2004To awaken a sleeping giant. Blending and metaphor in editorial cartoons after September 11. In Language, Culture, and Mind, Michel Achard & Suzanne Kemmer (eds). Stanford CA: CSLI.
Bergmann, Rolf & Nerius, Dieter
1997Die Entwicklung der Großschreibung im Deutschen von 1500 bis 1700. Heidelberg: Winter.
Bergs, Alexander & Skaffari, Janne
2007Invitation to the Peterborough Chronicle and its language. In The Language of the Peterborough Chronicle, Alexander Bergs & Janne Skaffari (eds). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
van Berkum, Jos A.
1996The Psycholinguistics of Grammatical Gender. Nijmegen: Nijmegen University Press.
Berlin, Brent & Kay, Paul
1969Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
2006The International System of Units, 8th edn. [URL]> (4June 2012).
Björkman, Erik
1900Scandinavian Loan-words in Middle English. Halle: Niemeyer.
Blair, John
2004Spearhafoc (fl. 1047–1051). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (20May 2013).
Blake, Barry J.
1994Case. Cambridge: CUP.
Blake, Norman F.
1992Introduction. In The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. II: 1066–1476, Norman F. Blake (ed.). Cambridge: CUP.
Blinkhorn, Paul
2013No pots please, we’re Vikings: Pottery in the southern Danelaw, 850–1000. In Hadley & ten Harkel (eds), 157–171.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1933Language. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Boas, Franz
1940Race, Language and Culture. New York NY: The Free Press.
1898/1921An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bowden, Georgina R., Balaresque, Patricia, King, Turi E., Hansen, Ziff, Lee, Andrew C., Pergl-Wilson, Giles, Hurley, Emma, Roberts, Stephen J., Waite, Patrick, Jesch, Judith, Jones, Abigail L., Thomas, Mark G., Harding, Stephen E. & Jobling, Mark A.
2008Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: The genetic legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25(2): 301–309.
Braunmüller, Kurt
1982Syntaxtypologische Studien zum Germanischen. Tübingen: Narr.
Braunmüller, Kurt
2000Semikommunikation in phatischen Dialogen. In Text/Diskurs, Oralität/Literalität unter dem Aspekt mehrsprachiger Kommunikation. Beiträge zum Workshop‚ Methodologie und Datenanalyse‘ [Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit/Working Papers on Multilingualism, Folge B, Nr. 11], Bernd Meyer & Notis Toufexis (eds), 101–114. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg.
Braunmüller, Kurt
2001Semicommunication and accommodation: Observations from the linguistic situation in Scandinavia. In Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit [Working Papers on Multilingualism, Folge B, Nr. 17], Kristin Bührig, Gisella Ferraresi, Natascha Müller, Jochen Rehbein & Sophia Vulgari (eds). Hamburg: Universität Hamburg.
Brett, Martin
1981John of Worcester and his contemporaries. In The Writing of History in the Middle Ages. Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, Ralph H. C. Davis & John Michael Wallace-Hadrill (eds). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bright, James W.
1912An Anglo-Saxon Reader and Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin.
Brinegar, John H.
2002Hagiographic, homiletic, and didactic literature. In A Companion to Old and Middle English Literature, Laura C. Lambdin & Robert T. Lambdin (eds.), 277–298. Westport CT: Greenwood.
Brugmann, Karl
1891Zur Frage der Entstehung des grammatischen Geschlechtes. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 15: 523–531.
Brooks, Nicholas
1984The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Studies in the Early History of Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
Cameron, Kenneth
1969English Place Names. London: Methuen.
Cameron, Kenneth
1971Scandinavian settlement in the territory of the Five Boroughs: The place-name evidence Part III, the Grimston Hybrids. In England before the Conquest, Peter Clemoes & Kathleen Hughes (eds), 147–163. Cambridge: CUP.
Campbell, Alistair
1959Old English Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Campbell, James
1993England, c. 991. In ‘The Battle of Maldon’: Fiction and Fact, Janet Cooper (ed.), 1–17. London: Hambledon Press.
Capelli, Cristian, Redhead, Nicola, Abernethy, Julia K., Gratrix, Fiona, Wilson, James F., Moen, Torolf, Hervig, Tor, Richards, Martin, Stumpf, Michael P. H., Underhill, Peter A., Bradshaw, Paul, Shaha, Alom, Thomas, Mark G., Bradman, Neal & Goldstein, David B.
2003A Y chromosome census of the British Isles. Current Biology 13: 979–984.
Carello, Claudia, Lukatela, Georgije & Turvey, Michael T.
1988Rapid naming is affected by association but not by syntax. Memory & Cognition 16(3): 187–195.
Cavill, Paul, Harding, Stephen E. & Jesch, Judith
2000Wirral and its Viking heritage. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society.
Christen, Helen
1998Die Mutti oder das Mutti, die Rita oder das Rita? Über Besonderheiten der Genuszuweisung bei Personen- und Verwandtschaftsnamen in schweizerdeutschen Dialekten. In Ist mir getroumet mîn leben? Vom Träumen und vom Anderssein. Festschrift für Karl-Ernst Geith zum 65. Geburtstag [Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik; Bd. 632], André Snyder, Claudia Bartholemy-Teusch, Barbara Fleith & René Wetzel (eds), 267–281. Göppingen: Kümmerle.
Clark, Cecily
1957Gender in the Peterborough Chronicle. English Studies 38: 109–115.
1874An Icelandic-English Dictionary: Based on the Ms. Collections of the Late Richard Cleasby. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Clemoes, Peter & Hughes, Kathleen
(eds)1971England before the Conquest. Cambridge: CUP.
