Primary sources

Adisa, Opal Palmer
1989a [1986]Me man angel. In Opal Palmer Adisa, Bake-face and other guava stories, 57–90. London: Flamingo.Google Scholar
1989b [1986]Widows’ walk. In Opal Palmer Adisa, Bake-face and other guava stories, 91–117. London: Flamingo.Google Scholar
Anthony, Michael
1973Drunkard of the river. In Andrew Salkey (ed.), West Indian stories, 193–198. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Campbell, Hazel D.
1978A district called fellowship. In Hazel D. Campbell, The rag doll and other stories, 30–56. Mona: Savacou.Google Scholar
Chen, Willi
1990 [1989]The stickfighter. In Stewart Brown (ed.), Caribbean new wave: Contemporary short stories, 52–61. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1998Moro. In Edward A. Markham (ed.), The Penguin book of Caribbean short stories, 274–284. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
1999 [1988]Trotters. In Stewart Brown & John Wickham (eds.), The Oxford book of Caribbean short stories, 288–291. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goodison, Lorna
1990Follow your mind. In Lorna Goodison, Baby mother and the king of swords, 21–28. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Hodge, Merle
1973 [1970]Crick crack, monkey. London: Deutsch.Google Scholar
1990Inez. In Mervyn Morris (ed.), The Faber book of contemporary Caribbean short stories, 81–85. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Hosein, Clyde
1990aI’m a Presbyterian, Mr Kramer. In Mervyn Morris (ed.), The Faber book of contemporary Caribbean short stories, 94–104. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
1990bThe man at the gate of the house of refuge. In Stewart Brown (ed.), Caribbean new wave: Contemporary short stories, 87–105. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1998Crow. In Edward A. Markham (ed.), The Penguin book of Caribbean short stories, 245–251. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Howland, Cicely
1966Return to paradise: A play in one act. Port of Spain: University of the West Indies Extra-Mural Department.Google Scholar
1967Uncle Robert: Family poem. A full-length play in 3 acts. Port of Spain: University of the West Indies Extra-Mural Department.Google Scholar
Johnson, Amryl
1990Yardstick. In Stewart Brown (ed.), Caribbean new wave: Contemporary short stories, 105–110. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Khan, Ismith
1987The crucifixion. Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.Google Scholar
1999 [1990]Shadows move in the Britannia bar. In Stewart Brown & John Wickham (eds.), The Oxford book of Caribbean short stories, 110–118. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lovelace, Earl
1984a [1976]My name is Village. In Earl Lovelace, Jestina’s calypso and other plays, 89–118. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1984b [1980]The new hardware store. In Earl Lovelace, Jestina’s calypso and other plays, 43–88. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1988aA brief conversion. In Earl Lovelace, A brief conversion and other stories, 1–31. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1988bCall me ‘Miss Ross’ for now. In Earl Lovelace, A brief conversion and other stories, 59–80. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1988cThe midnight robber. In Earl Lovelace, A brief conversion and other stories, 104–110. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1988dShoemaker Arnold. In Earl Lovelace, A brief conversion and other stories, 125–132. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1988eVictory and the blight. In Earl Lovelace, A brief conversion and other stories, 133–141. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Matura, Mustapha
1991The coup: A play of revolutionary dreams. London: Methuen Drama.Google Scholar
1992 [1979]Independence. In Mustapha Matura, Six plays: As time goes by, Nice, Play mas, Independence, Welcome home Jacko, Meetings, 171–236. London: Methuen Drama.Google Scholar
McKenzie, Alecia
1999Private school. In Stewart Brown & John Wickham (eds.), The Oxford book of Caribbean short stories, 442–446. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1992aNatasha. In Alecia McKenzie, Satellite city, 31–49. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
1992bJakes makes. In Alecia McKenzie, Satellite city, 54–78. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
McKenzie, Earl
1990Fear of the sea. In Stewart Brown (ed.), Caribbean new wave: Contemporary short stories, 135–141. Oxford: Heinemann.Google Scholar
1992aTwo roads to Mount Joyful. In Earl McKenzie, Two roads to Mount Joyful, 1–15. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
1992bI never wanted to be a shopkeeper. In Earl McKenzie, Two roads to Mount Joyful, 35–45. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
1992cThe man and the four-eyed dog. In Earl McKenzie, Two roads to Mount Joyful, 78–86. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Naipaul, Shiva
1995a [1984]The beauty contest. In Shiva Naipaul, A man of mystery and other stories, 1–11. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
1995b [1984]The political education of Clarissa Forbes. In Shiva Naipaul, A man of mystery and other stories, 24–49. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
1995c [1984]Mr Sookhoo and the carol singers. In Shiva Naipaul, A man of mystery and other stories, 81–91. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
1995d [1984]The father, the son and the holy ghost. In Shiva Naipaul, A man of mystery and other stories, 92–116. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Patterson, Orlando
1972 [1965]One for a penny. In Andrew Salkey (ed.), Stories from the Caribbean: An anthology, 114–120. London: Elek.Google Scholar
1982 [1964]The children of Sisyphus. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Philp, Geoffrey
1997aAll God’s children. In Geoffrey Philp, Uncle Obadiah and the alien, 51–64. Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.Google Scholar
1997bThe river. In Geoffrey Philp, Uncle Obadiah and the alien, 127–154. Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.Google Scholar
2003Benjamin, my son. Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.Google Scholar
Reckord, Michael
1990Dog food. In Mervyn Morris (ed.), The Faber book of contemporary Caribbean short stories, 175–180. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Rhone, Trevor D.
1981a [1971]Smile orange. In Trevor D. Rhone, Old story time and other plays, 159–225. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
1981b [1974]School’s out. In Trevor D. Rhone, Old story time and other plays, 89–157. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
1981c [1979]Old story time. In Trevor D. Rhone, Old story time and other plays, 1–87. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Scott, Lawrence
1998 [1986]The house of funerals. In Edward A. Markham (ed.), The Penguin book of Caribbean short stories, 323–340. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Selvon, Samuel
1972 [1965]When Greek meets Greek. In Andrew Salkey (ed.), Stories from the Caribbean: An anthology, 50–52. London: Elek.Google Scholar
2008 [1970]Home sweet India. In Samuel Selvon, Highway in the sun and other plays, 101–134. Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.Google Scholar
Senior, Olive
1986aCountry of the one eye God. In Olive Senior, Summer lightning and other stories, 16–25. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
1986bAscot. In Olive Senior, Summer lightning and other stories, 26–35. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
1999 [1986]Do angels wear brassieres? In Stewart Brown & John Wickham (eds.), The Oxford book of Caribbean short stories, 304–313. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sistren Theatre Collective (with Honor Ford-Smith)
2005a [1986]The emancipation of a household slave. In Sistren Theatre Collective, Lionheart gal: Life stories of Jamaican women, 89–108. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
2005b [1986]Criss miss. In Sistren Theatre Collective, Lionheart gal: Life stories of Jamaican women, 109–125. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
2005c [1986]Veteran by veteran. In Sistren Theatre Collective, Lionheart gal: Life stories of Jamaican women, 155–173. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
2005d [1986]Grandma’s estate. In Sistren Theatre Collective, Lionheart gal: Life stories of Jamaican women, 175–197. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, John
1990Early morning. In Mervyn Morris (ed.), The Faber book of contemporary Caribbean short stories, 233–245. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar

Secondary sources

Abrahams, Roger D. & Richard Bauman
1971Sense and non-sense in St. Vincent: Speech behavior and decorum in a Caribbean community. American Anthropologist 73(3). 762–772. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aceto, Michael
2002Ethnic personal names and multiple identities in anglophone Caribbean speech communities in Latin America. Language in Society 31(4). 577–608. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008Eastern Caribbean-English derived language varieties: Morphology and syntax. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.), Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean, vol. 2, 645–660. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Aldrin, Emilia
2016Names and identity. In Carole Hough (ed.), The Oxford handbook of names and naming, 382–394. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alford, Richard D.
