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Part of
Language Impairment in Multilingual Settings: LITMUS in action across Europe
Edited by Sharon Armon-Lotem and Kleanthes K. Grohmann
[Trends in Language Acquisition Research 29] 2021
► pp. 329–333

Index

A

  • addition see error of addition
  • age effect 141, 184
  • age of acquisition 50–51, 82, 95, 132, 203, 251
  • age of onset (AoO) 55–56, 60, 170–171, 173, 175–176, 186, 188, 190, 196, 203, 206–207, 229–230, 237–238, 249, 266–268, 275, 277, 281–282, 287–288, 291, 297
  • amount of exposure (AoE) 79, 86, 92, 132, 135, 138, 192, 203, 303, 306–307
  • Arabic 2, 8, 10, 15, 41, 43, 169, 171–175, 187–189, 192, 227–230, 234–237, 239–240, 242–248, 271, 277, 280, 293, 299, 307, 310
  • assessment 1–4, 7–10, 13–15, 21–22, 24, 37, 42–45, 47–48, 50–51, 53–54, 56–57, 66, 69–75, 78, 93–97, 100, 102, 105–106, 108, 119–128, 131–132, 134, 136, 148, 154–158, 170–173, 187, 189, 191–195, 197, 221–223, 225, 227, 229–230, 232–233, 236, 249–250, 252–253, 256, 263–264, 268, 279–280, 282, 287, 289, 291–298, 302–303, 307, 308, 310, 322, 324–328

B

  • Baby Birds story 13–14, 24–41, 57–58, 60, 62–65, 69, 108, 310–311 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • Baby Goats story 13–14, 19–22, 24–41, 57–58, 60, 62, 108, 310–311 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • background questionnaire 4, 55–56, 250, 279–280 ; see also bilingual parental questionnaire (BIPAQ), LITMUS tools
  • bilingual development 1–3, 6, 10, 93, 95, 169, 171, 194, 224, 253, 255, 267, 297, 326
  • bilingual language development 2, 119, 158, 171, 251
  • bilingual parental questionnaire (BIPAQ)205
  • bilingual specific language impairment (BiSLI) 1–3, 78, 206–209, 212–213, 215, 218, 227–228, 234–235, 237–238, 240–243, 247, 255, 259–261, 295
  • bilingual typical language development (BiTLD) 206–209, 213–215
  • bilingual typically developing (BiTD) 227–228, 231–232, 234–235, 237–249, 259–261, 309, 314–315
  • bilingual(ism) 1–10, 13–15, 21–27, 29, 31, 33, 37–39, 41–45, 48–57, 59–75, 78–81, 89, 91, 93–97, 99–100, 102–103, 105–122, 124–128, 131–139, 148–151, 153–159, 169–176, 179, 182–185, 187–197, 199–200, 202–225, 227–233, 235–239, 241, 244–257, 263–264, 266–271, 275–282, 287–299, 301–303, 305–312, 314–317, 320–328
  • bodily depictions 34, 39
  • bodily expression40
  • book-reading 23, 41, 67

C

  • Cat story 13–14, 24–31, 34–41, 57–58, 60, 62–64, 69, 310–311 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • clinical validity 134, 154, 170, 201, 232, 301–302, 305–306, 312, 323
  • cognates 7, 77, 80, 82–83, 87–88, 90–91, 93, 95–96, 133
  • communication disorders 3, 9–10, 42, 44, 72–74, 96, 124, 157–159, 194–195, 221–225, 253, 256, 294, 296, 298, 324–328
  • consonant clusters 6, 8, 170, 176, 194, 201, 208, 253, 263, 265, 268–269, 278, 291–292, 310
  • Croatian 7, 15, 41, 45, 99–100, 104–121, 123–124, 127, 157, 280
  • Croatian-Italian7
  • cross-language associations99
  • cross-linguistic lexical tasks see LITMUS tools
  • cross-linguistic non-word repetition tasks see LITMUS tools

D

  • development 1–4, 6–10, 14, 18, 22, 24, 27–29, 37, 41–46, 49–50, 52–56, 59, 66, 68, 71–73, 75, 77–79, 93–96, 99–100, 119, 124, 126–129, 132, 134, 149, 154, 156, 158, 169–171, 175–176, 185, 187, 193–196, 200, 205–207, 209, 213, 215, 221–222, 224, 227, 229–230, 251–255, 263, 266–268, 279, 290, 293–298, 301, 303, 305, 312–313, 323–324, 326–328
  • developmental language disorder (DLD) 2, 6–9, 44, 72, 97, 198, 294, 296, 301–309, 311–318, 320, 322, 322–324 ; see also specific language impairment (SLI)
  • diagnostic accuracy 195, 222–223, 231, 251, 295, 301, 322, 326
  • diagnostic tools 252, 302, 324
  • disentangle bilingualism and DLD/SLI 2–3, 78, 169, 238, 276, 301–302, 322
  • Dog story 13–14, 24–31, 35–41, 57–58, 60, 62–63, 69, 310–311 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • dominance 67, 90, 93, 103, 118–119, 124–125, 128, 155, 171, 173–176, 185–188, 190–192, 229–231, 236, 239, 241, 247, 249–251, 295
  • Dutch 15, 151, 202–203, 230, 271, 303, 306–311, 322

E

  • early second language learners (eL2) 8, 263–264, 267, 276–282, 284–292, 298
  • elicitation modes 14, 17, 28
  • elicited narratives 14, 17, 45, 65, 74, 100, 108
  • emotions 13–14, 19, 21, 32–37, 39
  • English 2, 6–7, 10, 13–14, 17–18, 21, 23–34, 37, 39–43, 45, 50, 53, 71, 73–74, 77, 80–97, 99, 102–103, 105–106, 119, 121, 124, 126, 128, 131–145, 147–155, 157–160, 163–165, 171, 188, 190–191, 194–196, 199, 201–203, 205, 223–225, 230, 232–233, 251, 253–257, 265, 271, 273, 276–277, 293, 295, 297, 326–328
  • English–Swedish 14, 21, 26
  • episodes 5, 7, 20, 30–33, 36, 40–41, 47, 49–51, 53–55, 57–59, 61–70, 311
  • error of addition 135, 139, 143–145, 148, 152–153, 164–165, 178, 271, 310
  • error of omission 7, 131, 135, 139, 143–150, 152–153, 155, 164–165, 178, 210, 230, 234, 243–244, 246–248, 265, 267, 271, 310
  • error of substitution 7, 131, 135, 139, 143–148, 152–153, 155, 164–165, 178, 210–211, 239, 241, 248, 271, 310
  • exhaustivity 8, 263–265, 268, 272–273, 275–280, 282–294, 298
  • exposure 4, 7, 23, 55, 67, 77–79, 82, 86, 90–93, 95–97, 103, 107, 119, 132, 135, 138, 141, 149, 151, 154–155, 159, 170–173, 175–176, 179, 183–187, 190–193, 195, 199, 203–207, 218, 224–225, 229–231, 236, 238–239, 249, 255–256, 266, 275, 291, 293, 303, 306–307, 309, 326 ; see also amount of exposure

F

  • family 4, 35, 41, 86, 104, 173, 176, 205, 236, 238, 251, 273, 281–283
  • forward-digit span (FWD) 8, 197–202, 204, 208, 210–219
  • French 7–8, 10, 15, 41, 43, 72, 77, 81–86, 89–92, 94, 119, 135, 137, 169–176, 183–192, 194–195, 199, 202, 204, 218, 225, 227–236, 239–255, 257, 260–261, 265, 267–269, 277, 294, 297
  • Frog story 16–19, 50, 66

G

  • German 7–8, 14–15, 26, 38–39, 41, 43–45, 47, 49, 52–56, 68, 70–72, 75, 80, 95, 102–103, 119, 121, 125–127, 135, 149, 156, 191, 193, 196, 200, 203, 221, 227–236, 239–254, 256–257, 260–261, 263–265, 267–277, 279–286, 289–296, 298–299
  • Goal, Attempt, Outcome (GAO) 5, 14, 16, 18–20, 22, 30–31, 38, 41, 45, 47, 49–53, 57–59, 61–70, 75, 264, 311

H

  • Hebrew 7–8, 14, 42, 47, 49, 52, 54, 56, 63, 67, 71–72, 75, 135, 149, 156, 171, 191, 193, 197–198, 203–210, 214–219, 221–223, 225, 251, 265, 277, 293–294
  • hypothetical scenario 35–36, 39

I

  • identical repetitions 178–180, 185–187, 241, 243–246, 248, 250–251
  • identification of DLD/SLI 8, 170, 190, 232, 268, 280, 304, 324
  • inferences 7, 13, 15–22, 25, 28, 34, 38–40, 44–45, 49, 53, 73, 311
  • inferential questions 19, 27, 36
  • initiating event 13, 19–21, 30, 311
  • internal state (IS) 7, 13–22, 24, 28, 30, 32–37, 39–41, 47, 49, 51, 54, 57–58, 61–65, 69–70, 304, 311, 313, 315, 317–321, 323
  • internal state terms (IST) 19–20, 22, 30, 274–275, 299
  • internal state as reaction 20, 30, 32, 36, 41, 311
  • Internal State, Attempt, Outcome (ISAO) 7, 20, 22, 30, 32–33, 36, 39–41, 49, 63–66, 68–70, 311, 313, 315, 317–321
  • Irish 7, 131–155, 157–158, 160, 164
  • Italian 7, 14–15, 41, 45, 53, 74, 99–100, 104–121, 123, 126–128, 156, 254

L

  • L1 influence 150, 227, 229, 231, 235–236, 238–239, 243–244, 246–248, 250
  • language dominance 93, 103, 124–125, 128, 171, 173–176, 185–188, 190–192, 229–231, 236, 239, 241, 247, 249–251, 295
  • language exposure 79, 86, 91, 95, 103, 135, 149, 154–155, 171, 173, 175–176, 179, 183, 185, 190, 192–193, 326
  • language impairment cut-off 174, 181–184, 189, 205–206, 286–287
  • Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) 1–8, 13–14, 47, 49, 51, 57–58, 65, 78, 94, 96, 108, 134–137, 148, 155, 169–171, 173, 176–179, 182–183, 185, 187–192, 195, 210, 227–229, 231–236, 239–247, 249–251, 257–258, 263–264, 268–269, 271–272, 275–276, 279–280, 282–286, 288–292, 294–295 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • language use 23, 55, 159, 171, 185–187, 191–192, 249, 280
  • language-dependent nonwords 8, 176–177, 229, 232, 235, 239, 247, 257, 269
  • length of exposure (LoE) 55, 138–139, 141, 149, 154, 170–171, 173, 175–176, 182–183, 185–186, 188, 190, 192, 203, 205–207, 224, 229–230, 237–238, 249, 255, 266–267, 275, 277–278, 281–282, 287, 291, 306
  • lexical diversity 7, 99–101, 119–121, 125–128
  • linguistic diversity measures171
  • LITMUS tools
    • LITMUS–Crosslinguistic Lexical Tasks (CLT) 3–5, 7, 56, 74, 78, 82–83, 85, 89, 94
    • LITMUS–Crosslinguistic Nonword-Repetition (CL-NWR) 4, 6, 232, 301–303, 305–306, 310, 312–314, 317–324 ; see also nonword repetition (NWR/NWRep)
    • LITMUS–Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) 3–7, 13–16, 18–28, 30–31, 35, 37–38, 40–43, 47, 49–53, 57–59, 61, 65–66, 70–72, 74, 90, 107–108, 119, 121, 126–128, 132, 139, 154–155, 176, 200, 203, 212, 266, 280, 283, 301–306, 310, 312–324, 326, 322, 326 ; see also Baby Bird story, Baby Goat story, Cat story, Dog story
    • LITMUS–Parental Bilingual Questionnaire (PaBiQ) 3–4, 8, 169, 173, 175–176, 179, 183, 185, 188, 190, 236, 306
    • LITMUS−Quasi-Universal-Nonword-Repetition (QU-NWR) 4, 6, 8, 170–171, 227–229, 231–232, 235–236, 238–240, 246–247, 250, 258, 263–264, 268–269, 271–272, 275–276, 279–280, 282–286, 289–292, 301 ; see also nonword repetition (NWR/NWRep)
    • LITMUS−Quasi-Universal-Nonword-Repetition for French (QU-NWR-FR) 169–171, 176–177, 179, 185, 187–192
    • LITMUS−Sentence Repetition (SR/SRep) 3–4, 8, 131–132, 134–137, 139–143, 145, 147–155, 160, 163, 170, 179–189, 191–192, 197, 199–201, 203, 208, 210–219, 227–229, 231, 233–236, 238–239, 241–251, 257–261
    • LITMUS−Sentence Repetition for French (SR-FR) 169, 171, 176–179, 185, 187–192
  • longitudinal 8, 17, 44, 80, 93, 195, 223, 254, 277–278, 280, 301, 304–305, 322, 325–328
  • long-term memory (LTM) 198–201, 203, 211, 217, 220

M

  • macrostructure 5, 7, 14–15, 21, 24, 29, 42, 44, 47–55, 58–59, 61, 65–71, 73–74, 127, 303, 305, 311, 323–324
  • mainstream school1
  • mental states 5, 16–17, 42, 51, 71
  • microstructure 5, 42, 48, 108, 303, 311
  • migration 1, 48, 171–172, 271, 307
  • minority language 54, 81, 94, 131, 133, 150–151, 157, 159, 228–229, 235, 246, 250
  • misdiagnosis 1, 170, 207, 228, 282, 302
  • monolingual typically developing (MoTD) 227–228, 235–248, 259–261, 273, 309, 314–315
  • moving average99
  • multilingual(ism) 1, 3, 7, 9–10, 13–14, 24, 37, 43, 47, 51, 56–57, 71–75, 77–79, 92–96, 108, 119, 124–128, 134, 155–157, 170, 193–195, 205, 218, 221–223, 225, 228, 251–252, 256, 263, 273, 293–298, 302–303, 322, 324–328
  • Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) see LITMUS tools
  • multiple wh-questions 272, 274, 277–279, 283, 289–290

N

  • narrative production 14, 16, 19, 21, 24, 43, 45, 53, 66, 68, 71, 119, 121, 128, 298, 311, 316, 323
  • narrative skills in children 70, 108, 328
  • narratives 3, 5, 7–9, 13–19, 21, 23–26, 29, 37, 40–45, 47–55, 57–61, 65–75, 99–100, 103, 108, 110, 119–123, 126–128, 157, 251, 263, 268, 295, 298, 301–306, 310–313, 315–316, 322–328
  • negative emotion 19, 33–36
  • no risk index 173, 176, 183–184, 188
  • nonword repetition (NWR/NWRep) 3–6, 8–9, 134–135, 156, 159, 170, 193–195, 198–199, 201, 203–204, 208, 210, 215, 222–225, 227–229, 231–232, 251–253, 255–257, 264–265, 293–295, 301–306, 310, 314, 322–326, 328 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • number of different words 99–100, 104–105, 109

O

  • object relative clauses 137, 140, 143, 148, 152, 162–165, 177, 235, 241, 258
  • omission see error of omission
  • over-diagnosis 2, 175, 268, 279

P

  • parental questionnaire 56, 175, 179, 280 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • passive 4–5, 136, 140, 142, 146–147, 149–150, 153, 157–165
  • phonological short-term memory 5, 229, 231, 269, 302
  • pictorial stimuli 49, 51, 55, 57, 64, 66, 70
  • plotline 13, 16, 20–21, 34, 36–37, 39
  • Portuguese 8, 169, 171, 190, 202, 227–229, 234–237, 240, 242, 244–248, 271, 277, 296, 307
  • positive emotion 32, 36
  • preschool 9–10, 23, 41–43, 45, 49, 52, 56, 68, 70–75, 93–95, 106, 110, 126, 128, 132, 138, 150–151, 156, 193, 195, 206–207, 210, 221, 223, 294, 323, 326–327
  • primary school 23, 43, 53, 68, 72, 126, 157, 159, 236
  • probe questions 18–19, 22, 37
  • proficiency 3, 7, 15, 17, 48, 53, 56, 67, 72, 75, 77–78, 81, 84, 88, 91, 93, 96, 124–125, 132–134, 136–137, 139, 148–149, 199, 205, 207–208, 210, 217, 223, 306, 308, 325
  • protagonists 13–14, 17, 19, 31, 38–39, 41, 49, 51–53, 70, 303, 311, 323

Q

  • quadrilingual 7, 77, 90, 92
  • quasi-universal language-independent nonwords269 see also LITMUS tools
  • Questionnaire for Parents of Bilingual Children (PaBiQ) see LITMUS tools

R

  • receptive vocabulary 45, 93, 95, 110, 119–122, 135, 172, 199, 205, 222, 308
  • relative clauses 4, 7, 131, 135, 137, 140–143, 147–149, 152, 154–157, 177–178, 233, 235, 241, 248–249, 258, 294, 298
  • response accuracy 27, 30–32, 35, 37, 38–39, 41
  • retelling mode 5, 14, 18, 25, 28–29, 74, 108, 328
  • Russian 7–8, 14, 41, 43, 47–48, 52–60, 63, 65–68, 70–72, 74–75, 77, 81–86, 89–92, 102, 125–126, 135, 149, 156, 171, 193, 197–198, 203–210, 212–219, 221–224, 280, 293, 307

S

  • scoring 24, 26, 51, 58–59, 66, 83–84, 90, 139, 174, 178, 183, 195, 211–212, 241, 245, 249–251, 283, 286, 310
  • sensitivity 6, 134–135, 149, 151, 154, 156, 181–184, 186, 189, 201, 225, 312, 318–321, 323–324
  • sensitivity and specificity 134, 149, 154, 156, 201, 225, 312, 318–321, 323
  • sentence repetition 4, 134–135, 140–142, 148–150, 152, 155, 172, 178, 188, 197–199, 203–205, 210–211, 230–233, 247–248, 250–251, 263 ; see also LITMUS tools
  • sequential bilingualism 53, 55, 60, 62, 119, 131, 136, 138–139, 148, 151, 155, 170, 174, 192, 197, 203–204, 307
  • short-term memory 8, 190, 197–200, 202, 223–225, 302, 310, 325
  • simultaneous bilingual (2L1) 53, 55, 60, 62, 67, 80, 95, 97, 170, 172, 175, 203, 229–230, 263–264, 266–268, 276, 278–282, 284–292, 307
  • socio-economic status (SES) 23, 38, 41–42, 56, 107, 135, 205, 207, 236–238, 308–309, 312, 314, 316–317
  • special schools1
  • specific language impairment (SLI) 1–10, 42, 44–45, 52–53, 71–72, 74, 128, 155–159, 169–177, 179–198, 200–209, 211–222, 224–225, 227–228, 230–233, 235–239, 241–242, 246, 248, 250–255, 259, 263–269, 272–273, 275–282, 284–299, 302, 325–328 ; see also developmental language disorder (DLD)
  • specificity 134–135, 149, 154, 156, 181–184, 186, 189, 191, 201, 221, 225, 234, 312, 318–321, 323
  • story characters 13, 15–19, 21, 25, 31, 37, 40, 44, 53
  • story complexity 47–48, 53–54, 58
  • story comprehension 6, 13, 15, 18–19, 21, 23, 33, 37, 45, 66, 74, 305, 328
  • story generation 5, 28, 305
  • story grammar 48–50, 53
  • story production 14–15, 28, 37–38, 53, 305
  • story structure 15, 21, 29, 37, 47–48, 53, 58, 67, 73, 303, 311
  • storytelling 17, 21, 23–25, 41, 50, 53, 55, 57–58, 66–68, 71, 109, 124, 205, 305
  • subject relative clauses 137, 154, 244–248, 258
  • substitution see error of substitution
  • subtypes of SLI 156, 263–266, 268, 278–279, 285, 288–292
  • Swedish 2, 6–7, 10, 13–15, 21, 23–27, 29–41, 43–44, 47, 49, 53–54, 56, 71–74, 77, 80–92, 95–96, 102, 121, 127–128, 297, 326–327

T

  • target structure 178, 211, 241, 243–246, 248–249
  • telling mode 5, 14, 21, 25, 28–29, 38, 57, 66, 108, 311, 317
  • typically developing (TD) 15, 17, 134–136, 149–150, 153–154, 169–170, 172, 175–176, 179–192, 237, 240, 242–245, 247, 259, 266–269, 273, 275–279, 281–282, 284–285, 288–292, 303–309, 311–312, 314–318, 320, 322
  • theory of mind (ToM) 16–17, 40, 42, 44
  • timing in monolingual acquisition 263, 267, 278, 288, 292
  • total number of words (NTW) 99–100, 102, 105–106, 109, 112, 114–119, 121–123
  • transfer 48, 159, 195, 225, 229–230, 233–234, 248–249, 253, 257
  • Turkish 8, 14–15, 26, 38–39, 41, 43–44, 102–103, 121, 124–125, 127, 135, 149, 151, 169, 171–175, 183, 186–189, 191–192, 195, 202–203, 227–230, 234–237, 240, 242–251, 253–255, 271, 277, 280, 293, 299, 307, 310
  • type-token ratio 99–100, 109, 125
  • typical language development (TLD) 3, 6–8, 52–54, 56, 72, 132, 200–202, 204–209, 211–218, 251

U

  • under-diagnosis 175, 189, 268, 279

V

  • verbal short-term memory (vSTM) 8, 190, 197–204, 208, 211, 216–217, 219–220, 225, 310
  • vocabulary 2, 5, 7, 10, 45, 67, 77–97, 99–100, 104, 110, 119–122, 124, 126, 128, 135, 156, 158, 172, 189, 193, 197–200, 202, 204–205, 208–209, 211, 216–217, 219–220, 222–224, 231, 265, 273, 283, 296, 302, 304, 306, 308–309, 325–327
  • vocabulary diversity 104, 128
  • VSO word order 133, 136, 140, 142–144, 146–147, 150, 152–153, 160–161, 164, 234

W

  • wh-questions 83, 135, 137, 140, 142–143, 147–148, 152, 154, 163–164, 177–178, 195, 255, 263, 265–266, 268, 272–280, 283, 286–290, 292, 294, 297–298
  • working memory (WM) 158, 170, 176, 188, 194, 196, 198–201, 217, 221–223, 229, 231–232, 254–255, 269, 325