Comrie, Bernard
1981Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Conner, Patrick W.
1996The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A Collaborative Edition. The Abingon Chronicle, A.D. 956–1066 (MS. C, With Reference To BDE). Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
Corbett, Greville G.
1979The agreement hierarchy. Journal of Linguistics 15: 203–224.
Corbett, Greville G.
1991Gender. Cambridge: CUP.
Corbett, Greville G.
2000Number. Cambridge: CUP.
Corbett, Greville G.
2003Agreement: Canonical instances and the extent of the phenomenon. In Topics in Morphology: Selected papers from the Third Mediterranean Morphology Meeting (Barcelona, September 20–22, 2001), Geert Booij, Janet DeCesaris, Angela Ralli & Sergio Scalise (eds), 109–128. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
Corbett, Greville G.
2005The canonical approach in typology. In Linguistic Diversity and Language Theories [Studies in Language Companion Series 72], Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Adam Hodges & David S. Rood (eds), 25–49. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Corbett, Greville G.
2007Canonical typology, suppletion and possible words. Language 83: 8–42.
Corbett, Greville G.
2011Number of genders. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.). Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. [URL]> (17May 2012).
2003Typology and Universals, 2nd edn. Cambridge: CUP.
Cubbin, G. P.
1996The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Collaborative Edition, MS D. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Curzan, Anne
2003Gender Shifts in the History of English. Cambridge: CUP.
Dahl, Östen
2000Animacy and the notion of semantic gender. In Gender in Grammar and Cognition, Barbara Unterbeck & Matti Rissanen (eds). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Davies, Wendy
(ed.)2003From the Vikings to the Normans. Oxford: OUP.
Davis, Craig
1999Cultural historicity in The Battle of Maldon. Philological Quarterly 78: 151–69.
De Vincenzi, Marcia
1999Differences between the morphology of gender and number: Evidence from establishing coreferences. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28(5): 537–553.
2011Dutch gender and the locus of morphological regularization. Folia Linguistica 45(2): 245–281.
Deutsch, Avital & Bentin, Shlomo
1994Attention mechanisms mediate the syntactic priming effect in auditory word identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20: 595–607.
Deutsch, Avital & Bentin, Shlomo
2001Syntactic and semantic factors in processing gender agreement in Hebrew: Evidence from ERPs and eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language 45: 200–224.
Deutsch, Avital, Bentin, Shlomo & Katz, Leonard
1999Semantic influence on processing syntactic rules of agreement: Evidence from Hebrew. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 515–535.
diPaolo Healy, Antonette
(ed.)2000Dictionary of Old English Corpus in Electronic Form. Toronto: University of Toronto.
Dixon, Robert M. W.
1979Ergativity. Language 55: 59–138.
Dolberg, Florian
2012Gender change from Old to Middle English. In English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23–27 August 2010 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 325], Irén Hegedüs & Alexandra Fodor (eds), 263–288. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Dolberg, Florian
2013aQuantifying gender change in Medieval English. In Scribes as Agents of Language Change, Esther-Miriam Wagner, Ben Outhwaite & Bettina Beinhoff (eds). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Dolberg, Florian
2013bSubject to change: Decay and mutation of linguistic memory. In New Approaches to the Study of Linguistic Variability [Language Competence and Language Awareness in Europe 4] Markus Bieswanger & Amei Koll-Stobbe (eds). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Dressler, Wolfgang U., Mayerthaler, Willi, Panagl, Oswald & Wurzel, Wolfgang U.
1989Die Frau ohne Stimme: Liebe und Ehe im Mittelalter. Berlin: Klaus Wagenbach.
Dumville, David N.
1983Some aspects of annalistic writing at Canterbury in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Peritia 20: 23–57.
Dumville, David N.
1992Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar: Six Essays on Political, Cultural, and Ecclesiastical Revival. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
Dumville, David N. & Keynes, Simon
1983General Editors’ Foreword. In The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, MS B., Simon Taylor (ed.). Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Dumville, David N. & Keynes, Simon
1986General Editors’ Foreword. In The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, MS A., Janet Bately (ed.). Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Ekwall, Eilert
1930How long did the Scandinavian language survive in England? In A Grammatical Miscellany Offered to Otto Jespersen on his Seventieth Birthday, Niels Bøgholm, Aage Brusendorff & C. A. Bodelsen (eds), 17–30. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
Elenbaas, Marion
2007The Synchronic and Diachronic Syntax of the English Verb-Particle Combination. Utrecht: LOT.
Ellis, Nick C.
2017Salience in language usage, learning and change. In The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives, Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin & Simone E. Pfenninger (eds). Cambridge: CUP.
2012Definiteness, gender, and hybrids: Evidence from Norwegian dialects. Journal of Germanic Linguisitcs 24(4): 287–324.
Evans, Vyvyan & Green, Melanie
2006Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: EUP.
Evison, Martin P.
2000All in the genes? Evaluating the biological evidence of contact and migration. In Hadley & Richards (eds), 277–194.
Ewald, Petra
1992Konkreta vs. Abstrakta. Zur semantischen Subklassifikation deutscher Substantive. Sprachwissenschaft 17: 259–281.
Falsetti, Anthony B. & Sokal, Robert R.
1993Genetic structure of human populations in the British Isles. Annals of Human Biology 20(3): 215–219.
Fellows-Jensen, Gillian
2005The Anglo-Scandinavian street-names of York. In Anglo-Scandinavian York. A Multi-disciplinary Survey [The Archaeology of York 8/5], R. A. Hall, A. J. Mainman, D. Tweddle, Gillian Fellows-Jensen, D. N. Parsons, H. K. Kenward, A. R. Hall, D. W. Rollason, T. P. O’Connor & M. Blackburn (eds). York: Council for British Archaeology.
Fillmore, Charles
1975An alternative to checklist theories of meaning. Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 123–131. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Fillmore, Charles
1977Scenes-and-frames semantics. In Linguistic Structures Processing, Antonio Zampolli (ed.), 55–82. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Fillmore, Charles
1982Frame semantics. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm, Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.), 111–137. Seoul: Hanshin.
Fillmore, Charles
1985Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica 6: 222–54.
Fillmore, Charles & Atkins, Beryl T.
1992Toward a frame-based lexicon: The semantics of RISK and its neighbors. In Frames, Fields and Contrasts, Adrienne Lehrer & Eva Feder Kittay (eds), 75–102. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fischer, Andreas
2001Lexical borrowing and the history of English: A typology of typologies. In Language Contact in the History of English, Dieter Kastovsky & Arthur Mettinger (eds.), 97–115. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Fjalldal, Magnus
2005Anglo-Saxon England in Icelandic Medieval Texts. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Fletcher, Richard
1997The Conversion of Europe from Paganism to Christianity, 376–1386 AD. London: Harper Collins.
Foot, Sarah
2004Æthelstan (893/4–939). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (29June 2011).
Frenda, Alessio S.
2011Gender in Irish between continuity and change. Folia Linguistica 45(2): 283–316.
Friederici, Angela D. & Jacobsen, Thomas
1999Processing grammatical gender during language comprehension. Journal of Psycholingistic Research 28(5): 467–484.
Froschauer, Regine
2003Genus im Althochdeutschen: Eine funktionale Analyse des Mehrfachgenus althochdeutscher Substantive. Heidelberg: Winter.
Giles, Howard, Coupland, Nicholas & Coupland, Justine
1991Accommodation Theory: Communication, Context and Consequence. Cambridge: CUP.
Giles, Howard & Smith, Philip
1979Accommodation Theory: Optimal levels of convergence. In Language and Social Psychology, Howard Giles & Robert St Clair (eds). Oxford: Blackwell.
Gilhooly, Ken J. & Logie, Robert H.
1980Age of acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words. Behaviour Research Methods & Instrumentation 12(4): 395–427.
von Glahn, Nikolaus
1918Zur Geschichte des Grammatischen Geschlechts im Mittelenglischen vor dem völligen Erlöschen des aus dem Altenglischen ererbten Zustandes. Heidelberg: Winter.
Gneuss, Helmut
2008More Old English from manuscripts. In Studies in Anglo-Saxon Culture Presented to Paul E. Szarmach, Virginia Blanton & Helene Scheck (eds). Tempe AZ: ACMRS.
Godden, Malcolm
2004Ælfric of Eynsham (c.950–c.1010). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (21July 2011).
Görlach, Manfred
1986Middle English – A Creole? In Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries, Vol. I: Linguistic Theory and Historical Linguistics, Dieter Kastovsky & Aleksander Szwedek (eds). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Görlach, Manfred
2009Borrowing as language conflict. In Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change, Marlis Hellinger & Anne Pauwels (eds), 715–749. Berlin: Mouton de Gryuter.
Goldberg, Adele E.
1995A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press.
Goldberg, Adele E.
2006Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. Oxford: OUP.
Gould, Stephen J. & Vrba, Elisabeth
1982Exaptation – A missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8(1): 4–15.
Gould, Stephen J.
1983Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. Further Reflections in Natural History. New York NY: Norton.
Gransden, Antonia
2004Edmund [St Edmund] (d. 869). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (16October 2011).
Greenberg, Joseph H.
1978How does a language acquire gender markers? In Universals of Human Language, Vol. 3: Word Structure, Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.), 47–82. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
Grice, Herbert P.
1975Logic and conversation. In Syntax and semantics, Vol 3: Speech Acts, Peter Cole & Jerry L. Morgan (eds), 41–58. New York NY: Academic Press.
Gries, Stefan T.
2009Statistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Griffiths, David
2003Exchange, trade and urbanization. In Davies (ed.), 73–104.
Griffiths, David
2013Living in Viking-age towns. In Hadley & ten Harkel (eds), 1–13.
1994The gender-marking effect in spoken word recognition. Perception & Psychophysics 56: 590–598.
Gurevich, Olga, Johnson, Matthew A. & Goldberg, Adele
2010Incidental verbatim memory for language. Language and Cognition 2–1: 45–78.
Gurjanov, M., Lukatela, Georgije, Lukatela, K., Savić, M. & Turvey, Michael T.
1985Grammatical priming of inflected nouns by the gender of possessive adjectives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2(4): 692–701.
Hadley, Dawn M. & ten Harkel, Letty
2013Preface. In Hadley & ten Harkel (eds), iv–xi.
Hadley, Dawn M. & ten Harkel, Letty
(eds)2013Everyday Life in Viking-Age Towns: Social Approaches to Towns in Ireland and England c. 800–1100. Oxford: Oxbow.
Hadley, Dawn M. & Richards, Julian D.
(eds)2000Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries [Studies in the Early Middle Ages 2]. Turnhout: Brepols.
Hall, J. R. Clark
1960A concise Anglo-Saxon dictionary, 4th edn. Toronto: Toronto University Press.
Hammer, Michael F., Karafet, Tatiana M., Redd, Alan J., Jarjanazi, Hamdi, Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana, Soodyall, Himla & Zegura, Stephen L.
2001Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18(7): 1189–1203.
