219-7677 10 7500817 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 201801191037 ONIX title feed eng 01 EUR
294017079 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 189 Eb 15 9789027265128 06 10.1075/slcs.189 13 2018001613 DG 002 02 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 189 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Exploring Intensification</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Synchronic, diachronic and cross-linguistic perspectives</Subtitle> 01 slcs.189 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.189 1 B01 Maria Napoli Napoli, Maria Maria Napoli University of Eastern Piedmont 2 B01 Miriam Ravetto Ravetto, Miriam Miriam Ravetto University of Eastern Piedmont 01 eng 402 vii 394 LAN009060 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This book is the first collective volume specifically devoted to the multifaceted phenomenon of intensification, which has been traditionally regarded as related to the expression of degree, scaling a quality downwards or upwards. In spite of the large amount of studies on intensifiers, there is still a need for the characterization of intensification as a distinct functional category in the domain of modification. The eighteen papers of the volume contribute to this aim with a new approach (mainly corpus-based). They focus on intensification from different perspectives (both synchronic and diachronic) and theoretical frameworks, concern ancient languages (Hittite, Greek, Latin) and modern languages (mainly Italian, German, English, Kiswahili), and involve different levels of analysis. They also identify and examine different types of intensifiers, applied to different forms and structures, such as adverbs, adjectives, evaluative affixes, discourse markers, reduplication, exclamative clauses, coordination, prosodic elements, and shed light on issues which have not been extensively studied so far. 05 Maria Napoli and Miriam Ravetto have successfully put together an edited volume, focussing on theoretical aspects of the semantics and pragmatics of intensification, and corpus based studies of realizations of intensification ranging from single word forms to larger chunks, intensification and prosody, and the appearance of new expressions and the decline of others. The book takes stock of previous work in this fascinating field of research, provides new insights in a range of languages and poses questions for future research. In addition to the editors’ eminent introductory overview, the volume offers 18 engaging and well-written chapters, grouped together in a clear and lucid way. It is a most stimulating and extremely readable book – a must for anybody interested in intensifiers and intensification. Carita Paradis, Lund University 05 This volume provides new data, descriptions, and insights in the challenging and intriguing phenomenon of intensification. Recurring themes in the volume are the relation between intensification and other notional categories like comparison, focusing, and evaluation, the distribution of intensifiers across different text types and sociolinguistic parameters, and in particular the objective vs. subjective, emotional-evaluative, dimension of intensification. As Ekkehard König, in his contribution to the volume, puts it : “More often than not, the use of intensifiers tells us more about a speaker than about the situation described”. Ad Foolen, Radboud University 05 The eighteen high-quality papers in this volume make for a most enlightening and stimulating read. The overall structure of the collection not only presents the reader with a wide variety of approaches to intensification (historical, cross-linguistic, sociolinguistic and corpus-based), but does so through discussions of a wide variety of languages other than English, and thus the volume constitutes a much needed and very valuable contribution to the field. Zeltia Blanco-Suárez, University of Santiago de Compostela, in Journal of Historical Pragmatics 23:2 (2022). 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.189.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027259547.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027259547.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.189.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.189.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.189.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.189.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.189.01nap 1 12 12 Chapter 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">New insights on intensification and intensifiers</TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Napoli Napoli, Maria Maria Napoli Università del Piemonte Orientale 2 A01 Miriam Ravetto Ravetto, Miriam Miriam Ravetto Università del Piemonte Orientale 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;I. The category of intensification</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.02kon 15 32 18 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;1. The comparative basis of intensification</TitleText> 1 A01 Ekkehard König König, Ekkehard Ekkehard König Freie Universität Berlin/Universität Freiburg 20 comparison 20 demonstratives 20 exclamatives 20 intensifiers 20 semantic typology 01 This paper argues that the ubiquitous cognitive process of comparing and the resultant judgements of similarity and dissimilarity also underlie the semantic processes of intensification and grading to a large extent. This comparative basis is visible both in the formal properties of many intensifiers and in central aspects of their semantics: Intensifiers may overtly encode a comparison (e.g. <i>crystal clear, royally, outstanding</i>) and an emotional reaction to a comparison (<i>surprisingly, frightfully</i>), or they may imply a comparison with a covert standard in endocentric expansions of simple adjectival predications. In order to gain a new perspective on their meaning, the relations between intensifiers, on the one hand, and demonstratives, exclamatives and comparative constructions, on the other, are analyzed and a semantic typology of comparative constructions is outlined and discussed in relation to the central hypothesis. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.03ghe 33 54 22 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;2. Intensification and focusing</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of <i>pure(ly)</i> and <i>mere(ly</i>)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Lobke Ghesquière Ghesquière, Lobke Lobke Ghesquière University of Mons 20 (inter)subjectivity 20 adjectives 20 adverbs 20 focusing 20 intensification 20 interpersonal modification 20 scalarity 01 Intensification or degree modification by means of adverbs and adjectives has been the object of linguistic study for many years, yet there is still a need for clear delineation of this functional category. This study focuses on the differences and similarities between the functional domains of intensification and focusing. The latter function has mainly been described for adverbs, with little attention to its adjectival realizations and to its relation to intensification. By means of corpus studies of <i>pure, purely, mere</i> and <i>merely</i>, it is shown that intensification and focusing are similar to some extent, both engaging in interpersonal modification (McGregor 1997), yet also distinct with intensification being semantically scalar, attitudinal and inherently subjective and focusing being only potentially pragmatically scalar, rhetorical and textually intersubjective. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.04gra 55 78 24 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;3. Intensification processes in Italian</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A survey</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nicola Grandi Grandi, Nicola Nicola Grandi Università di Bologna 20 augmentative 20 evaluative morphology 20 prefixation 20 reduplication 20 suffixation 20 superlative 20 synonymy 01 In this paper intensification will be considered an instantiation of evaluative morphology. Intensification will be defined as a uniform semantic-functional operation formally performed by different strategies. The main goal of this paper is to survey these formal strategies in order to understand the reciprocal relationships among them and in order to understand which of them can be considered the most typical expressions of this semantic operation. My main focus will be on Italian. After a brief survey of the constructions usually used to express intensification in contemporary Italian, I will concentrate on two specific issues: the synonymy among the intensifiers described in the first part of the article and the internal structure of constructions where more intensifiers are present at the same time. In this way, it will be possible to single out which are the most typical Italian intensifiers. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.05cas 79 98 20 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;4. Noun classification in Kiswahili</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Linguistic strategies to intensify or to reduce</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marina Castagneto Castagneto, Marina Marina Castagneto Università del Piemonte Orientale 20 diminution 20 evaluation 20 intensification 20 Kiswahili 20 noun classes 01 The evaluation strategies in Kiswahili display an ambiguous status between inflection (as it was in Proto-Bantu, where classes 12&#8211;13, 19 expressed diminution, and classes 20&#8211;23 intensification) and derivation. In Modern Kiswahili these classes are lost, and the evaluative category arises by means of a highly productive derivational rule shifting a noun stem to another class: to class&#160;5 for augmentatives, to class&#160;7 for diminutives, because of the semantics of these classes. <br />The morpheme <i>(&#8722;)ji-</i>, originally the prefix marker of class&#160;5, is actually admitted also within a word after another class prefix, sanctioning the birth of noun derivational morphology in Kiswahili: in most cases it has become a morpheme of intensification, but sometimes it can mark a change in size, either augmentative or diminutive. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p2 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;II. Strategies of intensification in ancient languages: Hittite, Greek and Latin</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.06dar 101 126 26 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;5. Intensification and intensifying modification in Hittite</TitleText> 1 A01 Paola Dardano Dardano, Paola Paola Dardano Università per Stranieri di Siena 20 graduation of adjectives 20 Hittite language 20 lexical intensification 20 morphological intensification 20 reduplication 01 The present paper aims to describe intensification and intensifying modification in Hittite, a member of the Anatolian sub-branch of the extensive Indo-European family. Particular attention will be devoted to the following two questions: (i) Which are the most widespread means of intensification in Hittite? and (ii) Which linguistic levels are involved in the expression of intensification (phonological, grammatical, lexical, pragmatic or textual)? Using a corpus-based approach, the study integrates both quantitative and qualitative observations from a theoretical perspective that provides a semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic account of the intensification markers in different documented texts and genres in Hittite. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.07mel 127 146 20 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;6. Diminutives in Ancient Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Intensification and subjectivity</Subtitle> 1 A01 Chiara Meluzzi Meluzzi, Chiara Chiara Meluzzi Scuola Normale Superiore 20 Ancient Greek 20 Aristophanes 20 diminutives 20 subjectivity 01 This work analyzes diminutives in three Ancient Greek comedies by Aristophanes. Although this work may not be strictly defined as morphopragmatic in the very specific sense of the term provided by Dressler &#38; Merlini Barbaresi (1994:&#8201;56&#8211;7), many considerations emerged within this theoretical framework. Ancient Greek diminutives were usually considered as related to gender: F&#246;gen (2004:&#8201;228) refers to diminutives only as markers of emotion, with a &#8220;general tendency of women to be more affective or emotional than men&#8221;. However, data emerging from the analysis of Aristophanes&#8217; three female comedies do not justify this claim. Another interpretation may be advanced: diminutives could be seen as markers of subjectivity, since they fulfill the function of indexing a speaker&#8217;s perspective, viewpoint and attitude (Athanasiadou 2007:&#8201;554), and also of affecting the addressee&#8217;s positive and negative faces (Brown &#38; Levinson 1987). 10 01 JB code slcs.189.08fed 147 170 24 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;7. <i>Nulla sum, nulla sum: Tota, tota occidi</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Repetition as a (rare) strategy of intensification in Latin</Subtitle> 1 A01 Chiara Fedriani Fedriani, Chiara Chiara Fedriani Università di Genova 20 degree intensification 20 illocutionary intensification 20 Latin 20 pragmatics 20 repetition 01 Repetition of a linguistic form is a widespread strategy in the world&#8217;s languages to express a number of related functions, such as pluralization, distribution, collectivity and, crucially, intensification. This last function is the core meaning expressed by word repetition in Latin, a language where this copying process does not constitute a morphological rule, but rather an occasional mean to express intensification among the typical grammaticalized strategies (prefixes, the superlative suffix &#8209;<i>issimus</i>, and adverbs). This paper firstly provides a survey of forms and functions of repetition in Latin and suggests a distinction between <sc>degree</sc> and <sc>illocutionary intensification</sc> depending on their specific meaning, their scope, and the status of the source involved. Secondly, it contains a corpus-based study of word repetition based on the Plautine comedies, providing evidence about its uses and productivity effects across different lexical categories. The paper closes with a reassessment of the status of repetition as a pragmatic strategy of intensification in Latin, with a focus on Plautus, also offering some diachronic remarks. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;III. Strategies of intensification in modern languages: Italian, German, English</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.09fio 173 192 20 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;8. Intensifiers between grammar and pragmatics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A lesson from a language contact situation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ilaria Fiorentini Fiorentini, Ilaria Ilaria Fiorentini 2 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó Università dell'Insubria 20 borrowing 20 intensifiers 20 Italian 20 Ladin 20 language contact 20 pragmatics 01 Intensification is a more pervasive phenomenon than usually thought, involving modification and scaling at different levels. Besides adjectives and adverbs, also the epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of speech acts can be modulated (Bazzanella et&#160;al. 1991; Ghezzi 2013). The strategies speakers use to weaken or intensify the speaker&#8217;s epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of the utterance include the class of so-called discourse markers (Bazzanella 1995, 2006), such as, for instance, hedges and boosters, which are hearer-oriented and &#8220;work as social and politeness markers&#8221; (Bazzanella 2006:&#8201;463), and modalizers, which modify the speaker&#8217;s commitment towards the propositional content. This article aims to investigate these strategies in a specific language contact situation, which turns out to be a privileged vantage point to tease out the manifestations of intensification in everyday language use. We will focus on the Ladin-Italian (and German) contact area in Trentino-South Tyrol (Northern Italy), with a view to identifying the strategies that bilingual speakers adopt to express intensification in their speech. The results of the investigation show that there are different borrowability rates in the adoption of intensifiers from the pragmatically dominant languages (Italian and German), whereby intensifiers with a strong intersubjective function such as those modifying the illocutionary force of the utterance are borrowed more easily than intensifiers operating at lower (i.e. propositional or subjective) levels. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.10cos 193 206 14 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;9. Stress and tones as intensifying operators in German</TitleText> 1 A01 Gianluca Cosentino Cosentino, Gianluca Gianluca Cosentino Università di Pisa 20 accents 20 contour choice 20 conversation structure 20 information structure 20 prosodic intensification 20 speakers' attitudes 20 tones 01 Unlike the classic, most widely studied phenomena, prosody has been insufficiently investigated as form of linguistic intensification. This paper attempts to look upon some prosodic features as independent means of intensification in German. Accents, tones and contour choice may open up the possibility of distinguishing between intensified and unintensified predicates, however this differentiation cannot be described within a gradually increasing system, but it is only measurable within a bipolar, two-dimensional scale. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.11sie 207 228 22 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;10. English exclamative clauses and interrogative degree modification</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Siemund Siemund, Peter Peter Siemund Universität Hamburg 20 degree modification 20 exclamations 20 exclamative clauses 20 intensifiers 20 interrogative words 01 I here explore the relationship between interrogative degree modification (<i>What a mess!</i>; <i>How awful!</i>) and exclamative clauses like <i>What a wonderful conference we had</i> or <i>How wonderful this conference was</i>. The former are usually viewed as derived from the latter by means of ellipsis. The ellipsis account is based on the prerogative of clausal over non-clausal structures, a silent assumption behind much of contemporary grammatical reasoning. My study provides quantitative evidence that this reasoning may well have to go into the opposite direction. It is based on the <i>British National Corpus</i> and the <i>International Corpus of English, British Component</i>. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p4 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;IV. Contrastive analysis of intensification in Italian and German</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.12sal 231 250 20 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;11. A pragmatic view on intensification</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Expansions in German and Italian</Subtitle> 1 A01 Katharina Salzmann Salzmann, Katharina Katharina Salzmann Istituto Italiano di Studi Germanici (Roma) 20 expansions 20 illocutionary force modification 20 intensification 20 pragmatic upgrading 20 semantic upgrading 01 The aim of this paper is to show that <i>Expansionen</i> (&#8216;expansions&#8217;), a category belonging to the grammar of spoken German, in addition to other functions described in previous studies (Salzmann 2017), can serve as intensifiers both in German and Italian. For this purpose, I will first define the concept of <i>expansion</i> and afterwards establish a definition of intensification that can be applied to the analysis of expansions. Intensification is considered as a phenomenon with both semantic and pragmatic aspects, which can be analysed at all levels of the speech act (locution, illocution and perlocution). The central part of this article is dedicated to the interpretation of various examples from a bilingual corpus of academic talks held at conferences. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.13mal 251 264 14 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;12. Intensifying structures of adjectives across German and Italian</TitleText> 1 A01 Patrizio Malloggi Malloggi, Patrizio Patrizio Malloggi Università di Pisa 20 equivalences and divergences between German and Italian 20 intensification 20 structures of adjective intensification in German and Italian 01 Grading and intensifying are primary cognitive operations that have an important expressive function. This paper analyses examples of composition, prefix&#8209; and suffix-derivation as adjective formation methods that intensify the meaning of adjectives in the German (e.g. <i>eiskalt, blitzschnell, steinreich, erzfrech, urgesund, superelegant</i> etc.) and Italian (e.g. <i>ricco sfondato, stanco morto</i>; <i>strafelice, straricco</i> etc.) language. Both languages have wide range of possibilities for intensifying the meaning of adjectives: In the German language, research literature (Fleischer &#38; Barz 1995; Eichinger 2000; Kirschbaum 2002) states that composition and prefix-derivation are the most used methods of adjective intensification. Italian, like other Romance languages, intensifies adjectives through the absolute superlative with the Latin-derived suffix &#8209;<i>issimo</i> or with some intensifying prefixes derived from Greek, Latin or English (<i>iperattivo, ultranazionale, supergentile</i> etc.) (Rainer 1983; Costa 1997; Serianni 2006). This paper focuses on the argument that even if German and Italian are two languages belonging to a different language family, they share some means to express intensity in adjectives. The data used for this analysis will be mainly extracted from the most relevant monolingual encyclopaedic dictionaries as comparative databases. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.14fos 265 288 24 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;13. The coordination of identical conjuncts as a means of strengthening expressions in German and Italian</TitleText> 1 A01 Marina Foschi Foschi, Marina Marina Foschi Università di Pisa 20 coordination 20 German-Italian contrastive linguistics 20 grammar vs. style 20 intensification 01 The article deals with syntactic units which are formed in German and in Italian by means of coordination of identical conjuncts with <i>und</i> or <i>e</i>. The resulting structure can be characterized as <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i>. <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> units show weak productivity with a strong tendency to idiomaticity. They are often seen as stylistic means and idiomatic expressions to which the general rules of coordination do not strictly apply. Coordination of identical conjuncts is usually viewed as a case of &#8220;false coordination&#8221;, wherein the <i>und/e</i> conjugation does not have linking function. <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> expressions are often used for specific stylistic effects, including intensification. Based on the observation of about 100 authentic examples in both languages, the article offers a description of different types of <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> structures, in order to focus on those serving as intensifiers. The main issues addressed regard the roles of reduplication and conjunction in the intensification and the status of <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> structures (independent groups or idioms). First contrastive observations are offered about frequency, form and function of <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> structures in German and in Italian. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.15bon 289 304 16 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;14. What does reduplication intensify?