1988Naming and identity: A cross-cultural study of personal naming practices. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press.Google Scholar
Allsopp, Richard
(ed.) 1996Dictionary of Caribbean English usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anchimbe, Eric A.
2006aCameroon English: Authenticity, ecology and evolution. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2006bWorld Englishes and the American tongue. English Today 22(4). 3–9. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013Language policy and identity construction: The dynamics of Cameroon’s multilingualism (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society 32). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anchimbe, Eric A. & Richard W. Janney
2011Postcolonial pragmatics: An introduction. Journal of Pragmatics 43(6). 1451–1459. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2017Postcolonial pragmatics. In Anne Barron, Yueguo Gu & Gerard Steen (eds.), The Routledge handbook of pragmatics, 105–120. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Robert T.
1963Changing kinship in Europe. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 28. 1–48.Google Scholar
Ash, Sharon
2002Social class. In Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, 402–422. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Donna L.
1987Names and titles: Maiden name retention and the use of Ms. Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistics Association 9. 56–83.Google Scholar
Backhaus, Peter
2008Coming to terms with age: Some linguistic consequences of population ageing. In Florian Coulmas, Harald Conrad, Annette Schad-Seifert & Gabriele Vogt (eds.), The demographic challenge: A handbook about Japan, 455–472. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Tom Wikle & Jan Tillery
1997The effects of methods on results in dialectology. English World-Wide 18(1). 35–63. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baker, Philip
1999Investigating the origin and diffusion of shared features among the Atlantic English Creoles. In Philip Baker & Adrienne Bruyn (eds.), St. Kitts and the Atlantic creoles: The texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in perspective, 315–364. London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip & Magnus Huber
2000Constructing new pronominal systems from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Linguistics 38(5). 833–866. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Balderston, Daniel & Mike Gonzalez
(eds.) 2004Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean literature, 1900–2003. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ballweg, John A.
1969Extensions of meaning and use for kinship terms. American Anthropologist 71(1). 84–87. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barber, Charles
1981 You and thou in Shakespeare’s Richard III . Leeds Studies in English, New Series 12. 273–289.Google Scholar
Bargiela, Francesca, Corinne Boz, Lily Gokzadze, Abdurrahman Hamza, Sara Mills & Nino Rukhadze
2002Ethnocentrism, politeness and naming strategies. Working Papers on the Web 3. [URL] (31 March 2021.)
Bates, Elizabeth & Laura Benigni
1975Rules of address in Italy: A sociological survey. Language in Society 4(3). 271–288. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beckford Wassink, Alicia
1999Historic low prestige and seeds of change: Attitudes toward Jamaican Creole. Language in Society 28(1). 57–92.Google Scholar
Beebe, Leslie M. & Martha Clark Cummings
1996Natural speech act data versus written questionnaire data: How data collection method affects speech act performance. In Susan M. Gass & Joyce Neu (eds.), Speech acts across cultures: Challenges to communication in a second language, 65–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Benor, Sarah Bunin
2010Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14(2). 159–183. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Benson, Eugene & L. W. Connolly
(eds.) 2005Encyclopedia of post-colonial literatures in English, vols. 1, 2 & 3, 2nd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bergien, Angelika
2014Vocatives as mitigators in face-threatening contexts. In Oliviu Felecan & Daiana Felecan (eds.), Unconventional anthroponyms: Formation patterns and discursive function, 2–14. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Cynthia Goldin
(ed.) 1994The text and beyond: Essays in literary linguistics. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Besson, Jean
2002Martha Brae’s two histories: European expansion and Caribbean culture-building in Jamaica. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad & Edward Finegan
1999Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek
1973The nature of a creole continuum. Language 49(3). 640–669. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1975Dynamics of a creole system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Billmyer, Kristine & Manka Varghese
2000Investigating instrument-based pragmatic variability: Effects of enhancing discourse completion tests. Applied Linguistics 21(4). 517–552. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blake, Norman F.
1981Non-standard language in English literature. London: Deutsch.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House & Gabriele Kasper
1989Investigating cross-cultural pragmatics: An introductory overview. In Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House & Gabriele Kasper (eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies, 1–34. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles
2013The use of written questionnaires in sociolinguistics. In Christine Mallinson, Becky Childs & Gerard Van Herk (eds.), Data collection in sociolinguistics: Methods and applications, 131–141. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brathwaite, Edward Kamau
1984History of the voice: The development of nation language in anglophone Caribbean poetry. London: New Beacon.Google Scholar
Braun, Friederike
1988Terms of address: Problems of patterns and usage in various languages and cultures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Braun, Friederike, Armin Kohz & Klaus Schubert
1986Anredeforschung: Kommentierte Bibliographie zur Soziolinguistik der Anrede. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Breuer, Horst
1983Titel und Anreden bei Shakespeare und in der Shakespearezeit. Anglia 101. 49–77. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Levinson
1987Politeness: Some universals in language use, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, Roger
1965Social psychology. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
1996The language of social relationship. In Dan Isaac Slobin, Julie Gerhardt, Amy Kyratzis & Jiansheng Guo (eds.), Social interaction, Social context, and language: Essays in honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp, 39–52. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Brown, Roger & Marguerite Ford
1961Address in American English. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62. 375–385. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, Roger & Albert Gilman
1960The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in language, 253–276. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
1989Politeness theory and Shakespeare’s four major tragedies. Language in Society 18(2). 159–212. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bruti, Silvia
2000Address pronouns in Shakespeare’s English: A reappraisal in terms of markedness. In Dieter Kastovsky & Arthur Mettinger (eds.), The history of English in a social context: A contribution to historical sociolinguistics, 25–51. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary
1995From Mulatta to Mestiza: Language and the reshaping of ethnic identity. In Kira Hall & Mary Bucholtz (eds.), Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self, 351–373. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2002From ‘sex differences’ to gender variation in sociolinguistics. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 8(3). 33–45.Google Scholar
2003Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3). 398–416. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary & Kira Hall
2005Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4/5). 585–614. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle & Ghada Khattab
2013Population samples. In Robert J. Podesva & Devyani Sharma (eds.), Research methods in linguistics, 74–95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burke, Michael
2015Literary linguistics. In Natalie Braber, Louise Cummings & Liz Morrish (eds.), Exploring language and linguistics, 431–460. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Burton, Richard D. E.
1999Names and naming in Afro-Caribbean cultures. New West Indian Guide 73(1/2). 35–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Busse, Beatrix
2006Vocative constructions in the language of Shakespeare (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 150). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Busse, Ulrich
2002Linguistic variation in the Shakespeare corpus: Morpho-syntactic variability of second-person pronouns (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 106). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2003The co-occurrence of nominal and pronominal address forms in the Shakespeare corpus: Who says thou or you to whom? In Irma Taavitsainen & Andreas H. Jucker (eds.), Diachronic perspectives on address term systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 107), 193–222. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Butters, Ronald R. & Stuart Campbell Aycock
1987More on singular y’all . American Speech 62(2). 191–192. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Calvo, Clara
1992Pronouns of address and social negotiation in As you like it . Language and Literature 1(1). 5–27. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Deborah
1999Performing gender identity: Young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. In Adam Jaworski & Nikolas Coupland (eds.), The discourse reader, 442–458. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cao, Xianghong
2007The effect of age and gender on the choice of address forms in Chinese personal letters. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11(3). 392–407. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. & Robert B. Le Page
(eds.) 1980Dictionary of Jamaican English, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Casson, Ronald W.
1975The semantics of kin term usage. American Ethnologist 2(2). 229–238. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency
2016The CIA world factbook 2017. New York, NY: Skyhorse.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K.
1995Sociolinguistic theory: Linguistic variation and its social significance. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
2002Patterns of variation including change. In Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, 349–372. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K. & Peter Trudgill
1998Dialectology, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny
2002Sex and gender in variationist research. In Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, 423–443. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Christie, Pauline
2003Language in Jamaica. Kingston: Arawak.Google Scholar
Clayman, Steven E.
2010Address terms in the service of other actions: The case of news interview talk. Discourse & Communication 4(2). 161–183. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012Address terms in the organization of turns at talk: The case of pivotal turn extensions. Journal of Pragmatics 44(13). 1853–1867. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clyne, Michael
2009Address in intercultural communication across languages. Intercultural Pragmatics 6(3). 395–409. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clyne, Michael, Catrin Norrby & Jane Warren
2009Language and human relations: Styles of address in contemporary language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas
2007Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Crawford, Mary, Amy C. Stark & Catherine Hackett Renner
1998The meaning of Ms.: Social assimilation of a gender concept. Psychology of Women Quarterly 22(2). 197–208. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Crowley, Daniel J.
1956Naming customs in St. Lucia. Social and Economic Studies 5(1). 87–92.Google Scholar
Dalzell, Tom
(ed.) 2009The Routledge dictionary of American slang and unconventional English. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dalzell, Tom & Terry Victor
2015The concise new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English, 2nd edn. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
DeCamp, David
1967African day-names in Jamaica. Language 43(1). 139–149. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1971Toward a generative analysis of a post-creole speech continuum. In Dell Hymes (ed.), Pidginization and creolization of languages: Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies Mona, Jamaica, April 1968, 349–370. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar
2009aStandard English in the secondary school in Trinidad: Problems – properties – prospects. In Thomas Hoffmann & Lucia Siebers (eds.), World Englishes: Problems, properties and prospects (Varieties of English Around the World G40), 83–106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009b‘The English we speaking’: Morphological and syntactic variation in educated Jamaican speech. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24(1). 1–52. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010aStandard English and situational variation: Sociolinguistic considerations in the compilation of ICE-Trinidad and Tobago. ICAME Journal 34. 24–40.Google Scholar
2010bModal verb usage at the interface of English and a related Creole: A corpus-based study of can/could and will/would in Trinidadian English. Journal of English Linguistics 38(2). 105–142. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014English in the Caribbean: Variation, style and standards in Jamaica and Trinidad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar & Glenda Alicia Leung
2013Investigating attitudes towards an emerging standard of English: Evaluations of newscasters’ accents in Trinidad. Multilingua 32(3). 289–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Deumert, Ana
2004Ethnicity. In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier & Peter Trudgill (eds.), Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, vol. 1, 2nd edn., 355–360. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Devonish, Hubert
2006The anglophone Caribbean. In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier & Peter Trudgill (eds.), Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, vol. 3, 2nd edn., 2083–2095. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Devonish, Hubert & Ewart A. C. Thomas
2012Standards of English in the Caribbean. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Standards of English: Codified varieties of English around the world, 179–197. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dickey, Eleanor
1997Forms of address and terms of reference. Journal of Linguistics 33(2). 255–274. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002Latin forms of address: From Plautus to Apuleius. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Diekmann, Andreas
2007Empirische Sozialforschung: Grundlagen, Methoden, Anwendungen, 17th edn. Reinbek: Rowohlt.Google Scholar
Dion, Kenneth L.
1987What’s in a title? The Ms. stereotype and images of women’s titles of address. Psychology of Women Quarterly 11(1). 21–36. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan
2012The written questionnaire as a sociolinguistic data gathering tool: Testing its validity. Journal of English Linguistics 40(1). 74–110. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2015The written questionnaire in social dialectology: History, theory, practice (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society 40). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Doyle, Bertram W.
1968The etiquette of race relations in the south: A study in social control. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.Google Scholar
Drummond, Rob & Erik Schleef
2016Identity in variationist sociolinguistics. In Siân Preece (ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and identity, 50–65. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dunkling, Leslie
1990A dictionary of epithets and terms of address. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope
1989The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change 1(3). 245–267. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005Variation, convention, and social meaning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America , Oakland, CA, 7 January 2005: 1–33. [URL] (31 March 2021.)
2012Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41. 87–100. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope & Sally McConnell-Ginet
2013Language and gender, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eelen, Gino
2001A critique of politeness theories. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Eggins, Suzanne
2000Researching everyday talk. In Len Unsworth (ed.), Researching language in schools and communities: Functional linguistic perspectives, 130–151. London: Cassell.Google Scholar
Ellis, Michael
1994Literary dialect as linguistic evidence: Subject-verb concord in nineteenth-century southern literature. American Speech 69(2). 128–144. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ervin-Tripp, Susan M.
1972On sociolinguistic rules: Alternation and co-occurrence. In John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication, 213–250. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Fabb, Nigel
2001Linguistics and literature. In Mark Aronoff & Janie Rees-Miller (eds.), The handbook of linguistics, 446–465. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Norman
1992Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Farquharson, Joseph T.
2013Jamaican. In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber (eds.), The survey of pidgin and creole languages: English-based and Dutch-based languages, vol. 1, 81–91. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Farquharson, Joseph T. & Byron Jones
2014Jamaican slang. In Julie Coleman (ed.), Global English slang: Methodologies and perspectives, 116–125. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fasold, Ralph W.
1990The sociolinguistics of language. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford
2002Entering the community: Fieldwork. In Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, 20–39. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Figueredo, Danilo H.
(ed.) 2006Encyclopedia of Caribbean literature, vols. 1 & 2. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Finkenstaedt, Thomas
1963You and thou: Studie zur Anrede im Englischen (mit einem Exkurs über die Anrede im Deutschen). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Firth, Raymond, Jane Hubert & Anthony Forge
1969Families and their relatives: Kinship in a middle-class sector of London. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Fischer, Andreas
2002Notes on kinship terminology in the history of English. In Katja Lenz & Ruth Möhlig (eds.), Of dyuersitie & chaunge of language: Essays presented to Manfred Görlach on the occasion of his 65th birthday, 115–128. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A.
1997Language and ethnicity: The view from within. In Florian Coulmas (ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics, 327–343. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fitch, Kristine L.
1991The interplay of linguistic universals and cultural knowledge in personal address: Colombian ‘madre’ terms. Communication Monographs 58. 254–272. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Formentelli, Maicol
2007The vocative mate in contemporary English: A corpus-based study. In Andrea Sansò (ed.), Language resources and linguistic theory, 180–199. Milan: Franco Angeli.Google Scholar
2009Address strategies in a British academic setting. Pragmatics 19(2). 179–196. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Formentelli, Maicol & John Hajek
2013Italian L2 address strategies in an Australian university setting: A comparison with L1 Italian and L1 English practice. In Bert Peeters, Kerry Mullan & Christine Béal (eds.), Cross-culturally speaking, speaking cross-culturally, 77–106. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen
2002Ethnicity. In Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, 444–472. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Frey, William H. & Zachary Zimmer
2001Defining the city. In Ronan Paddison (ed.), Handbook of urban studies, 14–35. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fuller, Janet M.
2005The uses and meanings of the female title Ms. American Speech 80(2). 180–206. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Geertz, Clifford
1973Person, time and conduct in Bali. In Clifford Geertz (ed.), The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays, 360–411. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving
1959The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.Google Scholar
1967Interaction ritual: Essays in face-to-face behavior. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.Google Scholar
Golato, Andrea
2003Studying compliment responses: A comparison of DCTs and recordings of naturally occurring talk. Applied Linguistics 24(1). 90–121. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goody, Jack
1983The development of the family and marriage in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Derek
1987Class, status and social mobility in Jamaica. Kingston: Institute for Social and Economic Research.Google Scholar
Gordon, Shirley C.
1963A century of West Indian education: A source book. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Gorman, Kyle & Daniel Ezra Johnson
2013Quantitative analysis. In Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron & Ceil Lucas (eds.), The Oxford handbook of sociolinguistics, 214–240. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gramley, Stephan & Kurt-Michael Pätzold
2004A survey of Modern English, 2nd edn. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grieve, Jack
2013Sociolinguistics: Quantitative methods. In Carol A. Chapelle (ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics, vol. 9, 5286–5293. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gumperz, John J.
1982Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gumperz, John J. & Dell Hymes
(eds.) 1972Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie
2004Urban Bahamian Creole: System and variation (Varieties of English Around the World G32). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2016Standards of English in the Caribbean: History, attitudes, functions, features. In Elena Seoane & Cristina Suárez-Gómez (eds.), World Englishes: New theoretical and methodological considerations (Varieties of English Around the World G57), 85–112. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie & Dagmar Deuber
2015American influence on written Caribbean English: A diachronic analysis of newspaper reportage in the Bahamas and in Trinidad and Tobago. In Peter Collins (ed.), Grammatical change in English world-wide (Studies in Corpus Linguistics 67), 389–410. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hänsel, Eva Canan & Dagmar Deuber
2013Globalization, postcolonial Englishes, and the English language press in Kenya, Singapore, and Trinidad and Tobago. World Englishes 32(3). 338–357. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hair, Joseph F., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin & Rolph E. Anderson
2010Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective, 7th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Google Scholar
Harris, John
1986Expanding the superstrate: Habitual markers in Atlantic Englishes. English World-Wide 7(2). 171–199. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hentschel, Elke
2012All men become brothers: The use of kinship terms for non-related persons as a sign of respect or disrespect. Linguistik Online 51(1). 29–42. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond
2003Rectifying a standard deficiency: Pronominal distinctions in varieties of English. In Irma Taavitsainen & Andreas H. Jucker (eds.), Diachronic perspectives on address term systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 107), 345–374. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004English dialect input to the Caribbean. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Legacies of colonial English: Studies in transported dialects, 326–359. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(ed.) 2010Varieties of English in writing: The written word as linguistic evidence (Varieties of English Around the World G41). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hollington, Andrea
2015Traveling conceptualizations: A cognitive and anthropological linguistic study of Jamaican (Culture and Language Use 14). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holm, John
1994English in the Caribbean. In Robert Burchfield (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language: English in Britain and overseas: Origins and development, vol. 5, 328–381. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holmes, Janet
2008An introduction to sociolinguistics, 3rd edn. Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar
Holton, Sylvia W.
1984Down home and uptown: The representation of black speech in American fiction. Rutherford, NY: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.Google Scholar
Hook, Donald D.
1984First names and titles as solidarity and power semantics in English. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 22(3). 183–189. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hope, Jonathan
1993Second person singular pronouns in records of Early Modern ‘spoken’ English. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 94(1). 83–100.Google Scholar
1994The use of thou and you in Early Modern spoken English: Evidence from depositions, in the Durham ecclesiastical court records. In Dieter Kastovsky (ed.), Studies in Early Modern English, 141–151. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Horn, Laurence R.
1984Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature. In Deborah Schiffrin (ed.), Meaning, form and use in context: Linguistic applications (Georgetown University round table on languages and linguistics 1984), 11–42. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Hughson, Jo-anne
2009Diversity and changing values in address: Spanish address pronoun usage in an intercultural immigrant context. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell
1974Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Ide, Sachiko
1989Formal forms and discernment: Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua 8(2/3). 223–248. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
International Standard Classification of Occupations
2008[URL] (31 March 2021.)
Irvine, Alison
2004A good command of the English language: Phonological variation in the Jamaican acrolect. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 19(1). 41–76. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Irvine, Judith T.
2009Honorifics. In Gunter Senft, Jan-Ola Östman & Jef Verschueren (eds.), Culture and language use (Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights 2), 156–172. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ives, Sumner
1971A theory of literary dialect. In Juanita V. Williamson & Virginia M. Burke (eds.), A various language: Perspectives on American dialects, 145–177. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Jacquemet, Marco
1994T-offenses and metapragmatic attacks: Strategies of interactional dominance. Discourse and Society 5(3). 297–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jamaica Standard Occupational Classification
2015[URL] (31 March 2021.)
James, Deborah
1998Gender-linked derogatory terms and their use by women and men. American Speech 73(4). 399–420. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
James, Winford & Valerie Youssef
2008The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: Morphology and syntax. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.), Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean, vol. 2, 661–692. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jantos, Susanne
2010Agreement in educated Jamaican English: A corpus-based study of spoken usage in ICE-Jamaica. In Anja Wanner & Heidrun Dorgeloh (eds.), Approaches to syntactic variation and genre, 305–331. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jaworski, Adam & Dariusz Galasiński
2000Vocative address forms and ideological legitimization in political debates. Discourse Studies 2(1). 35–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
John, Catherine
2003Neo-coloniality, literary representation and the problem of disciplinary solutions. In Carole Boyce Davies, Meredith Gadsby, Charles Peterson & Henrietta Williams (eds.), Decolonizing the academy: African diaspora studies, 235–256. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara
2011Language and place. In Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of sociolinguistics, 203–217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Joseph, John E.
1987Subject relevance and deferential address in Indo-European languages. Lingua 73. 259–277. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004Language and identity: National, ethnic, religious. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H.
2000 Thou in the history of English: A case for historical semantics or pragmatics? In Christiane Dalton-Puffer & Nikolaus Ritt (eds.), Words: Structure, meaning, function. A Festschrift for Dieter Kastovsky, 153–163. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006Thou art so loothly and so oold also: The use of ye and thou in Chaucer’s Canterbury tales . Anglistik 17(2). 57–72.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. & Irma Taavitsainen
2003Diachronic perspectives on address term systems: Introduction. In Irma Taavitsainen & Andreas H. Jucker (eds.), Diachronic perspectives on address term systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 107), 1–25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kachru, Braj B.
1985Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Randolph Quirk & Henry G. Widdowson (eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures, 11–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1992World Englishes: Approaches, issues and resources. Language Teaching 25(1). 1–14. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele
1990Linguistic politeness: Current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2). 193–218. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, Robert
2015Nicknames. In John R. Taylor (ed.), The Oxford handbook of the word, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 650–668.Google Scholar
Khan, Aisha
1997Rurality and ‘racial’ landscapes in Trinidad. In Barbara Ching & Gerald W. Creed (eds.), Knowing your place: Rural identity and cultural hierarchy, 39–70. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak, Agnieszka
1992A socio-historical study in address: Polish and English. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Klerk, Vivian de & Barbara Bosch
1999Nicknames as evidence of verbal playfulness. Multilingua 18(1). 1–16. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kluge, Bettina
2005Identitätskonstitution im Gespräch: Südchilenische Migrantinnen in Santiago de Chile. Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Knappe, Gabriele & Michael Schümann
2006 Thou and ye: A collocational-phraseological approach to pronoun change in Chaucer’s Canterbury tales . Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 42. 213–238.Google Scholar
Koch, Peter & Wulf Oesterreicher
1985Sprache der Nähe – Sprache der Distanz: Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte. Romanistisches Jahrbuch 36. 15–43. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia & John Victor Singler
(eds.) 2008The handbook of pidgin and creole studies. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011Pidgins and creoles. In Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of sociolinguistics, 283–300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kramer, Cheris
1975Sex-related differences in address systems. Anthropological Linguistics 17. 198–210.Google Scholar
Krug, Manfred, Julia Schlüter & Anette Rosenbach
2013Introduction: Investigating language variation and change. In Manfred Krug & Julia Schlüter (eds.), Research methods in language variation and change, 1–13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Labov, William
1963The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19. 273–309. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1966The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
1972aSociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
1972bLanguage in the inner city. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
1990The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2(2). 205–254. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin
1975Language and woman’s place. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Lalla, Barbara
2005Creole and respec’ in the development of Jamaican literary discourse. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20(1). 53–84. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lalla, Barbara & Jean D’Costa
1990Language in exile: Three hundred years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Lalla, Barbara, Jean D’Costa & Velma Pollard
2014Caribbean literary discourse: Voice and cultural identity in the anglophone Caribbean. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Lambert, Wallace E. & G. Richard Tucker
1976Tu, vous, usted: A social-psychological study of address patterns. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey
1999The distribution and function of vocatives in American and British English conversation. In Hilde Hasselgård & Signe Oksefjell (eds.), Out of corpora: Studies in honour of Stig Johansson, 107–118. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
2007Politeness: Is there an East-West divide? Journal of Politeness Research 3(2). 167–206. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair & Nicholas Smith
2009Change in contemporary language: A grammatical study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Le Page, Robert B. & Andrée Tabouret-Keller
1985Acts of identity: Creole-based approaches to language and ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lerner, Gene H.
2003Selecting next speaker: The context-sensitive operation of a context-free organization. Language in Society 32(2). 177–201. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lieberson, Stanley & Cathy Kenny
2007The changing role of nicknames: A study of politicians. Names 55(4). 317–325. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lillian, Donna L.
1993Ms. revisited: She’s still a bitch, only now she’s older! Papers of the Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association 19. 149–161.Google Scholar
Locher, Miriam A. & Richard J. Watts
2005Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research 1(1). 9–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Luckmann de Lopez, Kathrin
2013Clause-final man in Tyneside English. In Gisle Andersen & Kristin Bech (eds.), English corpus linguistics: Variation in time, space and genre (selected papers from ICAME 32), 139–162. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Luong, Hy V.
1990Discursive practices and linguistic meanings: The Vietnamese system of person reference (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 11). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Macaulay, Ronald K. S.
2009Quantitative methods in sociolinguistics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mair, Christian
2002Creolisms in an emerging standard: Written English in Jamaica. English World-Wide 23(1). 31–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007English in North America and the Caribbean. In Christopher F. Laferl & Bernhard Pöll (eds.), Amerika und die Norm: Literatursprache als Modell?, 3–23. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009Corpus linguistics meets sociolinguistics: Studying educated spoken usage in Jamaica on the basis of the International Corpus of English. In Thomas Hoffmann & Lucia Siebers (eds.), World Englishes: Problems, properties and prospects (Varieties of English Around the World G40), 39–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mair, Christian & Andrea Sand
1998Caribbean English: Structure and status of an emerging variety. In Raimund Borgmeier, Herbert Grabes & Andreas H. Jucker (eds.), Anglistentag 1997 Giessen: Proceedings, 187–198. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.Google Scholar
Malcomson, Kelly A. & Lisa Sinclair
2007The Ms. stereotype revisited: Implicit and explicit facets. Psychology of Women Quarterly 31(3). 305–310. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Maynor, Natalie
1996The pronoun y’all: Questions and some tentative answers. Journal of English Linguistics 24(4). 288–294. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mazzon, Gabriella
2000Social relations and forms of address in the Canterbury tales . In Dieter Kastovsky & Arthur Mettinger (eds.), The history of English in a social context: A contribution to historical sociolinguistics, 135–168. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McArthur, Tom
1998Concise Oxford companion to the English language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Michael J. & Anne O’Keeffe
2003‘What’s in a name?’: Vocatives in casual conversations and radio phone-in calls. In Pepi Leistyna & Charles F. Meyer (eds.), Corpus analysis: Language structure and language use, 153–185. Amsterdam: Rodopi. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McConnell-Ginet, Sally
2003‘What’s in a name?’: Social labeling and gender practices. In Janet Holmes & Miriam Meyerhoff (eds.), The handbook of language and gender, 69–97. Malden, MA: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meyerhoff, Miriam, Chie Adachi, Golnaz Nanbakhsh & Anna Strycharz
2012Sociolinguistic fieldwork. In Nicholas Thieberger (ed.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic fieldwork, 121–146. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Migge, Bettina
2001Communicating gender in the Eastern Maroon Creole of Suriname. In Marlis Hellinger & Hadumod Bußmann (eds.), Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society 9), vol. 1, 85–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mille, Katherine Wyly
1997Ambrose Gonzales’s Gullah: What it may tell us about variation. In Cynthia Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally & Robin Sabino (eds.), Language variety in the south revisited, 98–112. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Mills, Sara
2003Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011Discursive approaches to politeness and impoliteness. In Linguistic Politeness Research Group (eds.), Discursive approaches to politeness, 19–56. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Lesley & Matthew Gordon
2003Sociolinguistics: Method and interpretation. Malden, MA: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mintz, Sidney W. & Richard Price
1976The birth of African-American culture: An anthropological perspective. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Marcyliena
1993The Africanness of counterlanguage among Afro-Americans. In Salikoko S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, 423–435. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Mühleisen, Susanne
2001Is ‘bad English’ dying out? A diachronic comparative study of attitudes towards Creole vs. Standard English in Trinidad. Philologie im Netz 15. 43–78. [URL] (31 March 2021.)
2002Creole discourse: Exploring prestige-formation and change across Caribbean English-lexicon creoles (Creole Language Library 24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005Forms of address in English-lexicon creoles: The presentation of selves and others in the Caribbean context. In Susanne Mühleisen & Bettina Migge (eds.), Politeness and face in Caribbean creoles (Varieties of English Around the World G34), 195–223. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010Variation and change in creole pronominal systems: What does allyuh mean? In Markus Bieswanger, Heiko Motschenbacher & Susanne Mühleisen (eds.), Language in its socio-cultural context: New explorations in gendered, global and media uses, 237–253. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2011Forms of address and ambiguity in Caribbean creoles: Strategic interactions in a postcolonial language situation. Journal of Pragmatics 43(6). 1460–1471. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013Trinidad English Creole. In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber (eds.), The survey of pidgin and creole languages: English-based and Dutch-based languages, vol. 1, 61–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mühleisen, Susanne & Don E. Walicek
2009Language and gender in the Caribbean: An overview. Sargasso: Journal of Caribbean Literature, Language and Culture 2008–2009 15–30.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter
1997Pidgin and creole linguistics, 2nd edn. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
1988The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba. Multilingua 7(4). 441–453. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Bróna & Fiona Farr
2012‘I’m fine girl, and how are you?’: The use of vocatives in spoken Irish English. In Bettina Migge & Máire Ní Chiosáin (eds.), New perspectives on Irish English (Varieties of English Around the World G44), 203–224. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Gregory L.
1988Personal reference in English. Language in Society 17(3). 317–349. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Murray, Thomas E.
1997Perceptions of Ms.-titled women: Evidence from the American Midwest. Onomastica Canadiana 79. 73–96.Google Scholar
2002aA new look at address in American English: The rules have changed. Names 50(1). 43–61. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002bA further note on the ‘title + first name’ form of address. Names 50(4). 263–273. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Myers, Raymond H.
1990Classical and modern regression with applications, 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Duxbury.Google Scholar
National Occupational Classification of Trinidad & Tobago
2013[URL] (31 March 2021.)
Nettleford, Rex
1984Foreword. In Michael G. Smith (ed.), Culture, race and class in the Commonwealth Caribbean, ix–xii. Kingston: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of the West Indies.Google Scholar
Nevala, Minna
2002 Youre moder send a letter to the: Pronouns of address in private correspondence from Late Middle to Late Modern English. In Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi & Matti Rissanen (eds.), Variation past and present. VARIENG studies on English for Terttu Nevalainen, 135–159. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.Google Scholar
2003Family first: Address and subscription formulae in English family correspondence from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century. In Irma Taavitsainen & Andreas H. Jucker (eds.), Diachronic perspectives on address term systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 107), 147–176. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004Accessing politeness axes: Forms of address and terms of reference in early English correspondence. Journal of Pragmatics 36(12). 2125–2160. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nkwain, Joseph
2014Address strategies in Cameroon Pidgin English: A sociopragmatic perspective. In Eric A. Anchimbe (ed.), Structural and sociolinguistic perspectives on indigenisation: On multilingualism and language evolution, 189–206. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nørgaard, Nina
2004Challenging the boundaries: Exploring the interface of linguistics and literature. In Hans Lauge Hansen (ed.), Disciplines and interdisciplinarity in foreign language studies, 169–182. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Norrby, Catrin & Camilla Wide
2015Introduction: Address as social action across cultures and contexts. In Catrin Norrby & Camilla Wide (eds.), Address practice as social action: European perspectives, 1–12. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Norrick, Neal R. & Claudia Bubel
2009Direct address as a resource for humor. In Neal R. Norrick & Delia Chiaro (eds.), Humor in interaction (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 182), 29–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
O’Keeffe, Anne, Brian Clancy & Svenja Adolphs
2011Introducing pragmatics in use. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary [OED]
2000– 3rd edn. OED online. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [URL] (31 March 2021.)
Oyetade, Solomon Oluwole
1995A sociolinguistic analysis of address forms in Yoruba. Language in Society 24(4). 515–535. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pakkala-Weckström, Mari
2003Genre, gender and power: A study of address forms in seven Canterbury tales . In Karin Aijmer & Britta Olinder (eds.), Proceedings from the 8th Nordic conference on English studies, 121–136. Goteborg: Goteborgs Universitet Acta Univ.Google Scholar
Patrick, Peter L.
1999Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the mesolect (Varieties of English Around the World G17). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008aPidgins, creoles, and variation. In Silvia Kouwenberg & John Victor Singler (eds.), The handbook of pidgin and creole studies, 461–488. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008bJamaican Creole: Morphology and syntax. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.), Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean, vol. 2, 609–644. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Pauwels, Anne
2001Spreading the feminist word: The case of the new courtesy title Ms in Australian English. In Marlis Hellinger & Hadumod Bußmann (eds.), Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society 9), vol. 1, 137–151. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Philipsen, Gerry & Michael Huspek
1985A bibliography of sociolinguistic studies of personal address. Anthropological Linguistics 27(1). 94–101.Google Scholar
Population and Housing Census of Jamaica
2011[URL] (31 March 2021.)
Price, Richard & Sally Price
1972Saramaka onomastics: An Afro-American naming system. Ethnology 11(4). 341–367. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik
1985A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena
1996Forms of address in Early English correspondence. In Terttu Nevalainen & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language history: Studies based on the corpus of Early English correspondence, 167–182. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
2005The diffusion of subject you: A case study in historical sociolinguistics. Language Variation and Change 17(1). 55–73. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
R Core Team
2016R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. [URL] (31 March 2021.)
Reisman, Karl
1974Cultural and linguistic ambiguity in a West Indian village. In Norman E. Whitten & John F. Szwed (eds.), Afro-American anthropology, 129–144. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Rendle-Short, Johanna
2007‘Catherine, you’re wasting your time’: Address terms within the Australian political interview. Journal of Pragmatics 39(9). 1503–1525. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Richardson, Gina
1984Can y’all function as a singular pronoun in southern dialect? American Speech 59(1). 51–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rickford, John R.
1986Social contact and linguistic diffusion: Hiberno-English and New World Black English. Language 62(2). 245–289. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1987Dimensions of a creole continuum: History, texts, and linguistic analysis of Guyanese Creole. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. & John McWhorter
1997Language contact and language generation: Pidgins and creoles. In Florian Coulmas (ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics, 238–256. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. & Elizabeth Closs Traugott
1985Symbol of powerlessness and degeneracy, or symbol of solidarity and truth? Paradoxical attitudes toward pidgins and creoles. In Sidney Greenbaum (ed.), The English language today, 252–261. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Rocke, Judy
2003Rural poverty and development planning: A case study of Moruga and Cocal in South-East Trinidad, In David Barker & Duncan McGregor (eds.), Resources, planning, and environmental management in a changing Caribbean, 113–132. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne
1988Pidgin and creole languages. London: Longman.Google Scholar
2001A corpus-based view of gender in British and American English. In Marlis Hellinger & Hadumod Bußmann (eds.), Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society 9), vol. 1, 153–175. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rosenfelder, Ingrid
2009Rhoticity in educated Jamaican English: An analysis of the spoken component of ICE-Jamaica. In Thomas Hoffmann & Lucia Siebers (eds.), World Englishes: Problems, properties and prospects (Varieties of English Around the World G40), 61–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rudanko, Juhani M.
1993Pragmatic approaches to Shakespeare: Essays on Othello, Coriolanus and Timon of Athens. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Russell Webb, Eric
2013Pidgins and creoles. In Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron & Ceil Lucas (eds.), The Oxford handbook of sociolinguistics, 301–320. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rymes, Betsy
1999Names. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 9(1/2). 163–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Salmon, Vivian
1967Elizabethan colloquial English in the Falstaff plays. Leeds Studies in English 1. 37–70.Google Scholar
Sand, Andrea
1999Linguistic variation in Jamaica: A corpus-based study of radio and newspaper usage. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
2011Language attitudes and linguistic awareness in Jamaican English. In Lars Hinrichs & Joseph T. Farquharson (eds.), Variation in the Caribbean: From creole continua to individual agency (Creole Language Library 37), 163–190. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sankoff, David
1988Problems of representativeness. In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar & Klaus J. Mattheier (eds.), Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, 899–903. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schilling, Natalie
2011Language, gender, and sexuality. In Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of sociolinguistics, 218–237. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013aSociolinguistic fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013bSurveys and interviews. In Robert J. Podesva & Devyani Sharma (eds.), Research methods in linguistics, 96–115. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schleef, Erik
2013Written surveys and questionnaires in sociolinguistics. In Janet Holmes & Kirk Hazen (eds.), Research methods in sociolinguistics: A practical guide, 42–57. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef
2008East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): Morphology and syntax. In Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), Varieties of English 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia, 451–471. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schneider, David M. & George C. Homans
1955Kinship terminology and the American kinship system. American Anthropologist 57(6). 1194–1208. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.
2002Investigating variation and change in written documents. In Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, 67–96. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
2006English in North America. In Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru & Cecil L. Nelson (eds.), The handbook of world Englishes, 58–73. Malden, MA: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007Postcolonial English: Varieties around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. & Christian Wagner
2006The variability of literary dialect in Jamaican Creole: Thelwell’s The harder they come . Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21(1). 45–95. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Klaus P.
2003Diminutives in English. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Klaus P. & Anne Barron
2008Where pragmatics and dialectology meet: Introducing variational pragmatics. In Klaus P. Schneider & Anne Barron (eds.), Variational pragmatics: A focus on regional varieties in pluricentric languages (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 178), 1–32. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schulz, Muriel R.
1975The semantic derogation of women. In Barrie Thorne & Nancy Henley (eds.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance, 64–75. Rowley, MA: Newbury.Google Scholar
Scotton, Carol Myers & Zhu Wanjin
1983 Tóngzhì in China: Language change and its conversational consequences. Language in Society 12(4). 477–494. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Seoane, Elena
2016The perfect space in creole-related varieties of English: The case of Jamaican English. In Valentin Werner, Elena Seoane & Cristina Suárez-Gómez (eds.), Re-assessing the present perfect: Corpus studies and beyond, 195–222. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shields-Brodber, Kathryn
1989Standard English in Jamaica: A case of competing models. English World-Wide 10(1). 41–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1997Requiem for English in an ‘English-speaking’ community: The case of Jamaica. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.), Englishes around the world: Studies in honour of Manfred Görlach: Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Australasia (Varieties of English Around the World G19), vol. 2, 57–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smith, Raymond T.
1996The matrifocal family: Power, pluralism, and politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Speelman, Dirk
2014Logistic regression: A confirmatory technique for comparisons in corpus linguistics. In Dylan Glynn & Justyna A. Robinson (eds.), Corpus methods for semantics: Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy (Human Cognitive Processing 43), 487–534. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Spencer, Nancy J.
1975Singular y’all . American Speech 50(3/4). 315–317. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, Helen
1996Reconsidering power and distance. Journal of Pragmatics 26(1). 1–24. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stanley Niaah, Sonjah
2010Dancehall: From slave ship to ghetto. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.Google Scholar
Stein, Dieter
2003Pronominal usage in Shakespeare: Between sociolinguistics and conversational analysis. In Irma Taavitsainen & Andreas H. Jucker (eds.), Diachronic perspectives on address term systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 107), 251–307. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stoll, Rita
1989Die nicht-pronominale Anrede bei Shakespeare. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Strathern, Marilyn
1992After nature: English kinship in the late twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sutton, Laurel A.
1995Bitches and skankly hobags: The place of women in contemporary slang. In Kira Hall & Mary Bucholtz (eds.), Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self, 279–296. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Svartvik, Jan & Geoffrey Leech
2016English: One tongue, many voices, 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Svennevig, Jan
1999Getting acquainted in conversation: A study of initial interactions (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 64). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt
2006Morphosyntactic persistence in spoken English: A corpus study at the intersection of variationist sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and discourse analysis. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Taavitsainen, Irma & Andreas H. Jucker
(eds.) 2003Diachronic perspectives on address term systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 107). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2016Forms of address. In Carole Hough (ed.), The Oxford handbook of names and naming, 427–437. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taavitsainen, Irma, Gunnel Melchers & Päivi Pahta
(eds.) 1999Writing in nonstandard English (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 67). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A.
2006Analysing sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012Variationist sociolinguistics: Change, observation, interpretation. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tannen, Deborah
1994Gender and discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Theodoropoulou, Irene
2014Sociolinguistics of style and social class in contemporary Athens (Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture 57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tillery, Jan & Guy Bailey
1998 Yall in Oklahoma. American Speech 73(3). 257–278. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tracy, Karen & Jessica S. Robles
2013Everyday talk: Building and reflecting identities, 2nd edn. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Trinidad and Tobago Population and Housing Census
2011[URL] (31 March 2021.)
Trudgill, Peter
1974The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter & Jack K. Chambers
1991Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Turner, Lorenzo Dow
1949Africanisms in the Gullah dialect. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Urichuk, Matthew & Verónica Loureiro-Rodríguez
2019Brocatives: Self-reported use of masculine nominal vocatives in Manitoba (Canada). In Bettina Kluge & María Irene Moyna (eds.), It’s not all about ‘you’: New perspectives on address research (Topics in Address Research 1), 356–372. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Velupillai, Viveka
2015Pidgins, creoles and mixed languages: An introduction (Creole Language Library 48). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vincze, Lajos
1978Kinship terms and address in a Hungarian speaking peasant community in Rumania. Ethnology 17(1). 101–117. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wales, Kathleen M.
1983 Thou and you in Early Modern English: Brown and Gilman re-appraised. Studia Linguistica 37(2). 107–125. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wales, Katie
1996Personal pronouns in present-day English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walker, Terry
2007Thou and you in Early Modern English dialogues: Trials, depositions, and drama comedy (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 158). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watts, Richard J.
2003Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watts, Richard J., Sachiko Ide & Konrad Ehlich
(eds.) 2005Politeness in language: Studies in its history, theory and practice, 2nd edn. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Westbrook, Alonzo
2002Hip hoptionary: The dictionary of hip hop terminology. New York, NY: Harlem Moon.Google Scholar
Westphal, Michael
2017Language variation on Jamaican radio (Varieties of English Around the World G60). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Whitcut, Janet
1980The language of address. In Leonard Michaels & Christopher Ricks (eds.), The state of the language, 89–97. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Winer, Lise
1993Trinidad and Tobago (Varieties of English Around the World T6). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.) 2009Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On historical principles. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald
1972A sociolinguistic description of two communities in Trinidad. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. York: University of York.Google Scholar
1976Teacher attitudes toward language varieties in a creole community. Linguistics 175. 45–75.Google Scholar
1980The creole situation in the context of sociolinguistic studies. In Richard R. Day (ed.), Issues in English creoles: Proceedings of the 1975 Hawaii conference, 51–76. Heidelberg: Cross. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1991The Caribbean. In Jenny Cheshire (ed.), English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives, 565–584. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1992Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited. Language Variation and Change 4(3). 311–357. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1993Predication in Caribbean English creoles (Creole Language Library 10). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1997Re-examining Caribbean English creole continua. World Englishes 16(2). 233–279. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008English in the Caribbean. In Haruko Momma & Michael Matto (eds.), A companion to the history of the English language, 413–422. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Winter, Joanne & Anne Pauwels
2007 Missing me and Msing the other: Courtesy titles for women in Englishes. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 30(1). 1–17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wodak, Ruth & Gertraud Benke
1997Gender as a sociolinguistic variable: New perspectives on variation studies. In Florian Coulmas (ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics, 127–150. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt
1969A sociolinguistic description of Detroit negro speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
2007Ethnic varieties. In Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany & Peter Stockwell (eds.), The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics, 77–83. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt & Natalie Schilling
2016American English: Dialects and variation, 3rd edn. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wolfson, Nessa & Joan Manes
1980Don’t ‘dear’ me! In Sally McConnell-Ginet, Ruth Borker & Nelly Furman (eds.), Women and language in literature and society, 79–92. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Wong, Jock
2006aSocial hierarchy in the ‘speech culture’ of Singapore. In Cliff Goddard (ed.), Ethnopragmatics: Understanding discourse in cultural context, 99–125. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006bContextualizing aunty in Singaporean English. World Englishes 25(3/4). 451–466. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wood, Donald
1968Trinidad in transition: The years after slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Linda A. & Rolf O. Kroger
1991Politeness and forms of address. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 10(3). 145–168. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wright, Susan
1997‘Ah’m going for to give youse a story today’: Remarks on second-person plural pronouns in Englishes. In Jenny Cheshire & Dieter Stein (eds.), Taming the vernacular: From dialect to written standard language, 170–184. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Wu, Yongyi
1990The usages of kinship address forms amongst non-kin in Mandarin Chinese: The extension of family solidarity. Australian Journal of Linguistics 10(1). 61–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Youssef, Valerie
2004‘Is English we speaking’: Trinbagonian in the twenty-first century. Some notes and comments on the English usage of Trinidad and Tobago. English Today 20(4). 42–49. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Youssef, Valerie & Dagmar Deuber
2007ICE Trinidad and Tobago: Teacher language investigation in a university research class. Proceedings from the Corpus Linguistics 2007 Conference. [URL] (31 March 2021.)
Youssef, Valerie & Winford James
2008The creoles of Trinidad and Tobago: Phonology. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.), Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean, vol. 2, 320–338. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zwicky, Arnold M.
1974Hey, Whatsyourname! In Michael La Galy, Robert Fox & Anthony Bruck (eds.), Papers from the tenth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS 10), 787–801. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar