567017510
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SLCS 209 Eb
15
9789027262165
06
10.1075/slcs.209
13
2019981038
DG
002
02
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
209
01
Normativity in Language and Linguistics
01
slcs.209
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.209
1
B01
Aleksi Mäkilähde
Mäkilähde, Aleksi
Aleksi
Mäkilähde
University of Turku
2
B01
Ville Leppänen
Leppänen, Ville
Ville
Leppänen
University of Munich
3
B01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
University of Turku
01
eng
280
vii
272
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
PHIL.GEN
Philosophy
06
01
This volume sets out to discuss the role of <i>norms</i> and <i>normativity</i> in both language and linguistics from a multiplicity of perspectives. These concepts are centrally important to the philosophy and methodology of linguistics, and their role and nature need to be investigated in detail. The chapters address a range of issues from general questions about ontology, epistemology and methodology to aspects of particular subfields (such as semantics and historical linguistics) or phenomena (such as construal and code-switching). The volume aims to further our understanding of language and linguistics as well as to encourage further discussion on the metatheory of linguistics. Due to the fundamental nature of the issues under discussion, this volume will be of interest to all linguists regardless of their background or fields of expertise and to philosophers concerned with language or other normative domains.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.209.png
04
03
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203991.jpg
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01
JB code
slcs.209.foreword
vii
viii
2
Miscellaneous
1
01
Foreword
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.01mak
1
28
28
Chapter
2
01
Norms and normativity in language and linguistics
Basic concepts and contextualisation
1
A01
Aleksi Mäkilähde
Mäkilähde, Aleksi
Aleksi
Mäkilähde
2
A01
Ville Leppänen
Leppänen, Ville
Ville
Leppänen
3
A01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
20
history of linguistics
20
normativity
20
norms
20
philosophy of linguistics
01
Underlying all the chapters of this volume are the concepts of norm and normativity. In this Introduction we set the stage for the individual chapters: first, by introducing certain basic concepts and relevant terminology; second, by briefly discussing the status of two types of norms in linguistics; third, by providing an overview of the role of normativity in the history of linguistics; and fourth, by presenting an outline of the volume and contextualising it in broader terms.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.02itk
29
68
40
Chapter
3
01
Concerning the scope of normativity
1
A01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
20
belief
20
causality
20
explanation
20
methodology
20
normativity
20
norms
20
philosophy of linguistics
20
rationality
20
reasoning
20
semantics
20
truth
01
Wherever a mistake can be made, there is a corresponding norm. Normativity is divided into correctness and rationality. These two dimensions are independent of each other, as shown by the fact that rational actions can be performed by speaking incorrectly, and irrational actions can be performed by speaking correctly. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the scope of both aspects of normativity. The main focus is on the pervasiveness of normativity in linguistics, exemplified here in particular through linguistic semantics and the use of explanations in the field of ‘causal’ linguistics (e.g. psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, diachronic linguistics). In addition, it is shown that normativity permeates such broader areas as scientific activity in general as well as our everyday lives.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.03zla
69
102
34
Chapter
4
01
Norms of language
What kinds and where from? Insights from phenomenology
1
A01
Jordan Zlatev
Zlatev, Jordan
Jordan
Zlatev
2
A01
Johan Blomberg
Blomberg, Johan
Johan
Blomberg
20
intentionality
20
intuition
20
motivation
20
normativity
20
norms
20
sedimentation
20
variation
01
After decades dominated by a focus on the “individual speaker” and the “mind/brain” in both generative and cognitive linguistics, recent years have reinstated an older view on language as primarily <i>social</i>, i.e. as taking place <i>between</i> people more than <i>within</i> them. Within such a social conception of language, it is natural to reconsider the notion of <i>language norm</i>, but there have been few efforts in this direction. Two eminent exceptions are Eugenio Coseriu and Esa Itkonen, whose approaches to linguistic normativity we here focus on. Even given a combination of their insights, we find that some puzzles remain, especially concerning the question where language norms derive from. We pose this question in the spirit of (generative) phenomenology where the task is “precisely to inquire after how historical and intersubjective structures themselves become meaningful at all, how these structures are and can be generated” (Steinbock 2003: 300). Following earlier work where we have argued for the value of a phenomenological approach to language, we show how the philosophical tradition emanating from Edmund Husserl can both help resolve conceptual puzzles surrounding language norms and clear up the ground for further empirical studies.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.04kac
103
124
22
Chapter
5
01
A primer for linguistic normativists
A
primer for linguistic normativists
1
A01
Michael B. Kac
Kac, Michael B.
