1188 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 32 Hb 15 9789027230355 06 10.1075/slcs.32 13 96012358 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 1060 gr 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 32.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 Grammaticalization of the Complex Sentence A case study in Chadic Grammaticalization of the Complex Sentence: A case study in Chadic 1 A01 01 JB code 1544 Zygmunt Frajzyngier Frajzyngier, Zygmunt Zygmunt Frajzyngier Boulder University, Colorado 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1544 01 eng 11 519 03 03 xviii 03 00 501 03 01 20 493/.7 03 1996 PL8026.C53 04 Chadic languages--Grammar. 04 Chadic languages--Sentences. 10 LAN009000 12 CF 24 JB code LIN.AFAS Afro-Asiatic languages 24 JB code LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 01 06 02 00 Studying the grammaticalization of the complex sentence, this text discusses such topics as: paratactic and sequential constructions; functions of complementizers; complements of verbs of saying; embedded interrogatives; and complements of volitional verbs. 03 00 The general objective of the study is systematic examination of the processes involved in the formation and evolution of complex sentence constructions in a group of genetically related languages. The Chadic language group, at about 140 languages, constitutes the largest and most diversified branch of the Afroasiatic family. One of the findings of the present work is that languages starting from the same base may develop quite different morphological and syntactic structures. With respect to issues of general linguistic interest, the book deals with motivations for grammaticalization: It is proposed that one of the most important motivations is satisfaction of the principle of well formedness, that is, that every element in an utterance must have its role transparent to the hearer either by inherent lexical properties or by grammatical means. In the present work both aspects of grammaticalization, viz. the emergence of grammatical constructions and the emergence of grammatical morphemes, are given equal weight. In addition to semantic metaphor and metonymy as mechanisms in the processes of grammaticalization, the present work develops the notion of semiotic metonymy, whereby a part of a sign performs the function of the sign. It is shown that semiotic metonymy plays an important role in the grammaticalization of grammatical morphemes and constructions into other morphemes and constructions. The book also shows that unindirectionality is not a governing principle with respect to the development of grammatical morphemes into other grammatical morphemes; rather, there is considerable evidence and theoretical justification for the bidirectionality principle. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.32.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027230355.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027230355.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.32.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.32.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.32.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.32.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.32.01ack 06 10.1075/slcs.32.01ack xiii Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.02abb 06 10.1075/slcs.32.02abb xvii Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.03int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.03int Chapter 3 01 04 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.04aim 06 10.1075/slcs.32.04aim 1 Subsection 4 01 04 1.1 Aim and scope of the work 1.1 Aim and scope of the work 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.05lin 06 10.1075/slcs.32.05lin 2 Subsection 5 01 04 1.2 Linguistic framework of the present study 1.2 Linguistic framework of the present study 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.06the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.06the 10 Subsection 6 01 04 1.3 The range of issues with respect to grammaticalization 1.3 The range of issues with respect to grammaticalization 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.07cha 06 10.1075/slcs.32.07cha 13 Subsection 7 01 04 1.4 Chadic branch 1.4 Chadic branch 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.08asy 06 10.1075/slcs.32.08asy 14 Subsection 8 01 04 1.5 A synopsis of simple sentence structure in Chadic 1.5 A synopsis of simple sentence structure in Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.09sta 06 10.1075/slcs.32.09sta 16 Subsection 9 01 04 1.6 State of the art with respect to complex sentence in Chadic 1.6 State of the art with respect to complex sentence in Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.10asy 06 10.1075/slcs.32.10asy 17 Subsection 10 01 04 1.7 A synopsis of complex sentence structure in Chadic 1.7 A synopsis of complex sentence structure in Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.11sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.11sou 20 Subsection 11 01 04 1.8 Sources and form of data 1.8 Sources and form of data 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.12par 06 10.1075/slcs.32.12par Chapter 12 01 04 2 Paratactic and Sequential Constructions 2 Paratactic and Sequential Constructions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.13the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.13the 23 Subsection 13 01 04 2.1 The issues and the scope of the chapter 2.1 The issues and the scope of the chapter 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.14hyp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.14hyp 24 Subsection 14 01 04 2.2 Hypotheses 2.2 Hypotheses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.15was 06 10.1075/slcs.32.15was 26 Subsection 15 01 04 2.3 Was there a sentential coordinating conjunction in PC? 2.3 Was there a sentential coordinating conjunction in PC? 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.16sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.16sou 29 Subsection 16 01 04 2.4 Sources of sentential coordinating conjunctions 2.4 Sources of sentential coordinating conjunctions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.17fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.17fun 38 Subsection 17 01 04 2.5 Functions of sequential and coordinate structures 2.5 Functions of sequential and coordinate structures 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.18fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.18fun 42 Subsection 18 01 04 2.6 Functions of paratactic clauses 2.6 Functions of paratactic clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.19sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.19sou 59 Subsection 19 01 04 2.7 Sources and reconstruction of the P-C sequential marker 2.7 Sources and reconstruction of the P-C sequential marker 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.20seq 06 10.1075/slcs.32.20seq 66 Subsection 20 01 04 2.8 Sequential marker as a discourse conjunction 2.8 Sequential marker as a discourse conjunction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.21fro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.21fro 78 Subsection 21 01 04 2.9 From sequential to inflectional aspect marker 2.9 From sequential to inflectional aspect marker 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.22fro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.22fro 81 Subsection 22 01 04 2.10 From `God' to conjunction 2.10 From ‘God’ to conjunction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.23con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.23con 84 Subsection 23 01 04 2.11 Conclusions 2.11 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.24fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.24fun Chapter 24 01 04 3 Functions of Complementizers 3 Functions of Complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.25int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.25int 87 Subsection 25 01 04 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.26mod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.26mod 89 Subsection 26 01 04 3.2 Modal function 3.2 Modal function 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.27com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.27com 93 Subsection 27 01 04 3.3 Complementizer and the coding of grammatical relations 3.3 Complementizer and the coding of grammatical relations 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.28ide 06 10.1075/slcs.32.28ide 98 Subsection 28 01 04 3.4 Identification and grammaticalization of complementizers 3.4 Identification and grammaticalization of complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.29the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.29the 100 Subsection 29 01 04 3.5 The complementizers in Masa 3.5 The complementizers in Masa 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.30con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.30con 103 Subsection 30 01 04 3.6 Conclusions 3.6 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.31com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.31com Chapter 31 01 04 4 Complements of Verbs of Saying 4 Complements of Verbs of Saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.32int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.32int 105 Subsection 32 01 04 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.33ver 06 10.1075/slcs.32.33ver 106 Subsection 33 01 04 4.2 Verbs of saying 4.2 Verbs of saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.34cla 06 10.1075/slcs.32.34cla 113 Subsection 34 01 04 4.3 Clausal structure of sentences with verbs of saying 4.3 Clausal structure of sentences with verbs of saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.35omi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.35omi 125 Subsection 35 01 04 4.4 Omission of verbs of saying 4.4 Omission of verbs of saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.36ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.36ded 141 Subsection 36 01 04 4.5 De dicto complementizers 4.5 De dicto complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.37ori 06 10.1075/slcs.32.37ori 146 Subsection 37 01 04 4.6 Origin of de dicto complementizers 4.6 Origin of de dicto complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.38abs 06 10.1075/slcs.32.38abs 163 Subsection 38 01 04 4.7 Absence of complementizer 4.7 Absence of complementizer 01 04 deletion or omission deletion or omission 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.39arg 06 10.1075/slcs.32.39arg 165 Subsection 39 01 04 4.8 Argument marking 4.8 Argument marking 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.40dir 06 10.1075/slcs.32.40dir 173 Subsection 40 01 04 4.9 Direct versus indirect speech 4.9 Direct versus indirect speech 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.41dou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.41dou 180 Subsection 41 01 04 4.10 Doubt-in-truth modality 4.10 Doubt-in-truth modality 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.42deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.42deo 188 Subsection 42 01 04 4.11 Deontic modalities 4.11 Deontic modalities 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.43cro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.43cro 200 Subsection 43 01 04 4.12 Cross-reference disjoint-reference coding 4.12 Cross-reference disjoint-reference coding 01 04 Logophoricity Logophoricity 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.44con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.44con 203 Subsection 44 01 04 4.13 Conclusions 4.13 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.45emb 06 10.1075/slcs.32.45emb Chapter 45 01 04 5 Embedded Interrogatives 5 Embedded Interrogatives 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.46int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.46int 207 Subsection 46 01 04 5.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.47the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.47the 208 Subsection 47 01 04 5.2 The interrogative verbs 5.2 The interrogative verbs 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.48int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.48int 211 Subsection 48 01 04 5.3 Interrogative complements in de dicto domain 5.3 Interrogative complements in de dicto domain 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.49int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.49int 216 Subsection 49 01 04 5.4 Interrogative complementizers 5.4 Interrogative complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.50yes 06 10.1075/slcs.32.50yes 220 Subsection 50 01 04 5.5 Yes/no questions and interrogative particles 5.5 Yes/no questions and interrogative particles 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.51spe 06 10.1075/slcs.32.51spe 221 Subsection 51 01 04 5.6 Specific (WH) questions 5.6 Specific (WH) questions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.52deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.52deo 224 Subsection 52 01 04 5.7 Deontic complements after verbs of asking 5.7 Deontic complements after verbs of asking 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.53con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.53con 225 Subsection 53 01 04 5.8 Conclusions 5.8 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.54com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.54com Chapter 54 01 04 6 Complements of Volitional Verbs 6 Complements of Volitional Verbs 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.55iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.55iss 227 Subsection 55 01 04 6.1 Issues and scope of the chapter 6.1 Issues and scope of the chapter 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.56the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.56the 228 Subsection 56 01 04 6.2 The problem of the infinitival complements 6.2 The problem of the infinitival complements 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.57ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.57ded 230 Subsection 57 01 04 6.3 De dicto complementizer 6.3 De dicto complementizer 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.58sub 06 10.1075/slcs.32.58sub 231 Subsection 58 01 04 6.4 Subjunctive mood 6.4 Subjunctive mood 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.59deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.59deo 231 Subsection 59 01 04 6.5 Deontic complementizers 6.5 Deontic complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.60sam 06 10.1075/slcs.32.60sam 233 Subsection 60 01 04 6.6 Same-subject coding 6.6 Same-subject coding 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.61vol 06 10.1075/slcs.32.61vol 235 Subsection 61 01 04 6.7 Volitional predicates 6.7 Volitional predicates 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.62com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.62com 251 Subsection 62 01 04 6.8 Complements of the verb `please' 6.8 Complements of the verb ‘please’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.63dif 06 10.1075/slcs.32.63dif 252 Subsection 63 01 04 6.9 Different subject 6.9 Different subject 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.64thi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.64thi 259 Subsection 64 01 04 6.10 Third person subject inclusion and exclusion 6.10 Third person subject inclusion and exclusion 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.65pro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.65pro 261 Subsection 65 01 04 6.11 Problem of `raising' 6.11 Problem of ‘raising’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.66con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.66con 271 Subsection 66 01 04 6.12 Conclusions 6.12 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.67com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.67com Chapter 67 01 04 7 Complements of Verbs of Perception 7 Complements of Verbs of Perception 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.68ver 06 10.1075/slcs.32.68ver 273 Subsection 68 01 04 7.1 Verbs of perception and complementation 7.1 Verbs of perception and complementation 01 04 state of the art state of the art 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.69the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.69the 274 Subsection 69 01 04 7.2 Theoretical claims 7.2 Theoretical claims 01 04 `Raising to object' ‘Raising to object’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.70ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.70ded 276 Subsection 70 01 04 7.3 De dicto and de re complementizers and subject raising 7.3 De dicto and de re complementizers and subject raising 01 04 Lele Lele 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.71sub 06 10.1075/slcs.32.71sub 281 Subsection 71 01 04 7.4 Subject raising 7.4 Subject raising 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.72con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.72con 287 Subsection 72 01 04 7.5 Conclusions 7.5 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.73com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.73com Chapter 73 01 04 8 Complements of Cognitive Verbs 8 Complements of Cognitive Verbs 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.74int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.74int 289 Subsection 74 01 04 8.1 Introduction 8.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.75the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.75the 290 Subsection 75 01 04 8.2 The origin of verbs of knowing 8.2 The origin of verbs of knowing 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.76cod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.76cod 292 Subsection 76 01 04 8.3 Coding of the modality of knowing 8.3 Coding of the modality of knowing 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.77und 06 10.1075/slcs.32.77und 299 Subsection 77 01 04 8.4 Undifferentiated complementation 8.4 Undifferentiated complementation 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.78con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.78con 302 Subsection 78 01 04 8.5 Conclusions 8.5 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.79tem 06 10.1075/slcs.32.79tem Chapter 79 01 04 9 Temporal Clauses 9 Temporal Clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.80iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.80iss 303 Subsection 80 01 04 9.1 Issues to be discussed 9.1 Issues to be discussed 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.81the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.81the 305 Subsection 81 01 04 9.2 The order of clauses 9.2 The order of clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.82tem 06 10.1075/slcs.32.82tem 309 Subsection 82 01 04 9.3 Temporal clauses through juxtaposition 9.3 Temporal clauses through juxtaposition 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.83the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.83the 310 Subsection 83 01 04 9.4 The relative position of temporal markers 9.4 The relative position of temporal markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.84sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.84sou 311 Subsection 84 01 04 9.5 Sources of the general protasis markers 9.5 Sources of the general protasis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.85the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.85the 351 Subsection 85 01 04 9.6 The specific temporal clauses (`before', `after') 9.6 The specific temporal clauses (‘before’, ‘after’) 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.86fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.86fun 357 Subsection 86 01 04 9.7 Functions of apodosis markers 9.7 Functions of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.87sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.87sou 362 Subsection 87 01 04 9.8 Sources of apodosis markers 9.8 Sources of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.88con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.88con 371 Subsection 88 01 04 9.9 Conclusions 9.9 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.89con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.89con Chapter 89 01 04 10 Conditional Clauses 10 Conditional Clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.90iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.90iss 373 Subsection 90 01 04 10.1 Issues to be discussed 10.1 Issues to be discussed 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.91ori 06 10.1075/slcs.32.91ori 373 Subsection 91 01 04 10.2 Origin of the protasis markers 10.2 Origin of the protasis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.92fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.92fun 404 Subsection 92 01 04 10.3 Functions of apodosis markers 10.3 Functions of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.93sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.93sou 407 Subsection 93 01 04 10.4 Sources of apodosis markers 10.4 Sources of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.94con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.94con 412 Subsection 94 01 04 10.5 Conclusions 10.5 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.95rel 06 10.1075/slcs.32.95rel Chapter 95 01 04 11 Relative Clauses 11 Relative Clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.96int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.96int 415 Subsection 96 01 04 11.1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.97maj 06 10.1075/slcs.32.97maj 416 Subsection 97 01 04 11.2 Major constituents of the relative clause 11.2 Major constituents of the relative clause 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.98the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.98the 418 Subsection 98 01 04 11.3 The relative markers 11.3 The relative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.99exi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.99exi 421 Subsection 99 01 04 11.4 Existential status 11.4 Existential status 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.100exi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.100exi 431 Subsection 100 01 04 11.5 Existential status coding through postrelative markers 11.5 Existential status coding through postrelative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.101cod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.101cod 437 Subsection 101 01 04 11.6 Coding the role of the head noun phrase 11.6 Coding the role of the head noun phrase 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.102oth 06 10.1075/slcs.32.102oth 441 Subsection 102 01 04 11.7 Other grammatical categories of relative markers 11.7 Other grammatical categories of relative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.103sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.103sou 446 Subsection 103 01 04 11.8 Sources of relative markers 11.8 Sources of relative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.104sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.104sou 454 Subsection 104 01 04 11.9 Sources of postrelative markers 11.9 Sources of postrelative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.105rel 06 10.1075/slcs.32.105rel 454 Subsection 105 01 04 11.10 `Relative tenses' 11.10 ‘Relative tenses’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.106rec 06 10.1075/slcs.32.106rec 455 Subsection 106 01 04 11.11 Reconstruction of the relative clause in Proto-Chadic 11.11 Reconstruction of the relative clause in Proto-Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.107con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.107con 459 Subsection 107 01 04 11.12 Conclusions 11.12 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.108sum 06 10.1075/slcs.32.108sum Chapter 108 01 04 12 Summary And Implications 12 Summary And Implications 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.109int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.109int 461 Subsection 109 01 04 12.1 Introduction 12.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.110imp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.110imp 461 Subsection 110 01 04 12.2 Implications for the study of language structure 12.2 Implications for the study of language structure 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.111imp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.111imp 466 Subsection 111 01 04 12.3 Implications for the study of grammaticalization 12.3 Implications for the study of grammaticalization 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.112con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.112con 473 Subsection 112 01 04 12.4 Conclusions 12.4 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.113ref 06 10.1075/slcs.32.113ref 475 Miscellaneous 113 01 04 References References 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.114ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.114ind 491 Miscellaneous 114 01 04 Index of Terms Index of Terms 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.115ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.115ind 495 Miscellaneous 115 01 04 Index of Languages Index of Languages 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.116ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.116ind 497 Miscellaneous 116 01 04 Index of Names Index of Names 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.32 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 19960401 C 1996 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 3 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 154.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 129.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 3 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 231.00 USD 469014125 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 32 GE 15 9789027281999 06 10.1075/slcs.32 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 JB code 0165-7763 02 32.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 01 01 Grammaticalization of the Complex Sentence Grammaticalization of the Complex Sentence 1 A01 01 JB code 1544 Zygmunt Frajzyngier Frajzyngier, Zygmunt Zygmunt Frajzyngier Boulder University, Colorado 01 eng 11 519 03 03 xviii 03 00 501 03 24 JB code LIN.AFAS Afro-Asiatic languages 24 JB code LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 10 LAN009000 12 CF 01 06 02 00 Studying the grammaticalization of the complex sentence, this text discusses such topics as: paratactic and sequential constructions; functions of complementizers; complements of verbs of saying; embedded interrogatives; and complements of volitional verbs. 03 00 The general objective of the study is systematic examination of the processes involved in the formation and evolution of complex sentence constructions in a group of genetically related languages. The Chadic language group, at about 140 languages, constitutes the largest and most diversified branch of the Afroasiatic family. One of the findings of the present work is that languages starting from the same base may develop quite different morphological and syntactic structures. With respect to issues of general linguistic interest, the book deals with motivations for grammaticalization: It is proposed that one of the most important motivations is satisfaction of the principle of well formedness, that is, that every element in an utterance must have its role transparent to the hearer either by inherent lexical properties or by grammatical means. In the present work both aspects of grammaticalization, viz. the emergence of grammatical constructions and the emergence of grammatical morphemes, are given equal weight. In addition to semantic metaphor and metonymy as mechanisms in the processes of grammaticalization, the present work develops the notion of semiotic metonymy, whereby a part of a sign performs the function of the sign. It is shown that semiotic metonymy plays an important role in the grammaticalization of grammatical morphemes and constructions into other morphemes and constructions. The book also shows that unindirectionality is not a governing principle with respect to the development of grammatical morphemes into other grammatical morphemes; rather, there is considerable evidence and theoretical justification for the bidirectionality principle. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.32.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027230355.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027230355.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.32.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.32.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.32.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.32.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.32.01ack 06 10.1075/slcs.32.01ack xiii Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 01 JB code slcs.32.02abb 06 10.1075/slcs.32.02abb xvii Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 01 JB code slcs.32.03int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.03int Chapter 3 01 04 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.04aim 06 10.1075/slcs.32.04aim 1 Subsection 4 01 04 1.1 Aim and scope of the work 1.1 Aim and scope of the work 01 01 JB code slcs.32.05lin 06 10.1075/slcs.32.05lin 2 Subsection 5 01 04 1.2 Linguistic framework of the present study 1.2 Linguistic framework of the present study 01 01 JB code slcs.32.06the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.06the 10 Subsection 6 01 04 1.3 The range of issues with respect to grammaticalization 1.3 The range of issues with respect to grammaticalization 01 01 JB code slcs.32.07cha 06 10.1075/slcs.32.07cha 13 Subsection 7 01 04 1.4 Chadic branch 1.4 Chadic branch 01 01 JB code slcs.32.08asy 06 10.1075/slcs.32.08asy 14 Subsection 8 01 04 1.5 A synopsis of simple sentence structure in Chadic 1.5 A synopsis of simple sentence structure in Chadic 01 01 JB code slcs.32.09sta 06 10.1075/slcs.32.09sta 16 Subsection 9 01 04 1.6 State of the art with respect to complex sentence in Chadic 1.6 State of the art with respect to complex sentence in Chadic 01 01 JB code slcs.32.10asy 06 10.1075/slcs.32.10asy 17 Subsection 10 01 04 1.7 A synopsis of complex sentence structure in Chadic 1.7 A synopsis of complex sentence structure in Chadic 01 01 JB code slcs.32.11sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.11sou 20 Subsection 11 01 04 1.8 Sources and form of data 1.8 Sources and form of data 01 01 JB code slcs.32.12par 06 10.1075/slcs.32.12par Chapter 12 01 04 2 Paratactic and Sequential Constructions 2 Paratactic and Sequential Constructions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.13the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.13the 23 Subsection 13 01 04 2.1 The issues and the scope of the chapter 2.1 The issues and the scope of the chapter 01 01 JB code slcs.32.14hyp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.14hyp 24 Subsection 14 01 04 2.2 Hypotheses 2.2 Hypotheses 01 01 JB code slcs.32.15was 06 10.1075/slcs.32.15was 26 Subsection 15 01 04 2.3 Was there a sentential coordinating conjunction in PC? 2.3 Was there a sentential coordinating conjunction in PC? 01 01 JB code slcs.32.16sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.16sou 29 Subsection 16 01 04 2.4 Sources of sentential coordinating conjunctions 2.4 Sources of sentential coordinating conjunctions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.17fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.17fun 38 Subsection 17 01 04 2.5 Functions of sequential and coordinate structures 2.5 Functions of sequential and coordinate structures 01 01 JB code slcs.32.18fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.18fun 42 Subsection 18 01 04 2.6 Functions of paratactic clauses 2.6 Functions of paratactic clauses 01 01 JB code slcs.32.19sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.19sou 59 Subsection 19 01 04 2.7 Sources and reconstruction of the P-C sequential marker 2.7 Sources and reconstruction of the P-C sequential marker 01 01 JB code slcs.32.20seq 06 10.1075/slcs.32.20seq 66 Subsection 20 01 04 2.8 Sequential marker as a discourse conjunction 2.8 Sequential marker as a discourse conjunction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.21fro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.21fro 78 Subsection 21 01 04 2.9 From sequential to inflectional aspect marker 2.9 From sequential to inflectional aspect marker 01 01 JB code slcs.32.22fro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.22fro 81 Subsection 22 01 04 2.10 From `God' to conjunction 2.10 From ‘God’ to conjunction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.23con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.23con 84 Subsection 23 01 04 2.11 Conclusions 2.11 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.24fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.24fun Chapter 24 01 04 3 Functions of Complementizers 3 Functions of Complementizers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.25int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.25int 87 Subsection 25 01 04 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Introduction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.26mod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.26mod 89 Subsection 26 01 04 3.2 Modal function 3.2 Modal function 01 01 JB code slcs.32.27com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.27com 93 Subsection 27 01 04 3.3 Complementizer and the coding of grammatical relations 3.3 Complementizer and the coding of grammatical relations 01 01 JB code slcs.32.28ide 06 10.1075/slcs.32.28ide 98 Subsection 28 01 04 3.4 Identification and grammaticalization of complementizers 3.4 Identification and grammaticalization of complementizers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.29the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.29the 100 Subsection 29 01 04 3.5 The complementizers in Masa 3.5 The complementizers in Masa 01 01 JB code slcs.32.30con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.30con 103 Subsection 30 01 04 3.6 Conclusions 3.6 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.31com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.31com Chapter 31 01 04 4 Complements of Verbs of Saying 4 Complements of Verbs of Saying 01 01 JB code slcs.32.32int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.32int 105 Subsection 32 01 04 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Introduction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.33ver 06 10.1075/slcs.32.33ver 106 Subsection 33 01 04 4.2 Verbs of saying 4.2 Verbs of saying 01 01 JB code slcs.32.34cla 06 10.1075/slcs.32.34cla 113 Subsection 34 01 04 4.3 Clausal structure of sentences with verbs of saying 4.3 Clausal structure of sentences with verbs of saying 01 01 JB code slcs.32.35omi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.35omi 125 Subsection 35 01 04 4.4 Omission of verbs of saying 4.4 Omission of verbs of saying 01 01 JB code slcs.32.36ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.36ded 141 Subsection 36 01 04 4.5 De dicto complementizers 4.5 De dicto complementizers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.37ori 06 10.1075/slcs.32.37ori 146 Subsection 37 01 04 4.6 Origin of de dicto complementizers 4.6 Origin of de dicto complementizers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.38abs 06 10.1075/slcs.32.38abs 163 Subsection 38 01 04 4.7 Absence of complementizer 4.7 Absence of complementizer 01 04 deletion or omission deletion or omission 01 01 JB code slcs.32.39arg 06 10.1075/slcs.32.39arg 165 Subsection 39 01 04 4.8 Argument marking 4.8 Argument marking 01 01 JB code slcs.32.40dir 06 10.1075/slcs.32.40dir 173 Subsection 40 01 04 4.9 Direct versus indirect speech 4.9 Direct versus indirect speech 01 01 JB code slcs.32.41dou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.41dou 180 Subsection 41 01 04 4.10 Doubt-in-truth modality 4.10 Doubt-in-truth modality 01 01 JB code slcs.32.42deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.42deo 188 Subsection 42 01 04 4.11 Deontic modalities 4.11 Deontic modalities 01 01 JB code slcs.32.43cro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.43cro 200 Subsection 43 01 04 4.12 Cross-reference disjoint-reference coding 4.12 Cross-reference disjoint-reference coding 01 04 Logophoricity Logophoricity 01 01 JB code slcs.32.44con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.44con 203 Subsection 44 01 04 4.13 Conclusions 4.13 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.45emb 06 10.1075/slcs.32.45emb Chapter 45 01 04 5 Embedded Interrogatives 5 Embedded Interrogatives 01 01 JB code slcs.32.46int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.46int 207 Subsection 46 01 04 5.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.47the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.47the 208 Subsection 47 01 04 5.2 The interrogative verbs 5.2 The interrogative verbs 01 01 JB code slcs.32.48int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.48int 211 Subsection 48 01 04 5.3 Interrogative complements in de dicto domain 5.3 Interrogative complements in de dicto domain 01 01 JB code slcs.32.49int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.49int 216 Subsection 49 01 04 5.4 Interrogative complementizers 5.4 Interrogative complementizers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.50yes 06 10.1075/slcs.32.50yes 220 Subsection 50 01 04 5.5 Yes/no questions and interrogative particles 5.5 Yes/no questions and interrogative particles 01 01 JB code slcs.32.51spe 06 10.1075/slcs.32.51spe 221 Subsection 51 01 04 5.6 Specific (WH) questions 5.6 Specific (WH) questions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.52deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.52deo 224 Subsection 52 01 04 5.7 Deontic complements after verbs of asking 5.7 Deontic complements after verbs of asking 01 01 JB code slcs.32.53con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.53con 225 Subsection 53 01 04 5.8 Conclusions 5.8 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.54com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.54com Chapter 54 01 04 6 Complements of Volitional Verbs 6 Complements of Volitional Verbs 01 01 JB code slcs.32.55iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.55iss 227 Subsection 55 01 04 6.1 Issues and scope of the chapter 6.1 Issues and scope of the chapter 01 01 JB code slcs.32.56the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.56the 228 Subsection 56 01 04 6.2 The problem of the infinitival complements 6.2 The problem of the infinitival complements 01 01 JB code slcs.32.57ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.57ded 230 Subsection 57 01 04 6.3 De dicto complementizer 6.3 De dicto complementizer 01 01 JB code slcs.32.58sub 06 10.1075/slcs.32.58sub 231 Subsection 58 01 04 6.4 Subjunctive mood 6.4 Subjunctive mood 01 01 JB code slcs.32.59deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.59deo 231 Subsection 59 01 04 6.5 Deontic complementizers 6.5 Deontic complementizers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.60sam 06 10.1075/slcs.32.60sam 233 Subsection 60 01 04 6.6 Same-subject coding 6.6 Same-subject coding 01 01 JB code slcs.32.61vol 06 10.1075/slcs.32.61vol 235 Subsection 61 01 04 6.7 Volitional predicates 6.7 Volitional predicates 01 01 JB code slcs.32.62com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.62com 251 Subsection 62 01 04 6.8 Complements of the verb `please' 6.8 Complements of the verb ‘please’ 01 01 JB code slcs.32.63dif 06 10.1075/slcs.32.63dif 252 Subsection 63 01 04 6.9 Different subject 6.9 Different subject 01 01 JB code slcs.32.64thi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.64thi 259 Subsection 64 01 04 6.10 Third person subject inclusion and exclusion 6.10 Third person subject inclusion and exclusion 01 01 JB code slcs.32.65pro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.65pro 261 Subsection 65 01 04 6.11 Problem of `raising' 6.11 Problem of ‘raising’ 01 01 JB code slcs.32.66con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.66con 271 Subsection 66 01 04 6.12 Conclusions 6.12 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.67com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.67com Chapter 67 01 04 7 Complements of Verbs of Perception 7 Complements of Verbs of Perception 01 01 JB code slcs.32.68ver 06 10.1075/slcs.32.68ver 273 Subsection 68 01 04 7.1 Verbs of perception and complementation 7.1 Verbs of perception and complementation 01 04 state of the art state of the art 01 01 JB code slcs.32.69the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.69the 274 Subsection 69 01 04 7.2 Theoretical claims 7.2 Theoretical claims 01 04 `Raising to object' ‘Raising to object’ 01 01 JB code slcs.32.70ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.70ded 276 Subsection 70 01 04 7.3 De dicto and de re complementizers and subject raising 7.3 De dicto and de re complementizers and subject raising 01 04 Lele Lele 01 01 JB code slcs.32.71sub 06 10.1075/slcs.32.71sub 281 Subsection 71 01 04 7.4 Subject raising 7.4 Subject raising 01 01 JB code slcs.32.72con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.72con 287 Subsection 72 01 04 7.5 Conclusions 7.5 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.73com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.73com Chapter 73 01 04 8 Complements of Cognitive Verbs 8 Complements of Cognitive Verbs 01 01 JB code slcs.32.74int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.74int 289 Subsection 74 01 04 8.1 Introduction 8.1 Introduction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.75the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.75the 290 Subsection 75 01 04 8.2 The origin of verbs of knowing 8.2 The origin of verbs of knowing 01 01 JB code slcs.32.76cod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.76cod 292 Subsection 76 01 04 8.3 Coding of the modality of knowing 8.3 Coding of the modality of knowing 01 01 JB code slcs.32.77und 06 10.1075/slcs.32.77und 299 Subsection 77 01 04 8.4 Undifferentiated complementation 8.4 Undifferentiated complementation 01 01 JB code slcs.32.78con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.78con 302 Subsection 78 01 04 8.5 Conclusions 8.5 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.79tem 06 10.1075/slcs.32.79tem Chapter 79 01 04 9 Temporal Clauses 9 Temporal Clauses 01 01 JB code slcs.32.80iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.80iss 303 Subsection 80 01 04 9.1 Issues to be discussed 9.1 Issues to be discussed 01 01 JB code slcs.32.81the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.81the 305 Subsection 81 01 04 9.2 The order of clauses 9.2 The order of clauses 01 01 JB code slcs.32.82tem 06 10.1075/slcs.32.82tem 309 Subsection 82 01 04 9.3 Temporal clauses through juxtaposition 9.3 Temporal clauses through juxtaposition 01 01 JB code slcs.32.83the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.83the 310 Subsection 83 01 04 9.4 The relative position of temporal markers 9.4 The relative position of temporal markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.84sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.84sou 311 Subsection 84 01 04 9.5 Sources of the general protasis markers 9.5 Sources of the general protasis markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.85the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.85the 351 Subsection 85 01 04 9.6 The specific temporal clauses (`before', `after') 9.6 The specific temporal clauses (‘before’, ‘after’) 01 01 JB code slcs.32.86fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.86fun 357 Subsection 86 01 04 9.7 Functions of apodosis markers 9.7 Functions of apodosis markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.87sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.87sou 362 Subsection 87 01 04 9.8 Sources of apodosis markers 9.8 Sources of apodosis markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.88con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.88con 371 Subsection 88 01 04 9.9 Conclusions 9.9 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.89con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.89con Chapter 89 01 04 10 Conditional Clauses 10 Conditional Clauses 01 01 JB code slcs.32.90iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.90iss 373 Subsection 90 01 04 10.1 Issues to be discussed 10.1 Issues to be discussed 01 01 JB code slcs.32.91ori 06 10.1075/slcs.32.91ori 373 Subsection 91 01 04 10.2 Origin of the protasis markers 10.2 Origin of the protasis markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.92fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.92fun 404 Subsection 92 01 04 10.3 Functions of apodosis markers 10.3 Functions of apodosis markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.93sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.93sou 407 Subsection 93 01 04 10.4 Sources of apodosis markers 10.4 Sources of apodosis markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.94con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.94con 412 Subsection 94 01 04 10.5 Conclusions 10.5 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.95rel 06 10.1075/slcs.32.95rel Chapter 95 01 04 11 Relative Clauses 11 Relative Clauses 01 01 JB code slcs.32.96int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.96int 415 Subsection 96 01 04 11.1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.97maj 06 10.1075/slcs.32.97maj 416 Subsection 97 01 04 11.2 Major constituents of the relative clause 11.2 Major constituents of the relative clause 01 01 JB code slcs.32.98the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.98the 418 Subsection 98 01 04 11.3 The relative markers 11.3 The relative markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.99exi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.99exi 421 Subsection 99 01 04 11.4 Existential status 11.4 Existential status 01 01 JB code slcs.32.100exi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.100exi 431 Subsection 100 01 04 11.5 Existential status coding through postrelative markers 11.5 Existential status coding through postrelative markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.101cod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.101cod 437 Subsection 101 01 04 11.6 Coding the role of the head noun phrase 11.6 Coding the role of the head noun phrase 01 01 JB code slcs.32.102oth 06 10.1075/slcs.32.102oth 441 Subsection 102 01 04 11.7 Other grammatical categories of relative markers 11.7 Other grammatical categories of relative markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.103sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.103sou 446 Subsection 103 01 04 11.8 Sources of relative markers 11.8 Sources of relative markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.104sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.104sou 454 Subsection 104 01 04 11.9 Sources of postrelative markers 11.9 Sources of postrelative markers 01 01 JB code slcs.32.105rel 06 10.1075/slcs.32.105rel 454 Subsection 105 01 04 11.10 `Relative tenses' 11.10 ‘Relative tenses’ 01 01 JB code slcs.32.106rec 06 10.1075/slcs.32.106rec 455 Subsection 106 01 04 11.11 Reconstruction of the relative clause in Proto-Chadic 11.11 Reconstruction of the relative clause in Proto-Chadic 01 01 JB code slcs.32.107con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.107con 459 Subsection 107 01 04 11.12 Conclusions 11.12 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.108sum 06 10.1075/slcs.32.108sum Chapter 108 01 04 12 Summary And Implications 12 Summary And Implications 01 01 JB code slcs.32.109int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.109int 461 Subsection 109 01 04 12.1 Introduction 12.1 Introduction 01 01 JB code slcs.32.110imp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.110imp 461 Subsection 110 01 04 12.2 Implications for the study of language structure 12.2 Implications for the study of language structure 01 01 JB code slcs.32.111imp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.111imp 466 Subsection 111 01 04 12.3 Implications for the study of grammaticalization 12.3 Implications for the study of grammaticalization 01 01 JB code slcs.32.112con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.112con 473 Subsection 112 01 04 12.4 Conclusions 12.4 Conclusions 01 01 JB code slcs.32.113ref 06 10.1075/slcs.32.113ref 475 Miscellaneous 113 01 04 References References 01 01 JB code slcs.32.114ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.114ind 491 Miscellaneous 114 01 04 Index of Terms Index of Terms 01 01 JB code slcs.32.115ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.115ind 495 Miscellaneous 115 01 04 Index of Languages Index of Languages 01 01 JB code slcs.32.116ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.116ind 497 Miscellaneous 116 01 04 Index of Names Index of Names 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 19960401 C 1996 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027230355 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 154.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 129.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 231.00 USD 994009567 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 32 Eb 15 9789027281999 06 10.1075/slcs.32 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code SLCS 02 0165-7763 02 32.00 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series Studies in Language Companion Series 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-slcs 01 02 Studies in Language Companion Series (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 05 02 SLCS (vols. 1–171, 1978–2015) 01 01 Grammaticalization of the Complex Sentence A case study in Chadic Grammaticalization of the Complex Sentence: A case study in Chadic 1 A01 01 JB code 1544 Zygmunt Frajzyngier Frajzyngier, Zygmunt Zygmunt Frajzyngier Boulder University, Colorado 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1544 01 eng 11 519 03 03 xviii 03 00 501 03 01 20 493/.7 03 1996 PL8026.C53 04 Chadic languages--Grammar. 04 Chadic languages--Sentences. 10 LAN009000 12 CF 24 JB code LIN.AFAS Afro-Asiatic languages 24 JB code LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 01 06 02 00 Studying the grammaticalization of the complex sentence, this text discusses such topics as: paratactic and sequential constructions; functions of complementizers; complements of verbs of saying; embedded interrogatives; and complements of volitional verbs. 03 00 The general objective of the study is systematic examination of the processes involved in the formation and evolution of complex sentence constructions in a group of genetically related languages. The Chadic language group, at about 140 languages, constitutes the largest and most diversified branch of the Afroasiatic family. One of the findings of the present work is that languages starting from the same base may develop quite different morphological and syntactic structures. With respect to issues of general linguistic interest, the book deals with motivations for grammaticalization: It is proposed that one of the most important motivations is satisfaction of the principle of well formedness, that is, that every element in an utterance must have its role transparent to the hearer either by inherent lexical properties or by grammatical means. In the present work both aspects of grammaticalization, viz. the emergence of grammatical constructions and the emergence of grammatical morphemes, are given equal weight. In addition to semantic metaphor and metonymy as mechanisms in the processes of grammaticalization, the present work develops the notion of semiotic metonymy, whereby a part of a sign performs the function of the sign. It is shown that semiotic metonymy plays an important role in the grammaticalization of grammatical morphemes and constructions into other morphemes and constructions. The book also shows that unindirectionality is not a governing principle with respect to the development of grammatical morphemes into other grammatical morphemes; rather, there is considerable evidence and theoretical justification for the bidirectionality principle. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.32.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027230355.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027230355.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.32.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.32.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.32.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.32.hb.png 01 01 JB code slcs.32.01ack 06 10.1075/slcs.32.01ack xiii Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.02abb 06 10.1075/slcs.32.02abb xvii Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.03int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.03int Chapter 3 01 04 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.04aim 06 10.1075/slcs.32.04aim 1 Subsection 4 01 04 1.1 Aim and scope of the work 1.1 Aim and scope of the work 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.05lin 06 10.1075/slcs.32.05lin 2 Subsection 5 01 04 1.2 Linguistic framework of the present study 1.2 Linguistic framework of the present study 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.06the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.06the 10 Subsection 6 01 04 1.3 The range of issues with respect to grammaticalization 1.3 The range of issues with respect to grammaticalization 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.07cha 06 10.1075/slcs.32.07cha 13 Subsection 7 01 04 1.4 Chadic branch 1.4 Chadic branch 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.08asy 06 10.1075/slcs.32.08asy 14 Subsection 8 01 04 1.5 A synopsis of simple sentence structure in Chadic 1.5 A synopsis of simple sentence structure in Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.09sta 06 10.1075/slcs.32.09sta 16 Subsection 9 01 04 1.6 State of the art with respect to complex sentence in Chadic 1.6 State of the art with respect to complex sentence in Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.10asy 06 10.1075/slcs.32.10asy 17 Subsection 10 01 04 1.7 A synopsis of complex sentence structure in Chadic 1.7 A synopsis of complex sentence structure in Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.11sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.11sou 20 Subsection 11 01 04 1.8 Sources and form of data 1.8 Sources and form of data 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.12par 06 10.1075/slcs.32.12par Chapter 12 01 04 2 Paratactic and Sequential Constructions 2 Paratactic and Sequential Constructions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.13the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.13the 23 Subsection 13 01 04 2.1 The issues and the scope of the chapter 2.1 The issues and the scope of the chapter 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.14hyp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.14hyp 24 Subsection 14 01 04 2.2 Hypotheses 2.2 Hypotheses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.15was 06 10.1075/slcs.32.15was 26 Subsection 15 01 04 2.3 Was there a sentential coordinating conjunction in PC? 2.3 Was there a sentential coordinating conjunction in PC? 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.16sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.16sou 29 Subsection 16 01 04 2.4 Sources of sentential coordinating conjunctions 2.4 Sources of sentential coordinating conjunctions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.17fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.17fun 38 Subsection 17 01 04 2.5 Functions of sequential and coordinate structures 2.5 Functions of sequential and coordinate structures 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.18fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.18fun 42 Subsection 18 01 04 2.6 Functions of paratactic clauses 2.6 Functions of paratactic clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.19sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.19sou 59 Subsection 19 01 04 2.7 Sources and reconstruction of the P-C sequential marker 2.7 Sources and reconstruction of the P-C sequential marker 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.20seq 06 10.1075/slcs.32.20seq 66 Subsection 20 01 04 2.8 Sequential marker as a discourse conjunction 2.8 Sequential marker as a discourse conjunction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.21fro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.21fro 78 Subsection 21 01 04 2.9 From sequential to inflectional aspect marker 2.9 From sequential to inflectional aspect marker 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.22fro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.22fro 81 Subsection 22 01 04 2.10 From `God' to conjunction 2.10 From ‘God’ to conjunction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.23con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.23con 84 Subsection 23 01 04 2.11 Conclusions 2.11 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.24fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.24fun Chapter 24 01 04 3 Functions of Complementizers 3 Functions of Complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.25int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.25int 87 Subsection 25 01 04 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.26mod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.26mod 89 Subsection 26 01 04 3.2 Modal function 3.2 Modal function 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.27com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.27com 93 Subsection 27 01 04 3.3 Complementizer and the coding of grammatical relations 3.3 Complementizer and the coding of grammatical relations 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.28ide 06 10.1075/slcs.32.28ide 98 Subsection 28 01 04 3.4 Identification and grammaticalization of complementizers 3.4 Identification and grammaticalization of complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.29the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.29the 100 Subsection 29 01 04 3.5 The complementizers in Masa 3.5 The complementizers in Masa 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.30con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.30con 103 Subsection 30 01 04 3.6 Conclusions 3.6 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.31com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.31com Chapter 31 01 04 4 Complements of Verbs of Saying 4 Complements of Verbs of Saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.32int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.32int 105 Subsection 32 01 04 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.33ver 06 10.1075/slcs.32.33ver 106 Subsection 33 01 04 4.2 Verbs of saying 4.2 Verbs of saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.34cla 06 10.1075/slcs.32.34cla 113 Subsection 34 01 04 4.3 Clausal structure of sentences with verbs of saying 4.3 Clausal structure of sentences with verbs of saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.35omi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.35omi 125 Subsection 35 01 04 4.4 Omission of verbs of saying 4.4 Omission of verbs of saying 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.36ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.36ded 141 Subsection 36 01 04 4.5 De dicto complementizers 4.5 De dicto complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.37ori 06 10.1075/slcs.32.37ori 146 Subsection 37 01 04 4.6 Origin of de dicto complementizers 4.6 Origin of de dicto complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.38abs 06 10.1075/slcs.32.38abs 163 Subsection 38 01 04 4.7 Absence of complementizer 4.7 Absence of complementizer 01 04 deletion or omission deletion or omission 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.39arg 06 10.1075/slcs.32.39arg 165 Subsection 39 01 04 4.8 Argument marking 4.8 Argument marking 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.40dir 06 10.1075/slcs.32.40dir 173 Subsection 40 01 04 4.9 Direct versus indirect speech 4.9 Direct versus indirect speech 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.41dou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.41dou 180 Subsection 41 01 04 4.10 Doubt-in-truth modality 4.10 Doubt-in-truth modality 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.42deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.42deo 188 Subsection 42 01 04 4.11 Deontic modalities 4.11 Deontic modalities 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.43cro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.43cro 200 Subsection 43 01 04 4.12 Cross-reference disjoint-reference coding 4.12 Cross-reference disjoint-reference coding 01 04 Logophoricity Logophoricity 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.44con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.44con 203 Subsection 44 01 04 4.13 Conclusions 4.13 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.45emb 06 10.1075/slcs.32.45emb Chapter 45 01 04 5 Embedded Interrogatives 5 Embedded Interrogatives 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.46int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.46int 207 Subsection 46 01 04 5.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.47the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.47the 208 Subsection 47 01 04 5.2 The interrogative verbs 5.2 The interrogative verbs 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.48int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.48int 211 Subsection 48 01 04 5.3 Interrogative complements in de dicto domain 5.3 Interrogative complements in de dicto domain 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.49int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.49int 216 Subsection 49 01 04 5.4 Interrogative complementizers 5.4 Interrogative complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.50yes 06 10.1075/slcs.32.50yes 220 Subsection 50 01 04 5.5 Yes/no questions and interrogative particles 5.5 Yes/no questions and interrogative particles 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.51spe 06 10.1075/slcs.32.51spe 221 Subsection 51 01 04 5.6 Specific (WH) questions 5.6 Specific (WH) questions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.52deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.52deo 224 Subsection 52 01 04 5.7 Deontic complements after verbs of asking 5.7 Deontic complements after verbs of asking 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.53con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.53con 225 Subsection 53 01 04 5.8 Conclusions 5.8 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.54com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.54com Chapter 54 01 04 6 Complements of Volitional Verbs 6 Complements of Volitional Verbs 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.55iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.55iss 227 Subsection 55 01 04 6.1 Issues and scope of the chapter 6.1 Issues and scope of the chapter 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.56the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.56the 228 Subsection 56 01 04 6.2 The problem of the infinitival complements 6.2 The problem of the infinitival complements 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.57ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.57ded 230 Subsection 57 01 04 6.3 De dicto complementizer 6.3 De dicto complementizer 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.58sub 06 10.1075/slcs.32.58sub 231 Subsection 58 01 04 6.4 Subjunctive mood 6.4 Subjunctive mood 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.59deo 06 10.1075/slcs.32.59deo 231 Subsection 59 01 04 6.5 Deontic complementizers 6.5 Deontic complementizers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.60sam 06 10.1075/slcs.32.60sam 233 Subsection 60 01 04 6.6 Same-subject coding 6.6 Same-subject coding 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.61vol 06 10.1075/slcs.32.61vol 235 Subsection 61 01 04 6.7 Volitional predicates 6.7 Volitional predicates 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.62com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.62com 251 Subsection 62 01 04 6.8 Complements of the verb `please' 6.8 Complements of the verb ‘please’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.63dif 06 10.1075/slcs.32.63dif 252 Subsection 63 01 04 6.9 Different subject 6.9 Different subject 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.64thi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.64thi 259 Subsection 64 01 04 6.10 Third person subject inclusion and exclusion 6.10 Third person subject inclusion and exclusion 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.65pro 06 10.1075/slcs.32.65pro 261 Subsection 65 01 04 6.11 Problem of `raising' 6.11 Problem of ‘raising’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.66con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.66con 271 Subsection 66 01 04 6.12 Conclusions 6.12 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.67com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.67com Chapter 67 01 04 7 Complements of Verbs of Perception 7 Complements of Verbs of Perception 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.68ver 06 10.1075/slcs.32.68ver 273 Subsection 68 01 04 7.1 Verbs of perception and complementation 7.1 Verbs of perception and complementation 01 04 state of the art state of the art 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.69the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.69the 274 Subsection 69 01 04 7.2 Theoretical claims 7.2 Theoretical claims 01 04 `Raising to object' ‘Raising to object’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.70ded 06 10.1075/slcs.32.70ded 276 Subsection 70 01 04 7.3 De dicto and de re complementizers and subject raising 7.3 De dicto and de re complementizers and subject raising 01 04 Lele Lele 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.71sub 06 10.1075/slcs.32.71sub 281 Subsection 71 01 04 7.4 Subject raising 7.4 Subject raising 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.72con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.72con 287 Subsection 72 01 04 7.5 Conclusions 7.5 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.73com 06 10.1075/slcs.32.73com Chapter 73 01 04 8 Complements of Cognitive Verbs 8 Complements of Cognitive Verbs 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.74int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.74int 289 Subsection 74 01 04 8.1 Introduction 8.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.75the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.75the 290 Subsection 75 01 04 8.2 The origin of verbs of knowing 8.2 The origin of verbs of knowing 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.76cod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.76cod 292 Subsection 76 01 04 8.3 Coding of the modality of knowing 8.3 Coding of the modality of knowing 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.77und 06 10.1075/slcs.32.77und 299 Subsection 77 01 04 8.4 Undifferentiated complementation 8.4 Undifferentiated complementation 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.78con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.78con 302 Subsection 78 01 04 8.5 Conclusions 8.5 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.79tem 06 10.1075/slcs.32.79tem Chapter 79 01 04 9 Temporal Clauses 9 Temporal Clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.80iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.80iss 303 Subsection 80 01 04 9.1 Issues to be discussed 9.1 Issues to be discussed 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.81the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.81the 305 Subsection 81 01 04 9.2 The order of clauses 9.2 The order of clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.82tem 06 10.1075/slcs.32.82tem 309 Subsection 82 01 04 9.3 Temporal clauses through juxtaposition 9.3 Temporal clauses through juxtaposition 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.83the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.83the 310 Subsection 83 01 04 9.4 The relative position of temporal markers 9.4 The relative position of temporal markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.84sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.84sou 311 Subsection 84 01 04 9.5 Sources of the general protasis markers 9.5 Sources of the general protasis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.85the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.85the 351 Subsection 85 01 04 9.6 The specific temporal clauses (`before', `after') 9.6 The specific temporal clauses (‘before’, ‘after’) 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.86fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.86fun 357 Subsection 86 01 04 9.7 Functions of apodosis markers 9.7 Functions of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.87sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.87sou 362 Subsection 87 01 04 9.8 Sources of apodosis markers 9.8 Sources of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.88con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.88con 371 Subsection 88 01 04 9.9 Conclusions 9.9 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.89con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.89con Chapter 89 01 04 10 Conditional Clauses 10 Conditional Clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.90iss 06 10.1075/slcs.32.90iss 373 Subsection 90 01 04 10.1 Issues to be discussed 10.1 Issues to be discussed 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.91ori 06 10.1075/slcs.32.91ori 373 Subsection 91 01 04 10.2 Origin of the protasis markers 10.2 Origin of the protasis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.92fun 06 10.1075/slcs.32.92fun 404 Subsection 92 01 04 10.3 Functions of apodosis markers 10.3 Functions of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.93sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.93sou 407 Subsection 93 01 04 10.4 Sources of apodosis markers 10.4 Sources of apodosis markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.94con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.94con 412 Subsection 94 01 04 10.5 Conclusions 10.5 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.95rel 06 10.1075/slcs.32.95rel Chapter 95 01 04 11 Relative Clauses 11 Relative Clauses 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.96int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.96int 415 Subsection 96 01 04 11.1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.97maj 06 10.1075/slcs.32.97maj 416 Subsection 97 01 04 11.2 Major constituents of the relative clause 11.2 Major constituents of the relative clause 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.98the 06 10.1075/slcs.32.98the 418 Subsection 98 01 04 11.3 The relative markers 11.3 The relative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.99exi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.99exi 421 Subsection 99 01 04 11.4 Existential status 11.4 Existential status 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.100exi 06 10.1075/slcs.32.100exi 431 Subsection 100 01 04 11.5 Existential status coding through postrelative markers 11.5 Existential status coding through postrelative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.101cod 06 10.1075/slcs.32.101cod 437 Subsection 101 01 04 11.6 Coding the role of the head noun phrase 11.6 Coding the role of the head noun phrase 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.102oth 06 10.1075/slcs.32.102oth 441 Subsection 102 01 04 11.7 Other grammatical categories of relative markers 11.7 Other grammatical categories of relative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.103sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.103sou 446 Subsection 103 01 04 11.8 Sources of relative markers 11.8 Sources of relative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.104sou 06 10.1075/slcs.32.104sou 454 Subsection 104 01 04 11.9 Sources of postrelative markers 11.9 Sources of postrelative markers 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.105rel 06 10.1075/slcs.32.105rel 454 Subsection 105 01 04 11.10 `Relative tenses' 11.10 ‘Relative tenses’ 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.106rec 06 10.1075/slcs.32.106rec 455 Subsection 106 01 04 11.11 Reconstruction of the relative clause in Proto-Chadic 11.11 Reconstruction of the relative clause in Proto-Chadic 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.107con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.107con 459 Subsection 107 01 04 11.12 Conclusions 11.12 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.108sum 06 10.1075/slcs.32.108sum Chapter 108 01 04 12 Summary And Implications 12 Summary And Implications 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.109int 06 10.1075/slcs.32.109int 461 Subsection 109 01 04 12.1 Introduction 12.1 Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.110imp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.110imp 461 Subsection 110 01 04 12.2 Implications for the study of language structure 12.2 Implications for the study of language structure 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.111imp 06 10.1075/slcs.32.111imp 466 Subsection 111 01 04 12.3 Implications for the study of grammaticalization 12.3 Implications for the study of grammaticalization 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.112con 06 10.1075/slcs.32.112con 473 Subsection 112 01 04 12.4 Conclusions 12.4 Conclusions 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.113ref 06 10.1075/slcs.32.113ref 475 Miscellaneous 113 01 04 References References 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.114ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.114ind 491 Miscellaneous 114 01 04 Index of Terms Index of Terms 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.115ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.115ind 495 Miscellaneous 115 01 04 Index of Languages Index of Languages 01 eng 01 01 JB code slcs.32.116ind 06 10.1075/slcs.32.116ind 497 Miscellaneous 116 01 04 Index of Names Index of Names 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.32 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 19960401 C 1996 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027230355 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027281999 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 154.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 129.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 231.00 USD