Index

Part of

Nominalization in Languages of the Americas
Edited by Roberto Zariquiey, Masayoshi Shibatani and David W. Fleck
[Typological Studies in Language 124] 2019
► pp. 657–662

Index

A

absolutive155, 206, 212, 241, 278, 280n8, 282, 284, 288, 295, 297, 494, 565, 566, 575, 594, 595, 598, 599, 602, 603, 621, 622

accusative123, 124, 182, 191, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 209n6, 209n7, 211, 213, 214, 235, 237, 239, 240, 241, 265, 312, 320, 324, 337, 360, 420, 427, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 472, 473, 474, 477, 478, 486, 487, 494, 512, 518, 565

adposition239, 254, 265, 615

adverbial
- ~ clause153, 187, 197, 239, 368, 528, 561
- ~ modification363, 365, 368, 442
- ~ relation254, 468, 478, 482

Aguaruna201, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 221, 224, 225, 237, 246, 412, 416, 454

Algonquian59, 64, 163

antipassive191, 277n4, 295, 297, 567, 584, 587, 589, 595, 621

aorist592, 594, 595, 602, 606n10, 611n15, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620

applicative155, 241, 247, 256, 265, 337, 366n4, 367, 369, 376, 420, 423, 452, 461, 470, 472, 487, 503, 567, 598, 614, 621

apposition
- non-restrictive ~306, 307, 308, 322, 326, 331, 332
- restrictive ~301, 306, 307, 308, 322, 323, 326, 331, 332, 334, 335

appositive63n28, 86, 87n48, 124, 285n10, 301, 302, 305, 306, 307, 309, 312, 312n5, 313, 314, 315, 320n11, 322, 323, 326, 327, 331, 332, 333, 335

Apurinã181, 192, 201, 205, 207, 221, 224, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 238, 244

Apyãwa8, 11, 625, 626, 627, 628, 628n3, 629, 630, 631, 635n7, 636, 640, 641, 642, 646, 647, 650, 651, 652

Arawakan75, 181, 203, 489, 512, 627

Arawan203

aspect91, 160, 181, 182, 191, 265, 297, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 361, 362, 366, 383, 420, 423, 425, 426, 452, 456, 460, 469, 471, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 503, 503n15, 504, 517, 519, 520, 521, 533, 587, 592, 594, 595, 602, 611n15, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 623, 649

assertive241, 391, 392, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 412, 413, 414, 610, 652

Athabaskan29, 42, 58, 78

attribution193, 421, 427, 562, 587

auxiliation470, 486

Awa Pit201, 205, 207, 208, 209, 215, 216, 221, 224, 225, 228, 244

Aymara201, 205, 207, 215, 217, 218, 220, 224, 225, 245

Ayoreo251, 255, 260, 261, 264, 266

B

Barasano68n32, 75, 91n52, 121, 135, 135n87, 136, 137, 138, 139, 146, 147, 149, 150, 150n98, 151, 164, 415

Barbacoan203

Baure201, 205, 207, 224, 244

Bora105, 106, 121n78, 166, 247, 484n15

Bororo201, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 239, 243

bound noun472, 483, 484n15

C

Cahita7, 8, 10, 301, 302, 302n1, 303, 310, 311, 312, 312n5, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 320n11, 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 332n19, 334, 335, 336, 337, 468, 486

Cariban42, 178, 179, 180, 191, 193, 203, 206, 239, 240, 245, 246, 609n12, 622

Cavineña201, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 217, 221, 224, 225, 245, 456, 468, 484, 489

Chapacuran203, 206

Cherokee58, 165

Chocoan203

classifier99, 102, 104, 105, 106, 116, 121, 122, 135, 135n87, 135n88, 135n89, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 143n94, 144, 145, 146, 147, 147n97, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 178, 191, 241, 259, 265, 301, 302, 303, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 330, 333, 335, 336, 337, 392, 393, 395, 396, 404, 405, 412, 414, 464, 482, 484n15, 487, 493n1, 498n11, 501

clausal nominalizer363, 375, 377, 384, 385

clause union391, 406, 407, 413

clause-chain153

clause-chaining6, 16, 66, 69, 197, 401, 411, 412, 413, 416

cleft63, 64, 219, 391, 409, 410, 413, 415, 505, 506, 506n21

comitative204, 220, 220n10, 220n11, 221, 222, 223, 235, 236, 236n12, 237, 239, 240, 241, 297, 304, 360, 377, 387, 421, 452, 487, 494, 544, 551, 566, 621