2002Viking Mersey: Scandinavian Wirral, West Lancashire and Chester. Birkenhead: Countyvise.
Hart, Cyril
2004aEdward [St Edward; called Edward the Martyr] (c.962–978). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (30December 2011).
Hart, Cyril
2004bWulfstan (d. 955/6). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (12June 2011).
Harris, Alice C. & Campbell, Lyle
1995Historical Syntax in Cross-linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: CUP.
Hatcher, John & Bailey, Mark
2001Modelling the Middle Ages. Oxford: OUP.
Haugen, Einar
1966Semicommunication: The language gap in Scandinavia. Sociological Inquiry 36(2): 380–397.
Hawkins, John A.
1986A Comparative Typology of English and German: Unifying the Contrasts. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Helsinki Corpus
1991The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts. Helsinki: Department of Modern Languages, University of Helsinki.
Hiltunen, Risto
1983The Decline of the Prefixes and the Beginnings of the English Phrasal Verb. Turku: Yliopisto.
Hines, John
1991Scandinavian English: A creole in context. In Proceedings of the Eighths International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe, Douglas, Isle of Man 1988, P. Sture Ureland & George Broderick (eds). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Hirt, Hermann
1932Handbuch des Urgermanischen, Teil II: Stammbildungs- und Flexionslehre. Heiderberg: Winter.
Hock, Hans-Heinrich
1986Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hockett, Charles Francis
1958A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York NY: Macmillan.
Hodgkin, Robert Howard
1952A History of the Anglo-Saxons, Vol. II, 3rd edn. London: OUP.
Hofmann, Dietrich
1955Nordisch-englische Lehnbezeichnungen in der Wikingerzeit. Kopenhagen: Munksgaard.
Hoffmann, Paul
1909Das grammatische genus in Layamons Brut. Halle: Niemeyer.
Hogg, Richard M.
1988On the impossibility of Old English dialectology. In Luick Revisited, Dieter Kastovsky & Gero Bauer (eds), 183–203 Tübingen: Narr.
Hogg, Richard M.
1992Introduction. In The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. I: The Beginnings to 1066, Richard M. Hogg (ed.). Cambridge: CUP.
Home, Malasree
2007The Peterborough Chronicle in context. In The Language of the Peterborough Chronicle, Alexander Bergs & Janne Skaffari (eds). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
2002The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.
von Humboldt, Wilhelm
1820[1905]Über das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf die verschiedenen Epochen der Sprachentwicklung. In Wilhelm von Humboldts Werke, Vierter Band, Albert Leitzmann (ed.). Berlin: Behr.
Hunt, William & Costambeys, Marios
2004Siward (d. 1048). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (1July 2011).
Hunt, William & Smith, Mary Frances
2004aÆthelgar (d. 990). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (29June 2011).
Hunt, William & Smith, Mary Frances
2004bEadsige (d. 1050). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (1June 2011).
Hunter Blair, Peter
1963[1965]Roman Britain and Early England, 55B.C.–A.D. 871. London: Nelson.
Huxley, Julian S. & Haddon, Alfred C.
1935We Europeans. London: Cape.
Irvine, Susan
(ed.)2004The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, MS E. Cambridge: Brewer.
Jagodziński, Grzegorz
2002A Grammar of the Polish Language. [URL]> (10May 2013).
Jakobson, Roman
1960Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. In Style in Language, Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), 339–377. New York NY: The Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology/John Wiley & Sons.
Jescheniak, Jörg D. & Levelt, Willem J. M.
1994Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition 20(4): 824–843.
Jespersen, Otto
1905Growth and Structure of the English Language. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Jespersen, Otto
1927The ending ‘-ster’. The Modern Language Review 22(2): 129–136.
Jespersen, Otto
1951The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen Unwin.
1987The Body in the Mind: The Bodiliy Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press.
Jones, Charles
1967aThe functional motivation of linguistic change. English Studies XLVIII: 97–111.
Jones, Charles
1967bThe grammatical category of gender in early Middle English. English Studies XLVIII: 289–305.
Jones, Charles
1988Grammatical Gender in English: 950 to 1250. London: Croom Helm.
Jones, Gwyn
1968A History of the Vikings. Oxford: OUP.
Kastovsky, Dieter
1992Semantics and vocabulary. In The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. I: The Beginnings to 1066, Richard M. Hogg (ed.). Cambridge: CUP.
Kastovsky, Dieter
2000Inflectional classes, morphological restructuring, and the dissolution of Old English grammatical gender. In Gender in Grammar and Cognition, Barbara Unterbeck & Matti Rissanen (eds). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Keller, Rudi
2003Sprachwandel: Von der unsichtbaren Hand in der Sprache, 3rd edn. Stuttgart: Francke/UTB.
Keller, Wolfgang
1900Die litterarischen Bestrebungen von Worcester in angelsächsischer Zeit. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker 84.
Kelly, Susan E.
(ed.)2000Anglo-Saxon Charters 7: Charters of Abingdon Abbey/Pt. 1. Oxford: OUP.
Ker, Neil R.
1957Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Keynes, Simon
1978The declining reputation of King Æthelred the Unready. In Æthelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference, David Hill (ed.), 227–253. Oxford: British Archaeological Records.
Keynes, Simon
2009Æthelred II (c.966 × 8–1016) In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (30November 2011).
King, Edmund
2004Hugh Candidus [Hugh Albus] (c.1095–c.1160). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (22June 2011).
Knowles, David
1949The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council 943–1216. Cambridge: CUP.
Kohlheim, Rosa & Kohlheim, Volker
2004Duden Lexikon der Vornamen. Mannheim: Duden.
Konishi, Tomoshichi
1958The growth of the verb-adverb combination in English: A brief sketch. In Studies in English Grammar and Linguistics. A Miscellany in Honour of Takanobu Otsuka, Kazuo Araki, Taiichiro Egawa, Toshiko Oyama & Minory Yasui (eds), 117–128. Tokio: Kenyusha.
Köpcke, Klaus-Michael
1982Untersuchungen zum Genussystem der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Köpcke, Klaus-Michael & Zubin, David
2005Nominalphrasen ohne lexikalischen Kopf – Zur Bedeutung des Genus für die Organisation des mentalen Lexikons am Beispiel der Autobezeichnungen im Deutschen. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 24: 93–122.
Köpcke, Klaus-Michael & Zubin, David
2009Genus. In Deutsche Morphologie, Elke Hentschel & Petra M. Vogel (eds). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Köpcke, Klaus-Michael, Panther, Klaus-Uwe & Zubin, David
2010Motivating grammatical and conceptual gender agreement in German. In Cognitive Foundation of Linguistic Usage Patterns, Hans-Jörg Schmid & Susanne Handl (eds), 171–194. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Körner, Karl
1888Beiträge zur Geschichte des Geschlechtswechsels der englischen Substantiva. Inaugural-Dissertation. Greifswald: Julius Abei.
Körner, Sten
1964The Battle of Hastings, England, and Europe 1035–1066. Lund: Gleerup.
Kornexl, Lucia
2009Geschlechterdifferenz und ihre sprachliche Markierung: Zur historischen Entwicklung der personalen Wortbildung im Englischen. In Geschlechterdifferenz, und kein Ende? Sozial- und geisteswissenschaftliche Beiträge zur Genderforschung, Hella Ehlers, Heike Kahlert, Gabriele Linke, Dorit Raffel, Beate Rudlof & Heike Trappe (eds). Münster: LIT.
Labov, William
1994Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. I: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
Landwehr, Max
1911Das grammatische Geschlecht in der Ancren Riwle. Heidelberg: Universitäts-Buchdruckerei von J. Hörning.
Langacker, Ronald W.
1999Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lange, Ulrich
(ed.)2003Geschichte Schleswig-Holsteins von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Neumünster: Wachholtz.
Laing, Margaret & Lass, Roger
2007- A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150–1350. Edinburgh: EUP. [URL]> (24November 2012).
Lakoff, George
1987Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George
1991Metaphor and war: The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf. [URL]> (26July 2013).
Lakoff, George
2003Metaphor and war, again. [URL]> (26July 2013).
Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark
1980Metaphors We Live By. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark
1999Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York NY: Basic.
Lakoff, George & Turner, Mark
1989More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lass, Roger
1990How to do things with junk: Exaptation in language evolution. Journal of Linguistics 26: 79–102.
Lass, Roger
1992Phonology and morphology. In The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. II: 1066–1476, Norman F. Blake (ed.). Cambridge: CUP.
Lass, Roger
2006Phonology and morphology. In A History of the English Language, Richard Hogg & David Denison (eds). Cambridge: CUP.
Latter, B. D. H.
1980Genetic differences within and between populations of the major human subgroups. American Naturalist 116: 220–237.
Lawson, M. K.
2004Cnut (d. 1035). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL] on 2012–07–28>
Leslie, Stephen, Winney, Bruce, Hellenthal, Garrett, Davison, Dan, Boumertit, Abdelhamid, Day, Tammy, Hutnik, Katarzyna, Royrvik, Ellen C., Cunliffe, Bary
, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Lawson, Daniel J., Falush, Daniel, Freeman, Collin, Pirinen, Matti, Myers, Simon, Robinson, Mark, Donnelly, Peter & Bodmer, Walter2015The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519: 309–314.
Lewontin, Richard Charles
1972The apportionment of human diversity. Evolutionary Biology 6: 391–398.
Lindelöf, Uno
1893Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Altnordhumbrischen. In Mémoires de la Société Néo-Philologique a Helsingfors I, Uno Lindelöf (ed.). Helsingfors: Imprimerie centrale de Helsingfors.
Loporcaro, Michele & Paciaroni, Tania
2011Four-gender systems in Indo-European. Folia Linguistica 45(2): 389–433.
Loyn, Henry R.
1994The Vikings in Britain. Oxford: Blackwell.
Luraghi, Silvia
2011The origin of the Proto-Indo-European gender system: Typological considerations. Folia Linguistica 45(2): 435–464.
Lutz, Angelika
(ed.)1981Die Version G der angelsächsischen Chronik. Rekonstruktion und Edition. München: Fink.
Lutz, Angelika
2012Norse influence on English in the light of general contact linguistics. In English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23–27 August 2010 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 325], Irén Hegedüs & Alexandra Fodor (eds), 15–42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mätzner, Eduard Adolf Ferdinand
1880Englische Grammatik, Band 1, 3rd edn. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
Maier, Georg
2012The Distribution of Pronoun Case Forms in Subject Predicative Complements in Varieties of English – A Corpus- and Web-based Study of Pronoun Case Variation. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg.
Markus, Manfred
1988Reasons for the loss of gender in English. In Luick Revisited: Papers Read at the Luick Symposium at Schloss Liechtenstein, 15–18.9.1985, Dieter Kastovsky & Gero Bauer (eds). Tübingen: Narr.
Mason, Emma
2004Wulfstan [St Wulfstan] (c.1008–1095). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (8June 2011)>
Mastana, Sarabijt S. & Sokol, R. J.
1998Genetic variation in the East Midlands. Annals of Human Biology 25(1): 43–68.
1931Essai de chronologie des langues indo-européennes: La theorie du feminin. Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 32:1–28.
Metcalf, David Michael
1978Large Danegelds in relation to war and kingship: Their implications for monetary history, and some numismatic evidence. In Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxons England, Sonia Chadwick Hawkes (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.
Miller, Sean
2004Edward [Edward the Elder] (870s?–924). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL] on 2011–06–08>
Mills, Anne E.
1986The Acquisition of Gender. A Study of English and German. Berlin: Springer.
Milroy, James & Milroy, Lesley
1991Authority in Language, 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
Mitchell, Bruce
1985Old English Syntax, Vol. I: Concord, the Parts of Speech, and the Sentence, Vol. II: Subordination, Independent Elements and Element Order. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mogk, Eugen
(ed.)1886Gunnlaugsaga Ormstungu. Mit einleitung und glossar. Halle: Niemeyer.
Morsbach, Lorenz
1913[1926]Grammatisches und psychologisches Geschlecht im Englischen. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
Mossé, Ferdinand
1952A Handbook of Middle English. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
Moulton, William
1988Mutual intelligibility among speakers of early Germanic dialects. In Germania: Comparative Studies in the Old Germanic Languages and Literatures, Daniel G. Calder & T. Craig Christy (eds). Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer.
Mustanoja, Tauno F.
1960A Middle English Syntax, Part I [Memoires de la Societe Neophilologique de Helsinki 23]. Helsinki: Societe Neophilologique.
Nei, Masatoshi & Roychoudhury, Arun K.
1974Genic variation within and between the three major races of man, Caucasoids, Negroids, and Mongoloids. American Journal of Human Genetics 26: 421–443.
Nesset, Tore
2001How pervasive are sexist ideologies in grammar? In Language and Ideology, Vol. 1: Theoretical Cognitive Approaches [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 204], René Dirven, Bruce Hawkins & Esra Sandikcioglu (eds), 197–226. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Nevalainen, Terttu
2006An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: EUP.
Newton, Isaac
1676[1959]Letter to Robert Hooke, February 5, 1676. In The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vol. 1, Herbert W. Turnbull (ed.). Cambridge: CUP.
Nichols, Johanna
1998The origin and dispersal of languages: Linguistic evidence. In The Origin and Diversification of Language [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 24], Nina Jablonski & Leslie C. Aiello (eds). San Francisco CA: California Academy of Sciences.
2012Auf dem Weg zu Nicht-Flektierbaren: Die Deflexion der deutschen Eigennamen diachron und synchron. In Nicht-flektierende Wortarten [Linguistik – Impulse & Tendenzen 47], Björn Rothstein (ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Nübling, Damaris
2014aDie Kaiser Wilhelm – der Peterle – das Merkel. Genus als Endstadium einer Grammatikalisierung – und als Quelle von Re- und Degrammatikalisierungen. In Jahrbuch 2013 der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Mainz: Franz Steiner.
Nübling, Damaris
2014bDas Merkel – Das Neutrum bei weiblichen Familiennamen als derogatives Genus? In Linguistik der Familiennamen, Friedhelm Debus, Rita Heuser & Damaris Nübling (eds). Heidelberg: Olms.
2014Dat Anna und s Eva – Neutrale Frauenrufnamen in deutschen Dialekten und im Luxemburgischen zwischen pragmatischer und semantischer Genuszuweisung. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 81.
O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine
(ed.)2001The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition: MS C. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Obst, Wolfgang & Schleburg, Florian
2004Lehrbuch des Altenglischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
Odenstedt, Bengt
1994Who was Wulfstan? A new theory of ‘Ohthere’s and Wulfstan’s voyages. Studia Neophilologica 66: 147–157.
Page, Raymond Ian
1971How long did the Scandinavian language survive in England? The epigraphical evidence. In England before the Conquest, Peter Clemoes & Kathleen Hughes (eds.), 165–181. Cambridge: CUP.
Page, Raymond Ian
1999An Introduction to English Runes. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
Pampel, Fred C.
2000Logistic Regression: A Primer. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Panther, Klaus-Uwe
2009Grammatische versus konzeptuelle Kongruenz. Oder: Wann siegt das natürliche Geschlecht? In An der Grenze zwischen Grammatik und Pragmatik, Rita Brdar-Szabó, Elisabeth Knipf-Komlósi & Attila Péteri (eds), 67–86. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Paraschkewoff, Boris
1974Zur Entwicklung des qualitativen Adverbs Im Deutschen. Deutsch als Fremdsprache 11(5): 288–291.
Parkes, Malcolm B.
1976The palaeography of the Parker manuscript of the Chronicle, laws and Sedulius, and historiography at Winchester in the late ninth and tenth centuries. Anglo-Saxon England 5: 149–171.
Peters, Hans
1981Zum Skandinavischen Lehngut im Altenglischen. Sprachwissenschaft 6: 85–124.
Pfeifer, Wolfgang
(ed.) No year. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. [URL]> (18September2013).
Philippsen, Max
1911Die Deklination in den „Vices and Virtues”. Erlangen: Junge & Sohn.
Platzer, Hans
2001‘No sex, please, we’re Anglo-Saxon?’ On grammatical gender in Old English. Vienna English Working Papers 10: 34–47.
Plummer, Charles
1892[1952]Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, Vol. I: Text, Appendices and Glossary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Plummer, Charles
1899[1952]Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, Vol. II: Introduction, Notes and Index. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Pollard, A. M., Ditchfield, P., Piva, E., Wallis, S., Falys, C. & Ford, S.