Michael B.
Kac
20
etiological property
20
grammar
20
grammaticality
20
intuition
20
normative domain
20
normativity
20
norms
01
A normative domain is a realm of action or thought in which it’s necessary to invoke the concepts of requirement/obligation, permission or prohibition. Closely associated with these is that of <i>correctness</i>. A rule of grammar, as this term is traditionally understood (e.g., the requirement that determiners precede the nouns with which they are associated) is accordingly normative in nature. This chapter explores some of the consequences of this fact, including: the relationship between the notions of rule and constraint; broad- vs. narrow-scope rules; and ascription of different kinds of ill-formedness to ungrammatical examples. Some attention is also given to the critique of grammaticality-based and intuition-grounded linguistic practice advanced by Sampson and Babarczy (2013), and motivation is offered for a warmer embrace of traditional grammar than is customary among linguists.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.05mot
125
150
26
Chapter
6
01
The normative basis of construal
The
normative basis of construal
1
A01
Tapani Möttönen
Möttönen, Tapani
Tapani
Möttönen
20
Cognitive Grammar
20
Cognitive Linguistics
20
construal
20
intentionality
20
intersubjectivity
20
normativity
20
norms
20
phenomenology
20
pragmatics
20
semantics
01
Normative and cognitive-linguistic accounts of linguistic meaning are often portrayed and conceived as mutually exclusive alternatives. This dichotomy stems from an insufficient understanding of what the phenomenological accessibility of meaning and usage-basedness of language entail. Namely, the theoretical premises of Cognitive Linguistics actually presuppose socially grounded, normative linguistic meanings. The question remains, what kind of entities normative meanings are like. The present chapter makes a case for construal, linguistic perspective-taking usually analyzed as a conceptual phenomenon, as a normative facet of meaning. Analysis presented here suggests that construal emerges as an inherent property of linguistic expressions via conventionalization of intentionality. This analysis does not only expand the area of linguistic normativity but also points to the integral relation between linguistic norms and intentionality.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.06laa
151
182
32
Chapter
7
01
Language as a system of norms and the Voloshinovian critique of abstract objectivism
1
A01
Mikko Laasanen
Laasanen, Mikko
Mikko
Laasanen
20
langue
20
normativity
20
norms
20
parole
20
Saussure
20
Voloshinov
01
Valentin Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics is sometimes presented as an alternative to the Saussurean doctrine, especially in the dialogical approach to language. The purpose of this study is to review Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics and to critically examine his critique of the Saussurean position, which he calls abstract objectivism, in order to determine whether his critique is accurate, and to ascertain whether his concept of linguistics offers a viable alternative to the Saussurean position. The analysis of Voloshinov’s critique is based on the key Saussurean concepts of <i>langue, parole</i> and <i>synchrony</i>. In addition, the study also discusses Voloshinov’s theory of meaning, the role of written language in linguistic study and the normativity of language. Based on the results of the study, Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics does not offer a viable alternative to the Saussurean position, as it presupposes it.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.07lep
183
212
30
Chapter
8
01
Linguistic variation and change
A normative approach
1
A01
Ville Leppänen
Leppänen, Ville
Ville
Leppänen
20
change
20
historical linguistics
20
normativity
20
norms
20
sociolinguistics
20
variation
01
This chapter offers a preliminary examination of linguistic variation and change from the normative perspective. Both key aspects of normativity, correctness and rationality, are discussed in the context of theoretical discussion and demonstrated by concrete examples drawn from the existing literature on normativity, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics. The goal is to show, how linguistic variation and change can be understood as empirical phenomena involving norms as constitutive (as opposed to merely evaluative or prescriptive) entities in the ontology of language. Of the three variation types thus identified, only the one involving indeterminable correctness appears central to language change. Finally, language change is conceptualized and discussed as a process of norm change (i.e. as an appearance, disappearance or replacement of norms).
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.08paj
213
234
22
Chapter
9
01
Intuition and beyond
A hierarchy of descriptive methods
1
A01
Anneli Pajunen
Pajunen, Anneli
Anneli
Pajunen
2
A01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
20
corpus research
20
experimentation
20
hierarchy of linguistic methods
20
intuition-based research
20
normativity
20
norms
01
From the methodological point of view, linguistics is not a monolith. Nor is it an arbitrary conglomerate of unrelated methods. Rather, the methods most commonly used in linguistic description constitute a definite hierarchy that is motivated both logically and temporally, namely: intuition-based research > corpus research > experimentation. The last stage is in turn divided into loose (i.e. questionnaire method) and strict (e.g. eye movement research). It is the purpose of the present article to justify this thesis in some detail.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.09mak
235
268
34
Chapter
10
01
Norms of correctness and rationality in research on code-switching
1
A01
Aleksi Mäkilähde
Mäkilähde, Aleksi
Aleksi
Mäkilähde
20
code-switching
20
games
20
multilingualism
20
normativity
20
norms
20
rationality
20
rules
20
syntax
01
Among different types of norms, two of perhaps the most relevant for linguistics are those of correctness and rationality. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the relevance of both to research on code-switching. I approach the topic from the perspective of the philosophy of linguistics in an analysis of certain ontological and epistemological problems in CS research, and use this analysis to draw methodological implications for the field in general. In particular, a methodological synthesis between intuition and observation is discussed and illustrated with an analogy between languages and games.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.index
269
272
4
Miscellaneous
11
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20191204
2019
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027203991
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
99.00
EUR
R
01
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
149.00
USD
S
862017509
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SLCS 209 Hb
15
9789027203991
13
2019019808
BB
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
209
01
Normativity in Language and Linguistics
01
slcs.209
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.209
1
B01
Aleksi Mäkilähde
Mäkilähde, Aleksi
Aleksi
Mäkilähde
University of Turku
2
B01
Ville Leppänen
Leppänen, Ville
Ville
Leppänen
University of Munich
3
B01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
University of Turku
01
eng
280
vii
272
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
PHIL.GEN
Philosophy
06
01
This volume sets out to discuss the role of <i>norms</i> and <i>normativity</i> in both language and linguistics from a multiplicity of perspectives. These concepts are centrally important to the philosophy and methodology of linguistics, and their role and nature need to be investigated in detail. The chapters address a range of issues from general questions about ontology, epistemology and methodology to aspects of particular subfields (such as semantics and historical linguistics) or phenomena (such as construal and code-switching). The volume aims to further our understanding of language and linguistics as well as to encourage further discussion on the metatheory of linguistics. Due to the fundamental nature of the issues under discussion, this volume will be of interest to all linguists regardless of their background or fields of expertise and to philosophers concerned with language or other normative domains.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.209.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203991.jpg
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027203991.tif
06
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.209.hb.png
07
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.209.png
25
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.209.hb.png
27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.209.hb.png
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.foreword
vii
viii
2
Miscellaneous
1
01
Foreword
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.01mak
1
28
28
Chapter
2
01
Norms and normativity in language and linguistics
Basic concepts and contextualisation
1
A01
Aleksi Mäkilähde
Mäkilähde, Aleksi
Aleksi
Mäkilähde
2
A01
Ville Leppänen
Leppänen, Ville
Ville
Leppänen
3
A01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
20
history of linguistics
20
normativity
20
norms
20
philosophy of linguistics
01
Underlying all the chapters of this volume are the concepts of norm and normativity. In this Introduction we set the stage for the individual chapters: first, by introducing certain basic concepts and relevant terminology; second, by briefly discussing the status of two types of norms in linguistics; third, by providing an overview of the role of normativity in the history of linguistics; and fourth, by presenting an outline of the volume and contextualising it in broader terms.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.02itk
29
68
40
Chapter
3
01
Concerning the scope of normativity
1
A01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
20
belief
20
causality
20
explanation
20
methodology
20
normativity
20
norms
20
philosophy of linguistics
20
rationality
20
reasoning
20
semantics
20
truth
01
Wherever a mistake can be made, there is a corresponding norm. Normativity is divided into correctness and rationality. These two dimensions are independent of each other, as shown by the fact that rational actions can be performed by speaking incorrectly, and irrational actions can be performed by speaking correctly. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the scope of both aspects of normativity. The main focus is on the pervasiveness of normativity in linguistics, exemplified here in particular through linguistic semantics and the use of explanations in the field of ‘causal’ linguistics (e.g. psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, diachronic linguistics). In addition, it is shown that normativity permeates such broader areas as scientific activity in general as well as our everyday lives.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.03zla
69
102
34
Chapter
4
01
Norms of language
What kinds and where from? Insights from phenomenology
1
A01
Jordan Zlatev
Zlatev, Jordan
Jordan
Zlatev
2
A01
Johan Blomberg
Blomberg, Johan
Johan
Blomberg
20
intentionality
20
intuition
20
motivation
20
normativity
20
norms
20
sedimentation
20
variation
01
After decades dominated by a focus on the “individual speaker” and the “mind/brain” in both generative and cognitive linguistics, recent years have reinstated an older view on language as primarily <i>social</i>, i.e. as taking place <i>between</i> people more than <i>within</i> them. Within such a social conception of language, it is natural to reconsider the notion of <i>language norm</i>, but there have been few efforts in this direction. Two eminent exceptions are Eugenio Coseriu and Esa Itkonen, whose approaches to linguistic normativity we here focus on. Even given a combination of their insights, we find that some puzzles remain, especially concerning the question where language norms derive from. We pose this question in the spirit of (generative) phenomenology where the task is “precisely to inquire after how historical and intersubjective structures themselves become meaningful at all, how these structures are and can be generated” (Steinbock 2003: 300). Following earlier work where we have argued for the value of a phenomenological approach to language, we show how the philosophical tradition emanating from Edmund Husserl can both help resolve conceptual puzzles surrounding language norms and clear up the ground for further empirical studies.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.04kac
103
124
22
Chapter
5
01
A primer for linguistic normativists
A
primer for linguistic normativists
1
A01
Michael B. Kac
Kac, Michael B.
Michael B.
Kac
20
etiological property
20
grammar
20
grammaticality
20
intuition
20
normative domain
20
normativity
20
norms
01
A normative domain is a realm of action or thought in which it’s necessary to invoke the concepts of requirement/obligation, permission or prohibition. Closely associated with these is that of <i>correctness</i>. A rule of grammar, as this term is traditionally understood (e.g., the requirement that determiners precede the nouns with which they are associated) is accordingly normative in nature. This chapter explores some of the consequences of this fact, including: the relationship between the notions of rule and constraint; broad- vs. narrow-scope rules; and ascription of different kinds of ill-formedness to ungrammatical examples. Some attention is also given to the critique of grammaticality-based and intuition-grounded linguistic practice advanced by Sampson and Babarczy (2013), and motivation is offered for a warmer embrace of traditional grammar than is customary among linguists.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.05mot
125
150
26
Chapter
6
01
The normative basis of construal
The
normative basis of construal
1
A01
Tapani Möttönen
Möttönen, Tapani
Tapani
Möttönen
20
Cognitive Grammar
20
Cognitive Linguistics
20
construal
20
intentionality
20
intersubjectivity
20
normativity
20
norms
20
phenomenology
20
pragmatics
20
semantics
01
Normative and cognitive-linguistic accounts of linguistic meaning are often portrayed and conceived as mutually exclusive alternatives. This dichotomy stems from an insufficient understanding of what the phenomenological accessibility of meaning and usage-basedness of language entail. Namely, the theoretical premises of Cognitive Linguistics actually presuppose socially grounded, normative linguistic meanings. The question remains, what kind of entities normative meanings are like. The present chapter makes a case for construal, linguistic perspective-taking usually analyzed as a conceptual phenomenon, as a normative facet of meaning. Analysis presented here suggests that construal emerges as an inherent property of linguistic expressions via conventionalization of intentionality. This analysis does not only expand the area of linguistic normativity but also points to the integral relation between linguistic norms and intentionality.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.06laa
151
182
32
Chapter
7
01
Language as a system of norms and the Voloshinovian critique of abstract objectivism
1
A01
Mikko Laasanen
Laasanen, Mikko
Mikko
Laasanen
20
langue
20
normativity
20
norms
20
parole
20
Saussure
20
Voloshinov
01
Valentin Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics is sometimes presented as an alternative to the Saussurean doctrine, especially in the dialogical approach to language. The purpose of this study is to review Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics and to critically examine his critique of the Saussurean position, which he calls abstract objectivism, in order to determine whether his critique is accurate, and to ascertain whether his concept of linguistics offers a viable alternative to the Saussurean position. The analysis of Voloshinov’s critique is based on the key Saussurean concepts of <i>langue, parole</i> and <i>synchrony</i>. In addition, the study also discusses Voloshinov’s theory of meaning, the role of written language in linguistic study and the normativity of language. Based on the results of the study, Voloshinov’s philosophy of linguistics does not offer a viable alternative to the Saussurean position, as it presupposes it.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.07lep
183
212
30
Chapter
8
01
Linguistic variation and change
A normative approach
1
A01
Ville Leppänen
Leppänen, Ville
Ville
Leppänen
20
change
20
historical linguistics
20
normativity
20
norms
20
sociolinguistics
20
variation
01
This chapter offers a preliminary examination of linguistic variation and change from the normative perspective. Both key aspects of normativity, correctness and rationality, are discussed in the context of theoretical discussion and demonstrated by concrete examples drawn from the existing literature on normativity, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics. The goal is to show, how linguistic variation and change can be understood as empirical phenomena involving norms as constitutive (as opposed to merely evaluative or prescriptive) entities in the ontology of language. Of the three variation types thus identified, only the one involving indeterminable correctness appears central to language change. Finally, language change is conceptualized and discussed as a process of norm change (i.e. as an appearance, disappearance or replacement of norms).
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.08paj
213
234
22
Chapter
9
01
Intuition and beyond
A hierarchy of descriptive methods
1
A01
Anneli Pajunen
Pajunen, Anneli
Anneli
Pajunen
2
A01
Esa Itkonen
Itkonen, Esa
Esa
Itkonen
20
corpus research
20
experimentation
20
hierarchy of linguistic methods
20
intuition-based research
20
normativity
20
norms
01
From the methodological point of view, linguistics is not a monolith. Nor is it an arbitrary conglomerate of unrelated methods. Rather, the methods most commonly used in linguistic description constitute a definite hierarchy that is motivated both logically and temporally, namely: intuition-based research > corpus research > experimentation. The last stage is in turn divided into loose (i.e. questionnaire method) and strict (e.g. eye movement research). It is the purpose of the present article to justify this thesis in some detail.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.09mak
235
268
34
Chapter
10
01
Norms of correctness and rationality in research on code-switching
1
A01
Aleksi Mäkilähde
Mäkilähde, Aleksi
Aleksi
Mäkilähde
20
code-switching
20
games
20
multilingualism
20
normativity
20
norms
20
rationality
20
rules
20
syntax
01
Among different types of norms, two of perhaps the most relevant for linguistics are those of correctness and rationality. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the relevance of both to research on code-switching. I approach the topic from the perspective of the philosophy of linguistics in an analysis of certain ontological and epistemological problems in CS research, and use this analysis to draw methodological implications for the field in general. In particular, a methodological synthesis between intuition and observation is discussed and illustrated with an analogy between languages and games.
10
01
JB code
slcs.209.index
269
272
4
Miscellaneous
11
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20191204
2019
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
08
645
gr
01
JB
1
John Benjamins Publishing Company
+31 20 6304747
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bookorder@benjamins.nl
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