complement clause1, 74, 76, 76n39, 161, 185, 241, 273, 368, 370, 374, 406, 408, 409, 413, 437, 438, 457, 472, 473, 473n8, 568, 589

complementation5, 7, 9, 10, 74, 161, 162, 163, 165, 194, 220, 235, 249, 250, 255, 267, 268, 368, 384, 419, 437, 438, 451, 453, 454, 455, 474, 486, 489, 490, 515, 526, 527, 528, 534, 541, 555, 560, 589

concessive225, 363, 371, 373, 377, 384, 448, 475, 478, 479, 485, 486, 487

conditional65, 187, 211, 219, 220, 225, 228, 231, 239, 256, 257, 261, 363, 371, 372, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 487, 565

cooperative principle20, 52, 79, 110

copular clause345, 353, 354, 464, 560, 561n2

core74, 204, 204n1, 206, 207, 214, 348, 357, 364, 367, 372, 420n2, 468, 474, 496, 519, 524, 528, 531, 533, 547, 548, 558, 561, 563, 566, 567, 569, 571, 578, 606, 608, 619n21, 631, 643, 647

Creek58, 68, 69, 130, 131, 164, 583

cross-reference370, 377

Crow2, 35, 43, 163

Cubeo201, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 214, 221, 224, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 246

D

dative124, 191, 204, 204n1, 217, 218, 219, 220, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 254, 265, 360, 621

demonstrative9, 49, 77, 87, 107n59, 108, 108n60, 109n62, 133, 134, 139, 145, 146, 147, 160, 174, 176, 178, 179, 179n6, 191, 192, 241, 257, 265, 337, 360, 363, 364, 369, 370, 375, 375n7, 376, 376n8, 377, 384, 385, 386, 387, 390, 414, 421, 422, 434, 436, 452, 459, 493, 506, 601n7, 620, 621, 645, 652

dependency marker249, 250, 256, 265

dependent verb392, 402, 404, 405, 411, 412, 413, 426, 439, 440, 487, 549

dependent-marking298, 420, 565

derivational properties419

deverbalization18, 366, 496, 497, 497n8, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 504, 510, 540

diachronic perspective8, 169, 190, 245, 301, 302, 312, 551, 618, 643

different subjects420, 439, 473, 475, 531, 534, 548, 549, 551, 552, 553, 554see also swtich-reference

E

Ecuadorian Siona8, 9, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 412, 413, 414, 415

Embera201, 205, 207, 208, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 228, 246

Emerillon222, 223, 225, 240

enclitic286, 347, 363, 364, 372, 380, 383, 384, 385, 509, 518, 521, 551, 565

ergative47, 107, 155, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 212n8, 213, 216, 225, 236, 236n12, 239, 241, 276, 288, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 463, 489, 494, 499, 503, 504, 504n16, 512, 517, 534, 544, 550, 565, 566, 569, 574, 579, 594, 599n6, 611, 618, 620, 621

evidentiality387, 414, 415, 416, 460, 518, 563, 564n4, 587, 589

existential predication597, 612, 613, 614, 615, 619, 620

external syntax2, 10, 11, 367, 433, 455, 458, 465, 468, 473, 474, 477, 479, 482, 486, 496n6, 516, 525, 526, 537, 541, 543, 544, 554, 557, 558, 570

F

finiteness6, 162, 165, 191, 192, 313, 337, 388, 415, 425, 425n7, 453, 454, 534, 603, 619, 622, 623

formalism512n27

G

Gavião42, 165, 174, 193

genitive25, 29, 63n28, 96, 109, 109n63, 110, 111, 111n65, 119, 123, 124, 126, 134, 137, 146, 152, 153, 156, 157n101, 158, 191, 204, 206, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 239, 240, 273, 277, 293, 312, 360, 421, 422n5, 452, 459, 467, 469, 486, 487, 494, 566, 569, 570, 571, 573, 579, 580, 582, 592, 593n1, 615, 638, 647
- free ~ 110n64

grammatical relation89n50, 107, 160

grammaticalization8, 9, 113n67, 163, 165, 166, 177, 186, 187, 188, 193, 194, 198, 213, 217, 219, 220, 234, 235, 236, 245, 319, 324, 326, 338, 341, 342, 356, 358, 360, 362, 363, 364, 374, 378, 382, 384, 386, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 406, 414, 417, 489, 532n4, 601n7, 608, 622, 648

Guaycuruan184, 203, 205, 247, 249, 251, 255, 257, 258, 260, 264, 265, 269

H

Halkomelem2, 28, 36

Harakmbut2, 8, 9, 86, 363, 390, 455, 456, 456n1, 457, 457n2, 458, 459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 464n5, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 482, 484, 484n15, 485, 487, 488, 490

head-marking238, 298, 420, 492, 591

Hixkaryana46, 47, 56, 91, 182, 192, 201, 205, 207, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 232, 233, 239, 244

Hup171, 187, 188, 192, 201, 205, 207, 208, 209, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 238, 241, 244

I

imperfective182, 241, 341, 342, 343, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 369, 387, 414, 422n5, 423, 424, 425, 425n6, 429, 431, 432, 450, 451, 451n17, 452, 534, 542, 549, 551, 551n4, 596, 603, 621, 649, 652

insubordination9, 10, 17, 95, 98, 99, 99n57, 162, 169, 192, 378, 379, 382, 383, 384, 388, 391, 410, 413, 453, 534, 608, 610, 610n13, 611, 620, 622

internal syntax10, 11, 437, 455, 465, 466, 468, 469, 474, 477, 478, 481, 482, 486, 505, 516, 520, 525, 537, 541, 547, 557, 558, 567, 568, 570, 577, 578, 580

interrogative34, 57n23, 79, 82, 93, 98, 297, 391, 392, 393, 398, 400, 406, 409, 410, 413, 414, 421, 423, 444, 512, 514, 621

Iroquoian58

Iskonawa8, 10, 44n17, 368, 390, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543n2, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555

J

Jarawara201, 205, 207, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 244

Jibaroan8, 9

Jivaroan203, 412, 416, 419, 447, 449, 454

K

Kakataibo8, 9, 10, 32, 44n18, 56, 65, 68n32, 92n53, 114, 167, 201, 205, 207, 208, 215, 220, 220n11, 221, 222, 223, 224, 229, 232, 239, 247, 363, 364, 390, 468, 486, 503, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 525, 527, 528, 530, 531, 532, 533, 535, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 554, 555

Karitiana201, 205, 207, 224, 229, 230, 231, 240, 244, 247

Kawapanan8, 10, 33, 492, 501, 512, 514

Kiowa2, 34, 167

K’ichee’90, 133, 134, 155, 159

L

Lakhota58

language change186, 324, 341, 342, 374

language contact197, 199, 237, 243, 247, 267, 268, 455, 654

Leko201, 205, 207, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 228, 232, 234, 237, 245

lexicalization24, 511, 557, 570, 583, 585, 586, 587

linguistic area7, 237, 238, 243, 249, 250, 266, 456, 488

Lule238n14, 249, 251, 255, 263, 263n8, 264, 267, 269

Lule-Vilela238n14, 249, 251, 255, 264

M

main clause ellipsis378

manner27, 35, 40, 43, 49, 50, 65, 67, 72, 78, 83, 85, 94, 99, 124, 125, 128, 154, 220, 225, 232, 235, 281, 296, 297, 376, 438, 441, 448, 458, 557, 568, 578, 595

Mapudungun201, 205, 207, 224, 229, 230, 231, 252

Mascoyan251n2

Matacoan203, 205

Mataguayan249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264

Matses8, 10, 11, 91n52, 201, 205, 207, 208, 215, 221, 224, 283n9, 290n13, 515, 534, 541, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561n2, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 572, 572n6, 573, 575, 576, 577, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 585n8, 586, 587, 588, 589

Mayan57, 90, 164

metonymy16, 19, 21, 52, 72, 153n100, 155, 280

modifying function172, 177n5, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 313, 314, 323, 331, 334, 335, 367, 376, 385, 435

Mojave176, 179, 179n6, 193

Mosetén42, 73, 116, 117, 165, 183, 194, 201, 205, 207, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 237, 247

Movima109n62, 163, 201, 205, 207, 229, 230, 231, 245

Muskogean58

N

Nadahup171, 188

Navajo42, 43, 58, 78, 163, 167

negation47, 241, 297, 337, 360, 387, 397, 414, 487, 514, 534, 592, 602, 611n15, 614, 614n18, 615, 616, 617, 619, 620, 621, 631, 652

Nheengatu100, 654

Nieves Mixtec57

nominal classifier301, 302, 320, 335, 336, 392, 393, 404, 405

nominalization
- action ~304, 304n2, 321n12, 330, 336, 426, 432
- agentive ~394, 463, 465, 634, 643, 644
- argument ~20, 32, 40, 43, 44, 45, 54, 55, 63, 67, 82, 83, 83n44, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 105, 109, 115, 119, 126, 138, 153, 154, 155, 304, 329, 443, 496n6, 524
- directional ~325, 336
- event ~32, 40, 51, 54, 94, 95, 96, 98, 119, 125, 126, 153, 391, 395, 397, 438, 439, 442, 443, 455, 458, 468, 477, 479, 485, 496n6, 524, 644
- grammatical ~7, 10, 20, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 76n39, 88, 95, 100, 103, 111, 111n65, 139, 254, 258, 267, 273, 275, 290n13, 294, 295, 297, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 333, 388, 428, 433, 434, 438, 464, 491, 492, 515, 516, 520, 522, 523, 524, 526, 527, 528, 531, 533, 537, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 547, 548, 550, 553, 554, 591, 592, 601, 610, 611, 634, 635, 638, 640, 647, 649
- instrumental ~48, 157
- lexical ~20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 76n39, 152, 162, 192, 249, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 267, 273, 275, 297, 303, 304n2, 321n12, 338, 387, 428, 429, 488, 491, 492, 511, 513, 523, 541, 555, 592, 601n7, 653
- lexicalized ~283n9, 345, 511, 558, 559, 573, 581, 582, 585
- locative ~48, 157, 302, 312, 313, 314, 317, 320, 334
- non-subject ~8, 301, 313, 316, 317, 321, 333
- nonce ~283n9, 290n13, 559, 572, 586
- object ~44, 49, 82, 155, 156, 157, 158, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 320, 321, 321n12, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 391
- oblique ~35, 36, 157
- participant ~336, 374, 376n9, 455, 458, 463, 468, 477, 479, 482, 485, 486, 527, 571, 572, 643
- patient ~44, 48, 304n2, 317, 330, 333, 497
- predicate ~636, 646
- resultative ~73
- state ~304
- strong ~491, 492, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 511
- subject ~8, 35, 36, 44, 51, 52, 82, 90, 155, 156, 157, 158, 301, 313, 316, 317, 321, 327, 329, 330, 333, 341, 391, 394, 397, 640
- weak ~10, 491, 492, 495, 496, 502, 503, 509

nominalized clause95, 99, 190, 197, 309, 324, 354, 367, 369, 373, 374, 413, 477, 503, 519, 520, 529, 557, 558, 568, 569, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 580, 586, 587, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 610n13, 611n15

nominative107, 123, 124, 206, 237, 297, 312, 337, 420, 421, 427, 434, 460, 462, 463, 469, 477, 483, 486, 487, 494, 518, 565, 594, 602, 610, 611, 615, 617, 621, 622

non-finite190, 457, 475, 484, 526, 543n2, 592, 601, 602, 603, 604, 611, 613n16, 615, 616, 617, 619, 619n21, 620, 642

Northern Paiute33, 34, 41, 67, 69, 126, 127, 166

noun incorporation461, 466, 472, 482, 489, 589

O

obsolescence10, 552, 553, 537

omnipredicativity11, 597, 626, 628, 630, 641, 650, 654

optimality theory495, 514

P

Panoan8, 10, 32, 56, 65, 100, 114, 203, 207, 208, 212, 213, 214, 238, 239, 240, 241, 363, 364, 368, 390, 413, 515, 516, 519, 529, 530, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 538, 539, 541, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 557, 558, 559, 586, 588, 589

parataxis249, 255, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 309

past habitual341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348, 353, 354, 357, 358

perlative236n13, 240, 241, 494, 512, 652

persistence188

Piapoco56, 102, 164

Pilagá183, 184, 194, 201, 205, 205n3, 207, 247, 269

Pima Bajo176, 177, 178, 179n6, 192, 310

pluractionality352, 353, 360, 361

plural99, 100, 101, 102, 124, 126, 127, 143n95, 160, 180, 241, 243, 245, 265, 283, 297, 317n7, 337, 355, 358, 360, 366, 366n4, 370, 371, 378, 387, 402, 404, 405, 412, 414, 421, 423, 424, 427, 448, 452, 461, 464, 465, 469, 471, 476, 487, 506n20, 508, 512, 534, 544, 566, 570, 572, 596, 603, 621, 623, 624, 645, 647, 648, 649, 652

polysynthetic420

portmanteau277, 291, 391, 404, 461, 517

possessed nominal classifier301, 335, 336

possessive8, 26n11, 29, 88, 109, 110, 110n64, 111, 115, 115n72, 117, 123, 124, 126, 131, 137, 140, 146, 152, 153, 164, 167, 171, 173, 178, 180, 181, 182, 191, 214, 241, 253, 259, 264, 265, 276, 292, 293, 294, 302, 313, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 337, 367, 377, 387, 467, 497, 499, 534, 565, 601n7

postposition65, 215, 225, 301, 323, 324, 325, 326, 334, 335, 336, 377, 432n11, 441, 592, 593, 593n1, 597, 602, 605, 606n10, 610, 652
- instrumental ~302, 317, 317n7, 318, 370

predicate modification561

predication6, 9, 11, 19, 74, 75n37, 92, 93, 100, 177, 177n5, 184, 193, 349, 353, 359, 444, 453, 478, 479, 494, 561, 597, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 619, 620

preposition25, 206, 241, 324

productivity26n12, 283, 467, 491, 500, 511, 559, 565, 584, 585, 599, 625, 630, 640

purposive65, 215, 218, 233, 265, 371, 397, 466, 491, 495, 508, 511, 521, 529

Q

Quechua8, 21, 33, 41, 45, 56, 65, 69, 70, 71, 74, 78, 92, 92n53, 100, 157n101, 160, 161, 164, 167, 181, 182, 184, 190, 194, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 224, 225, 234, 240, 243, 246, 247, 253, 254, 269, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 350, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 361, 362, 415, 501, 510n24

R

Rainy River Ojibwa59, 64

reason clause212

referential function19, 21, 53, 87, 124, 125, 128, 209, 301, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 313, 314, 323, 328, 331, 334, 335, 376, 540, 650

relative clause16, 34, 45n19, 50, 52, 63, 69, 70, 77n41, 81, 81n43, 82, 86, 87, 88, 88n49, 94, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 163, 171, 174, 176, 178, 179, 179n6, 181, 185, 185n8, 186, 187, 192, 193, 210, 238, 263, 263n8, 267, 274, 276, 284, 285, 287, 290, 291, 297, 307, 338, 368, 435, 453, 464n5, 466, 472, 533, 535, 545, 547
- headless relative ~15, 464, 546
- internally-headed ~15, 71
- non-restrictive ~85
- restrictive relative ~15, 84, 85, 123, 133n86

relative pronoun81, 274

relativization1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 63, 63n28, 82, 85, 88, 154, 155, 156, 162, 163, 164, 166, 186, 187, 192, 193, 194, 256, 257, 260, 261, 262, 298, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312, 320n11, 322, 326, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 363, 367, 377, 384, 419, 422, 433, 435, 436, 451, 453, 454, 464n5, 493n2, 502, 514, 515, 526, 537, 545, 546, 550, 554, 555, 557, 562, 570, 572, 574, 575, 576, 584, 605n9, 623

reportative9, 191, 241, 265, 347, 360, 387, 391, 392, 393, 398, 400, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 449, 450, 534, 652

River Thompson Salish41, 164

S

same subjects531, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554see also switch-reference

Shawi8, 10, 33, 491, 492, 493n1, 493n2, 494, 495, 497, 498, 501, 502, 503, 505, 505n18, 505n19, 506, 506n20, 507n22, 508, 509, 510, 510n24, 511, 512, 513, 514

Shoshone34, 58, 66, 162, 320, 339

similative232, 233, 239, 459, 487

Slave30, 31, 43, 73, 165

stance6, 9, 96, 363, 364, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 386, 389, 448

subject agreement391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 403n2, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 497, 518

subordinate clause153, 154, 198, 234, 239, 305, 384, 388, 435, 475, 606n10, 610

subordination1, 6, 7, 11, 26, 75n37, 167, 192, 194, 197, 199, 238, 239, 243, 244, 245, 247, 250, 250n1, 252, 253, 254, 259, 262, 265, 267, 269, 305, 363, 384, 388, 432n11, 451, 468, 486, 488, 490, 640

substantivization18, 319, 366, 367, 496, 497, 497n9, 498, 500, 501, 504, 510, 540

switch-reference1, 10, 68, 68n32, 212, 213, 214, 239, 390, 420, 426, 437, 438, 439, 439n13, 440, 441, 449, 515, 516, 519, 526, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 537, 539, 541, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 561, 566, 568

T

Tacanan203, 207, 211, 213, 214, 456, 484

Tapiete32, 55, 65, 75, 86, 101, 117, 161, 163, 201, 205, 207, 224, 238, 245, 251, 252, 255, 261, 264, 265, 267, 268

Tapirapé625, 627, 653, 654

Tariana75, 161, 201, 205, 207, 221, 224, 225, 238, 241, 243, 484n15

tense46, 66, 88, 91, 92, 92n53, 96, 97, 107, 139n92, 160, 181, 182, 191, 216, 290, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 350, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 366, 391, 397, 398, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 420, 423, 424, 425, 426, 433, 444, 445, 446, 449, 450, 451, 452, 460, 461, 469, 471, 480, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 503, 503n14, 504, 519, 520, 521, 525, 533, 563, 564, 564n4, 565, 587, 589, 619n21, 649

Toba55, 82, 83, 83n44, 87, 102, 108, 109, 109n62, 133, 134, 159, 164, 251, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264

transitivity213, 239, 245, 247, 338, 339, 350, 519, 535, 555, 567

Trumai201, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 245

Tucanoan8, 75, 203, 208, 391, 404, 405, 408, 411, 412, 413, 415, 416

Tupí-Guaraní8, 11, 32, 47, 47n20, 55, 65, 100, 161, 163, 246, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 632, 636, 649, 650, 651, 652, 654

Tupian47, 174, 203, 206, 238, 240, 241, 253, 254, 512, 625

Tupinambá8, 11, 625, 626, 627, 628, 628n3, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 635n7, 641, 642, 643, 646, 647, 650, 651, 652, 655

Tuyuca56, 121, 151, 159, 415, 416

U

Uru-Chipaya252

Uto-Aztecan7, 8, 33, 34, 41, 46, 57, 58, 64, 66, 67, 75, 176, 301, 309, 310, 318, 318n8, 320, 320n11, 339

V

verb complement153, 525

verbalization164, 193, 343, 358, 359, 388, 496n5, 513, 555, 618

Vilela238n14, 249, 251, 255, 263, 264, 267, 268

W

Waiwai42, 73

Wampis8, 9, 91n52, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 426n9, 427, 428, 429, 430, 433, 434, 435, 435n12, 436, 437, 438, 440, 442, 443, 443n15, 444, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 454

Wari’201, 205, 205n3, 206, 207, 244

wh-question63, 64

Witotoan105

X

Xavante8, 9, 11, 364, 388, 591, 592, 597, 598, 600, 601, 601n7, 605, 609n12, 611, 611n15, 612, 613, 613n16, 614, 619, 620, 621, 622

Y

Yagua28, 135n88, 144, 145, 146, 159, 165, 201, 205, 207, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 246

Yaminawa532

Yaqui8, 41, 45, 46, 57, 64, 101, 157n101, 159, 163, 301, 302, 303, 306, 310, 311, 311n4, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 317n7, 323, 324, 325, 327, 331, 332, 332n19, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339

Yucatec Maya163

Yup'ik7, 8, 25, 26, 28, 36, 124, 155, 160, 163, 166, 273, 274, 274n1, 296, 297, 298

Yurakaré8, 9, 174, 201, 205, 207, 221, 224, 225, 229, 232, 244, 363, 364, 365, 365n2, 366, 367, 370, 372, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388

Z

Zamucoan249, 251, 255, 260, 261, 264, 266, 267