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The semantics and pragmatics of reduplicated forms in Italian and their equivalents in German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Silvia Bonacchi Bonacchi, Silvia Silvia Bonacchi University of Warsaw 20 embodied communication 20 implicatures 20 intensification 20 modulation of affective intensity 20 reduplication 01 In the present paper, the semantics of reduplication forms in Italian is analyzed on the basis of their <i>intensifying</i> pragmatic functions in regard to their base-forms (duration, graduation, modulation, disambiguation, accreditation of speaker, appeal to hearer) and to their &#8220;embodied&#8221; character (evoking gestuality and suprasegmentality) and compared with their possible equivalents in German. Reduplicative forms in Italian not only modify the truth-conditional value of verbal units&#160;&#8211; in the direction of a quantitative or qualitative intensification&#160;&#8211;; furthermore they express a new use-conditional (pragmatic) meaning. Reduplication is, in face-to-face-communication, therefore to be considered an important instrument of <i>emotive</i> communication (as strategic and intentional conveying of emotional information about feelings and attitudes towards things, events, interlocutors), used in specific contexts to express an affective register. Its main function is the <i>modulation</i> of affective intensity and the evocation of conversational and emotional (affective) implicatures. Instead of reduplicated forms, German uses other language resources which produce use-conditional (pragmatic) meanings: intensifiers, intensifying prefixes, modal particles, adverbs, verbal forms. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.16cal 305 326 22 Chapter 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;15. Intensification strategies in German and Italian written language</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of <i>prefissi intensivi</i> or <i>Fremdpr&#228;fixe</i>. A corpus-based study</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nicolò Calpestrati Calpestrati, Nicolò Nicolò Calpestrati Università di Milano 20 contrastive analysis 20 foreign prefixes 20 intensification 20 intensity scale 20 prefix combination 01 The aim of this study is to investigate a group of six <i>Fremdpr&#228;fixe</i> or <i>prefissi intensivi</i> within the context of intensification and to observe both how they work and are perceived by native Italian and German speakers. This work is structured in two parts: the first part is made up of a structured questionnaire to investigate how such prefixes are considered and evaluated from speakers of both languages with the aim of creating an intensity scale. The second part investigates the combinability of the foreign prefixes with specific stems and their presence in a corpus of written language: COSMASII Korpus (IDS Mannheim) for German and CORIS/CODIS Corpus (University of Bologna) for Italian. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.17nap 327 352 26 Chapter 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;16. Ways to intensify</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Types of intensified meanings in Italian and German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Maria Napoli Napoli, Maria Maria Napoli Università del Piemonte Orientale 2 A01 Miriam Ravetto Ravetto, Miriam Miriam Ravetto Università del Piemonte Orientale 20 emphasis 20 intensification 20 prefixes 20 subjectification 20 subjectivity 01 Intensification has traditionally been regarded as a category that is closely related to the concept of <i>degree</i>, i.e., to <i>gradability</i> (since Bolinger 1972). However, as has been shown by, among others, Paradis (2001, 2008), intensifiers are used not only with gradable bases (as adjectives typically are), but also with non-gradable bases, including nouns and verbs. The nature of the modified base&#160;&#8211; gradable vs. non-gradable, but also bounded vs. unbounded&#160;&#8211; may influence the value of the intensifiers, which as a result do not represent a homogenous category. Italian and German confirm this state of affairs in their use of some evaluative prefixes, mainly of Greek and Latin origin, with different kinds of base and different semantic and pragmatic functions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the behaviour of the most representative of these prefixes using a corpus-based approach. We will try to illustrate how the values assumed by Italian and German prefixes cannot be accounted for only in terms of <i>degree modification</i>, as related to the quantity and/or quality dimensions of intensification, since these forms show an increase in their subjectivity and expressive strength, which leads them to lose their semantic specificity and to assume a more general intensifying (and emphasizing) function. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.18cos 353 370 18 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;17. Augmentatives in Italian and German</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From contrastive analysis to translation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marcella Costa Costa, Marcella Marcella Costa Università di Torino 20 augmentative 20 augmentatives in bilingual lexicography 20 pejorative 20 translation strategies for Italian augmentative 01 The present paper deals with Italian and German augmentation, analyzed both from a contrastive linguistic and translational perspective. It explores the Italian suffixes &#8209;<i>one</i> and &#8209;<i>accio</i> as well as German formatives conveying similar meaning (AUG and PEJ) paralleling the presentation of the Italian augmentation features in their formal, semantic features and pragmatic-interactive dimensions with the equivalent features in German in order to work out similarities and differences between the two languages. In a second step the analysis focuses the <i>parole</i>-level and investigates the bidirectional translation strategies of augmentatives (Italian-German; German-Italian) in bilingual lexicography and in an Italian-German translation corpus. The goal is to verify what happens on the <i>parole</i>-level, checking different possible solutions to translate and express augmentatives in context and contrasting them with the findings of the contrastive analysis on the <i>langue</i>-level. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.19vog 371 390 20 Chapter 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;18. Intentional vagueness</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A corpus-based analysis of Italian and German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Miriam Voghera Voghera, Miriam Miriam Voghera Università di Salerno 2 A01 Laura Collu Collu, Laura Laura Collu Università di Salerno 20 corpus-based analysis 20 German 20 intentional vagueness 20 Italian 20 spoken language 20 systemic vagueness 20 vagueness 01 In this article, we present a corpus-based analysis to illustrate the extent and the depth of the similarities in the use of Vagueness Expressions (VEs) in spoken Italian and German. Adopting a semiotic approach to the study of vagueness, we have investigated the frequency and the distribution of VEs, conveying informational, relational and discourse vagueness in conversations, non-free-dialogues and monologues. The two languages do not exhibit the same qualitative and quantitative distribution of VEs because (a) German has twice as many VEs as Italian and (b) in Italian VEs are fairly limited to spontaneous conversations, while German speakers use VEs in all kinds of texts conveying the three types of Vagueness. This suggests that in German VEs are part of the linguistic norm, and not only a choice on the part of the speaker. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.index 391 1 Miscellaneous 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20170930 2017 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027259547 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 433017078 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 189 Hb 15 9789027259547 13 2017025559 BB 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 189 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Exploring Intensification</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Synchronic, diachronic and cross-linguistic perspectives</Subtitle> 01 slcs.189 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.189 1 B01 Maria Napoli Napoli, Maria Maria Napoli University of Eastern Piedmont 2 B01 Miriam Ravetto Ravetto, Miriam Miriam Ravetto University of Eastern Piedmont 01 eng 402 vii 394 LAN009060 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This book is the first collective volume specifically devoted to the multifaceted phenomenon of intensification, which has been traditionally regarded as related to the expression of degree, scaling a quality downwards or upwards. In spite of the large amount of studies on intensifiers, there is still a need for the characterization of intensification as a distinct functional category in the domain of modification. The eighteen papers of the volume contribute to this aim with a new approach (mainly corpus-based). They focus on intensification from different perspectives (both synchronic and diachronic) and theoretical frameworks, concern ancient languages (Hittite, Greek, Latin) and modern languages (mainly Italian, German, English, Kiswahili), and involve different levels of analysis. They also identify and examine different types of intensifiers, applied to different forms and structures, such as adverbs, adjectives, evaluative affixes, discourse markers, reduplication, exclamative clauses, coordination, prosodic elements, and shed light on issues which have not been extensively studied so far. 05 Maria Napoli and Miriam Ravetto have successfully put together an edited volume, focussing on theoretical aspects of the semantics and pragmatics of intensification, and corpus based studies of realizations of intensification ranging from single word forms to larger chunks, intensification and prosody, and the appearance of new expressions and the decline of others. The book takes stock of previous work in this fascinating field of research, provides new insights in a range of languages and poses questions for future research. In addition to the editors’ eminent introductory overview, the volume offers 18 engaging and well-written chapters, grouped together in a clear and lucid way. It is a most stimulating and extremely readable book – a must for anybody interested in intensifiers and intensification. Carita Paradis, Lund University 05 This volume provides new data, descriptions, and insights in the challenging and intriguing phenomenon of intensification. Recurring themes in the volume are the relation between intensification and other notional categories like comparison, focusing, and evaluation, the distribution of intensifiers across different text types and sociolinguistic parameters, and in particular the objective vs. subjective, emotional-evaluative, dimension of intensification. As Ekkehard König, in his contribution to the volume, puts it : “More often than not, the use of intensifiers tells us more about a speaker than about the situation described”. Ad Foolen, Radboud University 05 The eighteen high-quality papers in this volume make for a most enlightening and stimulating read. The overall structure of the collection not only presents the reader with a wide variety of approaches to intensification (historical, cross-linguistic, sociolinguistic and corpus-based), but does so through discussions of a wide variety of languages other than English, and thus the volume constitutes a much needed and very valuable contribution to the field. Zeltia Blanco-Suárez, University of Santiago de Compostela, in Journal of Historical Pragmatics 23:2 (2022). 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.189.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027259547.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027259547.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.189.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.189.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.189.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.189.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.189.01nap 1 12 12 Chapter 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">New insights on intensification and intensifiers</TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Napoli Napoli, Maria Maria Napoli Università del Piemonte Orientale 2 A01 Miriam Ravetto Ravetto, Miriam Miriam Ravetto Università del Piemonte Orientale 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;I. The category of intensification</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.02kon 15 32 18 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;1. The comparative basis of intensification</TitleText> 1 A01 Ekkehard König König, Ekkehard Ekkehard König Freie Universität Berlin/Universität Freiburg 20 comparison 20 demonstratives 20 exclamatives 20 intensifiers 20 semantic typology 01 This paper argues that the ubiquitous cognitive process of comparing and the resultant judgements of similarity and dissimilarity also underlie the semantic processes of intensification and grading to a large extent. This comparative basis is visible both in the formal properties of many intensifiers and in central aspects of their semantics: Intensifiers may overtly encode a comparison (e.g. <i>crystal clear, royally, outstanding</i>) and an emotional reaction to a comparison (<i>surprisingly, frightfully</i>), or they may imply a comparison with a covert standard in endocentric expansions of simple adjectival predications. In order to gain a new perspective on their meaning, the relations between intensifiers, on the one hand, and demonstratives, exclamatives and comparative constructions, on the other, are analyzed and a semantic typology of comparative constructions is outlined and discussed in relation to the central hypothesis. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.03ghe 33 54 22 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;2. Intensification and focusing</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of <i>pure(ly)</i> and <i>mere(ly</i>)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Lobke Ghesquière Ghesquière, Lobke Lobke Ghesquière University of Mons 20 (inter)subjectivity 20 adjectives 20 adverbs 20 focusing 20 intensification 20 interpersonal modification 20 scalarity 01 Intensification or degree modification by means of adverbs and adjectives has been the object of linguistic study for many years, yet there is still a need for clear delineation of this functional category. This study focuses on the differences and similarities between the functional domains of intensification and focusing. The latter function has mainly been described for adverbs, with little attention to its adjectival realizations and to its relation to intensification. By means of corpus studies of <i>pure, purely, mere</i> and <i>merely</i>, it is shown that intensification and focusing are similar to some extent, both engaging in interpersonal modification (McGregor 1997), yet also distinct with intensification being semantically scalar, attitudinal and inherently subjective and focusing being only potentially pragmatically scalar, rhetorical and textually intersubjective. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.04gra 55 78 24 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;3. Intensification processes in Italian</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A survey</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nicola Grandi Grandi, Nicola Nicola Grandi Università di Bologna 20 augmentative 20 evaluative morphology 20 prefixation 20 reduplication 20 suffixation 20 superlative 20 synonymy 01 In this paper intensification will be considered an instantiation of evaluative morphology. Intensification will be defined as a uniform semantic-functional operation formally performed by different strategies. The main goal of this paper is to survey these formal strategies in order to understand the reciprocal relationships among them and in order to understand which of them can be considered the most typical expressions of this semantic operation. My main focus will be on Italian. After a brief survey of the constructions usually used to express intensification in contemporary Italian, I will concentrate on two specific issues: the synonymy among the intensifiers described in the first part of the article and the internal structure of constructions where more intensifiers are present at the same time. In this way, it will be possible to single out which are the most typical Italian intensifiers. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.05cas 79 98 20 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;4. Noun classification in Kiswahili</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Linguistic strategies to intensify or to reduce</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marina Castagneto Castagneto, Marina Marina Castagneto Università del Piemonte Orientale 20 diminution 20 evaluation 20 intensification 20 Kiswahili 20 noun classes 01 The evaluation strategies in Kiswahili display an ambiguous status between inflection (as it was in Proto-Bantu, where classes 12&#8211;13, 19 expressed diminution, and classes 20&#8211;23 intensification) and derivation. In Modern Kiswahili these classes are lost, and the evaluative category arises by means of a highly productive derivational rule shifting a noun stem to another class: to class&#160;5 for augmentatives, to class&#160;7 for diminutives, because of the semantics of these classes. <br />The morpheme <i>(&#8722;)ji-</i>, originally the prefix marker of class&#160;5, is actually admitted also within a word after another class prefix, sanctioning the birth of noun derivational morphology in Kiswahili: in most cases it has become a morpheme of intensification, but sometimes it can mark a change in size, either augmentative or diminutive. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p2 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;II. Strategies of intensification in ancient languages: Hittite, Greek and Latin</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.06dar 101 126 26 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;5. Intensification and intensifying modification in Hittite</TitleText> 1 A01 Paola Dardano Dardano, Paola Paola Dardano Università per Stranieri di Siena 20 graduation of adjectives 20 Hittite language 20 lexical intensification 20 morphological intensification 20 reduplication 01 The present paper aims to describe intensification and intensifying modification in Hittite, a member of the Anatolian sub-branch of the extensive Indo-European family. Particular attention will be devoted to the following two questions: (i) Which are the most widespread means of intensification in Hittite? and (ii) Which linguistic levels are involved in the expression of intensification (phonological, grammatical, lexical, pragmatic or textual)? Using a corpus-based approach, the study integrates both quantitative and qualitative observations from a theoretical perspective that provides a semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic account of the intensification markers in different documented texts and genres in Hittite. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.07mel 127 146 20 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;6. Diminutives in Ancient Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Intensification and subjectivity</Subtitle> 1 A01 Chiara Meluzzi Meluzzi, Chiara Chiara Meluzzi Scuola Normale Superiore 20 Ancient Greek 20 Aristophanes 20 diminutives 20 subjectivity 01 This work analyzes diminutives in three Ancient Greek comedies by Aristophanes. Although this work may not be strictly defined as morphopragmatic in the very specific sense of the term provided by Dressler &#38; Merlini Barbaresi (1994:&#8201;56&#8211;7), many considerations emerged within this theoretical framework. Ancient Greek diminutives were usually considered as related to gender: F&#246;gen (2004:&#8201;228) refers to diminutives only as markers of emotion, with a &#8220;general tendency of women to be more affective or emotional than men&#8221;. However, data emerging from the analysis of Aristophanes&#8217; three female comedies do not justify this claim. Another interpretation may be advanced: diminutives could be seen as markers of subjectivity, since they fulfill the function of indexing a speaker&#8217;s perspective, viewpoint and attitude (Athanasiadou 2007:&#8201;554), and also of affecting the addressee&#8217;s positive and negative faces (Brown &#38; Levinson 1987). 10 01 JB code slcs.189.08fed 147 170 24 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;7. <i>Nulla sum, nulla sum: Tota, tota occidi</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Repetition as a (rare) strategy of intensification in Latin</Subtitle> 1 A01 Chiara Fedriani Fedriani, Chiara Chiara Fedriani Università di Genova 20 degree intensification 20 illocutionary intensification 20 Latin 20 pragmatics 20 repetition 01 Repetition of a linguistic form is a widespread strategy in the world&#8217;s languages to express a number of related functions, such as pluralization, distribution, collectivity and, crucially, intensification. This last function is the core meaning expressed by word repetition in Latin, a language where this copying process does not constitute a morphological rule, but rather an occasional mean to express intensification among the typical grammaticalized strategies (prefixes, the superlative suffix &#8209;<i>issimus</i>, and adverbs). This paper firstly provides a survey of forms and functions of repetition in Latin and suggests a distinction between <sc>degree</sc> and <sc>illocutionary intensification</sc> depending on their specific meaning, their scope, and the status of the source involved. Secondly, it contains a corpus-based study of word repetition based on the Plautine comedies, providing evidence about its uses and productivity effects across different lexical categories. The paper closes with a reassessment of the status of repetition as a pragmatic strategy of intensification in Latin, with a focus on Plautus, also offering some diachronic remarks. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;III. Strategies of intensification in modern languages: Italian, German, English</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.09fio 173 192 20 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;8. Intensifiers between grammar and pragmatics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A lesson from a language contact situation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ilaria Fiorentini Fiorentini, Ilaria Ilaria Fiorentini 2 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó Università dell'Insubria 20 borrowing 20 intensifiers 20 Italian 20 Ladin 20 language contact 20 pragmatics 01 Intensification is a more pervasive phenomenon than usually thought, involving modification and scaling at different levels. Besides adjectives and adverbs, also the epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of speech acts can be modulated (Bazzanella et&#160;al. 1991; Ghezzi 2013). The strategies speakers use to weaken or intensify the speaker&#8217;s epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of the utterance include the class of so-called discourse markers (Bazzanella 1995, 2006), such as, for instance, hedges and boosters, which are hearer-oriented and &#8220;work as social and politeness markers&#8221; (Bazzanella 2006:&#8201;463), and modalizers, which modify the speaker&#8217;s commitment towards the propositional content. This article aims to investigate these strategies in a specific language contact situation, which turns out to be a privileged vantage point to tease out the manifestations of intensification in everyday language use. We will focus on the Ladin-Italian (and German) contact area in Trentino-South Tyrol (Northern Italy), with a view to identifying the strategies that bilingual speakers adopt to express intensification in their speech. The results of the investigation show that there are different borrowability rates in the adoption of intensifiers from the pragmatically dominant languages (Italian and German), whereby intensifiers with a strong intersubjective function such as those modifying the illocutionary force of the utterance are borrowed more easily than intensifiers operating at lower (i.e. propositional or subjective) levels. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.10cos 193 206 14 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;9. Stress and tones as intensifying operators in German</TitleText> 1 A01 Gianluca Cosentino Cosentino, Gianluca Gianluca Cosentino Università di Pisa 20 accents 20 contour choice 20 conversation structure 20 information structure 20 prosodic intensification 20 speakers' attitudes 20 tones 01 Unlike the classic, most widely studied phenomena, prosody has been insufficiently investigated as form of linguistic intensification. This paper attempts to look upon some prosodic features as independent means of intensification in German. Accents, tones and contour choice may open up the possibility of distinguishing between intensified and unintensified predicates, however this differentiation cannot be described within a gradually increasing system, but it is only measurable within a bipolar, two-dimensional scale. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.11sie 207 228 22 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;10. English exclamative clauses and interrogative degree modification</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Siemund Siemund, Peter Peter Siemund Universität Hamburg 20 degree modification 20 exclamations 20 exclamative clauses 20 intensifiers 20 interrogative words 01 I here explore the relationship between interrogative degree modification (<i>What a mess!</i>; <i>How awful!</i>) and exclamative clauses like <i>What a wonderful conference we had</i> or <i>How wonderful this conference was</i>. The former are usually viewed as derived from the latter by means of ellipsis. The ellipsis account is based on the prerogative of clausal over non-clausal structures, a silent assumption behind much of contemporary grammatical reasoning. My study provides quantitative evidence that this reasoning may well have to go into the opposite direction. It is based on the <i>British National Corpus</i> and the <i>International Corpus of English, British Component</i>. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.p4 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;IV. Contrastive analysis of intensification in Italian and German</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.189.12sal 231 250 20 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;11. A pragmatic view on intensification</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Expansions in German and Italian</Subtitle> 1 A01 Katharina Salzmann Salzmann, Katharina Katharina Salzmann Istituto Italiano di Studi Germanici (Roma) 20 expansions 20 illocutionary force modification 20 intensification 20 pragmatic upgrading 20 semantic upgrading 01 The aim of this paper is to show that <i>Expansionen</i> (&#8216;expansions&#8217;), a category belonging to the grammar of spoken German, in addition to other functions described in previous studies (Salzmann 2017), can serve as intensifiers both in German and Italian. For this purpose, I will first define the concept of <i>expansion</i> and afterwards establish a definition of intensification that can be applied to the analysis of expansions. Intensification is considered as a phenomenon with both semantic and pragmatic aspects, which can be analysed at all levels of the speech act (locution, illocution and perlocution). The central part of this article is dedicated to the interpretation of various examples from a bilingual corpus of academic talks held at conferences. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.13mal 251 264 14 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;12. Intensifying structures of adjectives across German and Italian</TitleText> 1 A01 Patrizio Malloggi Malloggi, Patrizio Patrizio Malloggi Università di Pisa 20 equivalences and divergences between German and Italian 20 intensification 20 structures of adjective intensification in German and Italian 01 Grading and intensifying are primary cognitive operations that have an important expressive function. This paper analyses examples of composition, prefix&#8209; and suffix-derivation as adjective formation methods that intensify the meaning of adjectives in the German (e.g. <i>eiskalt, blitzschnell, steinreich, erzfrech, urgesund, superelegant</i> etc.) and Italian (e.g. <i>ricco sfondato, stanco morto</i>; <i>strafelice, straricco</i> etc.) language. Both languages have wide range of possibilities for intensifying the meaning of adjectives: In the German language, research literature (Fleischer &#38; Barz 1995; Eichinger 2000; Kirschbaum 2002) states that composition and prefix-derivation are the most used methods of adjective intensification. Italian, like other Romance languages, intensifies adjectives through the absolute superlative with the Latin-derived suffix &#8209;<i>issimo</i> or with some intensifying prefixes derived from Greek, Latin or English (<i>iperattivo, ultranazionale, supergentile</i> etc.) (Rainer 1983; Costa 1997; Serianni 2006). This paper focuses on the argument that even if German and Italian are two languages belonging to a different language family, they share some means to express intensity in adjectives. The data used for this analysis will be mainly extracted from the most relevant monolingual encyclopaedic dictionaries as comparative databases. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.14fos 265 288 24 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;13. The coordination of identical conjuncts as a means of strengthening expressions in German and Italian</TitleText> 1 A01 Marina Foschi Foschi, Marina Marina Foschi Università di Pisa 20 coordination 20 German-Italian contrastive linguistics 20 grammar vs. style 20 intensification 01 The article deals with syntactic units which are formed in German and in Italian by means of coordination of identical conjuncts with <i>und</i> or <i>e</i>. The resulting structure can be characterized as <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i>. <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> units show weak productivity with a strong tendency to idiomaticity. They are often seen as stylistic means and idiomatic expressions to which the general rules of coordination do not strictly apply. Coordination of identical conjuncts is usually viewed as a case of &#8220;false coordination&#8221;, wherein the <i>und/e</i> conjugation does not have linking function. <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> expressions are often used for specific stylistic effects, including intensification. Based on the observation of about 100 authentic examples in both languages, the article offers a description of different types of <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> structures, in order to focus on those serving as intensifiers. The main issues addressed regard the roles of reduplication and conjunction in the intensification and the status of <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> structures (independent groups or idioms). First contrastive observations are offered about frequency, form and function of <i>x&#8202;&#708;&#8202;x</i> structures in German and in Italian. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.15bon 289 304 16 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;14. What does reduplication intensify?