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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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201608250416
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eng
01
EUR
230006929
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
SLCS 85 Eb
15
9789027292230
06
10.1075/slcs.85
13
2007060661
DG
002
02
01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
85
01
Functional Perspectives on Grammar and Discourse
In honour of Angela Downing
01
slcs.85
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.85
1
B01
Christopher S. Butler
Butler, Christopher S.
Christopher S.
Butler
University of Wales, Swansea
2
B01
Raquel Hidalgo Downing
Hidalgo Downing, Raquel
Raquel
Hidalgo Downing
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
3
B01
Julia Lavid-López
Lavid-López, Julia
Julia
Lavid-López
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
01
eng
512
xxx
481
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.FUNCT
Functional linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This book, a tribute to Angela Downing, consists of twenty papers taking a broadly functional perspective on language, with topics ranging from the general (grammar as an evolutionary product, text comprehension, integrative linguistics) to particular aspects of the grammars of languages (Bulgarian, English, Icelandic, Spanish, Swedish). The more specific papers are sequenced according to Halliday’s division into ideational, textual and interpersonal aspects of the grammar, and cover a wide range of areas, including aspect, argument structure, noun phrase/nominal group structure and nominalisations, pronominal clitics, theme in relation to writing skills, discourse structures and markers, the role of attention in conversation, the functions of topic, phatic communion, subjectification, formulaic language and modality. A recurrent theme in the volume is the use of corpus materials in order to base functional descriptions on authentic productions. Overall, the volume constitutes a panoramic but nevertheless detailed view of some important current trends in functional linguistics.
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slcs.85.01con
ix
xiv
6
Miscellaneous
1
01
Contributors
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.02but
xvii
xxv
9
Miscellaneous
2
01
Editorial introduction
1
A01
Christopher S. Butler
Butler, Christopher S.
Christopher S.
Butler
University of Wales Swansea, UK
2
A01
Raquel Hidalgo Downing
Hidalgo Downing, Raquel
Raquel
Hidalgo Downing
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
3
A01
Julia Lavid-López
Lavid-López, Julia
Julia
Lavid-López
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.03pub
xxvii
xxx
4
Miscellaneous
3
01
Publications of Angela Downing
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.04giv
1
40
40
Article
4
01
Grammar as an adaptive evolutionary product
1
A01
T. Givón
Givón, T.
T.
Givón
University of Oregon
01
The functional correlates of grammatical constructions can be given heuristically as (i) “the discourse context within which the grammatical construction is used”. They can also be given as the more cognitive-sounding (ii) “the communicative intent of the speaker using the construction”. In this paper I will suggest that the cognitive-sounding definition (ii) above needs to be specified more precisely in cognitive terms, bringing it in line with more up-to-date work in cognitive neuro-science. More specifically, I will suggest that in using grammar, speakers create mental models of the knowledge (epistemic) and intention (deontic) states of their interlocutors, in a way already implicit in H. P. Grice’s work. These models are created rapidly, on-line, automatically and with high specificity of the ever-shifting communicative context. The traditional pragmatic notions of “communicative context” (i) and “communicative intent” (ii) may thus be expressed more precisely in terms of so-called “Theories of Mind”, i.e. the mental models socially-cooperative organisms build of the presumed mental states of their cooperating interlocutors.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.05but
41
80
40
Article
5
01
Towards a cognitive-functional model of text comprehension
1
A01
Christopher S. Butler
Butler, Christopher S.
Christopher S.
Butler
University of Wales Swansea, UK
01
This paper examines two cognitively-based models of text comprehension and suggests how these might be combined, and integrated with a functional grammar in order to provide an overall model which takes us from a structured sequence of words to the understanding of the concepts conveyed. The paper first provides illustrated summaries of Kintsch’s construction-integration model and Werth’s text world model. Discussion of their similarities and differences suggests that they are not incompatible, but that both lack a suitable grammatical component. The paper then examines the properties which such a grammar needs to have, and demonstrates that Role and Reference Grammar is an appropriate choice. The parts of the model are then brought together in relation to a short but complete text taken from a corpus. The paper is rounded off with some concluding remarks.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.06sto
81
96
16
Article
6
01
Towards an integrational approach in linguistics
1
A01
Andrei Stoevsky
Stoevsky, Andrei
Andrei
Stoevsky
St Kliment Ohridsky University, Sofia
01
Integrationism has had a rather chequered history in post-Saussurean linguistics. This paper chronicles some of its manifestations and argues, to put it paradoxically, that crossing the dividing lines in the well-known dichotomies, <i>langue</i> vs. <i>parole</i>, synchrony vs. diachrony, internal linguistics vs. external linguistics, etc., does not amount to a methodological transgression. A substantial part of the discussion also bears on the issue of what counts as an adequate explanation. The aim of this study is to lend support to the view that given the complexity of language, both internally and in its relation to cognitive and social systems, truly explanatory adequacy is achievable only by applying an integrational approach.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.07alt
97
128
32
Article
7
01
Expressing past habit in English and Swedish
A corpus-based contrastive study
1
A01
Bengt Altenberg
Altenberg, Bengt
Bengt
Altenberg
University of Lund
01
English has no single verb expressing habitual aspect. Instead, habitual behaviour is indicated in various ways, e.g. by <i>will</i> (predictable or timeless habit), by <i>used to</i> and <i>would</i> (habit in the past), or simply by means of the simple present or past tense, often combined with a temporal adverb (<i>usually, normally</i>, etc). The choice of construction is partly determined by tense and aktionsart (state vs activity), but otherwise the ways of expressing habit in English are not well investigated. By contrast, Swedish makes use of a single auxiliary, <i>bruka</i>, to express both past and present habit. This cross-linguistic difference is a fruitful starting point for a corpus-based contrastive investigation. In the present study the means of expressing past habit in the two languages are explored on the basis of the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus, a bidirectional corpus of English and Swedish texts and their translations into the other language. Starting from constructions with <i>brukade </i>in Swedish original texts and translations the corresponding expressions in English translations and source texts are examined. The perspective is then reversed: using the English habitual marker <i>used</i> <i>to</i> as a point of departure the Swedish equivalents are investigated to determine if other forms than <i>brukade</i> are used in Swedish. The study reveals a complex cross-linguistic picture where aktionsart, generic subject, temporal specification and other contextual features are shown to be important factors determining the choice of habitual expression in the two languages.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.08rym
129
148
20
Article
8
01
Do cognate and circumstantial complements of intransitive verbs form one ‘Range’?
A corpus-based discussion
1
A01
Kathleen Rymen
Rymen, Kathleen
Kathleen
Rymen
University of Leuven
2
A01
Kristin Davidse
Davidse, Kristin
Kristin
Davidse
University of Leuven
01
In this article we examine the question whether cognate complements (as in <i>dance the tango</i>) and circumstantial complements (as in <i>climb stairs</i>) can be regarded as expressing the same semantic role. Halliday has proposed that they do: in his view they both delimit the ‘extent’, or ‘Range’, of the process. Traditionally, however, they have been regarded as distinct grammatical categories. Assuming, like Halliday, that grammatical categories are form-meaning couplings, we investigate in corpus data the two types of formal evidence proposed by him for the unified Range category: alternations and selection restrictions on determiners and modifiers. By quantifying the relative frequencies of the alternate constructions, we have found that clauses with cognate complements form the marked option – totalling on average 3.5% – in comparison with intransitives. Clauses with circumstantial complements, by contrast, alternate with intransitive clauses as well as with clauses with prepositional phrase in varying proportions. This shows that the notion of ‘location involved in process’ can be more strongly or weakly present in the semantics of verbs taking circumstantial complements. The determiners and modifiers of cognate and circumstantial complements also reflect different semantic relations of the complement to the process expressed by the verb. Cognate complements are predominantly indefinite and circumstantial complements more often definite, because the former typically construe a ‘new’ instance of the process, whereas the latter often express pre-existing locations. Attributive modifiers of the two complement types differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. Cognate complements take more qualitative adjectives, which tend to express the manner in which the process takes place. Circumstantial complements have much less qualitative modification and often express the resistance or facilitation offered by the location to the action being carried out on it. We conclude that the two types of complements express different sorts of entities with different relations to the process.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.09ber
149
164
16
Article
9
01
The <i>unconscious, irresponsible construction</i> in Modern Icelandic
The
<i>unconscious, irresponsible construction</i> in Modern Icelandic
1
A01
Enrique Bernárdez
Bernárdez, Enrique
Enrique
Bernárdez
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
01
The Icelandic language possesses a number of constructions whose function it is to express the degree of agentivity or lack of agentivity of a process. This paper analyses a specific construction built with the auxiliary verb <i>verða</i> ‘to become’ plus an experiencer or affected entity in the dative and a lexical verb in the neuter form of the past participle; the construction is used to mean that the human experiencer is unconscious of the onset of the process leading to a new state as a result. For instance, <i>mér verður litið</i>, meaning ‘I happened to look’. The assumed agent of the resulting state is conceptualized as an involuntary experiencer, not responsible for the resulting action or process. This construction has not been the object of systematic analysis before and this paper intends to offer a preliminary analysis from a semantic perspective. The construction is set in relation with the other Icelandic constructions of ‘reduced agentivity’.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.10faw
165
204
40
Article
10
01
Modelling ‘selection’ between referents in the English nominal group
An essay in scientific inquiry in linguistics
1
A01
Robin P. Fawcett
Fawcett, Robin P.
Robin P.
Fawcett
Centre for Language and Communication Research Cardiff University
01
This paper addresses two issues, one descriptive and one methodological. It offers a description of the English nominal group (aka noun phrase) that greatly extends the traditional concept of ‘determiner’. More specifically, it describes an integrated semantics and functional syntax for the quantifying and deictic determiners, based on the concept of ‘selection’. This approach has the advantage over standard representations that, when analyzing (1) <i>five books</i>, (2) <i>those books</i> and (3) <i>five of those books</i>, the words<i> five, those</i> and <i>books</i> expound the same element in each case. The paper then shows how this approach can be extended to eight other determiners and their associated uses of of (and, incidentally, the structure for its remaining uses). But there is equal emphasis on the methodology used to establish which of three possible types of structure should be used to model such examples, and the paper concludes by suggesting that the ultimate criteria are those of elegance in the operation of the grammar.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.11dav
205
216
12
Article
11
01
Problems in NP structure
An example from British tabloid journalism
1
A01
Eirian C. Davies
Davies, Eirian C.
Eirian C.
Davies
Department of English, Royal Holloway, University of London
01
This paper considers a textual example of the nominal group found in a British tabloid daily newspaper (<i>The Sun</i>), with a view to examining how far two standard treatments of nominal group/noun phrase structure, directed at a student readership, account for the pattern of pre-modification found in it. The two works referred to are, Greenbaum, S. and R. Quirk (1992) <i>A Student’s Grammar of the English Language</i>, and, Halliday, M.A.K. and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen (2004) <i>An Introduction to Functional Grammar</i> (3rd edn). Halliday’s functional category of ‘classifier’ and Greenbaum and Quirk’s category of ‘noun pre-modifier’ largely overlap, and rules for the relative sequence of different elements in NP/nominal group structure in these two accounts have a good deal in common. Problems with the analysis of the chosen example exist for both. The main distinction between these accounts with respect to pre-modification lies in Halliday’s proposal of a division between a logical and an experiential basis for nominal group analysis. Using the example given, the suggestion is made that these two dimensions are not mutually independent, and that a case can be made that it is set inclusion attributes of the experiential structure that determine the features dealt with under the heading ‘logical structure’ in Halliday’s account.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.12mac
217
232
16
Article
12
01
Double-possessive nominalizations in English
1
A01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
Honorary Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
01
Double-possessive nominalizations such as <i>Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait</i> have played a prominent role in the history of linguistics. However, this construction is not only cross-linguistically rare but also the least used form of nominalization in English texts. The question is therefore addressed of the circumstances under which double-possessive nominalization is used. What emerges from corpus analysis is that the construction is employed above all to designate mental processes and that its occurrence differs from that of its clausal analogue in occurring in certain syntactic positions in which clauses are excluded. The article also contains discussion of such matters as the semantic categories of entity proposed by Functional Grammar, the interaction of nominalization and psych verbs and the effect of syntactic ‘priming’.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.13sta
233
256
24
Article
13
01
Pragmatics, word order and cross-reference
Some issues with pronominal clitics in Bulgarian
1
A01
Svilen B. Stanchev
Stanchev, Svilen B.
Svilen B.
Stanchev
University of Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria
01
There is an apparent ambivalence in the lexico-grammatical status of pronominal clitics in Bulgarian. They have the features of pronominal forms on the one hand and grammaticalized markers on the other. The present analysis builds on my previous publications in the field of Bulgarian clitics, sentence pragmatics and word order, but it also takes into account other recent publications on the subject. I adopt the view that Bulgarian pronominal clitics have grammaticalized to a degree where they function as cross-reference markers of the object, identical with verbal inflexions which cross-reference the subject. This approach makes it possible to account for the use of clitics both in their object-reduplicating function and as separate short pronominal forms. In correlation with prosody and special sentence positions, clitics play an important role in the pragmatic organization of the expression as markers of object topicalization. Basing my pragmatic analysis on the general schema of pragmatic positions in the Bulgarian sentence (cf. Stanchev 1997), in this article I present an outline of the major patterns of Topic and Focus assignment involving constructions with reduplicating clitics (CRCs).
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.14han
257
278
22
Article
14
01
Patterns of multiple theme and their role in developing English writing skills
1
A01
Mike Hannay
Hannay, Mike
Mike
Hannay
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
01
This paper looks at patterning in multiple themes in written English. Adopting a view of theme in declarative SVO clauses which extends up to the grammatical subject and its non-restrictive postmodifications, and building on an earlier study by Smits (2002), it uses corpus data to identify three major patterns, labeled “stepwise”, “focalizing” and “grounding”. All three patterns are used by advanced learners of English in their writing, but the stepwise pattern is significantly overused while the others are underused. In light of the relevance of these patterns for writing text conforming to the C levels of the Common European Framework of Reference, the paper argues for the development of study and exercise material making use of data from learner corpora.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.15jor
279
300
22
Article
15
01
Interactive solution-problems
A set of structures in general and scientific writing
1
A01
Michael P. Jordan
Jordan, Michael P.
Michael P.
Jordan
Queen's University at Kingston
01
The theory of problem-solution patterning is already well established for a wide range of genres and at macrostructure and microstructure levels of communication. That theory has, however, largely failed to account for interactive solution-problems: where a solution is or causes a problem to another person, group or thing. This chapter establishes the major parameters of this sub-theory of problem-solution structures and the related grammar and signalling. For informal writing in the natural sciences, solution-problems are shown to apply to environmental concerns, predator-prey relations and cause-effect relations. More generally the principles are extended to cover third-party involvement, friends and enemies and iatrogenic solution-problems. The sub-theory of structures and linguistic signalling outlined here applies to many genres – not just those in the natural sciences, but also in news and business reports, and general journalism. Studies of the structures and signalling of politics and fictional works (cartoons, sitcoms, soap operas, movies, novels, etc.) would be natural extensions for the principles explained.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.16fra
301
312
12
Article
16
01
The English Contrastive Discourse Marker <i>instead</i>
The
English Contrastive Discourse Marker <i>instead</i>
1
A01
Bruce Fraser
Fraser, Bruce
Bruce
Fraser
Boston University
01
This paper examines the English Contrastive Discourse Marker <i>instead</i> as it occurs both in written and spoken discourse. I conclude that there are two primary uses for <i>instead</i>: a “pseudo-action” use, where <i>instead</i> signals a contrast between a non-occurring action and an occurring action; and an “actual-action” use, where it signals a contrast between two occurring actions. I then discuss the semantic restrictions on the discourse segments contrasted with each of these two uses and find them mutually exclusive. Finally, I look at <i>instead</i> in combination with <i>and, but</i>, and <i>so</i>.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.17lav
313
326
14
Article
17
01
Global and local attention in task-oriented conversation
An empirical investigation
1
A01
Julia Lavid-López
Lavid-López, Julia
Julia
Lavid-López
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
01
The genre of task-oriented conversation has not received much attention within the linguistic literature, but its study is highly relevant for spoken dialogue systems, where dialogue is focused on accomplishing a concrete task. Using a sample of 30 dialogues, randomly selected from a larger corpus of appointment-scheduling dialogues, this paper investigates how speakers focus their global and local attention as the dialogue progresses. It is expected that the results of this empirical investigation will shed light on the global and local attentional features of this type of task-oriented conversations and will contribute to a better understanding of this important cognitive component of discourse processing.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.18hid
327
348
22
Article
18
01
Metadiscursive and interpersonal values of pronominal topics in spoken Spanish
1
A01
Raquel Hidalgo Downing
Hidalgo Downing, Raquel
Raquel
Hidalgo Downing
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
2
A01
Laura Hidalgo-Downing
Hidalgo-Downing, Laura
Laura
Hidalgo-Downing
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
01
This paper presents a discussion on the interactive and textual functions of pronominal marked topics in spoken Spanish. The study is a continuation of an empirical analysis based on Marcos Marín’s <i>Corpus oral de referencia de español contemporáneo</i> (Marcos Marín 1992), in which we have examined the formal types and pragmatic functions of marked topics in peninsular spoken Spanish, applying a conversational approach to topic (Hidalgo Downing 2003). According to the results of that study, Spanish speakers use marked topics to signal different types of movements in topic sequencing, such as topic introduction, framing, shading and closing. A large group of marked topics in spoken Spanish is composed of pronouns, which are informationally given elements by definition. In Spanish then, marked topics are not restricted to the introduction of referents which are not completely recoverable to the hearers, as other studies have suggested (Geluykens 1992), but rather, serve interactive and textual functions. In this paper, we aim to examine the discourse functions of personal and demonstrative pronouns, and to discuss the organizational and interpersonal nature of such functions. The idea we would like to explore is that topic signalling can be studied as a metadiscursive device, where the different functions of pronouns serve as orientation to hearers in the organization, regulation and interpretation of discourse.<br /><br />
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.19urb
349
358
10
Article
19
01
Phatic communion and small talk in fictional dialogues
1
A01
Ludmila Urbanova
Urbanova, Ludmila
Ludmila
Urbanova
Masaryk University Brno
01
Phatic communion and small talk in fictional dialogues are governed by two opposing tendencies which coexist in dialogic structure known as verisimilitude and defamiliarization (see Fowler 1996). On the one hand, fictional dialogues make use of features present in authentic, spontaneous face-to-face conversation, e.g. loose syntactic structure, ellipsis, interjections, informal phraseology etc., to sound close to real-life situations. On the other hand, however, the author utilizes casual exchanges to create new, unconventional meanings frequently carrying differing points of view which are expressions of heteroglossia defined as “polyphony of social and discursive forces” (Holquist 1994.69). My findings present the results of an analysis of fictional dialogues in the novel <i>Heat Wave</i> by Penelope Lively. Phatic communion and small talk are understood as two different, though mutually related notions. Small talk seems to reflect a broader concept of socialization, while phatic communion is considered to be part of small talk.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.20van
359
394
36
Article
20
01
Mister so-called X
Discourse functions and subjectification of <i>so-called</i>
1
A01
Lieven Vandelanotte
Vandelanotte, Lieven
Lieven
Vandelanotte
University of Namur
01
In this paper, I explore the usage range of the pattern <i>Mister so-called X</i> on the basis of internet data. In a first step I argue that framing adjectives such as <i>so-called</i>, <i>alleged</i>, and purported involve interpersonal rather than representational meaning and structure. Secondly, of the different framing adjectives, so-called is shown to be the one which has come to be used most often with dissociative affect, a development which is co-enabled by its high frequency and its lack of very strong register preferences and collocates. Finally, in a set of 88 observations of the pattern <i>Mister so-called X</i> collected through WebCorp [www.webcorp.org.uk], I distinguish different usage patterns and relate these in terms of subjectification.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.21tuc
395
418
24
Article
21
01
‘Sorry to muddy the waters’
Accounting for speech act formulae and formulaic variation in a systemic functional model of language
1
A01
Gordon H. Tucker
Tucker, Gordon H.
Gordon H.
Tucker
Cardiff University
01
In this paper I seek to provide a grammatical account of some aspects of the realisation of speech acts in spoken discourse that are considered formulaic and/or, in some sense elliptical, as described in Biber et al’s (1999) description of the ‘grammar of conversation’. Focusing on apologies involving <i>sorry</i>, I discuss the treatment of formulaic <i>sorry </i>in isolation, together with variants that include it. The discussion is set within the theoretical and descriptive framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (e.g. Halliday and Matthiessen 2004) and the solutions proposed are given in terms of (a) a functionally motivated grammatical structure associated with this framework and (b) system networks that represent the choices available to speakers in a given context.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.22sim
419
446
28
Article
22
01
The discourse functionality of adjectival and adverbial epistemic expressions
The
discourse functionality of adjectival and adverbial epistemic expressions
Evidence from present-day English
1
A01
Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen
Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie
Anne-Marie
Simon-Vandenbergen
Ghent University
2
A01
Karin Aijmer
Aijmer, Karin
Karin
Aijmer
Göteborg University
01
In this article we examine the adjectival and adverbial expressions <i>it is certain/certainly, it is clear/clearly</i> and <i>it is obvious/obviously</i> in a corpus of present-day English, the <i>British National Corpus</i>. We aim to answer two questions. One is the question of how the constructional properties of the adjectival expressions create specific behavioural properties which are different from those of the adverbs. The second question is how the adjectival expressions are used rhetorically and how their discourse functionality differs from that of the corresponding adverbial expressions. Starting out from Nuyts’ (2001) criteria, ‘intersubjectivity’, ‘salience’, ‘performativity’ and ‘discourse strategy’ we examine the extent to which the data confirm the relevance of these factors. We show that the reasons why speakers opt for adjectival or adverbial expressions are complex and that an explanation cannot limit itself to a single factor.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.23col
447
468
22
Article
23
01
Modality across World Englishes
The modals and semi-modals of prediction and volition
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
This paper reports a corpus-based study which examined the uses of the modals and semi-modals which express meanings associated with prediction and volition (<i>will, shall, be going to/gonna, want to/wanna, and be about to</i>) in British, American and Australian English. Quantitative findings relating to regional and stylistic variation are presented, and consideration is given to the possible influence upon the relative popularity of modal uses of ‘Americanization’ and ‘colloquialization’. It is suggested that these socially-driven dissemination processes provide possible explanations for, inter alia, the differing fortunes of the moribund shall on the one hand and on the other those of the popular semi-modals <i>be going to/gonna and want to/wanna</i>.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.24nam
469
472
4
Miscellaneous
24
01
Name index
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.25sub
473
480
8
Miscellaneous
25
01
Subject index
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.26lan
481
1
Miscellaneous
26
01
Language index
02
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01
SLCS
02
0165-7763
Studies in Language Companion Series
85
01
Functional Perspectives on Grammar and Discourse
In honour of Angela Downing
01
slcs.85
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.85
1
B01
Christopher S. Butler
Butler, Christopher S.
Christopher S.
Butler
University of Wales, Swansea
2
B01
Raquel Hidalgo Downing
Hidalgo Downing, Raquel
Raquel
Hidalgo Downing
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
3
B01
Julia Lavid-López
Lavid-López, Julia
Julia
Lavid-López
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
01
eng
512
xxx
481
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.FUNCT
Functional linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This book, a tribute to Angela Downing, consists of twenty papers taking a broadly functional perspective on language, with topics ranging from the general (grammar as an evolutionary product, text comprehension, integrative linguistics) to particular aspects of the grammars of languages (Bulgarian, English, Icelandic, Spanish, Swedish). The more specific papers are sequenced according to Halliday’s division into ideational, textual and interpersonal aspects of the grammar, and cover a wide range of areas, including aspect, argument structure, noun phrase/nominal group structure and nominalisations, pronominal clitics, theme in relation to writing skills, discourse structures and markers, the role of attention in conversation, the functions of topic, phatic communion, subjectification, formulaic language and modality. A recurrent theme in the volume is the use of corpus materials in order to base functional descriptions on authentic productions. Overall, the volume constitutes a panoramic but nevertheless detailed view of some important current trends in functional linguistics.
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slcs.85.01con
ix
xiv
6
Miscellaneous
1
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Contributors
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.02but
xvii
xxv
9
Miscellaneous
2
01
Editorial introduction
1
A01
Christopher S. Butler
Butler, Christopher S.
Christopher S.
Butler
University of Wales Swansea, UK
2
A01
Raquel Hidalgo Downing
Hidalgo Downing, Raquel
Raquel
Hidalgo Downing
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
3
A01
Julia Lavid-López
Lavid-López, Julia
Julia
Lavid-López
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.03pub
xxvii
xxx
4
Miscellaneous
3
01
Publications of Angela Downing
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.04giv
1
40
40
Article
4
01
Grammar as an adaptive evolutionary product
1
A01
T. Givón
Givón, T.
T.
Givón
University of Oregon
01
The functional correlates of grammatical constructions can be given heuristically as (i) “the discourse context within which the grammatical construction is used”. They can also be given as the more cognitive-sounding (ii) “the communicative intent of the speaker using the construction”. In this paper I will suggest that the cognitive-sounding definition (ii) above needs to be specified more precisely in cognitive terms, bringing it in line with more up-to-date work in cognitive neuro-science. More specifically, I will suggest that in using grammar, speakers create mental models of the knowledge (epistemic) and intention (deontic) states of their interlocutors, in a way already implicit in H. P. Grice’s work. These models are created rapidly, on-line, automatically and with high specificity of the ever-shifting communicative context. The traditional pragmatic notions of “communicative context” (i) and “communicative intent” (ii) may thus be expressed more precisely in terms of so-called “Theories of Mind”, i.e. the mental models socially-cooperative organisms build of the presumed mental states of their cooperating interlocutors.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.05but
41
80
40
Article
5
01
Towards a cognitive-functional model of text comprehension
1
A01
Christopher S. Butler
Butler, Christopher S.
Christopher S.
Butler
University of Wales Swansea, UK
01
This paper examines two cognitively-based models of text comprehension and suggests how these might be combined, and integrated with a functional grammar in order to provide an overall model which takes us from a structured sequence of words to the understanding of the concepts conveyed. The paper first provides illustrated summaries of Kintsch’s construction-integration model and Werth’s text world model. Discussion of their similarities and differences suggests that they are not incompatible, but that both lack a suitable grammatical component. The paper then examines the properties which such a grammar needs to have, and demonstrates that Role and Reference Grammar is an appropriate choice. The parts of the model are then brought together in relation to a short but complete text taken from a corpus. The paper is rounded off with some concluding remarks.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.06sto
81
96
16
Article
6
01
Towards an integrational approach in linguistics
1
A01
Andrei Stoevsky
Stoevsky, Andrei
Andrei
Stoevsky
St Kliment Ohridsky University, Sofia
01
Integrationism has had a rather chequered history in post-Saussurean linguistics. This paper chronicles some of its manifestations and argues, to put it paradoxically, that crossing the dividing lines in the well-known dichotomies, <i>langue</i> vs. <i>parole</i>, synchrony vs. diachrony, internal linguistics vs. external linguistics, etc., does not amount to a methodological transgression. A substantial part of the discussion also bears on the issue of what counts as an adequate explanation. The aim of this study is to lend support to the view that given the complexity of language, both internally and in its relation to cognitive and social systems, truly explanatory adequacy is achievable only by applying an integrational approach.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.07alt
97
128
32
Article
7
01
Expressing past habit in English and Swedish
A corpus-based contrastive study
1
A01
Bengt Altenberg
Altenberg, Bengt
Bengt
Altenberg
University of Lund
01
English has no single verb expressing habitual aspect. Instead, habitual behaviour is indicated in various ways, e.g. by <i>will</i> (predictable or timeless habit), by <i>used to</i> and <i>would</i> (habit in the past), or simply by means of the simple present or past tense, often combined with a temporal adverb (<i>usually, normally</i>, etc). The choice of construction is partly determined by tense and aktionsart (state vs activity), but otherwise the ways of expressing habit in English are not well investigated. By contrast, Swedish makes use of a single auxiliary, <i>bruka</i>, to express both past and present habit. This cross-linguistic difference is a fruitful starting point for a corpus-based contrastive investigation. In the present study the means of expressing past habit in the two languages are explored on the basis of the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus, a bidirectional corpus of English and Swedish texts and their translations into the other language. Starting from constructions with <i>brukade </i>in Swedish original texts and translations the corresponding expressions in English translations and source texts are examined. The perspective is then reversed: using the English habitual marker <i>used</i> <i>to</i> as a point of departure the Swedish equivalents are investigated to determine if other forms than <i>brukade</i> are used in Swedish. The study reveals a complex cross-linguistic picture where aktionsart, generic subject, temporal specification and other contextual features are shown to be important factors determining the choice of habitual expression in the two languages.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.08rym
129
148
20
Article
8
01
Do cognate and circumstantial complements of intransitive verbs form one ‘Range’?
A corpus-based discussion
1
A01
Kathleen Rymen
Rymen, Kathleen
Kathleen
Rymen
University of Leuven
2
A01
Kristin Davidse
Davidse, Kristin
Kristin
Davidse
University of Leuven
01
In this article we examine the question whether cognate complements (as in <i>dance the tango</i>) and circumstantial complements (as in <i>climb stairs</i>) can be regarded as expressing the same semantic role. Halliday has proposed that they do: in his view they both delimit the ‘extent’, or ‘Range’, of the process. Traditionally, however, they have been regarded as distinct grammatical categories. Assuming, like Halliday, that grammatical categories are form-meaning couplings, we investigate in corpus data the two types of formal evidence proposed by him for the unified Range category: alternations and selection restrictions on determiners and modifiers. By quantifying the relative frequencies of the alternate constructions, we have found that clauses with cognate complements form the marked option – totalling on average 3.5% – in comparison with intransitives. Clauses with circumstantial complements, by contrast, alternate with intransitive clauses as well as with clauses with prepositional phrase in varying proportions. This shows that the notion of ‘location involved in process’ can be more strongly or weakly present in the semantics of verbs taking circumstantial complements. The determiners and modifiers of cognate and circumstantial complements also reflect different semantic relations of the complement to the process expressed by the verb. Cognate complements are predominantly indefinite and circumstantial complements more often definite, because the former typically construe a ‘new’ instance of the process, whereas the latter often express pre-existing locations. Attributive modifiers of the two complement types differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. Cognate complements take more qualitative adjectives, which tend to express the manner in which the process takes place. Circumstantial complements have much less qualitative modification and often express the resistance or facilitation offered by the location to the action being carried out on it. We conclude that the two types of complements express different sorts of entities with different relations to the process.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.09ber
149
164
16
Article
9
01
The <i>unconscious, irresponsible construction</i> in Modern Icelandic
The
<i>unconscious, irresponsible construction</i> in Modern Icelandic
1
A01
Enrique Bernárdez
Bernárdez, Enrique
Enrique
Bernárdez
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
01
The Icelandic language possesses a number of constructions whose function it is to express the degree of agentivity or lack of agentivity of a process. This paper analyses a specific construction built with the auxiliary verb <i>verða</i> ‘to become’ plus an experiencer or affected entity in the dative and a lexical verb in the neuter form of the past participle; the construction is used to mean that the human experiencer is unconscious of the onset of the process leading to a new state as a result. For instance, <i>mér verður litið</i>, meaning ‘I happened to look’. The assumed agent of the resulting state is conceptualized as an involuntary experiencer, not responsible for the resulting action or process. This construction has not been the object of systematic analysis before and this paper intends to offer a preliminary analysis from a semantic perspective. The construction is set in relation with the other Icelandic constructions of ‘reduced agentivity’.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.10faw
165
204
40
Article
10
01
Modelling ‘selection’ between referents in the English nominal group
An essay in scientific inquiry in linguistics
1
A01
Robin P. Fawcett
Fawcett, Robin P.
Robin P.
Fawcett
Centre for Language and Communication Research Cardiff University
01
This paper addresses two issues, one descriptive and one methodological. It offers a description of the English nominal group (aka noun phrase) that greatly extends the traditional concept of ‘determiner’. More specifically, it describes an integrated semantics and functional syntax for the quantifying and deictic determiners, based on the concept of ‘selection’. This approach has the advantage over standard representations that, when analyzing (1) <i>five books</i>, (2) <i>those books</i> and (3) <i>five of those books</i>, the words<i> five, those</i> and <i>books</i> expound the same element in each case. The paper then shows how this approach can be extended to eight other determiners and their associated uses of of (and, incidentally, the structure for its remaining uses). But there is equal emphasis on the methodology used to establish which of three possible types of structure should be used to model such examples, and the paper concludes by suggesting that the ultimate criteria are those of elegance in the operation of the grammar.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.11dav
205
216
12
Article
11
01
Problems in NP structure
An example from British tabloid journalism
1
A01
Eirian C. Davies
Davies, Eirian C.
Eirian C.
Davies
Department of English, Royal Holloway, University of London
01
This paper considers a textual example of the nominal group found in a British tabloid daily newspaper (<i>The Sun</i>), with a view to examining how far two standard treatments of nominal group/noun phrase structure, directed at a student readership, account for the pattern of pre-modification found in it. The two works referred to are, Greenbaum, S. and R. Quirk (1992) <i>A Student’s Grammar of the English Language</i>, and, Halliday, M.A.K. and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen (2004) <i>An Introduction to Functional Grammar</i> (3rd edn). Halliday’s functional category of ‘classifier’ and Greenbaum and Quirk’s category of ‘noun pre-modifier’ largely overlap, and rules for the relative sequence of different elements in NP/nominal group structure in these two accounts have a good deal in common. Problems with the analysis of the chosen example exist for both. The main distinction between these accounts with respect to pre-modification lies in Halliday’s proposal of a division between a logical and an experiential basis for nominal group analysis. Using the example given, the suggestion is made that these two dimensions are not mutually independent, and that a case can be made that it is set inclusion attributes of the experiential structure that determine the features dealt with under the heading ‘logical structure’ in Halliday’s account.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.12mac
217
232
16
Article
12
01
Double-possessive nominalizations in English
1
A01
J. Lachlan Mackenzie
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan
J. Lachlan
Mackenzie
Honorary Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
01
Double-possessive nominalizations such as <i>Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait</i> have played a prominent role in the history of linguistics. However, this construction is not only cross-linguistically rare but also the least used form of nominalization in English texts. The question is therefore addressed of the circumstances under which double-possessive nominalization is used. What emerges from corpus analysis is that the construction is employed above all to designate mental processes and that its occurrence differs from that of its clausal analogue in occurring in certain syntactic positions in which clauses are excluded. The article also contains discussion of such matters as the semantic categories of entity proposed by Functional Grammar, the interaction of nominalization and psych verbs and the effect of syntactic ‘priming’.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.13sta
233
256
24
Article
13
01
Pragmatics, word order and cross-reference
Some issues with pronominal clitics in Bulgarian
1
A01
Svilen B. Stanchev
Stanchev, Svilen B.
Svilen B.
Stanchev
University of Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria
01
There is an apparent ambivalence in the lexico-grammatical status of pronominal clitics in Bulgarian. They have the features of pronominal forms on the one hand and grammaticalized markers on the other. The present analysis builds on my previous publications in the field of Bulgarian clitics, sentence pragmatics and word order, but it also takes into account other recent publications on the subject. I adopt the view that Bulgarian pronominal clitics have grammaticalized to a degree where they function as cross-reference markers of the object, identical with verbal inflexions which cross-reference the subject. This approach makes it possible to account for the use of clitics both in their object-reduplicating function and as separate short pronominal forms. In correlation with prosody and special sentence positions, clitics play an important role in the pragmatic organization of the expression as markers of object topicalization. Basing my pragmatic analysis on the general schema of pragmatic positions in the Bulgarian sentence (cf. Stanchev 1997), in this article I present an outline of the major patterns of Topic and Focus assignment involving constructions with reduplicating clitics (CRCs).
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.14han
257
278
22
Article
14
01
Patterns of multiple theme and their role in developing English writing skills
1
A01
Mike Hannay
Hannay, Mike
Mike
Hannay
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
01
This paper looks at patterning in multiple themes in written English. Adopting a view of theme in declarative SVO clauses which extends up to the grammatical subject and its non-restrictive postmodifications, and building on an earlier study by Smits (2002), it uses corpus data to identify three major patterns, labeled “stepwise”, “focalizing” and “grounding”. All three patterns are used by advanced learners of English in their writing, but the stepwise pattern is significantly overused while the others are underused. In light of the relevance of these patterns for writing text conforming to the C levels of the Common European Framework of Reference, the paper argues for the development of study and exercise material making use of data from learner corpora.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.15jor
279
300
22
Article
15
01
Interactive solution-problems
A set of structures in general and scientific writing
1
A01
Michael P. Jordan
Jordan, Michael P.
Michael P.
Jordan
Queen's University at Kingston
01
The theory of problem-solution patterning is already well established for a wide range of genres and at macrostructure and microstructure levels of communication. That theory has, however, largely failed to account for interactive solution-problems: where a solution is or causes a problem to another person, group or thing. This chapter establishes the major parameters of this sub-theory of problem-solution structures and the related grammar and signalling. For informal writing in the natural sciences, solution-problems are shown to apply to environmental concerns, predator-prey relations and cause-effect relations. More generally the principles are extended to cover third-party involvement, friends and enemies and iatrogenic solution-problems. The sub-theory of structures and linguistic signalling outlined here applies to many genres – not just those in the natural sciences, but also in news and business reports, and general journalism. Studies of the structures and signalling of politics and fictional works (cartoons, sitcoms, soap operas, movies, novels, etc.) would be natural extensions for the principles explained.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.16fra
301
312
12
Article
16
01
The English Contrastive Discourse Marker <i>instead</i>
The
English Contrastive Discourse Marker <i>instead</i>
1
A01
Bruce Fraser
Fraser, Bruce
Bruce
Fraser
Boston University
01
This paper examines the English Contrastive Discourse Marker <i>instead</i> as it occurs both in written and spoken discourse. I conclude that there are two primary uses for <i>instead</i>: a “pseudo-action” use, where <i>instead</i> signals a contrast between a non-occurring action and an occurring action; and an “actual-action” use, where it signals a contrast between two occurring actions. I then discuss the semantic restrictions on the discourse segments contrasted with each of these two uses and find them mutually exclusive. Finally, I look at <i>instead</i> in combination with <i>and, but</i>, and <i>so</i>.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.17lav
313
326
14
Article
17
01
Global and local attention in task-oriented conversation
An empirical investigation
1
A01
Julia Lavid-López
Lavid-López, Julia
Julia
Lavid-López
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
01
The genre of task-oriented conversation has not received much attention within the linguistic literature, but its study is highly relevant for spoken dialogue systems, where dialogue is focused on accomplishing a concrete task. Using a sample of 30 dialogues, randomly selected from a larger corpus of appointment-scheduling dialogues, this paper investigates how speakers focus their global and local attention as the dialogue progresses. It is expected that the results of this empirical investigation will shed light on the global and local attentional features of this type of task-oriented conversations and will contribute to a better understanding of this important cognitive component of discourse processing.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.18hid
327
348
22
Article
18
01
Metadiscursive and interpersonal values of pronominal topics in spoken Spanish
1
A01
Raquel Hidalgo Downing
Hidalgo Downing, Raquel
Raquel
Hidalgo Downing
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
2
A01
Laura Hidalgo-Downing
Hidalgo-Downing, Laura
Laura
Hidalgo-Downing
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
01
This paper presents a discussion on the interactive and textual functions of pronominal marked topics in spoken Spanish. The study is a continuation of an empirical analysis based on Marcos Marín’s <i>Corpus oral de referencia de español contemporáneo</i> (Marcos Marín 1992), in which we have examined the formal types and pragmatic functions of marked topics in peninsular spoken Spanish, applying a conversational approach to topic (Hidalgo Downing 2003). According to the results of that study, Spanish speakers use marked topics to signal different types of movements in topic sequencing, such as topic introduction, framing, shading and closing. A large group of marked topics in spoken Spanish is composed of pronouns, which are informationally given elements by definition. In Spanish then, marked topics are not restricted to the introduction of referents which are not completely recoverable to the hearers, as other studies have suggested (Geluykens 1992), but rather, serve interactive and textual functions. In this paper, we aim to examine the discourse functions of personal and demonstrative pronouns, and to discuss the organizational and interpersonal nature of such functions. The idea we would like to explore is that topic signalling can be studied as a metadiscursive device, where the different functions of pronouns serve as orientation to hearers in the organization, regulation and interpretation of discourse.<br /><br />
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.19urb
349
358
10
Article
19
01
Phatic communion and small talk in fictional dialogues
1
A01
Ludmila Urbanova
Urbanova, Ludmila
Ludmila
Urbanova
Masaryk University Brno
01
Phatic communion and small talk in fictional dialogues are governed by two opposing tendencies which coexist in dialogic structure known as verisimilitude and defamiliarization (see Fowler 1996). On the one hand, fictional dialogues make use of features present in authentic, spontaneous face-to-face conversation, e.g. loose syntactic structure, ellipsis, interjections, informal phraseology etc., to sound close to real-life situations. On the other hand, however, the author utilizes casual exchanges to create new, unconventional meanings frequently carrying differing points of view which are expressions of heteroglossia defined as “polyphony of social and discursive forces” (Holquist 1994.69). My findings present the results of an analysis of fictional dialogues in the novel <i>Heat Wave</i> by Penelope Lively. Phatic communion and small talk are understood as two different, though mutually related notions. Small talk seems to reflect a broader concept of socialization, while phatic communion is considered to be part of small talk.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.20van
359
394
36
Article
20
01
Mister so-called X
Discourse functions and subjectification of <i>so-called</i>
1
A01
Lieven Vandelanotte
Vandelanotte, Lieven
Lieven
Vandelanotte
University of Namur
01
In this paper, I explore the usage range of the pattern <i>Mister so-called X</i> on the basis of internet data. In a first step I argue that framing adjectives such as <i>so-called</i>, <i>alleged</i>, and purported involve interpersonal rather than representational meaning and structure. Secondly, of the different framing adjectives, so-called is shown to be the one which has come to be used most often with dissociative affect, a development which is co-enabled by its high frequency and its lack of very strong register preferences and collocates. Finally, in a set of 88 observations of the pattern <i>Mister so-called X</i> collected through WebCorp [www.webcorp.org.uk], I distinguish different usage patterns and relate these in terms of subjectification.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.21tuc
395
418
24
Article
21
01
‘Sorry to muddy the waters’
Accounting for speech act formulae and formulaic variation in a systemic functional model of language
1
A01
Gordon H. Tucker
Tucker, Gordon H.
Gordon H.
Tucker
Cardiff University
01
In this paper I seek to provide a grammatical account of some aspects of the realisation of speech acts in spoken discourse that are considered formulaic and/or, in some sense elliptical, as described in Biber et al’s (1999) description of the ‘grammar of conversation’. Focusing on apologies involving <i>sorry</i>, I discuss the treatment of formulaic <i>sorry </i>in isolation, together with variants that include it. The discussion is set within the theoretical and descriptive framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (e.g. Halliday and Matthiessen 2004) and the solutions proposed are given in terms of (a) a functionally motivated grammatical structure associated with this framework and (b) system networks that represent the choices available to speakers in a given context.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.22sim
419
446
28
Article
22
01
The discourse functionality of adjectival and adverbial epistemic expressions
The
discourse functionality of adjectival and adverbial epistemic expressions
Evidence from present-day English
1
A01
Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen
Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie
Anne-Marie
Simon-Vandenbergen
Ghent University
2
A01
Karin Aijmer
Aijmer, Karin
Karin
Aijmer
Göteborg University
01
In this article we examine the adjectival and adverbial expressions <i>it is certain/certainly, it is clear/clearly</i> and <i>it is obvious/obviously</i> in a corpus of present-day English, the <i>British National Corpus</i>. We aim to answer two questions. One is the question of how the constructional properties of the adjectival expressions create specific behavioural properties which are different from those of the adverbs. The second question is how the adjectival expressions are used rhetorically and how their discourse functionality differs from that of the corresponding adverbial expressions. Starting out from Nuyts’ (2001) criteria, ‘intersubjectivity’, ‘salience’, ‘performativity’ and ‘discourse strategy’ we examine the extent to which the data confirm the relevance of these factors. We show that the reasons why speakers opt for adjectival or adverbial expressions are complex and that an explanation cannot limit itself to a single factor.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.23col
447
468
22
Article
23
01
Modality across World Englishes
The modals and semi-modals of prediction and volition
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
This paper reports a corpus-based study which examined the uses of the modals and semi-modals which express meanings associated with prediction and volition (<i>will, shall, be going to/gonna, want to/wanna, and be about to</i>) in British, American and Australian English. Quantitative findings relating to regional and stylistic variation are presented, and consideration is given to the possible influence upon the relative popularity of modal uses of ‘Americanization’ and ‘colloquialization’. It is suggested that these socially-driven dissemination processes provide possible explanations for, inter alia, the differing fortunes of the moribund shall on the one hand and on the other those of the popular semi-modals <i>be going to/gonna and want to/wanna</i>.
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.24nam
469
472
4
Miscellaneous
24
01
Name index
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.25sub
473
480
8
Miscellaneous
25
01
Subject index
10
01
JB code
slcs.85.26lan
481
1
Miscellaneous
26
01
Language index
02
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JB
1
00
188.00
USD