2012‘Sprouting like cockle amongst the wheat’: The St Brice’s Day Massacre and the isotopic analysis of human bones from St John’s College, Oxford. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 31(1): 83–102.
2008Norse-derived terms and structures in the Battle of Maldon. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 107(4): 421–444.
Pons-Sanz, Sara M.
2010Norse-derived vocabulary in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle. In Reading the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Language, Literature, History [Studies in the Early Middle Ages 23], Alice Jorgensen (ed.), 275–304. Brepols: Turnhout.
Pons-Sanz, Sara M.
2013The lexical effects of Anglo-Scandinavian linguistic contact on old English. (Studies in the Early Middle Ages). Brepols: Turnhout.
Poole, Kristopher
2013More than just meat: Animals in Viking-age towns. In Hadley & ten Harkel (eds), 144–156.
Pryce, Huw
2003The christianization of society. In Davies (ed.), 139–167.
Pyles, Thomas
1964The Origins and Development of the English Language. New York NY: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Quirk, Randolph & Wrenn, Christopher L.
1957An Old English grammar. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
(ed.)1957Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu. Mit Einleitung, Anmerkungen, Glossar und zwei Kartenskizzen. Halle: Niemeyer.
Richards, Julian D.
1991Viking Age England. London: BCA.
Risse, Ursula
1980Untersuchungen zum Gebrauch der Majuskel in deutschsprachigen Bibeln des 16. Jahrhunderts. Ein historischer Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Substantivgrossschreibung. Heidelberg: Winter.
Roberts, Derek F.
1985Genetic structure in Orkney. Man 20: 131–141.
Robinson, Orrin W.
1992Old English and its Closest Relatives: A survey of the Earliest Germanic languages. London: Routledge.
Roberts, Derek F.
1986Who are the Orcadians?Anthropologischer Anzeiger 44(2): 93–104.
Roberts, Derek F.
1990Genetic affinities of the Shetland Islanders. Annals of Human Biology 17(2): 121–132.
Roberts, Derek F., Mitchell, R. J., Creen, C. K. & Jorde, L. B.
1981Genetic variation in Cumbrians. Annals of Human Biology 8(2): 135–144.
Roberts, Stephen J.
2002A History of Wirral. Chichester: Philimore.
Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke
1994Konservative Nominalflexion und “klammerndes Verfahren” im Deutschen. In Funktionale Untersuchungen zur deutschen Nominal- und Verbalmorphologie, Klaus-Michael Köpcke (ed.), 115–130. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke
2010Der Numerus – das Genus – die Klammer. Die Entstehung der deutschen Nominalklammer im innergermanischen Vergleich. In Kontrastive Germanistische Linguistik, Teilband 2, Antje Dammel, Sebastian Kürschner & Damaris Nübling (eds), 719–748. Hildesheim: Olms.
Rositzke, Harry August
(ed.)1940The C-Text of the Old English Chronicles. Bochum-Langendreer: Heinrich Pöppinghaus.
Ross, Alan S. C.
1936Sex and gender in the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 35: 321–30.
Rousseau, Jean-Jaques
1762[2010]Emile, or on Education. [URL]> (23September 2010).
Rubenstein, J. C.
2004Eadmer of Canterbury (b. c.1060, d. in or after 1126). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. [URL]> (1June 2011).
Russell, Bertrand
1952[1997]Is there a God?. In The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Vol. 11: Last Philosophical Testament, 1943–68, John C. Slater & Peter Kollner (eds). London: Routledge. [URL]> (25May 2011).
Sachs, Jacqueline S.
1967Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic aspects of connected discourse. Perception and Psychophysics 2(9): 437–443.
Samuels, Michael L.
1963Some applications of Middle English dialectology. English Studies 44: 81–94.
Samuels, Michael L.
1972Linguistic Evolution: With Special Reference to English. Cambridge: CUP.
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen
1993Syntactic categories and subcategories. In Syntax: Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung/An International Handbook of Contemporary Research [Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft/Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication, 9], Joachim Jacobs, Arnim von Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld & Theo Vennemann (eds), 646–686. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Sawyer, Peter Hayes
1962The Age of the Vikings. London: Edward Arnold.
Sawyer, Peter Hayes
1969The two Viking ages of Britain – A discussion. Mediaeval Scandinavia 2: 163–207.
Sayles, George Osborne
1966The Medieval Foundations of England. London: Methuen.
Scheler, Manfred
1977Der Englische Wortschatz. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
Schmidt, Rainer
1986Was weiß der Artikel vom Hauptwort? Ein Beitrag zur Verarbeitung syntaktischer Beziehungen beim Lesen. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie 23(1): 150–163.
Schriefers, Herbert
1993Syntactic processes in the production of noun phrases. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 841–850.
Searle, John R.
1969Speech acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: CUP.
Seebold, Elmar
1992Kentish and Old English texts from Kent. In Words, Texts and Manuscripts, Michael Korhammer, Karl Reichl & Hans Sauer (eds), 409–434. Cambridge: Brewer.
Sidebottom, Phil
2000Viking age stone monuments and social identity in Derbyshire. In Hadley & Richards (eds), 213–235.
Siemund, Peter
2008Pronominal Gender in English: A Study of English Varieties from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. London: Routledge.
Siemund, Peter & Dolberg, Florian
2011From lexical to referential gender: An analysis of gender change in medieval English based on two historical documents. Folia Linguistica 45(2): 489–534.
Sievers, Eduard
1882Angelsächsische Grammatik. Halle: Niemeyer.
Silverstein, Michael
1976Hierarchy of features and ergativity. In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages [Linguistic Series 22], Robert M.W. Dixon (ed), 112–171. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Smith, Adam
1790[2014]The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 6th edn. [URL]> (13April 2014).
Smith, Jeremy J.
2007Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP.
Smith, Jeremy J.
2009Old English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
Smyth, Alfred P.
1975Scandinavian York and Dublin. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
Stenroos, Merja
2008Order out of chaos? The English gender change in the Southwest Midlands as a process of semantically based reorganization. English Language and Linguistics 12(3): 445–473.
Stenton, Doris Mary
(ed.)1970Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stenton, Frank Merry
1942The historical bearing of place-name studies: the Danish settlement of eastern England. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 42: 1–24.
Stenton, Frank Merry
1925[1970]The South-western element in the Old English Chronicle. In Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England, Doris Mary Stenton (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stenton, Frank Merry
1943[1989]Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: OUP.
Stevens, Stanley S.
1946On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103: 677–680.
Stocker, David
2000Monuments and merchants: Irregularities in the distribution of stone sculpture in Lincolnshire and Derbyshire in the tenth century. In Hadley & Richards (eds), 179–212.
Strang, Barbara M. H.
1970A History of English. London: Methuen.
Sundermann, Werner
1989Mittelpersisch. In Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Rüdiger Schmitt (ed.), 138–164. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
Sweet, Henry
1909First Middle English Primer. Oxford: Clarendon press.
Szemerényi, Oswald
1996Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Taylor, Simon
(ed.)1983The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Collaborative Edition, MS B. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Thim, Stefan
2008The rise of the phrasal verb in English: A case of Scandinavian influence? In Anglistentag 2007, Münster: Proceedings, Klaus Stiersdorfer (ed.). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.
Thim, Stefan
2012Phrasal Verbs: The English Particle Construction and its History. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Thomas, Gabor
2000Anglo-Scandinavian metalwork from the Danelaw. In Hadley & Richards (eds), 237–255.
Thomas, Hugh M.
2003aThe significance and fate of the native English landowners of 1086. The English Historical Review 118: 303–333.
Thomas, Hugh M.
2003bThe English and the Normans. Oxford: OUP.
Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence
1988Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Thomason, Sarah Grey
2001Language Contact: An Introduction. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
1977Reanalysis and actualization in syntactic change. In Mechanisms of Syntactic Change, Charles N. Li (ed), 169–183. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.
Töpf, A. L., Gilbert, M. T. P., Dumbacher, J. P. & Hölzel, A. R.
2006Tracing the phylogeography of human populations in Britain based on 4th–11th century mtDNA genotypes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(1): 152–161.
Townend, Matthew
2000Viking age England as a bilingual society. In Hadley & Richards (eds), 89–105.
Townend, Matthew
2002Language and History of Viking Age England: Linguistic Relations between Speakers of Old Norse and Old English. Turnhout: Brepols.
Trafford, Simon
2000Ethnicity, migration theory, and the historiography of the Scandinavian settlement in England. In Hadley & Richards (eds), 17–39.
Trask, Robert Laurence
1996Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold.
Traugott, Elisabeth C.
2017Low salience as an enabling factor in morphosyntactic change. In The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives, Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin & Simone E. Pfenninger (eds), 93–110. Cambridge: CUP.
Trudgill, Peter
1986Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tummers, Jose, Heylen, Kris & Geeraerts, Dirk
2005Usage-based approaches in Cognitive Linguistics: A technical state of the art. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1–2: 225–261.
Vigliocco, Gabriella, Vinson, David P., Paganelli, Federica & Dworzynski, Katharina
2005Grammatical gender effects on cognition: Inplications for language learning and language use. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134: 501–520.
Vygotsky, Lev S.
1934[1962]Thought and Language. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Walker, Ian & Hulme, Charles
1999Concrete words are easier to recall than abstract words – Evidence for a semantic contribution to short-term serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 25(5): 1256–1271.
Weinreich, Uriel
1953Languages in Contact. Findings and Problems [Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York 1]. New York NY: Linguistic Circle of New York.
Weiss, Sabine & Rappelsberger, Peter
1996EEG coherence within the 13–18 Hz band as a correlate of a distinct lexical organisation of concrete and abstract nouns in humans. Neuroscience Letters 209: 17–20.
Whitelock, Dorothy
1945aScandinavian personal names in the Liber Vitae of Thorney Abbey. Saga-Book of the Viking Society 12: 127–153.
Whitelock, Dorothy
1945bThe conversion of the eastern Danelaw. Saga-Book of the Viking Society 12: 159–176.
2003The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China. Antiquity 77(295): 31–44.
Zaenen, Annie, Carlette, Jean, Garretson, Gregory, Bresnan, Joan, Koontz-Garboden, Andrew, Nikitina, Tatiana, O’Connor, M. Catherine & Wasow, Tom
2004Animacy encoding in English: Why and how. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACL Workshop on Discourse Annotation Barcelona, July 2004, Donna Byron & Bonnie Webber (eds), 118–25. Stroudsburg PA: ACL.
Zoëga, Geir T.
1910A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Zubin, David & Köpcke, Klaus-Michael
1981Gender: A less than arbitrary grammatical category. In Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 17, Robert A. Hendrick, Carrie S. Masek & Mary Frances Miller (eds). Chicago IL: CLS.
Zubin, David & Köpcke, Klaus-Michael
1986Gender and folk taxonomy. In Noun Classes and Categorization [Typological Studies in Language 7], Colette G. Craig (ed.), Amsterdam: John Benjamins.