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The semantics and pragmatics of reduplicated forms in Italian and their equivalents in German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Silvia Bonacchi Bonacchi, Silvia Silvia Bonacchi University of Warsaw 20 embodied communication 20 implicatures 20 intensification 20 modulation of affective intensity 20 reduplication 01 In the present paper, the semantics of reduplication forms in Italian is analyzed on the basis of their <i>intensifying</i> pragmatic functions in regard to their base-forms (duration, graduation, modulation, disambiguation, accreditation of speaker, appeal to hearer) and to their &#8220;embodied&#8221; character (evoking gestuality and suprasegmentality) and compared with their possible equivalents in German. Reduplicative forms in Italian not only modify the truth-conditional value of verbal units&#160;&#8211; in the direction of a quantitative or qualitative intensification&#160;&#8211;; furthermore they express a new use-conditional (pragmatic) meaning. Reduplication is, in face-to-face-communication, therefore to be considered an important instrument of <i>emotive</i> communication (as strategic and intentional conveying of emotional information about feelings and attitudes towards things, events, interlocutors), used in specific contexts to express an affective register. Its main function is the <i>modulation</i> of affective intensity and the evocation of conversational and emotional (affective) implicatures. Instead of reduplicated forms, German uses other language resources which produce use-conditional (pragmatic) meanings: intensifiers, intensifying prefixes, modal particles, adverbs, verbal forms. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.16cal 305 326 22 Chapter 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;15. Intensification strategies in German and Italian written language</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of <i>prefissi intensivi</i> or <i>Fremdpr&#228;fixe</i>. A corpus-based study</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nicolò Calpestrati Calpestrati, Nicolò Nicolò Calpestrati Università di Milano 20 contrastive analysis 20 foreign prefixes 20 intensification 20 intensity scale 20 prefix combination 01 The aim of this study is to investigate a group of six <i>Fremdpr&#228;fixe</i> or <i>prefissi intensivi</i> within the context of intensification and to observe both how they work and are perceived by native Italian and German speakers. This work is structured in two parts: the first part is made up of a structured questionnaire to investigate how such prefixes are considered and evaluated from speakers of both languages with the aim of creating an intensity scale. The second part investigates the combinability of the foreign prefixes with specific stems and their presence in a corpus of written language: COSMASII Korpus (IDS Mannheim) for German and CORIS/CODIS Corpus (University of Bologna) for Italian. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.17nap 327 352 26 Chapter 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;16. Ways to intensify</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Types of intensified meanings in Italian and German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Maria Napoli Napoli, Maria Maria Napoli Università del Piemonte Orientale 2 A01 Miriam Ravetto Ravetto, Miriam Miriam Ravetto Università del Piemonte Orientale 20 emphasis 20 intensification 20 prefixes 20 subjectification 20 subjectivity 01 Intensification has traditionally been regarded as a category that is closely related to the concept of <i>degree</i>, i.e., to <i>gradability</i> (since Bolinger 1972). However, as has been shown by, among others, Paradis (2001, 2008), intensifiers are used not only with gradable bases (as adjectives typically are), but also with non-gradable bases, including nouns and verbs. The nature of the modified base&#160;&#8211; gradable vs. non-gradable, but also bounded vs. unbounded&#160;&#8211; may influence the value of the intensifiers, which as a result do not represent a homogenous category. Italian and German confirm this state of affairs in their use of some evaluative prefixes, mainly of Greek and Latin origin, with different kinds of base and different semantic and pragmatic functions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the behaviour of the most representative of these prefixes using a corpus-based approach. We will try to illustrate how the values assumed by Italian and German prefixes cannot be accounted for only in terms of <i>degree modification</i>, as related to the quantity and/or quality dimensions of intensification, since these forms show an increase in their subjectivity and expressive strength, which leads them to lose their semantic specificity and to assume a more general intensifying (and emphasizing) function. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.18cos 353 370 18 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;17. Augmentatives in Italian and German</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From contrastive analysis to translation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marcella Costa Costa, Marcella Marcella Costa Università di Torino 20 augmentative 20 augmentatives in bilingual lexicography 20 pejorative 20 translation strategies for Italian augmentative 01 The present paper deals with Italian and German augmentation, analyzed both from a contrastive linguistic and translational perspective. It explores the Italian suffixes &#8209;<i>one</i> and &#8209;<i>accio</i> as well as German formatives conveying similar meaning (AUG and PEJ) paralleling the presentation of the Italian augmentation features in their formal, semantic features and pragmatic-interactive dimensions with the equivalent features in German in order to work out similarities and differences between the two languages. In a second step the analysis focuses the <i>parole</i>-level and investigates the bidirectional translation strategies of augmentatives (Italian-German; German-Italian) in bilingual lexicography and in an Italian-German translation corpus. The goal is to verify what happens on the <i>parole</i>-level, checking different possible solutions to translate and express augmentatives in context and contrasting them with the findings of the contrastive analysis on the <i>langue</i>-level. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.19vog 371 390 20 Chapter 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;18. Intentional vagueness</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A corpus-based analysis of Italian and German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Miriam Voghera Voghera, Miriam Miriam Voghera Università di Salerno 2 A01 Laura Collu Collu, Laura Laura Collu Università di Salerno 20 corpus-based analysis 20 German 20 intentional vagueness 20 Italian 20 spoken language 20 systemic vagueness 20 vagueness 01 In this article, we present a corpus-based analysis to illustrate the extent and the depth of the similarities in the use of Vagueness Expressions (VEs) in spoken Italian and German. Adopting a semiotic approach to the study of vagueness, we have investigated the frequency and the distribution of VEs, conveying informational, relational and discourse vagueness in conversations, non-free-dialogues and monologues. The two languages do not exhibit the same qualitative and quantitative distribution of VEs because (a) German has twice as many VEs as Italian and (b) in Italian VEs are fairly limited to spontaneous conversations, while German speakers use VEs in all kinds of texts conveying the three types of Vagueness. This suggests that in German VEs are part of the linguistic norm, and not only a choice on the part of the speaker. 10 01 JB code slcs.189.index 391 1 Miscellaneous 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20170930 2017 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 780 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 28 18 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 18 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 18 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD