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325015436 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 121 Eb 15 9789027264459 06 10.1075/tsl.121 13 2018000507 DG 002 02 01 TSL 02 0167-7373 Typological Studies in Language 121 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Typological Hierarchies in Synchrony and Diachrony</TitleText> 01 tsl.121 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.121 1 B01 Sonia Cristofaro Cristofaro, Sonia Sonia Cristofaro University of Pavia 2 B01 Fernando Zúñiga Zúñiga, Fernando Fernando Zúñiga University of Bern 01 eng 440 vi 434 LAN009010 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 Typological hierarchies are widely perceived as one of the most important results of research on language universals and linguistic diversity. Explanations for typological hierarchies, however, are usually based on the synchronic properties of the patterns described by individual hierarchies, not the actual diachronic processes that give rise to these patterns cross-linguistically. This book aims to explore in what ways the investigation of such processes can further our understanding of typological hierarchies. To this end, diachronic evidence about the origins of several phenomena described by typological hierarchies is discussed for several languages by a number of leading scholars in typology, historical linguistics, and language documentation. This evidence suggests a rethinking of possible explanations for typological hierarchies, as well as the very notion of typological universals in general. For this reason, the book will be of interest not only to the broad typological community, but also historical linguists, cognitive linguists, and psycholinguists. 05 In this review, I hope to have shown that the present volume is an immensely important contribution to linguistic typology as well as to functionally oriented traditions in linguistics. One may anticipate that its many valuable contributions will have considerable impact on future discussions pertaining to hierarchies, not least concerning the many intriguing problems connected with hierarchical alignment, and their role in linguistic description and theory. Eystein Dahl, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, in Journal of Historical Syntax, Vol. 5, Article 26 (2021) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.121.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027200266.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027200266.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.121.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.121.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.121.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.121.hb.png 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p1 4 27 24 Section header 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;I. Setting the stage</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.int 1 28 28 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Synchronic vs. diachronic approaches to typological hierarchies</TitleText> 1 A01 Sonia Cristofaro Cristofaro, Sonia Sonia Cristofaro 2 A01 Fernando Zúñiga Zúñiga, Fernando Fernando Zúñiga 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p2 32 128 97 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;II. Foundational issues</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.01ble 29 58 30 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;1. Evolutionary Phonology and the life cycle of voiceless sonorants</TitleText> 1 A01 Juliette Blevins Blevins, Juliette Juliette Blevins The Graduate Center, CUNY 20 phonetic explanation 20 phonologization 20 sound change 20 voiceless sonorants 20 voiceless vowels 01 In this chapter&#160;I examine the phonetic origins of voiceless sonorants cross-linguistically within the general framework of Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2004; 2006; 2008b; 2015). In terms of a general hierarchy of contrast, we observe that: voiceless obstruents are common; voiceless sonorant consonants are uncommon; voiceless vowels are extremely rare.&#160;One phonetic source of voiceless sonorants is coarticulation in RH and HR and clusters, where R is a sonorant and H is a segment produced with a spread glottal gesture. Voiceless sonorants may also arise when laryngeal spreading gestures are associated with prosodic domains. In this second case, voiceless sonorants can arise as allophones of their voiced counterparts. While a fair number of languages show voiceless sonorant glides, liquids and nasals phonologized as a consequence&#160; of RH/HR coarticulation, voiceless vowels resist phonologization despite their high frequency as phonetic variants of modal vowels.&#160;In some cases, voiceless vowels are lost before phonologization can occur. In other cases, resistance to phonologization may be due to effects of analogy, /h/, word phonotactics, or lexical competition. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.02cre 59 110 52 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;2. The Obligatory Coding Principle in diachronic perspective</TitleText> 1 A01 Denis Creissels Creissels, Denis Denis Creissels University of Lyon 01 The <i>Obligatory Coding Principle</i> accounts for the inventories of possible coding frames in languages that, according to the current terminology, can be characterized as consistently accusative or consistently ergative in their system of argument coding. In coding frame inventories fully consistent with the Obligatory Coding principle, every coding frame includes a given type of coding, either A (in <i>obligatory A coding languages</i>) or P (in <i>obligatory P coding languages</i>). However, languages with coding frame inventories violating this principle are not exceptional. This chapter examines the types of evolutions that may result either in global shifts affecting the Obligatory Coding Principle, in systematic violations of the Obligatory Coding Principle, or in the gradual spreading of non-canonical coding frames. The idea underlying this study is that, before discussing the theoretical status of this kind of generalization, it is crucial to clarify its involvement in diachronic processes. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.03mit 111 128 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;3. Deconstructing teleology</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The place of synchronic usage patterns among processes of diachronic development</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marianne Mithun Mithun, Marianne Marianne Mithun University of California, Santa Barbara 01 A central issue in typology is the role of implicational hierarchies in shaping individual languages. One view is that the hierarchies guide language change, or at least constrain it: &#8220;Since a hierarchy constrains what is a possible language, it is also a constraint on language change, because languages move from one possible state to another&#8221; (Corbett 2011). Other approaches take a different perspective: &#8220;Hierarchies simply capture the outputs of independent diachronic processes&#8221; (Cristofaro &#38; Z&#250;&#241;iga this volume). Here the relationship between typology and diachrony is examined with respect to the most frequently-cited hierarchies, the cluster of Referential/Topicality/Animacy/Empathy hierarchies. While such hierarchies might appear to drive diachronic development in some single-step changes, multi-step developments are a different matter. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p3 132 342 211 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;III. Hierarchical effects and their origins</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.04gil 129 190 62 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;4. The development of referential hierarchy effects in Sahaptian</TitleText> 1 A01 Spike Gildea Gildea, Spike Spike Gildea Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon 2 A01 Joana Jansen Jansen, Joana Joana Jansen Northwest Indian Language Institute, University of Oregon 01 Sahaptin and Nez Perce, the two languages of the Sahaptian family, have both been cited as case studies in the typological literature on hierarchical patterns in main clause grammar. Nez Perce has ergative case marking on only third person singular transitive subjects, plus a minor pattern of indexation of SAP participants via (rarely occurring) second position enclitics. Sahaptin has one of the more complex hierarchical systems ever described, with SAP indexation via enclitics, third person indexation on verbs, differential object marking, an inverse verbal direction prefix, and two distinct ergative suffixes, each restricted to a subset of third person singular transitive subjects (one when objects are SAP, the other when objects are third person). This paper begins by reviewing, evaluating, and occasionally expanding on existing knowledge: we summarize the hierarchical patterns in Sahaptian and characterize each distinct construction. Then we compare relevant Sahaptin morphemes with cognates in Nez Perce, and review their reconstruction to Proto-Sahaptian. The primary contribution of this paper is organizing the morphemes (and their accompanying hierarchical patterns) in both languages into cognate <b>constructions</b>, then reconstructing each to its Proto-Sahaptian origins. We conclude by reviewing and evaluating proposals for Pre-Proto-Sahaptian developments claimed to explain the origins of hierarchical patterns that reconstruct to Proto-Sahaptian. The mechanisms we identify as having created the Sahaptian hierarchical effects are diverse, some motivated and others not, some arising from internal sources, others arguably from contact. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.05gri 191 216 26 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;5. Diachrony and the referential hierarchy in Old Irish</TitleText> 1 A01 Aaron Griffith Griffith, Aaron Aaron Griffith Universiteit Utrecht 01 A set of Old Irish clitic person markers may co-index subject or object markers on the verb. Only one clitic of this set may appear at a time, however. The clitic, if present, indexes the verbal argument highest on the scale 1st person&#8239;&#62;&#8239;2nd person&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3rd person animate&#8239;&#62;&#8239;inanimate. The restriction of one clitic per verb, a prerequisite for the hierarchy, is explained here as a result of the deictic origin of the clitic set. The deictic origin further favors the marking of local persons over non-local persons. For the upper and lower end of the hierarchy, however, the ranking appears to be determined rather by considerations of function. Since the clitics can mark topics, they favor 1st persons over 2nd and animates over inanimates. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.06gui 217 256 40 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;6. From ergative case-marking to hierarchical agreement</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A reconstruction of the argument-marking system of Reyesano (Takanan, Bolivia)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Antoine Guillaume Guillaume, Antoine Antoine Guillaume Laboratoire Dynamique du Language (CNRS & Université Lyon 2) 01 This paper reconstructs the history of a set of innovated 1st and 2nd person verbal prefixes in Reyesano which manifest the phenomenon of &#8216;hierarchical agreement&#8217; in transitive clauses, according to a 2&#62;1&#62;3 hierarchy. I argue that these prefixes come from independent ergative-absolutive pronouns which first became case-neutral enclitics in 2nd position in main clauses and then verb prefixes. And I show that the hierarchical effects that the prefixes manifest in synchrony have nothing to do with the working of a hierarchy during the grammaticalization process. In doing so, the paper contributes to the growing body of diachronic evidence against the idea that the person hierarchy is a universal of human language reflecting a more general principal of human cognition. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.07jac 257 288 32 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;7. The direction(s) of analogical change in direct/inverse systems</TitleText> 1 A01 Guillaume Jacques Jacques, Guillaume Guillaume Jacques 2 A01 Anton Antonov Antonov, Anton Anton Antonov 20 Algonquian 20 analogy 20 Arapaho 20 conjunct order 20 Cree 20 direct/inverse 20 hierarchical agreement 20 Mi'gmaq 20 Ojibwe 01 In this chapter, we extract general principles of language change from the study of the evolution of the conjunct order in various Algonquian languages, and propose four generalizations concerning the directionality of the spread of analogy in these systems. These generalizations are expected to bring insights on the analysis of data from other language families with direct/inverse marking but insufficient philological record, such as for instance Sino-Tibetan. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.08ros 289 308 20 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;8. Are the Tupi-Guarani hierarchical indexing systems really motivated by the person hierarchy?</TitleText> 1 A01 Françoise Rose Rose, Françoise Françoise Rose Dynamique Du Langage (CNRS/Université Lyon 2) 01 Tupi-Guarani languages are supposedly perfect examples of hierarchical indexing systems, where the relative ranking of A and P on the 1&#8239;&#62;&#8239;2&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3 person hierarchy determines the selection of the person markers. This chapter questions the relevance of the person hierarchy as a synchronic and diachronic explanation for such systems, with data from 28 languages. First, only SAP&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3 can really be posited in the actual languages, and second, it explains only part of the facts that it is supposed to account for in Proto-Tupi-Guarani. The chapter ends by suggesting that these systems do not result from the person hierarchy as a functional motivation. Instead, they may result from grammaticalization of pronominal paradigms lacking third-person forms. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.09zah 309 342 34 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;9. Incipient hierarchical alignment in four Central Salish languages from the Proto-Salish middle</TitleText> 1 A01 Zalmai Zahir Zahir, Zalmai Zalmai Zahir University of Oregon 01 There are three distinct transitive constructions in four Coast Salish languages, Squamish, Halkomelem, Klallam and Lushootseed. In the V-<sc>tr</sc> construction, both A and P are unmarked for case; in the V-<sc>mid</sc> construction (often considered antipassive), A is unmarked and P marked; in the V-<sc>tr-mid</sc> construction (often considered passive), P is unmarked and A marked. Individually, none of these constructions is a hierarchical system, but in combination, asymmetries in their distribution are well on the way to creating a person-based hierarchical system. This paper discusses the diachronic development of each of these constructions, then describes their differential distribution into the four functional domains: <sc>local</sc> (SAP A&#160;&#8594; SAP P), <sc>direct</sc> (SAP&#160;&#8594; 3P), <sc>nonlocal</sc> (3A&#160;&#8594; 3P), and <sc>inverse</sc> (3A&#160;&#8594; SAP P). While the distribution is not identical in each of the languages, the trend is clear: the etymologically passive V-<sc>tr-mid</sc> construction cannot occur in the <sc>direct</sc> domain and has become the pragmatically unmarked construction in the <sc>inverse</sc> domain, whereas the etymologically antipassive V-<sc>mid</sc> construction cannot occur in the <sc>inverse</sc> domain. While it only occurs in the <sc>direct</sc> and <sc>nonlocal</sc> domains, even there it is rare, giving the appearance that its function is still that of an antipassive. In combination, the result is that whenever the two core arguments of a clause are an SAP and a third person, regardless of grammatical role the SAP participant is always an unmarked core argument, whereas the third person is most often marked, leading to a situation where the oblique case in these languages is beginning to resemble the obviative case-marker of inverse languages. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p4 346 424 79 Section header 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;IV. Conflicting hierarchical patterns and how to deal with them</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.10del 343 376 34 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;10. Deictic and sociopragmatic effects in Tibeto-Burman SAP indexation</TitleText> 1 A01 Scott DeLancey DeLancey, Scott Scott DeLancey University of Oregon 01 The study of hierarchical argument indexation systems shows that while the ranking of both 1st and 2nd person over other arguments is robust and reliable, it is impossible to find any compelling crosslinguistic evidence for one or the other ranking of the two Speech Act Participants, and rare to find a consistent ranking even within a single language. This paper assembles and reviews historical changes in the indexation of the &#8220;local&#8221; categories (1&#8594;2 and 2&#8594;1) in a number of Tibeto-Burman languages. We see that the fundamental deictic ranking SAP&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3 is conservative, and inverse marking to emphasize that ranking has been reinvented several times in the family. Changes in the marking of local categories are more diverse, but two phenomena recur independently in different languages and branches: a tendency for the 1&#8594;2 form to be uniquely marked, sometimes with forms which are not synchronically relatable to anything else in the paradigm, and a contrasting tendency for the 2&#8594;1 form to merge with the marking of 3&#8594;1. I propose that these tendencies reflect what I call <sc>sociopragmatic</sc> effects, i.e. the socially delicate nature of any and all natural utterances involving both the speaker and the addressee. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.11hel 377 402 26 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;11. Morphosyntactic coding of proper names and its implications for the Animacy Hierarchy</TitleText> 1 A01 Johannes Helmbrecht Helmbrecht, Johannes Johannes Helmbrecht University of Regensburg 2 A01 Lukas Denk Denk, Lukas Lukas Denk University of Regensburg 3 A01 Sarah Thanner Thanner, Sarah Sarah Thanner University of Regensburg 4 A01 Ilenia Tonetti Tonetti, Ilenia Ilenia Tonetti University of Regensburg 01 The Animacy Hierarchy (AH) is an important construct employed for the description and explanation of variation and splits in case marking and agreement in various grammatical domains. The AH is a scale that combines person, definiteness and semantic animacy and is used to state clear preferences of certain morphosyntactic coding types over others. One assumption of the AH is that proper names (PNs) occupy an intermediate place between personal pronouns and common nouns. Despite the large body of research since its first extensive formulation in Silverstein (1976), it is astonishing that there has been almost no empirical evidence published for this claim. Since the AH has been formulated mostly on the basis of case marking and agreement phenomena in languages with split ergativity or hierarchical alignment, we compiled a sample of more than 30 such languages in order to find data on the morphosyntactic coding of PNs. While there are only a very few instances that confirm the claim, there are more instances that contradict it. We concluded that PNs should be removed from the AH, since their assumed position has no predictive value for typological generalizations. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.12jac 403 424 22 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;12. Generic person marking in Japhug and other Gyalrong languages</TitleText> 1 A01 Guillaume Jacques Jacques, Guillaume Guillaume Jacques 20 generic 20 grammaticalization 20 Gyalrong 20 hierarchical agreement 20 inverse 20 Japhug 20 nominalization 20 passive 20 Situ 20 Tshobdun 01 This paper discusses the history of generic person marking systems in several Gyalrong languages. While closely related, Japhug and Tshobdun differ considerably: the inverse prefix marks generic A in Japhug, while it appears in the generic P form in Tshobdun. We propose a historical scenario to explain how such radically different systems came into being, proposing in particular that one of the generic human markers was grammaticalized from a nominalizer, and show that our reconstruction can also explain the origin of the local scenario portmanteau 1&#8594;2 and 2&#8594;1 prefixes. These reconstructions allow us to establish the existence of several previously unattested grammaticalization pathways. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.aut 425 428 4 Miscellaneous 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Author index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.li 429 431 3 Miscellaneous 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language Index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.si 433 434 2 Miscellaneous 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20180726 2018 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027200266 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 834015435 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 121 Hb 15 9789027200266 13 2017059003 BB 01 TSL 02 0167-7373 Typological Studies in Language 121 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Typological Hierarchies in Synchrony and Diachrony</TitleText> 01 tsl.121 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.121 1 B01 Sonia Cristofaro Cristofaro, Sonia Sonia Cristofaro University of Pavia 2 B01 Fernando Zúñiga Zúñiga, Fernando Fernando Zúñiga University of Bern 01 eng 440 vi 434 LAN009010 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 Typological hierarchies are widely perceived as one of the most important results of research on language universals and linguistic diversity. Explanations for typological hierarchies, however, are usually based on the synchronic properties of the patterns described by individual hierarchies, not the actual diachronic processes that give rise to these patterns cross-linguistically. This book aims to explore in what ways the investigation of such processes can further our understanding of typological hierarchies. To this end, diachronic evidence about the origins of several phenomena described by typological hierarchies is discussed for several languages by a number of leading scholars in typology, historical linguistics, and language documentation. This evidence suggests a rethinking of possible explanations for typological hierarchies, as well as the very notion of typological universals in general. For this reason, the book will be of interest not only to the broad typological community, but also historical linguists, cognitive linguists, and psycholinguists. 05 In this review, I hope to have shown that the present volume is an immensely important contribution to linguistic typology as well as to functionally oriented traditions in linguistics. One may anticipate that its many valuable contributions will have considerable impact on future discussions pertaining to hierarchies, not least concerning the many intriguing problems connected with hierarchical alignment, and their role in linguistic description and theory. Eystein Dahl, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, in Journal of Historical Syntax, Vol. 5, Article 26 (2021) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.121.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027200266.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027200266.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.121.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.121.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.121.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.121.hb.png 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p1 4 27 24 Section header 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;I. Setting the stage</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.int 1 28 28 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Synchronic vs. diachronic approaches to typological hierarchies</TitleText> 1 A01 Sonia Cristofaro Cristofaro, Sonia Sonia Cristofaro 2 A01 Fernando Zúñiga Zúñiga, Fernando Fernando Zúñiga 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p2 32 128 97 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;II. Foundational issues</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.01ble 29 58 30 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;1. Evolutionary Phonology and the life cycle of voiceless sonorants</TitleText> 1 A01 Juliette Blevins Blevins, Juliette Juliette Blevins The Graduate Center, CUNY 20 phonetic explanation 20 phonologization 20 sound change 20 voiceless sonorants 20 voiceless vowels 01 In this chapter&#160;I examine the phonetic origins of voiceless sonorants cross-linguistically within the general framework of Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2004; 2006; 2008b; 2015). In terms of a general hierarchy of contrast, we observe that: voiceless obstruents are common; voiceless sonorant consonants are uncommon; voiceless vowels are extremely rare.&#160;One phonetic source of voiceless sonorants is coarticulation in RH and HR and clusters, where R is a sonorant and H is a segment produced with a spread glottal gesture. Voiceless sonorants may also arise when laryngeal spreading gestures are associated with prosodic domains. In this second case, voiceless sonorants can arise as allophones of their voiced counterparts. While a fair number of languages show voiceless sonorant glides, liquids and nasals phonologized as a consequence&#160; of RH/HR coarticulation, voiceless vowels resist phonologization despite their high frequency as phonetic variants of modal vowels.&#160;In some cases, voiceless vowels are lost before phonologization can occur. In other cases, resistance to phonologization may be due to effects of analogy, /h/, word phonotactics, or lexical competition. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.02cre 59 110 52 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;2. The Obligatory Coding Principle in diachronic perspective</TitleText> 1 A01 Denis Creissels Creissels, Denis Denis Creissels University of Lyon 01 The <i>Obligatory Coding Principle</i> accounts for the inventories of possible coding frames in languages that, according to the current terminology, can be characterized as consistently accusative or consistently ergative in their system of argument coding. In coding frame inventories fully consistent with the Obligatory Coding principle, every coding frame includes a given type of coding, either A (in <i>obligatory A coding languages</i>) or P (in <i>obligatory P coding languages</i>). However, languages with coding frame inventories violating this principle are not exceptional. This chapter examines the types of evolutions that may result either in global shifts affecting the Obligatory Coding Principle, in systematic violations of the Obligatory Coding Principle, or in the gradual spreading of non-canonical coding frames. The idea underlying this study is that, before discussing the theoretical status of this kind of generalization, it is crucial to clarify its involvement in diachronic processes. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.03mit 111 128 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;3. Deconstructing teleology</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The place of synchronic usage patterns among processes of diachronic development</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marianne Mithun Mithun, Marianne Marianne Mithun University of California, Santa Barbara 01 A central issue in typology is the role of implicational hierarchies in shaping individual languages. One view is that the hierarchies guide language change, or at least constrain it: &#8220;Since a hierarchy constrains what is a possible language, it is also a constraint on language change, because languages move from one possible state to another&#8221; (Corbett 2011). Other approaches take a different perspective: &#8220;Hierarchies simply capture the outputs of independent diachronic processes&#8221; (Cristofaro &#38; Z&#250;&#241;iga this volume). Here the relationship between typology and diachrony is examined with respect to the most frequently-cited hierarchies, the cluster of Referential/Topicality/Animacy/Empathy hierarchies. While such hierarchies might appear to drive diachronic development in some single-step changes, multi-step developments are a different matter. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p3 132 342 211 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;III. Hierarchical effects and their origins</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.04gil 129 190 62 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;4. The development of referential hierarchy effects in Sahaptian</TitleText> 1 A01 Spike Gildea Gildea, Spike Spike Gildea Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon 2 A01 Joana Jansen Jansen, Joana Joana Jansen Northwest Indian Language Institute, University of Oregon 01 Sahaptin and Nez Perce, the two languages of the Sahaptian family, have both been cited as case studies in the typological literature on hierarchical patterns in main clause grammar. Nez Perce has ergative case marking on only third person singular transitive subjects, plus a minor pattern of indexation of SAP participants via (rarely occurring) second position enclitics. Sahaptin has one of the more complex hierarchical systems ever described, with SAP indexation via enclitics, third person indexation on verbs, differential object marking, an inverse verbal direction prefix, and two distinct ergative suffixes, each restricted to a subset of third person singular transitive subjects (one when objects are SAP, the other when objects are third person). This paper begins by reviewing, evaluating, and occasionally expanding on existing knowledge: we summarize the hierarchical patterns in Sahaptian and characterize each distinct construction. Then we compare relevant Sahaptin morphemes with cognates in Nez Perce, and review their reconstruction to Proto-Sahaptian. The primary contribution of this paper is organizing the morphemes (and their accompanying hierarchical patterns) in both languages into cognate <b>constructions</b>, then reconstructing each to its Proto-Sahaptian origins. We conclude by reviewing and evaluating proposals for Pre-Proto-Sahaptian developments claimed to explain the origins of hierarchical patterns that reconstruct to Proto-Sahaptian. The mechanisms we identify as having created the Sahaptian hierarchical effects are diverse, some motivated and others not, some arising from internal sources, others arguably from contact. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.05gri 191 216 26 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;5. Diachrony and the referential hierarchy in Old Irish</TitleText> 1 A01 Aaron Griffith Griffith, Aaron Aaron Griffith Universiteit Utrecht 01 A set of Old Irish clitic person markers may co-index subject or object markers on the verb. Only one clitic of this set may appear at a time, however. The clitic, if present, indexes the verbal argument highest on the scale 1st person&#8239;&#62;&#8239;2nd person&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3rd person animate&#8239;&#62;&#8239;inanimate. The restriction of one clitic per verb, a prerequisite for the hierarchy, is explained here as a result of the deictic origin of the clitic set. The deictic origin further favors the marking of local persons over non-local persons. For the upper and lower end of the hierarchy, however, the ranking appears to be determined rather by considerations of function. Since the clitics can mark topics, they favor 1st persons over 2nd and animates over inanimates. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.06gui 217 256 40 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;6. From ergative case-marking to hierarchical agreement</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A reconstruction of the argument-marking system of Reyesano (Takanan, Bolivia)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Antoine Guillaume Guillaume, Antoine Antoine Guillaume Laboratoire Dynamique du Language (CNRS & Université Lyon 2) 01 This paper reconstructs the history of a set of innovated 1st and 2nd person verbal prefixes in Reyesano which manifest the phenomenon of &#8216;hierarchical agreement&#8217; in transitive clauses, according to a 2&#62;1&#62;3 hierarchy. I argue that these prefixes come from independent ergative-absolutive pronouns which first became case-neutral enclitics in 2nd position in main clauses and then verb prefixes. And I show that the hierarchical effects that the prefixes manifest in synchrony have nothing to do with the working of a hierarchy during the grammaticalization process. In doing so, the paper contributes to the growing body of diachronic evidence against the idea that the person hierarchy is a universal of human language reflecting a more general principal of human cognition. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.07jac 257 288 32 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;7. The direction(s) of analogical change in direct/inverse systems</TitleText> 1 A01 Guillaume Jacques Jacques, Guillaume Guillaume Jacques 2 A01 Anton Antonov Antonov, Anton Anton Antonov 20 Algonquian 20 analogy 20 Arapaho 20 conjunct order 20 Cree 20 direct/inverse 20 hierarchical agreement 20 Mi'gmaq 20 Ojibwe 01 In this chapter, we extract general principles of language change from the study of the evolution of the conjunct order in various Algonquian languages, and propose four generalizations concerning the directionality of the spread of analogy in these systems. These generalizations are expected to bring insights on the analysis of data from other language families with direct/inverse marking but insufficient philological record, such as for instance Sino-Tibetan. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.08ros 289 308 20 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;8. Are the Tupi-Guarani hierarchical indexing systems really motivated by the person hierarchy?</TitleText> 1 A01 Françoise Rose Rose, Françoise Françoise Rose Dynamique Du Langage (CNRS/Université Lyon 2) 01 Tupi-Guarani languages are supposedly perfect examples of hierarchical indexing systems, where the relative ranking of A and P on the 1&#8239;&#62;&#8239;2&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3 person hierarchy determines the selection of the person markers. This chapter questions the relevance of the person hierarchy as a synchronic and diachronic explanation for such systems, with data from 28 languages. First, only SAP&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3 can really be posited in the actual languages, and second, it explains only part of the facts that it is supposed to account for in Proto-Tupi-Guarani. The chapter ends by suggesting that these systems do not result from the person hierarchy as a functional motivation. Instead, they may result from grammaticalization of pronominal paradigms lacking third-person forms. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.09zah 309 342 34 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;9. Incipient hierarchical alignment in four Central Salish languages from the Proto-Salish middle</TitleText> 1 A01 Zalmai Zahir Zahir, Zalmai Zalmai Zahir University of Oregon 01 There are three distinct transitive constructions in four Coast Salish languages, Squamish, Halkomelem, Klallam and Lushootseed. In the V-<sc>tr</sc> construction, both A and P are unmarked for case; in the V-<sc>mid</sc> construction (often considered antipassive), A is unmarked and P marked; in the V-<sc>tr-mid</sc> construction (often considered passive), P is unmarked and A marked. Individually, none of these constructions is a hierarchical system, but in combination, asymmetries in their distribution are well on the way to creating a person-based hierarchical system. This paper discusses the diachronic development of each of these constructions, then describes their differential distribution into the four functional domains: <sc>local</sc> (SAP A&#160;&#8594; SAP P), <sc>direct</sc> (SAP&#160;&#8594; 3P), <sc>nonlocal</sc> (3A&#160;&#8594; 3P), and <sc>inverse</sc> (3A&#160;&#8594; SAP P). While the distribution is not identical in each of the languages, the trend is clear: the etymologically passive V-<sc>tr-mid</sc> construction cannot occur in the <sc>direct</sc> domain and has become the pragmatically unmarked construction in the <sc>inverse</sc> domain, whereas the etymologically antipassive V-<sc>mid</sc> construction cannot occur in the <sc>inverse</sc> domain. While it only occurs in the <sc>direct</sc> and <sc>nonlocal</sc> domains, even there it is rare, giving the appearance that its function is still that of an antipassive. In combination, the result is that whenever the two core arguments of a clause are an SAP and a third person, regardless of grammatical role the SAP participant is always an unmarked core argument, whereas the third person is most often marked, leading to a situation where the oblique case in these languages is beginning to resemble the obviative case-marker of inverse languages. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.p4 346 424 79 Section header 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;IV. Conflicting hierarchical patterns and how to deal with them</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.10del 343 376 34 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;10. Deictic and sociopragmatic effects in Tibeto-Burman SAP indexation</TitleText> 1 A01 Scott DeLancey DeLancey, Scott Scott DeLancey University of Oregon 01 The study of hierarchical argument indexation systems shows that while the ranking of both 1st and 2nd person over other arguments is robust and reliable, it is impossible to find any compelling crosslinguistic evidence for one or the other ranking of the two Speech Act Participants, and rare to find a consistent ranking even within a single language. This paper assembles and reviews historical changes in the indexation of the &#8220;local&#8221; categories (1&#8594;2 and 2&#8594;1) in a number of Tibeto-Burman languages. We see that the fundamental deictic ranking SAP&#8239;&#62;&#8239;3 is conservative, and inverse marking to emphasize that ranking has been reinvented several times in the family. Changes in the marking of local categories are more diverse, but two phenomena recur independently in different languages and branches: a tendency for the 1&#8594;2 form to be uniquely marked, sometimes with forms which are not synchronically relatable to anything else in the paradigm, and a contrasting tendency for the 2&#8594;1 form to merge with the marking of 3&#8594;1. I propose that these tendencies reflect what I call <sc>sociopragmatic</sc> effects, i.e. the socially delicate nature of any and all natural utterances involving both the speaker and the addressee. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.11hel 377 402 26 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;11. Morphosyntactic coding of proper names and its implications for the Animacy Hierarchy</TitleText> 1 A01 Johannes Helmbrecht Helmbrecht, Johannes Johannes Helmbrecht University of Regensburg 2 A01 Lukas Denk Denk, Lukas Lukas Denk University of Regensburg 3 A01 Sarah Thanner Thanner, Sarah Sarah Thanner University of Regensburg 4 A01 Ilenia Tonetti Tonetti, Ilenia Ilenia Tonetti University of Regensburg 01 The Animacy Hierarchy (AH) is an important construct employed for the description and explanation of variation and splits in case marking and agreement in various grammatical domains. The AH is a scale that combines person, definiteness and semantic animacy and is used to state clear preferences of certain morphosyntactic coding types over others. One assumption of the AH is that proper names (PNs) occupy an intermediate place between personal pronouns and common nouns. Despite the large body of research since its first extensive formulation in Silverstein (1976), it is astonishing that there has been almost no empirical evidence published for this claim. Since the AH has been formulated mostly on the basis of case marking and agreement phenomena in languages with split ergativity or hierarchical alignment, we compiled a sample of more than 30 such languages in order to find data on the morphosyntactic coding of PNs. While there are only a very few instances that confirm the claim, there are more instances that contradict it. We concluded that PNs should be removed from the AH, since their assumed position has no predictive value for typological generalizations. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.12jac 403 424 22 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;12. Generic person marking in Japhug and other Gyalrong languages</TitleText> 1 A01 Guillaume Jacques Jacques, Guillaume Guillaume Jacques 20 generic 20 grammaticalization 20 Gyalrong 20 hierarchical agreement 20 inverse 20 Japhug 20 nominalization 20 passive 20 Situ 20 Tshobdun 01 This paper discusses the history of generic person marking systems in several Gyalrong languages. While closely related, Japhug and Tshobdun differ considerably: the inverse prefix marks generic A in Japhug, while it appears in the generic P form in Tshobdun. We propose a historical scenario to explain how such radically different systems came into being, proposing in particular that one of the generic human markers was grammaticalized from a nominalizer, and show that our reconstruction can also explain the origin of the local scenario portmanteau 1&#8594;2 and 2&#8594;1 prefixes. These reconstructions allow us to establish the existence of several previously unattested grammaticalization pathways. 10 01 JB code tsl.121.aut 425 428 4 Miscellaneous 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Author index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.li 429 431 3 Miscellaneous 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language Index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.121.si 433 434 2 Miscellaneous 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20180726 2018 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 930 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 56 16 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 16 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 16 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD