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New Trends in Grammaticalization and Language Change
Edited by Sylvie Hancil, Tine Breban and José Vicente Lozano
[Studies in Language Companion Series 202] 2018
► pp. 23–54

Are there two different ways of approaching grammaticalization?

| University of Cologne

Grammaticalization as a framework of linguistic analysis developed a fairly stable format in the course of the 1980s and 1990s (Lehmann 1982; Heine & Reh 1984; Traugott & Heine 1991a, 1991b; Heine et al. 1991; Hopper & Traugott 1993; Bybee et al. 1994; Haspelmath 1999). Around the turn of the century one of the basic principles of the framework, namely the unidirectionality hypothesis, was challenged (e.g., Newmeyer 1998), leading to refinements of the hypothesis (e.g., Norde 2009).

A more dramatic challenge arose when the framework was extended to the analysis of discourse markers and related discourse material, which suggests that grammaticalization approaches are hard-pressed when applied to such material. Two main kinds of solutions were proposed. On the one hand, it was argued that the grammaticalization framework is inadequate to account for the development of discourse markers. On the other hand, an expanded notion of grammaticalization was proposed (see Degand & Evers-Vermeul 2015 for an overview of this research). That there is need to distinguish two different approaches to grammaticalization is propounded in detail by Traugott and Trousdale (2013: 99–112).

The main concern of the present paper is to determine the status of grammaticalization studies in light of recent work on discourse markers. It is argued that the justification for distinguishing two kinds of approaches to grammaticalization is questionable. Drawing attention to the cognitive-communicative principle of cooptation, the paper suggests that the development of discourse markers and related metatextual material cannot be reduced to effects of grammaticalization of any kind.

Keywords: cooptation, discourse marker, grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, thetical, unidirectionality
Article outline
  • 1.Discourse markers: A problem for grammaticalization
  • 2.Two approaches to grammaticalization
    • 2.1Reduction vs. expansion
    • 2.2Problems with the GR/GE distinction
    • 2.3Conclusions
  • 3.Problematic features of discourse markers
    • 3.1Movement outside of the morphosyntax of a sentence
    • 3.2From prosodically integrated to non-integrated status
    • 3.3From meaning as part of a sentence to metatextual function
    • 3.4From restricted structural scope to scope beyond the sentence
    • 3.5Conclusion
  • 4.A two-stage scenario
    • 4.1Discourse markers as theticals
    • 4.2Grammaticalization
  • 5.Discussion
  • 6.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 6 December 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.202.02hei
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