>quoi</b> </i>? B: – <i>Il est venu dans la voiture de Mathurin</i>. ‘A : – The priest arrived on foot, or <b>what?</b> B: – He came in Mathurin’s car’) • <br /><br /> <i>Contrast</i>(α, β) (A: – <i>Je vais attendre</i>. B: <i>- Attendre <b>quoi</b>? Ils viennent de sortir</i>. ‘A : I am going to wait. B: – <b>What for</b>? They have just left’); • <br /><br /> <i>Phatic</i>(α, β), when the channel is not functioning (A: -<i>Coco</i>! B (who is hard of hearing): – <b> <i>Quoi</i> </b>? A: (screaming) – <i>Ils te disent au revoir</i>. ‘A: – Coco! B : -<b>What</b>? A: – They are saying ‘good bye’ to you’). <br /> <br />The study of DMs within SDRT tells us a lot about the deductive processes implied by the good functioning the human communication. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p2 171 254 84 Section header 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 2. The status of modal particles</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.07abr 171 202 32 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Modal particles and Verum focus</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">New corollaries</Subtitle> 1 A01 Werner Abraham Abraham, Werner Werner Abraham University of Vienna/ Ludwig Maximilian University Munich 01 The paper pursues two goals: first, comparing the behavior of speech act adverbials with modal particles, and second, the kinship of verum focus and modal particles with respect to their function in discourse. I explore the main difference between German(ic) grammatical modal particles and lexical discourse markers in other, non-Germanic, languages: By using modal particles in a core-grammatical sentence <i>p</i>, the speaker’s utterance of <i>p</i> sets up a thematic common ground with the further disposition that this temporarily final common ground is to be negotiated (agreed upon or challenged and, upon the addressee’s reaction, changed) with the addressee. Lexical correspondents to modal particles do not establish such a common ground and, therefore, do not invite, in an implicit fashion, the addressee’s appropriate reaction to the common ground. It is claimed that this type of grammatical modal particle is typically endorsed by <sc>v</sc>2-Vlast of German (and Dutch). 10 01 JB code slcs.186.08squ 203 228 26 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Italian non-canonical negations as modal particles</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Information state, polarity and mirativity</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mario Squartini Squartini, Mario Mario Squartini Università di Torino 20 direct questions 20 given/new 20 mirativity 20 negation 01 This chapter will focus on the role of information state as a major factor in the development of modal particles derived from negative minimizers. By capitalizing on previous research on Romance non-canonical negations (see especially Schwenter 2003, 2005, 2006), the analysis will describe the special discursive function of the Italian negative operator <i>mica</i> (etym. ‘crumb’) in direct questions, where the textual dynamics ‘given’ vs. ‘new’ interacts with the speaker’s mirative reactions. The occurrence of distinct regional patterns in the use of <i>mica</i> in direct questions indicates different combinations of polarity with the mirative role of the speaker, who, apart from managing information flow, also reacts to unexpected information by matching previous knowledge with new information acquired in discourse. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.09kre 229 254 26 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. A format for the description of German modal particles and their functional equivalents in Croatian and English</TitleText> 1 A01 Marijana Kresić Kresić, Marijana Marijana Kresić University of Zadar 2 A01 Mia Batinić Angster Angster, Mia Batinić Mia Batinić Angster University of Zadar 3 A01 Gabriele Diewald Diewald, Gabriele Gabriele Diewald Leibniz University Hannover 20 basic meaning 20 contrastive analysis 20 corpus analysis 20 modal particles 20 sentence types 01 This paper presents a format for a cross-linguistic, corpus-based description of the formal features and the function of modal particles (hereafter: abbreviated as MPs) and their equivalents in German, Croatian and English. We define the word category of MPs for the Croatian language and propose a shared, pragmatic function of these particles in a cross-linguistic perspective. The starting point for the comparative analysis is the pragmatic function of German MPs, i.e. a specific discourse grammatical function which consists in anchoring the utterance in an assumed dialogic setting as the second turn, thus being set off from discourse marking elements as well as from text-connective elements in the narrow sense (cf. Diewald 2007, 2013; Diewald et al. 2009, see also Sections 1 and 2.1.2). Particle meanings are described in terms of the speaker’s assumptions about a state of affairs in the context of the communication (cf. Kresić &#38; Batinić 2014). The proposed method for the lexicographic description of particle meanings in a cross-linguistic perspective encompasses their central features on the levels of morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p3 257 397 141 Section header 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 3. Language-specific and diachronic studies</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.10kle 257 287 31 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Vocatives as a source category for pragmatic markers</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From deixis to discourse marking via affectivity</Subtitle> 1 A01 Friederike Kleinknecht Kleinknecht, Friederike Friederike Kleinknecht Ludwig Maximilian University Munich 2 A01 Miguel Souza Souza, Miguel Miguel Souza University of Mainz 20 affectivity 20 development of discourse markers 20 expressivity 20 solidarity 20 vocatives 01 This paper considers familiarizers, a special class of vocatives denoting solidarity and intimacy, as possible sources for pragmatic markers and discourse markers. We argue that affectivity plays a crucial role in the use of vocatives in general and especially in this functional development. More precisely, terms of address have the potential to intensify the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this quality, they may be employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and illocutionary force of utterances. These expressive uses may be the source of several more peculiar functions related to turn and information management. While this holds for familiarizers as well as for vocatives in general, not interferring with the deictic force of addressing contained in the vocative form, in several languages there are familiarizers which undergo an inflationary use and end up as mere elements of discourse marking, emphasizing and delimiting sequential units such as turns, utterances, and intonation units. The deictic reference to the collocutor is virtually lost, which is shown by the typical fossilization of the masculine singular form in the newly derived functions. We illustrate this development with vocative-based markers in different languages with special focus on the familiarizers <i>güey</i> in Mexican Spanish and <i>alter</i> in German. Although their sociopragmatic indexicalities are far from identical, this comparative approach reveals some interesting similarities. In our view, a definition as ‘pragmatic markers’ is justified for vocative-based markers at any point of their evolution, while the term ‘discourse marker’ should be restricted to functions that are no longer directly inferable from the vocative’s deictic and expressive qualities. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.11maz 289 304 16 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Paths of development of English DMs</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">(Inter)subjectification, deontic reversal and other stories</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gabriella Mazzon Mazzon, Gabriella Gabriella Mazzon University of Innsbruck 20 face-threat 20 intersubjectivity 20 mitigation 20 politeness 20 reversal 01 Starting from notions of conversational dominance as a locus for face-work, and of the crucial role of specific language items in managing conflict and (dis)agreement in dialogue, the paper will look at some case studies in the development and pragmaticalization stages of various English Discourse Markers (such as <i>now, pray, please, I’m afraid</i>, and <i>well</i>). Beginning with the source forms, the paper will discuss the gradual emergence of subjective and intersubjective meanings, as well as the phenomenon of layering and the tendency toward the development of deontic meanings that some English discourse markers show, possibly indicating a form of cyclical development of functions. The specific case studies presented include both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.12shi 305 333 29 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Grammaticalization of PMs/DMs/MMs in Japanese</TitleText> 1 A01 Rumiko Shinzato Shinzato, Rumiko Rumiko Shinzato Georgia Institute of Technology 20 (inter)subjectivity 20 core 20 Japanese 20 layered structures 20 periphery 01 This paper discusses the source lexemes and the grammaticalization pathways leading to such end products as Discourse Markers (DMs), Modal Markers (MMs), and Pragmatic Markers (PMs) in relation to the layered structures of Japanese syntax, as well as issues of left/right peripheries (LP/RP). It points out that DMs and MMs are categorically parallel, but PMs are not. Further, source lexemes for DMs and MMs show the preferred directionality of positional shifts based on their semantic characters. PMs source items remain within the Core. The function-periphery mappings in Japanese support Beeching &#38; Detges’ (2014) function-periphery asymmetry hypothesis as general tendencies, but also deviate from it as LP and RP are both subjective and intersubjective, reflecting the symmetrical layered structure. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.13ram 335 367 33 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Dubitative-corrective constructions in Italian</TitleText> 1 A01 Anna Giacalone Ramat Giacalone Ramat, Anna Anna Giacalone Ramat University of Pavia 2 A01 Caterina Mauri Mauri, Caterina Caterina Mauri University of Bologna 3 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Insubria 20 conditional constructions 20 dubitative-corrective constructions 20 mitigation 20 scalar constructions 01 This paper investigates the properties of a set of poorly described Italian constructions characterized, at the same time, by (i) a dubitative component, challenging a presupposition generated by the preceding context and (ii) a corrective function. These constructions revolve around four adverbial elements (<i>al massimo</i>, <i>al limite</i>, <i>tutt’al più</i> and <i>caso mai</i>) that have other functions besides the dubitative-corrective one. The analysis will illustrate how their dubitative-corrective function emerges in specific discourse configurations and will discuss their further pragmatic uses as mitigators, which appear to be crucially connected to the dubitative component. The theoretical implications of the analysis concern the definition itself of dubitative-corrective construction and the role of dialogical contexts in the development of a dubitative-corrective function. It will be shown that the constructions in question, though sharing a dubitative-corrective function, differ in various respects. These differences can be traced back to their different diachronic sources, namely a scalar construction for <i>al massimo</i>, <i>al limite</i>, and <i>tutt’al più</i>, and a conditional construction in the case of <i>caso mai</i>. The evolutionary paths leading from these source constructions to dubitative-corrective constructions present a different configuration, whereby the dubitative function emerges after the corrective function in the case of elements originally participating in a scalar construction (<i>al limite, al massimo, tutt’al più</i>) while in the development of <i>caso mai</i> the simple dubitative function precedes the dubitative-corrective one. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.14ada 369 397 29 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. On the pragmatic expansion of Polish <i>gdzieś tam</i> ‘somewhere (there)/about’</TitleText> 1 A01 Magdalena Adamczyk Adamczyk, Magdalena Magdalena Adamczyk University of Zielona Góra 20 (non-)canonical use of language 20 (non-)propositional meaning 20 discourse markers 20 hedges/hedging 01 In standard usage <i>gdzieś tam</i> functions as an adverbial adding approximation/indeterminacy to expressions of place, time and number/amount/measure, and as such it is semantically equivalent to English ‘somewhere (there) in some contexts and ‘about’ in others. In conversational speech, however, its use sometimes diverges, more or less markedly, from the standard one, which is manifested both formally and functionally. The present study sets out to examine, locally, the lexico-syntactic cotext of <i>gdzieś tam</i> (to see how it differs depending on whether the expression is used conventionally or otherwise) and, globally, novel, context-sensitive functions that the phrase is capable of performing in a communicative act. A broader issue the paper attempts to address is the extent, if any, to which the canonical meaning of <i>gdzieś tam</i> is reflected in the pragmatically expanded use of the expression. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.15giu 399 413 15 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 14. A pragmatic approach to Joseph Wright’s <i>English Dialect Dictionary</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Discourse markers in focus</Subtitle> 1 A01 Stephan Giuliani Giuliani, Stephan Stephan Giuliani University of Innsbruck 20 dialectology 20 discourse markers 20 English Dialect Dictionary 20 historical pragmatics 20 non-standard English varieties 01 Joseph Wright’s <i>English Dialect Dictionary</i> (<i>EDD</i>; 1898–1905) represents a landmark publication in Late Modern English dialectology. This article explores the potential of the <i>EDD</i> and its digital version (<i>EDD Online</i>) for historical pragmatic research and discusses essential theoretical and methodological considerations that arise from taking a pragmatic approach towards this complex historical document of non-standard English varieties. Besides traditional lexicographic information, the <i>EDD</i> also contains evidence of a great variety of different dialectal documents that are written to mimic spoken language. Three exemplary discourse markers (DM) – <i>aweel</i>, <i>lor-a-massy</i> and <i>arrah</i> – will be introduced and analysed from a pragmatic perspective. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.p4 417 480 64 Section header 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 4. Language contact and variation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.16fio 417 437 21 Chapter 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 15. Italian discourse markers and modal particles in contact</TitleText> 1 A01 Ilaria Fiorentini Fiorentini, Ilaria Ilaria Fiorentini University of Bologna 20 bilingual speech 20 discourse markers 20 Dolomitic Ladin 20 language contact 01 The paper addresses the issue of the fuzzy boundaries between modal particles (henceforth MPs) and discourse markers (DMs) in a specific language contact situation, namely the Ladin area in Trentino-South Tyrol (Italy). It is still debated whether MPs should be seen as a subtype of DMs or whether they both should be seen as belonging to the more encompassing class of pragmatic markers (cf. Degand, Cornille &#38; Pietrandrea 2013). The aim of this research is to investigate the uncertain and undefined boundaries of these categories in bilingual speech, in order to find out whether bilingual speakers treat DMs and MPs as separated linguistic categories or as a unified one. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.17gor 439 457 19 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 16. Functional markers in llanito code-switching</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Regular patterns in Gibraltar’s bilingual speech</Subtitle> 1 A01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria University of Bologna 20 code switching 20 functional markers 20 Gibraltar 20 information structure 20 thetical grammar 01 Several studies have demonstrated that, in situations of language contact, discourse markers, pragmatic markers and modal particles are easily transferable from one language into the other. This contribution tries to examine how does this process take place in bilingual speech, and it discusses data from a corpus of bilingual conversations from Gibraltar. It is argued that switching of discourse and pragmatic markers, as well as modal expressions, is an extremely frequent phenomenon and, more interestingly, that regularities in this process can be found, in the form of regular and recurrent bilingual patterns. These functional elements in fact are shown to behave consistently with each other, allowing to identify class-specific patterns, and with other discourse-relevant entities such as left dislocations and pseudo-clefts. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.18bee 459 480 22 Chapter 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 17. Just a suggestion</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02"> <i>just/e</i> in French and English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kate Beeching Beeching, Kate Kate Beeching University of the West of England, Bristol 20 contrastive analysis 20 intensifier 20 language contact 20 mitigator 20 pragmatic borrowing 01 This article aims to illustrate what a contrastive perspective, combined with sociolinguistic and corpus approaches, can bring to the investigation of the evolution of pragmatic functions which emerge through language contact (Ingham 2012a) and pragmatic borrowing (Andersen 2014). A recent collection of articles (Lauwers, Vanderbauwhede &#38; Verleyen (eds) 2012) draws attention to the light which cognate forms and ‘false friends’ can shed on pragmaticalisation and semantic change. Sociolinguistic studies drawing on corpora of spoken interaction, which are tagged for demographic features, particularly speakers’ age and gender, coupled with modified matched-guise attitudinal studies, show that the use of new functions of pragmaticalising items reflects the incrementation model, posited by Labov (2001), with concomitant indexical obsolescence (Eckert 2014) of the older functions. The approach is illustrated for <i>juste/just</i>, and the conclusions confirm Dostie’s (2009) thesis that items whose meaning predisposes them to become pragmaticalised may do so to a greater extent in one region/language than in another. 10 01 JB code slcs.186.ai 481 486 6 Miscellaneous 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"> Author index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.li 487 488 2 Miscellaneous 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.si 489 492 4 Miscellaneous 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.186.pre ix 1 Miscellaneous 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20171113 2017 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 1030 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 11 10 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 10 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 10 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD