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Micro- and Macro-variation of Causal Clauses
Synchronic and Diachronic Insights
Micro- and Macro-variation of Causal Clauses: Synchronic and Diachronic Insights
1
B01
01
JB code
380389168
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/380389168
2
B01
01
JB code
38389169
Constanze Fleczoreck
Fleczoreck, Constanze
Constanze
Fleczoreck
Leibniz University Hannover
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38389169
01
eng
11
361
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03
vii
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2023
P297
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Theoretical linguistics
01
06
02
00
This collection presents novel insights into the micro- and macro-variation of causal clauses from a cross-linguistic perspective. It contains a general introduction to the topic setting the scene, and nine chapters based on data from Dutch, German, English, Icelandic, Chinese, and Japanese.
03
00
This collection presents novel insights into the micro- and macro-variation of causal clauses from a cross-linguistic perspective. It contains a general introduction to the topic setting the scene and nine chapters based on data from Dutch, German, English, Icelandic, Chinese, and Japanese. Topics discussed in the individual chapters involve, inter alia, external, internal and linear syntax of adverbial clauses expressing a causal relation, their semantic interpretation and information-structural properties, verb position, volitionality, and the development of particular causal conjunctions. The findings gained here are of synchronic and diachronic nature and offer new theoretical perspectives on how causal dependency relationships are expressed by inherent causal morpho-syntactic patterns. They also provide a deeper comprehension of how sentential modifiers work, emerge, and develop in general. This volume is an asset to grammarians, syntacticians, theoretical, and historical linguists.
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Miscellaneous
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Preface and acknowledgments
Preface and acknowledgments
01
eng
01
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1
12
12
Chapter
2
01
04
Chapter 1. Outline of the volume
Chapter 1. Outline of the volume
1
A01
01
JB code
826450154
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/826450154
2
A01
01
JB code
380450155
Constanze Fleczoreck
Fleczoreck, Constanze
Constanze
Fleczoreck
Leibniz University Hannover
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/380450155
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.p1
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10.1075/slcs.231.p1
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48
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Section header
3
01
04
Part I. Setting the scene
Part I. Setting the scene
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eng
01
01
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10.1075/slcs.231.02jed
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48
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Chapter
4
01
04
Chapter 2. Adverbial clauses and their variation
Chapter 2. Adverbial clauses and their variation
01
04
The
case of causal clauses in German
The case of causal clauses in German
1
A01
01
JB code
783450156
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/783450156
2
A01
01
JB code
199450157
Constanze Fleczoreck
Fleczoreck, Constanze
Constanze
Fleczoreck
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/199450157
01
eng
30
00
In this introduction chapter, we depict the variation of adverbial clauses focusing on causal clauses in German. We briefly overview the most important findings both from a synchronic and diachronic point of view, and embed them into a more general discussion on adverbial clause-linkage.
01
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slcs.231.p2
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10.1075/slcs.231.p2
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266
218
Section header
5
01
04
Part II. Synchronic variation
Part II. Synchronic variation
01
eng
01
01
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slcs.231.03fre
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10.1075/slcs.231.03fre
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100
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Chapter
6
01
04
Chapter 3. Types of German causal clauses and their syntactic-semantic layers
Chapter 3. Types of German causal clauses and their syntactic-semantic layers
1
A01
01
JB code
573450158
Werner Frey
Frey, Werner
Werner
Frey
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/573450158
01
eng
30
00
This chapter aims to discuss some distinguishing syntactic and interpretative properties of German causal weil-clauses, da-clauses and verb-first causal clauses. The chapter argues that these different properties can be fruitfully analysed in Krifka’s (2018, to appear) system of decomposition of a speech act into the levels of a proposition, of a judgement, of a commitment and of a speech act. These semantic levels are represented in syntax by TP, JP, ComP and ActP, respectively. Standardly, a weil-clause is just a TP (covered by a CP-shell). In contrast, a da-clause is of the more complex category JP (covered by a CP-shell), which is adjoined to the JP of its host, i.e., a da-clause is interconnected with a judgement. Related to this there are, for example, the findings that in contrast to the situation with a weil-clause, a da-clause cannot be narrowly focal, that the causal relation expressed by da is not at-issue, and that there is no binding from the host into a da-clause. Furthermore, a da-clause may host a certain type of root phenomena. A verb-first causal clause is of the most complex category ActP and is licensed by an ActP. It cannot be syntactically embedded and it has illocutionary force, which, however, has a supporting function with regard to the illocutionary force of the preceding sentence. A verb-first causal clause may host all kinds of root phenomena. The chapter also compares Krifka’s layers of interpretation and Sweetser’s (1990) three domains of interpretation (content, epistemic, speech act) and shows that these two classifications complement each other with correlations.
01
01
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128
28
Chapter
7
01
04
Chapter 4. Pragmatic subordination
Chapter 4. Pragmatic subordination
01
04
Causal clauses with verb first position in German
Causal clauses with verb first position in German
1
A01
01
JB code
60450159
Karin Pittner
Pittner, Karin
Karin
Pittner
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/60450159
01
eng
30
00
The article deals with a special type of causal clauses in German which exhibits the properties of verb-first position, an obligatory modal particle doch and obligatory postposition. It has often been noted that these clauses are neither clearly subordinated nor coordinated. Syntactic tests show that these clauses are not constituents of the clause they are related to and they may not be focussed, nor may the causal relation itself be focussed. Moreover, there are no correlates for them in their host clause. These characteristics show that the clauses in question contain their own information units. It is argued that the causal meaning of these clauses is an inference due to an interplay of the verb first position, the meaning of doch and the postposition of these clauses. The verb position signals a close connection to the preceding clause as well as a diminished assertive force. The modal particle doch signals that the information given is uncontroversial but assumed not to be taken into account presently by the recipient. It is argued that the postposition of these clauses is due to the fact that these clauses have a kind of repair function and serve to support the acceptance of the preceding clause. It is shown that these clauses express their own illocutions which are subsidiary to the illocution of the preceding utterance. Thus these sentences are pragmatically subordinated although they do not exhibit characteristics of syntactic subordination. The article closes with a short discussion of some hypotheses concerning the diachronic development of this special sentence type.
01
01
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slcs.231.05hae
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10.1075/slcs.231.05hae
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166
38
Chapter
8
01
04
Chapter 5. English rationale since and a reassessment of the typology of adverbial clauses
Chapter 5. English rationale since and a reassessment of the typology of adverbial clauses
1
A01
01
JB code
949450161
Manuela Schönenberger
Schönenberger, Manuela
Manuela
Schönenberger
University of Geneva
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/949450161
2
A01
01
JB code
553450160
Liliane Haegeman
Haegeman, Liliane
Liliane
Haegeman
Ghent University/University of Geneva
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/553450160
01
eng
30
00
This chapter examines the syntactic and semantic properties of English causal adverbial clauses, starting from the fact that the conjunctions since and as can both introduce either a temporal clause or a rationale clause. Where relevant, the material is supplemented with data from Dutch causal adverbial clauses, focusing on the interaction with the syntax of Verb Second. It is shown that the bipartite distinction between ‘central’ adverbial clauses and ‘peripheral’ adverbial clauses (Haegeman 1984a, 1991/2009, a.o.) should be reconsidered. Frey’s (2016, 2018) ternary distinction is adopted, which differentiates between central adverbial clauses (CACs) and peripheral adverbial clauses (PACs), both regarded as syntactically integrated, and non-integrated clauses. Evidence is provided for Frey’s hypothesis that PACs are related to JudgementP (Krifka 2017).
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.06hoe
06
10.1075/slcs.231.06hoe
167
183
17
Chapter
9
01
04
Chapter 6. Expressing non-volitional causality in English
Chapter 6. Expressing non-volitional causality in English
1
A01
01
JB code
124450162
Jet Hoek
Hoek, Jet
Jet
Hoek
Radboud University Nijmegen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/124450162
2
A01
01
JB code
458450163
Merel C.J. Scholman
Scholman, Merel C.J.
Merel C.J.
Scholman
Saarland University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/458450163
01
eng
30
00
English because is assumed to be polysemous in that it can be used to mark causal relations in all domains. The current study examines this claim and explores the suitability of because to mark non-volitional content relations. In a parallel corpus study, we investigate how causal relations translated into Dutch using doordat (prototypically marking non-volitional causal relations), omdat (marking content relations), and want (marking epistemic and speech act relations) were originally expressed in English. The results show that while omdat and want are indeed typically translations of because in English, non-volitional doordat is not. A qualitative analysis reveals that non-volitional causality is more often expressed in English in a single discourse unit or using a connective restricted to the content domain. These findings have important consequences for the presumed domain generality of English because and call for a reconsideration of English translation recommendations for doordat.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.07ang
06
10.1075/slcs.231.07ang
184
220
37
Chapter
10
01
04
Chapter 7. Layers of subordinate clauses
Chapter 7. Layers of subordinate clauses
01
04
A
view from causal af-thvi-ad-clauses in Icelandic
A view from causal af-því-að -clauses in Icelandic
1
A01
01
JB code
10450164
Ásgrímur Angantýsson
Angantýsson, Ásgrímur
Ásgrímur
Angantýsson
University of Iceland
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/10450164
2
A01
01
JB code
162450165
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/162450165
01
eng
30
00
The main aim of this chapter is to examine adverbial causal af-því-að-clauses in modern Icelandic. Semantically, we argue that af-því-að-clauses can be interpreted as eventuality-related, as evidential or as speech-act-related causal clauses. Syntactically, we show that af-því-að-clauses can be analyzed as central, peripheral or disintegrated adverbial clauses in the sense claimed by Haegeman (2010, 2012), Schönenberger and Haegeman (this volume), and Frey (2011, 2012, 2016). Based on Krifka (to appear) and Frey (2020, to appear, this volume), we assume af-því-að-clauses to be assertive clauses attaching – depending on their interpretation – as Tense Phrase, Judge Phrase or Act Phrase adjuncts. Essentially, we take interpretative differences to follow from the distinct attachment heights. Main arguments for this three part division are based on binding data, embeddability, movement restrictions, and clausal anaphora.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.08pan
06
10.1075/slcs.231.08pan
221
249
29
Chapter
11
01
04
Chapter 8. On the syntax of causal clauses in Mandarin Chinese
Chapter 8. On the syntax of causal clauses in Mandarin Chinese
1
A01
01
JB code
286450166
Victor Junnan Pan
Pan, Victor Junnan
Victor Junnan
Pan
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/286450166
2
A01
01
JB code
743450167
Bin Zhu
Zhu, Bin
Bin
Zhu
Central China Normal University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/743450167
01
eng
30
00
This chapter examines problems and issues related to the syntax of causal-consequent clauses in Chinese. Conjunctions that introduce these clauses in Chinese do not form a homogeneous syntactic category: Some are analyzed as complementizers, whereas the others as prepositions. Furthermore, both orders, “causal clause > consequent clause” and “consequent clause > causal clause”, are observed in Chinese and we will argue that there is not necessarily any derivational relation between them. A causal clause will be analyzed as an adjunct to a consequent clause. Sentence-final particles in Chinese head different types of functional projections in the left-periphery and they can take a causal or a consequent clause as their complement. The interaction between clauses and particles will also be examined in detail.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.09end
06
10.1075/slcs.231.09end
250
266
17
Chapter
12
01
04
Chapter 9. Three ReasonPs
Chapter 9. Three ReasonPs
01
04
A
view from free adjuncts
A view from free adjuncts
1
A01
01
JB code
182450168
Yoshio Endo
Endo, Yoshio
Yoshio
Endo
Kanda University of International Studies
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/182450168
01
eng
30
00
In this chapter, I will discuss three types of reason expressions in the framework of the cartography of syntactic structures. After reviewing the previous analyses of two ReasonPs that house reason expressions, it will be shown that there is still another ReasonP that houses reason expressions involving free adjuncts. I will further explore the possibility of splitting up the new type of ReasonP into the central type and the peripheral type by extending Haegeman’s (2012) idea of adverbial clauses.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.p3
06
10.1075/slcs.231.p3
267
345
79
Section header
13
01
04
Part III. Diachrony
Part III. Diachrony
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.10ebe
06
10.1075/slcs.231.10ebe
269
310
42
Chapter
14
01
04
Chapter 10. On the divergent developments of two German causal subjunctions
Chapter 10. On the divergent developments of two German causal subjunctions
01
04
Syntactic reanalysis and the evolution of causal meaning
Syntactic reanalysis and the evolution of causal meaning
1
A01
01
JB code
749450169
Ira Eberhardt
Eberhardt, Ira
Ira
Eberhardt
University of Tübingen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/749450169
2
A01
01
JB code
582450170
Katrin Axel-Tober
Axel-Tober, Katrin
Katrin
Axel-Tober
University of Tübingen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/582450170
01
eng
30
00
This chapter discusses the development of two German causal subjunctions weil and zumal. In particular, it introduces a new proposal for the syntactic reanalysis of weil in the C0-position from a free relative clause. Later, weil-clauses also underwent a shift in meaning in the course of which weil developed from a temporal into a causal subjunction. The development of temporal into causal meaning is widely-attested cross-linguistically. This chapter argues that in the case of German, the actuation of this general path was probably enabled by prior extensions of the temporal meaning, which had made the subjunction into a universal subjunction of simultaneity relations. The subjunction zumal, by contrast, developed from the combination zumal weil ‘especially since’ after zumal had been reanalyzed in the C0-position. The reanalysis only concerned the internal syntax of the clause. Its external syntax and the meaning remained stable and corresponded to zumal weil-clauses. Based on these findings, it will be argued more generally that the development of new elements in the C0-position takes place through the fusion of the properties of the new and the old C0-elements. After the reanalysis, the new C0-element has the subordinating force of the old C0-element as well as the semantic content of the new and the old C0-element.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.11spe
06
10.1075/slcs.231.11spe
311
345
35
Chapter
15
01
04
Chapter 11. Factors for the integration of causal clauses in the history of German
Chapter 11. Factors for the integration of causal clauses in the history of German
1
A01
01
JB code
26450171
Augustin Speyer
Speyer, Augustin
Augustin
Speyer
Saarland University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/26450171
2
A01
01
JB code
459450172
Sophia Voigtmann
Voigtmann, Sophia
Sophia
Voigtmann
Saarland University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/459450172
01
eng
30
00
The variation between integrated (verb-final) and independent (verb-second) causal clauses in German could depend on the amount of information conveyed in that clause. A lower amount might lead to integration, a higher amount to independence, as processing constraints might forbid integration of highly informative clauses. We use two ways to measure information amount: 1. the average ratio of given referents within the clause, 2. the cumulative surprisal of all words in the clause. Focusing on historical stages of German, a significant correlation between amount of information and integration was visible, regardless which method was used.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.li
06
10.1075/slcs.231.li
347
347
1
Miscellaneous
16
01
04
Language index
Language index
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.si
06
10.1075/slcs.231.si
348
353
6
Miscellaneous
17
01
04
Subject index
Subject index
01
eng
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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01
JB code
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.231
Amsterdam
NL
00
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
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2023
John Benjamins
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2023
John Benjamins
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SLCS
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Studies in Language Companion Series
Studies in Language Companion Series
01
01
Micro- and Macro-variation of Causal Clauses
Synchronic and Diachronic Insights
Micro- and Macro-variation of Causal Clauses: Synchronic and Diachronic Insights
1
B01
01
JB code
380389168
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/380389168
2
B01
01
JB code
38389169
Constanze Fleczoreck
Fleczoreck, Constanze
Constanze
Fleczoreck
Leibniz University Hannover
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38389169
01
eng
11
361
03
03
vii
03
00
353
03
01
23/eng/20230227
415
03
2023
P297
10
LAN009060
12
CFK
24
JB code
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
24
JB code
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB code
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
01
06
02
00
This collection presents novel insights into the micro- and macro-variation of causal clauses from a cross-linguistic perspective. It contains a general introduction to the topic setting the scene, and nine chapters based on data from Dutch, German, English, Icelandic, Chinese, and Japanese.
03
00
This collection presents novel insights into the micro- and macro-variation of causal clauses from a cross-linguistic perspective. It contains a general introduction to the topic setting the scene and nine chapters based on data from Dutch, German, English, Icelandic, Chinese, and Japanese. Topics discussed in the individual chapters involve, inter alia, external, internal and linear syntax of adverbial clauses expressing a causal relation, their semantic interpretation and information-structural properties, verb position, volitionality, and the development of particular causal conjunctions. The findings gained here are of synchronic and diachronic nature and offer new theoretical perspectives on how causal dependency relationships are expressed by inherent causal morpho-syntactic patterns. They also provide a deeper comprehension of how sentential modifiers work, emerge, and develop in general. This volume is an asset to grammarians, syntacticians, theoretical, and historical linguists.
01
00
03
01
01
D503
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Miscellaneous
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Preface and acknowledgments
Preface and acknowledgments
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eng
01
01
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12
12
Chapter
2
01
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Chapter 1. Outline of the volume
Chapter 1. Outline of the volume
1
A01
01
JB code
826450154
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/826450154
2
A01
01
JB code
380450155
Constanze Fleczoreck
Fleczoreck, Constanze
Constanze
Fleczoreck
Leibniz University Hannover
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/380450155
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.p1
06
10.1075/slcs.231.p1
13
48
36
Section header
3
01
04
Part I. Setting the scene
Part I. Setting the scene
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.02jed
06
10.1075/slcs.231.02jed
15
48
34
Chapter
4
01
04
Chapter 2. Adverbial clauses and their variation
Chapter 2. Adverbial clauses and their variation
01
04
The
case of causal clauses in German
The case of causal clauses in German
1
A01
01
JB code
783450156
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/783450156
2
A01
01
JB code
199450157
Constanze Fleczoreck
Fleczoreck, Constanze
Constanze
Fleczoreck
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/199450157
01
eng
30
00
In this introduction chapter, we depict the variation of adverbial clauses focusing on causal clauses in German. We briefly overview the most important findings both from a synchronic and diachronic point of view, and embed them into a more general discussion on adverbial clause-linkage.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.p2
06
10.1075/slcs.231.p2
49
266
218
Section header
5
01
04
Part II. Synchronic variation
Part II. Synchronic variation
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.03fre
06
10.1075/slcs.231.03fre
51
100
50
Chapter
6
01
04
Chapter 3. Types of German causal clauses and their syntactic-semantic layers
Chapter 3. Types of German causal clauses and their syntactic-semantic layers
1
A01
01
JB code
573450158
Werner Frey
Frey, Werner
Werner
Frey
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/573450158
01
eng
30
00
This chapter aims to discuss some distinguishing syntactic and interpretative properties of German causal weil-clauses, da-clauses and verb-first causal clauses. The chapter argues that these different properties can be fruitfully analysed in Krifka’s (2018, to appear) system of decomposition of a speech act into the levels of a proposition, of a judgement, of a commitment and of a speech act. These semantic levels are represented in syntax by TP, JP, ComP and ActP, respectively. Standardly, a weil-clause is just a TP (covered by a CP-shell). In contrast, a da-clause is of the more complex category JP (covered by a CP-shell), which is adjoined to the JP of its host, i.e., a da-clause is interconnected with a judgement. Related to this there are, for example, the findings that in contrast to the situation with a weil-clause, a da-clause cannot be narrowly focal, that the causal relation expressed by da is not at-issue, and that there is no binding from the host into a da-clause. Furthermore, a da-clause may host a certain type of root phenomena. A verb-first causal clause is of the most complex category ActP and is licensed by an ActP. It cannot be syntactically embedded and it has illocutionary force, which, however, has a supporting function with regard to the illocutionary force of the preceding sentence. A verb-first causal clause may host all kinds of root phenomena. The chapter also compares Krifka’s layers of interpretation and Sweetser’s (1990) three domains of interpretation (content, epistemic, speech act) and shows that these two classifications complement each other with correlations.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.04pit
06
10.1075/slcs.231.04pit
101
128
28
Chapter
7
01
04
Chapter 4. Pragmatic subordination
Chapter 4. Pragmatic subordination
01
04
Causal clauses with verb first position in German
Causal clauses with verb first position in German
1
A01
01
JB code
60450159
Karin Pittner
Pittner, Karin
Karin
Pittner
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/60450159
01
eng
30
00
The article deals with a special type of causal clauses in German which exhibits the properties of verb-first position, an obligatory modal particle doch and obligatory postposition. It has often been noted that these clauses are neither clearly subordinated nor coordinated. Syntactic tests show that these clauses are not constituents of the clause they are related to and they may not be focussed, nor may the causal relation itself be focussed. Moreover, there are no correlates for them in their host clause. These characteristics show that the clauses in question contain their own information units. It is argued that the causal meaning of these clauses is an inference due to an interplay of the verb first position, the meaning of doch and the postposition of these clauses. The verb position signals a close connection to the preceding clause as well as a diminished assertive force. The modal particle doch signals that the information given is uncontroversial but assumed not to be taken into account presently by the recipient. It is argued that the postposition of these clauses is due to the fact that these clauses have a kind of repair function and serve to support the acceptance of the preceding clause. It is shown that these clauses express their own illocutions which are subsidiary to the illocution of the preceding utterance. Thus these sentences are pragmatically subordinated although they do not exhibit characteristics of syntactic subordination. The article closes with a short discussion of some hypotheses concerning the diachronic development of this special sentence type.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.05hae
06
10.1075/slcs.231.05hae
129
166
38
Chapter
8
01
04
Chapter 5. English rationale since and a reassessment of the typology of adverbial clauses
Chapter 5. English rationale since and a reassessment of the typology of adverbial clauses
1
A01
01
JB code
949450161
Manuela Schönenberger
Schönenberger, Manuela
Manuela
Schönenberger
University of Geneva
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/949450161
2
A01
01
JB code
553450160
Liliane Haegeman
Haegeman, Liliane
Liliane
Haegeman
Ghent University/University of Geneva
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/553450160
01
eng
30
00
This chapter examines the syntactic and semantic properties of English causal adverbial clauses, starting from the fact that the conjunctions since and as can both introduce either a temporal clause or a rationale clause. Where relevant, the material is supplemented with data from Dutch causal adverbial clauses, focusing on the interaction with the syntax of Verb Second. It is shown that the bipartite distinction between ‘central’ adverbial clauses and ‘peripheral’ adverbial clauses (Haegeman 1984a, 1991/2009, a.o.) should be reconsidered. Frey’s (2016, 2018) ternary distinction is adopted, which differentiates between central adverbial clauses (CACs) and peripheral adverbial clauses (PACs), both regarded as syntactically integrated, and non-integrated clauses. Evidence is provided for Frey’s hypothesis that PACs are related to JudgementP (Krifka 2017).
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.06hoe
06
10.1075/slcs.231.06hoe
167
183
17
Chapter
9
01
04
Chapter 6. Expressing non-volitional causality in English
Chapter 6. Expressing non-volitional causality in English
1
A01
01
JB code
124450162
Jet Hoek
Hoek, Jet
Jet
Hoek
Radboud University Nijmegen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/124450162
2
A01
01
JB code
458450163
Merel C.J. Scholman
Scholman, Merel C.J.
Merel C.J.
Scholman
Saarland University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/458450163
01
eng
30
00
English because is assumed to be polysemous in that it can be used to mark causal relations in all domains. The current study examines this claim and explores the suitability of because to mark non-volitional content relations. In a parallel corpus study, we investigate how causal relations translated into Dutch using doordat (prototypically marking non-volitional causal relations), omdat (marking content relations), and want (marking epistemic and speech act relations) were originally expressed in English. The results show that while omdat and want are indeed typically translations of because in English, non-volitional doordat is not. A qualitative analysis reveals that non-volitional causality is more often expressed in English in a single discourse unit or using a connective restricted to the content domain. These findings have important consequences for the presumed domain generality of English because and call for a reconsideration of English translation recommendations for doordat.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.07ang
06
10.1075/slcs.231.07ang
184
220
37
Chapter
10
01
04
Chapter 7. Layers of subordinate clauses
Chapter 7. Layers of subordinate clauses
01
04
A
view from causal af-thvi-ad-clauses in Icelandic
A view from causal af-því-að -clauses in Icelandic
1
A01
01
JB code
10450164
Ásgrímur Angantýsson
Angantýsson, Ásgrímur
Ásgrímur
Angantýsson
University of Iceland
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/10450164
2
A01
01
JB code
162450165
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/162450165
01
eng
30
00
The main aim of this chapter is to examine adverbial causal af-því-að-clauses in modern Icelandic. Semantically, we argue that af-því-að-clauses can be interpreted as eventuality-related, as evidential or as speech-act-related causal clauses. Syntactically, we show that af-því-að-clauses can be analyzed as central, peripheral or disintegrated adverbial clauses in the sense claimed by Haegeman (2010, 2012), Schönenberger and Haegeman (this volume), and Frey (2011, 2012, 2016). Based on Krifka (to appear) and Frey (2020, to appear, this volume), we assume af-því-að-clauses to be assertive clauses attaching – depending on their interpretation – as Tense Phrase, Judge Phrase or Act Phrase adjuncts. Essentially, we take interpretative differences to follow from the distinct attachment heights. Main arguments for this three part division are based on binding data, embeddability, movement restrictions, and clausal anaphora.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.08pan
06
10.1075/slcs.231.08pan
221
249
29
Chapter
11
01
04
Chapter 8. On the syntax of causal clauses in Mandarin Chinese
Chapter 8. On the syntax of causal clauses in Mandarin Chinese
1
A01
01
JB code
286450166
Victor Junnan Pan
Pan, Victor Junnan
Victor Junnan
Pan
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/286450166
2
A01
01
JB code
743450167
Bin Zhu
Zhu, Bin
Bin
Zhu
Central China Normal University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/743450167
01
eng
30
00
This chapter examines problems and issues related to the syntax of causal-consequent clauses in Chinese. Conjunctions that introduce these clauses in Chinese do not form a homogeneous syntactic category: Some are analyzed as complementizers, whereas the others as prepositions. Furthermore, both orders, “causal clause > consequent clause” and “consequent clause > causal clause”, are observed in Chinese and we will argue that there is not necessarily any derivational relation between them. A causal clause will be analyzed as an adjunct to a consequent clause. Sentence-final particles in Chinese head different types of functional projections in the left-periphery and they can take a causal or a consequent clause as their complement. The interaction between clauses and particles will also be examined in detail.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.09end
06
10.1075/slcs.231.09end
250
266
17
Chapter
12
01
04
Chapter 9. Three ReasonPs
Chapter 9. Three ReasonPs
01
04
A
view from free adjuncts
A view from free adjuncts
1
A01
01
JB code
182450168
Yoshio Endo
Endo, Yoshio
Yoshio
Endo
Kanda University of International Studies
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/182450168
01
eng
30
00
In this chapter, I will discuss three types of reason expressions in the framework of the cartography of syntactic structures. After reviewing the previous analyses of two ReasonPs that house reason expressions, it will be shown that there is still another ReasonP that houses reason expressions involving free adjuncts. I will further explore the possibility of splitting up the new type of ReasonP into the central type and the peripheral type by extending Haegeman’s (2012) idea of adverbial clauses.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.p3
06
10.1075/slcs.231.p3
267
345
79
Section header
13
01
04
Part III. Diachrony
Part III. Diachrony
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.10ebe
06
10.1075/slcs.231.10ebe
269
310
42
Chapter
14
01
04
Chapter 10. On the divergent developments of two German causal subjunctions
Chapter 10. On the divergent developments of two German causal subjunctions
01
04
Syntactic reanalysis and the evolution of causal meaning
Syntactic reanalysis and the evolution of causal meaning
1
A01
01
JB code
749450169
Ira Eberhardt
Eberhardt, Ira
Ira
Eberhardt
University of Tübingen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/749450169
2
A01
01
JB code
582450170
Katrin Axel-Tober
Axel-Tober, Katrin
Katrin
Axel-Tober
University of Tübingen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/582450170
01
eng
30
00
This chapter discusses the development of two German causal subjunctions weil and zumal. In particular, it introduces a new proposal for the syntactic reanalysis of weil in the C0-position from a free relative clause. Later, weil-clauses also underwent a shift in meaning in the course of which weil developed from a temporal into a causal subjunction. The development of temporal into causal meaning is widely-attested cross-linguistically. This chapter argues that in the case of German, the actuation of this general path was probably enabled by prior extensions of the temporal meaning, which had made the subjunction into a universal subjunction of simultaneity relations. The subjunction zumal, by contrast, developed from the combination zumal weil ‘especially since’ after zumal had been reanalyzed in the C0-position. The reanalysis only concerned the internal syntax of the clause. Its external syntax and the meaning remained stable and corresponded to zumal weil-clauses. Based on these findings, it will be argued more generally that the development of new elements in the C0-position takes place through the fusion of the properties of the new and the old C0-elements. After the reanalysis, the new C0-element has the subordinating force of the old C0-element as well as the semantic content of the new and the old C0-element.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.11spe
06
10.1075/slcs.231.11spe
311
345
35
Chapter
15
01
04
Chapter 11. Factors for the integration of causal clauses in the history of German
Chapter 11. Factors for the integration of causal clauses in the history of German
1
A01
01
JB code
26450171
Augustin Speyer
Speyer, Augustin
Augustin
Speyer
Saarland University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/26450171
2
A01
01
JB code
459450172
Sophia Voigtmann
Voigtmann, Sophia
Sophia
Voigtmann
Saarland University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/459450172
01
eng
30
00
The variation between integrated (verb-final) and independent (verb-second) causal clauses in German could depend on the amount of information conveyed in that clause. A lower amount might lead to integration, a higher amount to independence, as processing constraints might forbid integration of highly informative clauses. We use two ways to measure information amount: 1. the average ratio of given referents within the clause, 2. the cumulative surprisal of all words in the clause. Focusing on historical stages of German, a significant correlation between amount of information and integration was visible, regardless which method was used.
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.li
06
10.1075/slcs.231.li
347
347
1
Miscellaneous
16
01
04
Language index
Language index
01
eng
01
01
JB code
slcs.231.si
06
10.1075/slcs.231.si
348
353
6
Miscellaneous
17
01
04
Subject index
Subject index
01
eng
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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