567017510 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 209 Eb 15 9789027262165 06 10.1075/slcs.209 13 2019981038 DG 002 02 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 209 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Normativity in Language and Linguistics</TitleText> 01 slcs.209 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.209 1 B01 Aleksi Mäkilähde Mäkilähde, Aleksi Aleksi Mäkilähde University of Turku 2 B01 Ville Leppänen Leppänen, Ville Ville Leppänen University of Munich 3 B01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen University of Turku 01 eng 280 vii 272 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme PHIL.GEN Philosophy 06 01 This volume sets out to discuss the role of <i>norms</i> and <i>normativity</i> in both language and linguistics from a multiplicity of perspectives. These concepts are centrally important to the philosophy and methodology of linguistics, and their role and nature need to be investigated in detail. The chapters address a range of issues from general questions about ontology, epistemology and methodology to aspects of particular subfields (such as semantics and historical linguistics) or phenomena (such as construal and code-switching). The volume aims to further our understanding of language and linguistics as well as to encourage further discussion on the metatheory of linguistics. Due to the fundamental nature of the issues under discussion, this volume will be of interest to all linguists regardless of their background or fields of expertise and to philosophers concerned with language or other normative domains. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.209.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203991.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027203991.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.209.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.209.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.209.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.209.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.209.foreword vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Foreword</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.209.01mak 1 28 28 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and normativity in language and linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Basic concepts and contextualisation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Aleksi Mäkilähde Mäkilähde, Aleksi Aleksi Mäkilähde 2 A01 Ville Leppänen Leppänen, Ville Ville Leppänen 3 A01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen 20 history of linguistics 20 normativity 20 norms 20 philosophy of linguistics 01 Underlying all the chapters of this volume are the concepts of norm and normativity. In this Introduction we set the stage for the individual chapters: first, by introducing certain basic concepts and relevant terminology; second, by briefly discussing the status of two types of norms in linguistics; third, by providing an overview of the role of normativity in the history of linguistics; and fourth, by presenting an outline of the volume and contextualising it in broader terms. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.02itk 29 68 40 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Concerning the scope of normativity</TitleText> 1 A01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen 20 belief 20 causality 20 explanation 20 methodology 20 normativity 20 norms 20 philosophy of linguistics 20 rationality 20 reasoning 20 semantics 20 truth 01 Wherever a mistake can be made, there is a corresponding norm. Normativity is divided into correctness and rationality. These two dimensions are independent of each other, as shown by the fact that rational actions can be performed by speaking incorrectly, and irrational actions can be performed by speaking correctly. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the scope of both aspects of normativity. The main focus is on the pervasiveness of normativity in linguistics, exemplified here in particular through linguistic semantics and the use of explanations in the field of &#8216;causal&#8217; linguistics (e.g. psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, diachronic linguistics). In addition, it is shown that normativity permeates such broader areas as scientific activity in general as well as our everyday lives. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.03zla 69 102 34 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms of language</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What kinds and where from? Insights from phenomenology</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jordan Zlatev Zlatev, Jordan Jordan Zlatev 2 A01 Johan Blomberg Blomberg, Johan Johan Blomberg 20 intentionality 20 intuition 20 motivation 20 normativity 20 norms 20 sedimentation 20 variation 01 After decades dominated by a focus on the &#8220;individual speaker&#8221; and the &#8220;mind/brain&#8221; in both generative and cognitive linguistics, recent years have reinstated an older view on language as primarily <i>social</i>, i.e. as taking place <i>between</i> people more than <i>within</i> them. Within such a social conception of language, it is natural to reconsider the notion of <i>language norm</i>, but there have been few efforts in this direction. Two eminent exceptions are Eugenio Coseriu and Esa Itkonen, whose approaches to linguistic normativity we here focus on. Even given a combination of their insights, we find that some puzzles remain, especially concerning the question where language norms derive from. We pose this question in the spirit of (generative) phenomenology where the task is &#8220;precisely to inquire after how historical and intersubjective structures themselves become meaningful at all, how these structures are and can be generated&#8221; (Steinbock 2003:&#8239;300). Following earlier work where we have argued for the value of a phenomenological approach to language, we show how the philosophical tradition emanating from Edmund Husserl can both help resolve conceptual puzzles surrounding language norms and clear up the ground for further empirical studies. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.04kac 103 124 22 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A primer for linguistic normativists</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">primer for linguistic normativists</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Michael B. Kac Kac, Michael B. Michael B. Kac 20 etiological property 20 grammar 20 grammaticality 20 intuition 20 normative domain 20 normativity 20 norms 01 A normative domain is a realm of action or thought in which it&#8217;s necessary to invoke the concepts of requirement/obligation, permission or prohibition. Closely associated with these is that of <i>correctness</i>. A rule of grammar, as this term is traditionally understood (e.g., the requirement that determiners precede the nouns with which they are associated) is accordingly normative in nature. This chapter explores some of the consequences of this fact, including: the relationship between the notions of rule and constraint; broad- vs. narrow-scope rules; and ascription of different kinds of ill-formedness to ungrammatical examples. Some attention is also given to the critique of grammaticality-based and intuition-grounded linguistic practice advanced by Sampson and Babarczy (2013), and motivation is offered for a warmer embrace of traditional grammar than is customary among linguists. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.05mot 125 150 26 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The normative basis of construal</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">normative basis of construal</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Tapani Möttönen Möttönen, Tapani Tapani Möttönen 20 Cognitive Grammar 20 Cognitive Linguistics 20 construal 20 intentionality 20 intersubjectivity 20 normativity 20 norms 20 phenomenology 20 pragmatics 20 semantics 01 Normative and cognitive-linguistic accounts of linguistic meaning are often portrayed and conceived as mutually exclusive alternatives. This dichotomy stems from an insufficient understanding of what the phenomenological accessibility of meaning and usage-basedness of language entail. Namely, the theoretical premises of Cognitive Linguistics actually presuppose socially grounded, normative linguistic meanings. The question remains, what kind of entities normative meanings are like. The present chapter makes a case for construal, linguistic perspective-taking usually analyzed as a conceptual phenomenon, as a normative facet of meaning. Analysis presented here suggests that construal emerges as an inherent property of linguistic expressions via conventionalization of intentionality. This analysis does not only expand the area of linguistic normativity but also points to the integral relation between linguistic norms and intentionality. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.06laa 151 182 32 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language as a system of norms and the Voloshinovian critique of abstract objectivism</TitleText> 1 A01 Mikko Laasanen Laasanen, Mikko Mikko Laasanen 20 langue 20 normativity 20 norms 20 parole 20 Saussure 20 Voloshinov 01 Valentin Voloshinov&#8217;s philosophy of linguistics is sometimes presented as an alternative to the Saussurean doctrine, especially in the dialogical approach to language. The purpose of this study is to review Voloshinov&#8217;s philosophy of linguistics and to critically examine his critique of the Saussurean position, which he calls abstract objectivism, in order to determine whether his critique is accurate, and to ascertain whether his concept of linguistics offers a viable alternative to the Saussurean position. The analysis of Voloshinov&#8217;s critique is based on the key Saussurean concepts of <i>langue, parole</i> and <i>synchrony</i>. In addition, the study also discusses Voloshinov&#8217;s theory of meaning, the role of written language in linguistic study and the normativity of language. Based on the results of the study, Voloshinov&#8217;s philosophy of linguistics does not offer a viable alternative to the Saussurean position, as it presupposes it. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.07lep 183 212 30 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Linguistic variation and change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A normative approach</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ville Leppänen Leppänen, Ville Ville Leppänen 20 change 20 historical linguistics 20 normativity 20 norms 20 sociolinguistics 20 variation 01 This chapter offers a preliminary examination of linguistic variation and change from the normative perspective. Both key aspects of normativity, correctness and rationality, are discussed in the context of theoretical discussion and demonstrated by concrete examples drawn from the existing literature on normativity, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics. The goal is to show, how linguistic variation and change can be understood as empirical phenomena involving norms as constitutive (as opposed to merely evaluative or prescriptive) entities in the ontology of language. Of the three variation types thus identified, only the one involving indeterminable correctness appears central to language change. Finally, language change is conceptualized and discussed as a process of norm change (i.e. as an appearance, disappearance or replacement of norms). 