Article published in:
Target
Vol. 15:2 (2003) ► pp. 197–241

The cognitive basis of translation universals

| University of Bergen, Norway
At present, there are few attempts to provide external explanations for the patterns subsumed under the heading of “translation universal”. In this paper, I discuss the possible cognitive basis for the patterns/processes that have been variously referred to as simplification/generalization, normalization, standardization, sanitization, and exaggeration of target language features. The framework that I adopt is that of cognitive grammar, and my claim is that all of the above arise from the existence of asymmetries in the cognitive organization of semantic information. I also propose that the converse case is true: cases involving a lack of conspicuous cognitive asymmetries will demonstrate the opposite effect in translated text. In closing, I place the argument in a larger perspective by adopting Croft’s (1990) scalar notion of generalization in a discussion of explanation in translation studies.
Keywords: translation universals, translation and cognition, translation and semantic networks, explanation in translation studies
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The cognitive organization of information
    • 2.1Basic assumptions
    • 2.2Semantic structure: Linguistic units, domains, access points, categories and schematic networks
      • 2.2.1Linguistic units
      • 2.2.2The semantic pole
      • 2.2.3Integrated systems: Increasing structural complexity
    • 2.3Asymmetry, cognitive salience and categorial prominence
      • 2.3.1Asymmetry in the matrix: Specifications for lexical items
      • 2.3.2Asymmetry in schematic networks: Prototypes and schemas
    • 2.4Representation in the bilingual brain
      • 2.4.1Organization: Lexical and semantic elements and their interconnections
      • 2.4.2Translation tasks: Word-type effects
  • 3.Cognitive organization and translation effects
    • 3.1Bringing it all together
    • 3.2Effects of high cognitive salience on translation
    • 3.3Effects of low cognitive salience and low arc strengths on translation
  • 4.Additional effects and origins of cognitive salience and asymmetry
    • 4.1Asymmetry effects in second language acquisition (SLA)
    • 4.2Origins of asymmetric structure
  • 5.Conclusion
    • 5.1Description, explanation and generalization
    • 5.2Researching translation universals
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 12 May 2004
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.15.2.02hal
References
Baker, Mona
1992 In other words. London: Routledge.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1993 “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Implications and applications”. Mona Baker, Gill Francis and Elena Tognini-Bonelli, eds. Text and technology: In honour of John Sinclair. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins 1993 233–250.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1995 “Corpora in Translation Studies: An overview and suggestions for future research”. Target 7:2. 223–243.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barsalou, Lawrence
1987 “The instability of graded structure: Implications for the nature of concepts”. Ulric Neisser, ed. Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1987 101–140.Google Scholar
1992 Cognitive psychology: An overview for cognitive scientists. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bechtel, William
1988 Philosophy of science: An overview for cognitive science. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Berlin, Brent and Paul Kay
1969 Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
1986 “Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation”. Juliane House and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, eds. Interlingual and intercultural comunication. Tübingen: Gunter Narr 1986 17–35.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka Shoshana and Eddie A. Levenston
1983 “Universals of lexical simplification”. Claus Færch and Gabriele Kasper, eds. Strategies in interlanguage communication. London: Longman 1983 119–139.Google Scholar
De Bot, Kees and Robert Schreuder
1993 “Word production and the bilingual lexicon”. Schreuder and Weltens 1993 . 191–214.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bybee, Joan
1988 “The diachronic dimension in explanation”. John A. Hawkins, ed. Explaining language universals. Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1988 350–379.Google Scholar
Chesterman, Andrew
ed. 1989 Readings in translation theory. Finland: Oy Finn Lectura Ab.Google Scholar
2000 “A causal model for translation studies”. Olahan 2000 . 15–27. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001 “Hypotheses about translation universals”. Paper presented at the Third International EST Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 August–1 September 2001.Google Scholar
Croft, William
1990 Typology and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Englund-Dimitrova, Birgitta
1997 “Translation of dialect in fictional prose—Vilhem Moberg in Russian and English as a case in point”. Norm, variation and change in language: Proceedings of the centenary meeting of the Nyfilologiska sälskapet, Nedre Manilla, 22–23 March 1996. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell 1997 49–65.Google Scholar
2001 “Explicitation—universal or umbrella?” Paper presented at the Third International EST Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 August– 1 September 2001.Google Scholar
Geeraerts, Dirk
1989 “Introduction: Prospects and problems of prototype theory”. Linguistics 271. 587–612.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2000 “Salience phenomena in the lexicon”. Liliana Albertazzi, ed. Meaning and cognition: A multidisciplinary approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins 2000 79–101.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. and Herbert L. Colston
1995 “The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations”. Cognitive linguistics 6:4. 347–378.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, Adele
1998 “Patterns of experience in patterns of language”. Michael Tomasello, ed. The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches to langauge structure. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum 1998 203–219.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H.
1968 Anthropological linguistics. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
1979 “Rethinking linguistics diachronically”. Language 551. 275–290.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Groot, Anette M. B.
1992a “Bilingual lexical representation: A closer look at conceptual representations”. Ram Frost and Leonard Katz, eds. Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning. Amsterdam: North Holland 1992 389–412.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Groot, Anette M.B.
1992b “Determinants of word translation”. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition 18:5. 1001–1018.Google Scholar
1993 “Word-type effects in bilingual processing tasks: Support for a mixed representational system”. Schreuder and Weltens 1993 . 27–51.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Groot, Anette M. B.
1997 “The cognitive study of translation and interpretation: Three approaches”. Joseph H. Danks, Gregory M. Shreve, Stephen B. Fountain and Michael McBeath, eds. Cognitive processes in translation and interpreting. Thousand Oaks/ London/New Delhi: Sage 1997 25–56.Google Scholar
Halverson, Sandra
1996 “Norwegian–English translation and the role of certain connectors”. Thelen and Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 1996 . 129–139.Google Scholar
2000 “The fault line in our common ground”. Target 12:2. 356–362. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001 “An outline of a cognitive theory of translation”. Paper presented at the Third International EST Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 August–1 September 2001.Google Scholar
Hasselgren, Sandra
In preparation. “Investigating gravitational pull in translation: The case of the English progressive construction”.
Hasselgren, Angela
1993 Right words, wrong words and different words: An investigation into the lexical coping of Norwegian advanced learners of English. Department of English, University of Bergen. [Unpublished master’s thesis.]Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd
1997 Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ijaz, I. Helene
1986 “Linguistic and cognitive determinants of lexical acquisition in a second language”. Language learning 36:4. 401–451.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jääskeläinen, Riitta and Sonja Tirkonnen-Condit
1991 “Automised processes in professional vs. non-professional translation: A think-aloud protocol study”. Sonja Tirkonnen-Condit, ed. Empirical research in translation and intercultural studies. Tübingen: Gunter Narr 1991 89–109.Google Scholar
Johnson, Mark
1987 The body in the mind. Chicago: Chicago University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kellerman, Eric
1978 “Giving learners a break: Native language intuitions as a source of predictions about transferability”. Working papers on bilingualism 151. 60–92.Google Scholar
1979 “The problem with difficulty”. Interlanguage studies bulletin 41. 27–48.Google Scholar
Kenny, Dorothy
2000 “Lexical hide-and-seek: Looking for creativity in a parallel corpus”. Olahan 2000 . 93–104. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Klaudy, Kinga
1996 “Concretization and generalization of meaning in translation”. Thelen and Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 1996 . 141–163.Google Scholar
Kroll, Judith F.
1993 “Accessing conceptual representations for words in a second language”. Schreuder and Weltens 1993 . 53–81.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, George
1987 Women, fire, and dangerous things. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Langacker, Ronald
1987 Foundations of cognitive grammar 11. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
1991 Concept, image, and symbol. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1999 Grammar and conceptualization. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Laviosa, Sara
1998 “Core patterns of lexical use in a comparable corpus of English narrative prose”. Meta 43:4. 557–570.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001 “Simplification before and after the advent of corpora”. Paper presented at the Third International EST Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 August–1 September 2001.Google Scholar
Laviosa-Braithwaite, Sara
1996 The English Comparable Corpus (ECC): A resource and a methodology for the empirical study of translation. Manchester: UMIST. [Ph.D. thesis.]Google Scholar
Levenston, Eddie and Shoshana Blum
1977 “Aspects of lexical simplification in the speech and writing of advanced adult learners”. S. Pit Corder and Eddie Roulet, eds. The notions of simplification, interlanguages, and pidgins and their relation to second language pedagogy. Genève: Droz and Neuchâtel: Faculté des Lettres 1977 51–71.Google Scholar
Lie, Helene
1998 Much ado about ( ): Explicitation in translation. Department of English, University of Bergen. [Unpublished master’s thesis.]Google Scholar
Malmkjær, Kirsten
1998 “Love thy neighbor: Will parallel corpora endear linguists to translators?”43:4. 534–541. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marmaridou, A. Sophie S
1996 “Directionality in translation processes and practices”. Target 8:1. 49–73.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mauranen, Anna
2000 “Strange strings in translated language: A study on corpora”. Olahan 2000 . 119–141. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001 “Issues of data in the search for translation universals”. Paper presented at the Third International EST Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 August– 1 September 2001.Google Scholar
Olahan, Maeve
ed. 2000 Intercultural faultlines: Research models in Translation Studies. Textual and cognitive aspects. Manchester: St. Jerome.Google Scholar
Pokorn, Nike
2001 “Changing the myth of the native speaker’s competence in translation theory”. Paper presented at the Third International EST Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 August–1 September 2001.Google Scholar
Rosch, Eleanor
1975 “Universals and cultural specifics in human categorization”. Richard W. Brislin et al., Cross-cultural perspectives on learning. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1975 177–206.Google Scholar
1978 “Principles of categorization”. Eleanor Rosch and B. B. Lloyd, eds. Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum 1978 27–48.Google Scholar
Schreuder, Robert and Bert Weltens
eds. 1993 The bilingual lexicon. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, John
1989 Linguistic categorization: Prototypes in linguistic theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Thelen, Marcel and Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk
eds. 1996 Translation and meaning Part 3. Proceedings of the 2nd International Maastricht-Łódź Duo Colloquium on “Translation and Meaning”. Maastricht, The Netherlands, 19–22 April 1995. Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht.Google Scholar
Tirkonnen-Condit, Sonja
2001 “Unique items—over-or underrepresented in translated language?” Paper presented at the Third International EST Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 August–1 September 2001.Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael
1999 The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Toury, Gideon
1995 Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.   CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1997 “What lies beyond descriptive translation studies, or: Where do we go from where we assumedly are?” Miguel Ángel Vega and Rafael Matín-Gaitero, eds. La palabra vertida: Investigaciones en torno a la traducción. Madrid: Instituto Universitario de Lenguas Modernas Y Traductores. Universidad Complutense de Madrid 1997 69–80.Google Scholar
Vanderauwera, Ria
1985 Dutch novels translated into English: The transformation of a minority literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Øverås, Linn
1996 In search of the third code: An investigation of norms in literary translation. Department of British and American Studies, University of Oslo. [Unpublished master’s thesis.]Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 71 other publications

No author info given
2017.  In Aspects of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 134], Crossref logo
No author info given
2017.  In Aspects of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 134], ► pp. 206 ff. Crossref logo
No author info given
2017.  In Reflections on Translation Theory [Benjamins Translation Library, 132], Crossref logo
No author info given
2019.  In A World Atlas of Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 145], ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo
Almeida, Sandra
2017. Ji, Meng, Oakes, Michael, Defeng, Li and Hareide, Lidun, eds. (2016): Corpus methodologies explained: an empirical approach to translation studies. London/New York: Routledge, 244 p. . Meta: Journal des traducteurs 62:3 ► pp. 666 ff. Crossref logo
Bernardini, Silvia & Adriano Ferraresi
2011. Practice, Description and Theory Come Together – Normalization or Interference in Italian Technical Translation?. Meta 56:2 ► pp. 226 ff. Crossref logo
Biel, Łucja
2014. The textual fit of translated EU law: a corpus-based study of deontic modality. The Translator 20:3 ► pp. 332 ff. Crossref logo
Borodo, Michał
2020.  In English Translations of Korczak’s Children’s Fiction, ► pp. 11 ff. Crossref logo
Brzozowski, Jerzy
2009. Le problème des stratégies du traduire*. Meta 53:4 ► pp. 765 ff. Crossref logo
Carl, Michael
2021.  In Explorations in Empirical Translation Process Research [Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications, 3], ► pp. 389 ff. Crossref logo
Carl, Michael, Srinivas Bangalore & Moritz Schaeffer
2016.  In Border Crossings [Benjamins Translation Library, 126], ► pp. 225 ff. Crossref logo
Carl, Michael & Moritz J. Schaeffer
2017.  In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 50 ff. Crossref logo
Carl, Michael, Andrew Tonge & Isabel Lacruz
2019. A systems theory perspective on the translation process. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2:2 ► pp. 211 ff. Crossref logo
Casado Valenzuela, Alicia
2019. Los universales de localización. Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 65:5 ► pp. 678 ff. Crossref logo
Chesterman, Andrew
2011.  In Handbook of Translation Studies [Handbook of Translation Studies, 2], ► pp. 175 ff. Crossref logo
Chesterman, Andrew
2013. The Significance of Hypotheses. TTR 24:2 ► pp. 65 ff. Crossref logo
Chesterman, Andrew
2014. Translation StudiesForum: Universalism in translation studies. Translation Studies 7:1 ► pp. 82 ff. Crossref logo
Chlumská, Lucie
2018.  In Taming the Corpus [Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences, ], ► pp. 99 ff. Crossref logo
Cohen, Imogen
2018. On randomness. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 30:1 ► pp. 3 ff. Crossref logo
Darriba, Patricia Gonzalez
2019. Self-directed Motion in Spontaneous and Translated English: A Comparable Corpora Study. Across Languages and Cultures 20:2 ► pp. 213 ff. Crossref logo
Davier, Lucile
2014. The paradoxical invisibility of translation in the highly multilingual context of news agencies. Global Media and Communication 10:1 ► pp. 53 ff. Crossref logo
Davier, Lucile
2017.  In Les enjeux de la traduction dans les agences de presse, ► pp. 303 ff. Crossref logo
Egan, Thomas
2015. Manner and Path: evidence from a multilingual corpus. CogniTextes :12 Crossref logo
Egan, Thomas & Siri Fürst Skogmo
2021.  In Time in Languages, Languages in Time [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 101], ► pp. 155 ff. Crossref logo
Feng, Haoda & Feng Shi
2021. Corpus methodologies explained: an empirical approach to translation studies,. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 24:9 ► pp. 1450 ff. Crossref logo
Garrido-Possauner, Luis Miguel & Jorge Maya
2019.  In Cross-Cultural Design. Methods, Tools and User Experience [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11576], ► pp. 487 ff. Crossref logo
Gonzálvez-García, Francisco
2018. Taming iconicity in the Spanish and Italian translations of Shakespeare’s Sonnets . English Text Construction 11:1 ► pp. 105 ff. Crossref logo
Gu, Xiaoyi
2021. Synonymie à travers la traduction : mesurer l’attraction et la répulsion translangagières. Syntaxe et Sémantique N° 21:1 ► pp. 153 ff. Crossref logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2014.  In Translation: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ► pp. 116 ff. Crossref logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2015. Cognitive Translation Studies and the merging of empirical paradigms. Translation Spaces 4:2 ► pp. 310 ff. Crossref logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2017.  In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 193 ff. Crossref logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2019. ‘Default’ translation. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2:2 ► pp. 187 ff. Crossref logo
Hansen‐Schirra, Silvia
2017.  In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 232 ff. Crossref logo
Hareide, Lidun
2019.  In Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 90], ► pp. 19 ff. Crossref logo
Heilmann, Arndt & Carme Llorca-Bofí
2021.  In Explorations in Empirical Translation Process Research [Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications, 3], ► pp. 203 ff. Crossref logo
Heilmann, Arndt, Tatiana Serbina, Jonas Freiwald & Stella Neumann
2021. Animacy and agentivity of Subject Themes in English-German translation. Lingua 261 ► pp. 102813 ff. Crossref logo
Jay-Rayon, Laurence
2008. Traduire les réseaux métaphoriques chez Nuruddin Farah. Meta 52:4 ► pp. 839 ff. Crossref logo
Kajzer-Wietrzny, Marta
2018.  In Making Way in Corpus-based Interpreting Studies [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 97 ff. Crossref logo
Kajzer-Wietrzny, Marta
2022. An intermodal approach to cohesion in constrained and unconstrained language. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 34:1 ► pp. 130 ff. Crossref logo
Kajzer-Wietrzny, Marta & Ilmari Ivaska
2020. A Multivariate Approach to Lexical Diversity in Constrained Language. Across Languages and Cultures 21:2 ► pp. 169 ff. Crossref logo
Kajzer-Wietrzny, Marta, Bogusława Whyatt & Katarzyna Stachowiak
2016. Simplification in inter- and intralingual translation – combining corpus linguistics, key logging and eye-tracking. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 52:2 Crossref logo
Karakanta, Alina, Heike Przybyl & Elke Teich
2021.  In Corpora in Translation and Contrastive Research in the Digital Age [Benjamins Translation Library, 158], ► pp. 308 ff. Crossref logo
Kenny, Dorothy
2012.  In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, Crossref logo
Kruger, Haidee
2012. A corpus-based study of the mediation effect in translated and edited language. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 24:2 ► pp. 355 ff. Crossref logo
Kruger, Haidee & Gert De Sutter
2018. Alternations in contact and non-contact varieties. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 1:2 ► pp. 251 ff. Crossref logo
Kruger, Haidee & Bertus Rooy
2012. Register and the features of translated language. Across Languages and Cultures 13:1 ► pp. 33 ff. Crossref logo
Kukkonen, Karin
2020. Does Cognition Translate?. Poetics Today 41:2 ► pp. 243 ff. Crossref logo
Lacruz, Isabel, Haruka Ogawa, Rika Yoshida, Masaru Yamada & Daniel Ruiz Martinez
2021.  In Explorations in Empirical Translation Process Research [Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications, 3], ► pp. 295 ff. Crossref logo
León, Celia Martín
2017.  In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 106 ff. Crossref logo
Liu, Kanglong, Muhammad Afzaal & Diego Raphael Amancio
2021. Syntactic complexity in translated and non-translated texts: A corpus-based study of simplification. PLOS ONE 16:6 ► pp. e0253454 ff. Crossref logo
Luo, Jinru & Dechao Li
2022. Universals in machine translation?. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 27:1 ► pp. 31 ff. Crossref logo
Marco, Josep
2010. Normalisation and the Translation of Phraseology in the COVALT Corpus1. Meta 54:4 ► pp. 842 ff. Crossref logo
Marshall, Sally
2015. Evidential stance in translation: patterns of complementation in mediated memories. The Translator 21:1 ► pp. 50 ff. Crossref logo
Molés-Cases, Teresa
2018. Some advances in the study of the translation of manner of motion events. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 16:1 ► pp. 152 ff. Crossref logo
Molés-Cases, Teresa
2019. Why typology matters: a corpus-based study of explicitation and implicitation of Manner-of-motion in narrative texts. Perspectives 27:6 ► pp. 890 ff. Crossref logo
Pan, Feng
2019. Translation: the basics. Perspectives 27:5 ► pp. 778 ff. Crossref logo
Pietryga, Marcelina
2021. The Use of Explicitation to Retain the Foreignness of Olga Tokarczuk’s Flights. Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 27:2 (52) ► pp. 101 ff. Crossref logo
Robin, Edina
2017. Translation universals revisited. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 15:1 ► pp. 51 ff. Crossref logo
Soler Gallego, Silvia
2018. Audio descriptive guides in art museums. Translation and Interpreting Studies 13:2 ► pp. 230 ff. Crossref logo
Su, Wenchao
2020.  In Eye-Tracking Processes and Styles in Sight Translation [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 9 ff. Crossref logo
Su, Wenchao & Defeng Li
2016. Corpus-Based Studies of Translational Chinese in English–Chinese Translation (2015). Richard Xiao and Xianyao Hu.. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 31:3 ► pp. 516 ff. Crossref logo
Szymor, Nina
2018. Translation: universals or cognition?. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 30:1 ► pp. 53 ff. Crossref logo
Valencia Giraldo, M. Victoria, María Ángeles Recio Ariza & Gloria Corpas Pastor
2021. Über die Terminologie der Merkmale der übersetzten Sprache: Normen, Universalien oder Übersetzungsgesetze?. Lebende Sprachen 66:2 ► pp. 325 ff. Crossref logo
Vandepitte, Sonia
2017.  In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 165 ff. Crossref logo
Vilinsky, BÁrbara
2012. On the lower frequency of occurrence of Spanish verbal periphrases in translated texts as evidence for the unique items hypothesis. Across Languages and Cultures 13:2 ► pp. 197 ff. Crossref logo
Volansky, V., N. Ordan & S. Wintner
2015. On the features of translationese. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 30:1 ► pp. 98 ff. Crossref logo
Wang, Feng & Philippe Humblé
2019. Review of Ji, Oakes, Defeng & Hareide (2016) Corpus Methodologies Explained: An Empirical Approach to Translation Studies . Target 31:1 ► pp. 154 ff. Crossref logo
Wang, Feng (Robin) & Philippe Humblé
2019. Corpus-Informed Translation Studies– Looking Backward and Forward: A Chinese Perspective. Studia Neophilologica 91:1 ► pp. 119 ff. Crossref logo
Whyatt, Bogusława, Marta Kajzer-Wietrzny & Katarzyna Stachowiak
2017.  In Translation in Transition [Benjamins Translation Library, 133], ► pp. 136 ff. Crossref logo
Wintner, Shuly
2017.  In Business Intelligence [Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 280], ► pp. 38 ff. Crossref logo
Álvarez de la Fuente, Esther & Raquel Fernández Fuertes
2015. Translation universals in the oral production of bilingual children. Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 1:1 ► pp. 49 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.