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Target
Vol. 15:2 (2003) ► pp.197–241

The cognitive basis of translation universals

| University of Bergen, Norway

At present, there are few attempts to provide external explanations for the patterns subsumed under the heading of “translation universal”. In this paper, I discuss the possible cognitive basis for the patterns/processes that have been variously referred to as simplification/generalization, normalization, standardization, sanitization, and exaggeration of target language features. The framework that I adopt is that of cognitive grammar, and my claim is that all of the above arise from the existence of asymmetries in the cognitive organization of semantic information. I also propose that the converse case is true: cases involving a lack of conspicuous cognitive asymmetries will demonstrate the opposite effect in translated text. In closing, I place the argument in a larger perspective by adopting Croft’s (1990) scalar notion of generalization in a discussion of explanation in translation studies.

Keywords: translation universals, translation and cognition, translation and semantic networks, explanation in translation studies
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The cognitive organization of information
    • 2.1Basic assumptions
    • 2.2Semantic structure: Linguistic units, domains, access points, categories and schematic networks
      • 2.2.1Linguistic units
      • 2.2.2The semantic pole
      • 2.2.3Integrated systems: Increasing structural complexity
    • 2.3Asymmetry, cognitive salience and categorial prominence
      • 2.3.1Asymmetry in the matrix: Specifications for lexical items
      • 2.3.2Asymmetry in schematic networks: Prototypes and schemas
    • 2.4Representation in the bilingual brain
      • 2.4.1Organization: Lexical and semantic elements and their interconnections
      • 2.4.2Translation tasks: Word-type effects
  • 3.Cognitive organization and translation effects
    • 3.1Bringing it all together
    • 3.2Effects of high cognitive salience on translation
    • 3.3Effects of low cognitive salience and low arc strengths on translation
  • 4.Additional effects and origins of cognitive salience and asymmetry
    • 4.1Asymmetry effects in second language acquisition (SLA)
    • 4.2Origins of asymmetric structure
  • 5.Conclusion
    • 5.1Description, explanation and generalization
    • 5.2Researching translation universals
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 12 May 2004
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https://doi.org/10.1075/target.15.2.02hal
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2023. Hyper-conventional, unconventional, or “just right”? The interplay of normalisation and cross-linguistic influence in the use of modal particles in translated Chinese children’s literature. Meta 67:2 ► pp. 384 ff. DOI logo
Álvarez de la Fuente, Esther & Raquel Fernández Fuertes
2015. Translation universals in the oral production of bilingual children. Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 1:1 ► pp. 49 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Chapter 8. Summary and conclusions. In Aspects of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 134], ► pp. 206 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Reflections on Translation Theory [Benjamins Translation Library, 132], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Aspects of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 134], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2019. Preface. In A World Atlas of Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 145], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo

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