10 01 JB code slcs.209.08paj 213 234 22 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Intuition and beyond</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A hierarchy of descriptive methods</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anneli Pajunen Pajunen, Anneli Anneli Pajunen 2 A01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen 20 corpus research 20 experimentation 20 hierarchy of linguistic methods 20 intuition-based research 20 normativity 20 norms 01 From the methodological point of view, linguistics is not a monolith. Nor is it an arbitrary conglomerate of unrelated methods. Rather, the methods most commonly used in linguistic description constitute a definite hierarchy that is motivated both logically and temporally, namely: intuition-based research &#62; corpus research &#62; experimentation. The last stage is in turn divided into loose (i.e. questionnaire method) and strict (e.g. eye movement research). It is the purpose of the present article to justify this thesis in some detail. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.09mak 235 268 34 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms of correctness and rationality in research on code-switching</TitleText> 1 A01 Aleksi Mäkilähde Mäkilähde, Aleksi Aleksi Mäkilähde 20 code-switching 20 games 20 multilingualism 20 normativity 20 norms 20 rationality 20 rules 20 syntax 01 Among different types of norms, two of perhaps the most relevant for linguistics are those of correctness and rationality. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the relevance of both to research on code-switching. I approach the topic from the perspective of the philosophy of linguistics in an analysis of certain ontological and epistemological problems in CS research, and use this analysis to draw methodological implications for the field in general. In particular, a methodological synthesis between intuition and observation is discussed and illustrated with an analogy between languages and games. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.index 269 272 4 Miscellaneous 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20191204 2019 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027203991 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 862017509 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 209 Hb 15 9789027203991 13 2019019808 BB 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 209 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Normativity in Language and Linguistics</TitleText> 01 slcs.209 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.209 1 B01 Aleksi Mäkilähde Mäkilähde, Aleksi Aleksi Mäkilähde University of Turku 2 B01 Ville Leppänen Leppänen, Ville Ville Leppänen University of Munich 3 B01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen University of Turku 01 eng 280 vii 272 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme PHIL.GEN Philosophy 06 01 This volume sets out to discuss the role of <i>norms</i> and <i>normativity</i> in both language and linguistics from a multiplicity of perspectives. These concepts are centrally important to the philosophy and methodology of linguistics, and their role and nature need to be investigated in detail. The chapters address a range of issues from general questions about ontology, epistemology and methodology to aspects of particular subfields (such as semantics and historical linguistics) or phenomena (such as construal and code-switching). The volume aims to further our understanding of language and linguistics as well as to encourage further discussion on the metatheory of linguistics. Due to the fundamental nature of the issues under discussion, this volume will be of interest to all linguists regardless of their background or fields of expertise and to philosophers concerned with language or other normative domains. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.209.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203991.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027203991.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.209.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.209.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.209.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.209.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.209.foreword vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Foreword</TitleText> 10 01 JB code slcs.209.01mak 1 28 28 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and normativity in language and linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Basic concepts and contextualisation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Aleksi Mäkilähde Mäkilähde, Aleksi Aleksi Mäkilähde 2 A01 Ville Leppänen Leppänen, Ville Ville Leppänen 3 A01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen 20 history of linguistics 20 normativity 20 norms 20 philosophy of linguistics 01 Underlying all the chapters of this volume are the concepts of norm and normativity. In this Introduction we set the stage for the individual chapters: first, by introducing certain basic concepts and relevant terminology; second, by briefly discussing the status of two types of norms in linguistics; third, by providing an overview of the role of normativity in the history of linguistics; and fourth, by presenting an outline of the volume and contextualising it in broader terms. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.02itk 29 68 40 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Concerning the scope of normativity</TitleText> 1 A01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen 20 belief 20 causality 20 explanation 20 methodology 20 normativity 20 norms 20 philosophy of linguistics 20 rationality 20 reasoning 20 semantics 20 truth 01 Wherever a mistake can be made, there is a corresponding norm. Normativity is divided into correctness and rationality. These two dimensions are independent of each other, as shown by the fact that rational actions can be performed by speaking incorrectly, and irrational actions can be performed by speaking correctly. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the scope of both aspects of normativity. The main focus is on the pervasiveness of normativity in linguistics, exemplified here in particular through linguistic semantics and the use of explanations in the field of &#8216;causal&#8217; linguistics (e.g. psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, diachronic linguistics). In addition, it is shown that normativity permeates such broader areas as scientific activity in general as well as our everyday lives. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.03zla 69 102 34 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms of language</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What kinds and where from? Insights from phenomenology</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jordan Zlatev Zlatev, Jordan Jordan Zlatev 2 A01 Johan Blomberg Blomberg, Johan Johan Blomberg 20 intentionality 20 intuition 20 motivation 20 normativity 20 norms 20 sedimentation 20 variation 01 After decades dominated by a focus on the &#8220;individual speaker&#8221; and the &#8220;mind/brain&#8221; in both generative and cognitive linguistics, recent years have reinstated an older view on language as primarily <i>social</i>, i.e. as taking place <i>between</i> people more than <i>within</i> them. Within such a social conception of language, it is natural to reconsider the notion of <i>language norm</i>, but there have been few efforts in this direction. Two eminent exceptions are Eugenio Coseriu and Esa Itkonen, whose approaches to linguistic normativity we here focus on. Even given a combination of their insights, we find that some puzzles remain, especially concerning the question where language norms derive from. We pose this question in the spirit of (generative) phenomenology where the task is &#8220;precisely to inquire after how historical and intersubjective structures themselves become meaningful at all, how these structures are and can be generated&#8221; (Steinbock 2003:&#8239;300). Following earlier work where we have argued for the value of a phenomenological approach to language, we show how the philosophical tradition emanating from Edmund Husserl can both help resolve conceptual puzzles surrounding language norms and clear up the ground for further empirical studies. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.04kac 103 124 22 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A primer for linguistic normativists</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">primer for linguistic normativists</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Michael B. Kac Kac, Michael B. Michael B. Kac 20 etiological property 20 grammar 20 grammaticality 20 intuition 20 normative domain 20 normativity 20 norms 01 A normative domain is a realm of action or thought in which it&#8217;s necessary to invoke the concepts of requirement/obligation, permission or prohibition. Closely associated with these is that of <i>correctness</i>. A rule of grammar, as this term is traditionally understood (e.g., the requirement that determiners precede the nouns with which they are associated) is accordingly normative in nature. This chapter explores some of the consequences of this fact, including: the relationship between the notions of rule and constraint; broad- vs. narrow-scope rules; and ascription of different kinds of ill-formedness to ungrammatical examples. Some attention is also given to the critique of grammaticality-based and intuition-grounded linguistic practice advanced by Sampson and Babarczy (2013), and motivation is offered for a warmer embrace of traditional grammar than is customary among linguists. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.05mot 125 150 26 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The normative basis of construal</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">normative basis of construal</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Tapani Möttönen Möttönen, Tapani Tapani Möttönen 20 Cognitive Grammar 20 Cognitive Linguistics 20 construal 20 intentionality 20 intersubjectivity 20 normativity 20 norms 20 phenomenology 20 pragmatics 20 semantics 01 Normative and cognitive-linguistic accounts of linguistic meaning are often portrayed and conceived as mutually exclusive alternatives. This dichotomy stems from an insufficient understanding of what the phenomenological accessibility of meaning and usage-basedness of language entail. Namely, the theoretical premises of Cognitive Linguistics actually presuppose socially grounded, normative linguistic meanings. The question remains, what kind of entities normative meanings are like. The present chapter makes a case for construal, linguistic perspective-taking usually analyzed as a conceptual phenomenon, as a normative facet of meaning. Analysis presented here suggests that construal emerges as an inherent property of linguistic expressions via conventionalization of intentionality. This analysis does not only expand the area of linguistic normativity but also points to the integral relation between linguistic norms and intentionality. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.06laa 151 182 32 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language as a system of norms and the Voloshinovian critique of abstract objectivism</TitleText> 1 A01 Mikko Laasanen Laasanen, Mikko Mikko Laasanen 20 langue 20 normativity 20 norms 20 parole 20 Saussure 20 Voloshinov 01 Valentin Voloshinov&#8217;s philosophy of linguistics is sometimes presented as an alternative to the Saussurean doctrine, especially in the dialogical approach to language. The purpose of this study is to review Voloshinov&#8217;s philosophy of linguistics and to critically examine his critique of the Saussurean position, which he calls abstract objectivism, in order to determine whether his critique is accurate, and to ascertain whether his concept of linguistics offers a viable alternative to the Saussurean position. The analysis of Voloshinov&#8217;s critique is based on the key Saussurean concepts of <i>langue, parole</i> and <i>synchrony</i>. In addition, the study also discusses Voloshinov&#8217;s theory of meaning, the role of written language in linguistic study and the normativity of language. Based on the results of the study, Voloshinov&#8217;s philosophy of linguistics does not offer a viable alternative to the Saussurean position, as it presupposes it. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.07lep 183 212 30 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Linguistic variation and change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A normative approach</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ville Leppänen Leppänen, Ville Ville Leppänen 20 change 20 historical linguistics 20 normativity 20 norms 20 sociolinguistics 20 variation 01 This chapter offers a preliminary examination of linguistic variation and change from the normative perspective. Both key aspects of normativity, correctness and rationality, are discussed in the context of theoretical discussion and demonstrated by concrete examples drawn from the existing literature on normativity, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics. The goal is to show, how linguistic variation and change can be understood as empirical phenomena involving norms as constitutive (as opposed to merely evaluative or prescriptive) entities in the ontology of language. Of the three variation types thus identified, only the one involving indeterminable correctness appears central to language change. Finally, language change is conceptualized and discussed as a process of norm change (i.e. as an appearance, disappearance or replacement of norms). 10 01 JB code slcs.209.08paj 213 234 22 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Intuition and beyond</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A hierarchy of descriptive methods</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anneli Pajunen Pajunen, Anneli Anneli Pajunen 2 A01 Esa Itkonen Itkonen, Esa Esa Itkonen 20 corpus research 20 experimentation 20 hierarchy of linguistic methods 20 intuition-based research 20 normativity 20 norms 01 From the methodological point of view, linguistics is not a monolith. Nor is it an arbitrary conglomerate of unrelated methods. Rather, the methods most commonly used in linguistic description constitute a definite hierarchy that is motivated both logically and temporally, namely: intuition-based research &#62; corpus research &#62; experimentation. The last stage is in turn divided into loose (i.e. questionnaire method) and strict (e.g. eye movement research). It is the purpose of the present article to justify this thesis in some detail. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.09mak 235 268 34 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms of correctness and rationality in research on code-switching</TitleText> 1 A01 Aleksi Mäkilähde Mäkilähde, Aleksi Aleksi Mäkilähde 20 code-switching 20 games 20 multilingualism 20 normativity 20 norms 20 rationality 20 rules 20 syntax 01 Among different types of norms, two of perhaps the most relevant for linguistics are those of correctness and rationality. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the relevance of both to research on code-switching. I approach the topic from the perspective of the philosophy of linguistics in an analysis of certain ontological and epistemological problems in CS research, and use this analysis to draw methodological implications for the field in general. In particular, a methodological synthesis between intuition and observation is discussed and illustrated with an analogy between languages and games. 10 01 JB code slcs.209.index 269 272 4 Miscellaneous 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20191204 2019 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 645 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 32 22 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 22 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 22 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD