315026852 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 129 Eb 15 9789027260536 06 10.1075/tsl.129 13 2020032619 DG 002 02 01 TSL 02 0167-7373 Typological Studies in Language 129 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Austronesian Undressed</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">How and why languages become isolating</Subtitle> 01 tsl.129 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.129 1 B01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 2 B01 Antoinette Schapper Schapper, Antoinette Antoinette Schapper Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam / Lacito-CNRS 01 eng 520 ix 510 LAN009010 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.AUSNES Austronesian languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ISOL Linguistics of isolated languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 Many Austronesian languages exhibit isolating word structure. This volume offers a series of investigations into these languages, which are found in an "isolating crescent" extending from Mainland Southeast Asia through the Indonesian archipelago and into western New Guinea. Some of the languages examined in this volume include Cham, Minangkabau, colloquial Malay/Indonesian and Javanese, Lio, Alorese, and Tetun Dili.<br /> <br />The main purpose of this volume is to address the general question of how and why languages become isolating, by examination of a number of competing hypotheses. While some view morphological loss as a natural process, others argue that the development of isolating word structure is typically driven by language contact through various mechanisms such as creolization, metatypy, and Sprachbund effects. This volume should be of interest not only to Austronesianists and historians of Insular Southeast Asia, but also to grammarians, typologists, historical linguists, creolists, and specialists in language contact. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.129.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207906.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207906.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.129.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.129.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.129.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.129.hb.png 10 01 JB code tsl.129.pre ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.129.int 1 8 8 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil 2 A01 Antoinette Schapper Schapper, Antoinette Antoinette Schapper 10 01 JB code tsl.129.01gil 9 96 88 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. What does it mean to be an isolating language?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Riau Indonesian</Subtitle> 1 A01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 20 isolating 20 ludlings 20 Riau Indonesian 20 wordhood 01 This chapter poses the question “What does it mean to be an isolating language?” and addresses it by offering a case study of such a language, Riau Indonesian. First, this chapter surveys the debate concerning the viability of the notion of word as a comparative concept, proposes a definition of word as a cut-off point between two distinct levels of structure, morphology and syntax, and then follows with a definition of an isolating language as one lacking a robust structural unit of word. Next, the chapter presents an extensive exploration of wordhood in Riau Indonesian, examining 14 potential sources of evidence for word structure. Overall, the evidence for wordhood is shown to be sparse, thereby justifying the characterisation of Riau Indonesian as an isolating language and at the same time demonstrating what an isolating language may look like. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.02bru 97 118 22 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. The loss of affixation in Cham</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Contact, internal drift and the limits of linguistic history</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marc Brunelle Brunelle, Marc Marc Brunelle University of Ottawa 20 Cham 20 contact 20 inscriptions 20 loss of affixation 20 Mon-Khmer 20 monosyllabisation 01 Chamic languages have been spoken in Central Vietnam since about 600 AD. While Classical Cham (9th–15th centuries), had already lost a significant proportion of its Austronesian affixation, it also borrowed new affixes from Mon-Khmer. Modern Cham (16th–19th centuries) underwent another wave of reduction that led to a largely monosyllabic and affixless Colloquial Eastern Cham (20th–21st centuries). <br />In this paper I first look at representative Classical Cham inscriptions, establishing the extent to which they exhibit a reduction of affixation, and discussing possible contact scenarios that may have led to this reduction. I then assess the prevalence of affixation in Modern Cham manuscripts and in Colloquial Eastern Cham, and argue that the role Vietnamese played in Cham monosyllabisation must have been more indirect than previously assumed. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.03gil 119 212 94 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Dual heritage</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The story of Riau Indonesian and its relatives</Subtitle> 1 A01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 20 complexity 20 creolisation 20 dual heritage 20 isolating 20 language contact 20 Mekong-Mamberamo 20 Riau Indonesian 01 How and why did Riau Indonesian acquire its isolating profile? Its isolating structure may traced back continuously through a series of increasingly large language networks – Malay/Indonesian koinés, Malay/Indonesian in general, Malayic, Western Nusantara, and the Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area – thereby refuting claims that it is the product of a recent event of creolisation. Riau Indonesian and its relatives exhibit dual heritage: Austronesian and Mekong-Mamberamo. From an Austronesian perspective, the isolating profile developed when Austronesian languages first spread into Nusantara, as a result of contact with the languages that were already present in the region. However, from a Mekong-Mamberamo point of view, the isolating structure may be viewed as the outcome of vertical inheritance dating back as far as we can see. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.04cro 213 252 40 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Voice and bare verbs in Colloquial Minangkabau</TitleText> 1 A01 Sophie Crouch Crouch, Sophie Sophie Crouch 20 bare verbs 20 Indonesian-type voice system 20 Minangkabau 20 Sundic-type voice system 20 voice 01 Minangkabau is an Austronesian language spoken primarily in West Sumatra. Previous studies of voice and morphosyntax, which have largely relied on elicitation-based methodology, suggest that Minangkabau can be characterised as an Indonesian-type language since its active/passive voice system resembles that of Malay/Indonesian. This study, which makes use of a corpus of naturalistic Minangkabau data, finds that the use of bare verbs (i.e. verbs that are unmarked for voice) is pervasive in informal and conversational contexts. Morphological underspecification for voice in the naturalistic data suggests that Colloquial Minangkabau is a distinct variety. The apparent optional nature of voice marking in Colloquial Minangkabau indicates that its function is primarily semantic and conceptual, and that Colloquial Minangkabau is better characterised as having a Sundic-type voice system. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.05con 253 286 34 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Javanese undressed</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">‘Peripheral’ dialects in typological perspective</Subtitle> 1 A01 Thomas J. Conners Conners, Thomas J. Thomas J. Conners University of Maryland 20 internal dialect variation 20 isolating morphology 20 Javanese 20 peripheral dialects 20 typology 01 This chapter makes two claims about Javanese, one concerning its internal dialect variation, and one concerning its place in mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) typology. First, Javanese exhibits extreme dialect variation, with many features of these variants not appearing in descriptions of Javanese, which mostly concern the Central variety. Second, the existence of these features changes the position of Javanese in the continuum of isolating-to-synthetic languages. Relevant features from six dialects of Javanese show that the Central variety – that of Yogyakarta and Solo – inadequately characterises Javanese as a whole; rather, the geographically and socially ‘peripheral’ dialects more strongly tend toward isolating morphology. Consequently, Javanese is less of an outlier in the MSEA Sprachbund than is generally acknowledged. Historical evidence shows that the Central variety is innovative with respect to Javanese overall. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.06eli 287 338 52 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual?</TitleText> 1 A01 Alexander Elias Elias, Alexander Alexander Elias University of California, Berkeley 20 Central Flores languages 20 Eastern Indonesia 20 isolating languages 20 Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area 20 substrate influence 01 The languages of Central Flores (Austronesian) are typologically distinct from their nearby relatives. They have elaborate numeral classifier systems, quinary numeral systems, and lack all bound morphology. McWhorter (2019) proposes that their isolating typology is due to imperfect language acquisition of a Sulawesi language, brought to Flores by settlers from Sulawesi in the relatively recent past. I propose an alternative interpretation, which better accounts for the other typological features found in Central Flores: the Central Flores languages are isolating because they have a strong substrate influence from a now-extinct isolating language which belonged to the Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area (Gil 2015). This explanation better accounts for the typological profile of Central Flores and is a more plausible contact scenario. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.07kla 339 368 30 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. From Lamaholot to Alorese</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Morphological loss in adult language contact</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marian A.F. Klamer Klamer, Marian A.F. Marian A.F. Klamer Leiden University 20 adult language contact 20 Alorese 20 Lamaholot 20 morphological loss 20 morphological reconstruction 01 Alorese is a prime example of a morphologically isolating language. This paper traces the process of morphological simplification it has undergone by addressing the following questions: (i) What was the morphological profile of its ancestor, pre-Alorese? (ii) When did Alorese start to lose its morphology? (iii) Which factors caused this loss? By comparing the morphological profile of current Alorese with its sister language, Lewoingu-Lamaholot, I conclude that the morphology of pre-Alorese was at least as complex as current Lewoingu-Lamaholot. Pre-Alorese underwent a process of drastic and swift morphological loss after its speakers migrated to Pantar island around 1300 AD. Pre-Alorese must have had a significant proportion of adult second language speakers who acquired it imperfectly, thus causing its morphology to be lost. Thus, this is a good example of morphological simplification due to imperfect adult learning in a small-scale language variety. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.08kli 369 390 22 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. Double agent, double cross?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Or how a suffix changes nature in an isolating language: <i>dór</i> in Tetun Dili</Subtitle> 1 A01 Catharina Williams-van Klinken Williams-van Klinken, Catharina Catharina Williams-van Klinken Dili Institute of Technology 2 A01 John Hajek Hajek, John John Hajek University of Melbourne 20 Austronesian contact 20 isolating language 20 language contact 20 morphological borrowing 20 Portuguese 20 Tetun Dili 01 In East Timor, there have been centuries of contact between the strongly isolating Austronesian language Tetun Dili and the morphologically-rich Romance language Portuguese. In all this time, only one derivational morpheme has been borrowed into Tetun Dili for use with native lexicon. This is -<i>dor</i>, a transparent agentive suffix which neatly fits the word order and stress patterns of existing Tetun Dili agentive compounds. Tetun Dili has borrowed numerous nouns with this suffix. However when in combination with native roots, it has shifted in terms of its semantics, word class of the root and derivation, and even word status, bringing it more in line with pre-existing native agentive morphemes. In other words, Tetun’s strongly isolating nature has won, at least for now. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.09sch 391 446 56 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. The origins of isolating word structure in eastern Timor</TitleText> 1 A01 Antoinette Schapper Schapper, Antoinette Antoinette Schapper Lacito-CNRS 20 convergence 20 irregularity 20 isolating word structure 20 lexicalisation 20 phonological erosion 20 Timor languages 01 This paper addresses the issue of isolating word structure and its origins in the Austronesian and Papuan languages of eastern Timor. McWhorter (2007) claims that both groups of languages evidence extensive loss of grammatical complexity as a result of “interrupted transmission” due to significant non-native acquisition. I refute McWhorter’s assertion that the eastern Timor languages are not “normal” through a detailed exposition of their morphological complexities. Whilst recognising that they are isolating leaning, I argue that there is nothing “unnatural” about the grammars of these languages and that phonological changes within the Timorese Sprachbund provide sufficient explanation of their morphological profiles. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.10don 447 482 36 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Becoming Austronesian</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Mechanisms of language dispersal across southern Island Southeast Asia and the collapse of Austronesian morphosyntax</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mark Donohue Donohue, Mark Mark Donohue Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages 2 A01 Tim Denham Denham, Tim Tim Denham The Australian National University 20 Austronesian 20 creolisation 20 family profile 20 Island Southeast Asia 20 language contact 20 substrate 20 typology 01 We examine the spread of Austronesian languages as a process that proceeded in different ways at different times, even in the same locale. We examine the many ways a language can show ‘Austronesian traits’, and confront this with the known presence of pre-Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, and the inferred similarity of social processes between mainland and Island Southeast Asia. We argue that many languages which are classified as Austronesian are indeed exemplary Austronesian languages, but that many others should be considered to be the outcome of creolisation processes, and yet others show the traces of scenarios involving (imperfect) language shift from earlier non-Austronesian languages. Indeed, ‘many’ of the languages should be considered to be non-Austronesian languages (‘Papuan’) with (in some cases minimal) Austronesian (lexical) veneers. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.11mcw 483 506 24 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Concluding reflections</TitleText> 1 A01 John H. McWhorter McWhorter, John H. John H. McWhorter 10 01 JB code tsl.129.index 507 510 4 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20201021 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027207906 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 105.00 EUR R 01 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 158.00 USD S 23026851 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 129 Hb 15 9789027207906 13 2020032618 BB 01 TSL 02 0167-7373 Typological Studies in Language 129 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Austronesian Undressed</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">How and why languages become isolating</Subtitle> 01 tsl.129 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.129 1 B01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 2 B01 Antoinette Schapper Schapper, Antoinette Antoinette Schapper Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam / Lacito-CNRS 01 eng 520 ix 510 LAN009010 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.AUSNES Austronesian languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ISOL Linguistics of isolated languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 Many Austronesian languages exhibit isolating word structure. This volume offers a series of investigations into these languages, which are found in an "isolating crescent" extending from Mainland Southeast Asia through the Indonesian archipelago and into western New Guinea. Some of the languages examined in this volume include Cham, Minangkabau, colloquial Malay/Indonesian and Javanese, Lio, Alorese, and Tetun Dili.<br /> <br />The main purpose of this volume is to address the general question of how and why languages become isolating, by examination of a number of competing hypotheses. While some view morphological loss as a natural process, others argue that the development of isolating word structure is typically driven by language contact through various mechanisms such as creolization, metatypy, and Sprachbund effects. This volume should be of interest not only to Austronesianists and historians of Insular Southeast Asia, but also to grammarians, typologists, historical linguists, creolists, and specialists in language contact. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.129.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207906.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207906.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.129.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.129.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.129.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.129.hb.png 10 01 JB code tsl.129.pre ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code tsl.129.int 1 8 8 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil 2 A01 Antoinette Schapper Schapper, Antoinette Antoinette Schapper 10 01 JB code tsl.129.01gil 9 96 88 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. What does it mean to be an isolating language?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Riau Indonesian</Subtitle> 1 A01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 20 isolating 20 ludlings 20 Riau Indonesian 20 wordhood 01 This chapter poses the question “What does it mean to be an isolating language?” and addresses it by offering a case study of such a language, Riau Indonesian. First, this chapter surveys the debate concerning the viability of the notion of word as a comparative concept, proposes a definition of word as a cut-off point between two distinct levels of structure, morphology and syntax, and then follows with a definition of an isolating language as one lacking a robust structural unit of word. Next, the chapter presents an extensive exploration of wordhood in Riau Indonesian, examining 14 potential sources of evidence for word structure. Overall, the evidence for wordhood is shown to be sparse, thereby justifying the characterisation of Riau Indonesian as an isolating language and at the same time demonstrating what an isolating language may look like. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.02bru 97 118 22 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. The loss of affixation in Cham</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Contact, internal drift and the limits of linguistic history</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marc Brunelle Brunelle, Marc Marc Brunelle University of Ottawa 20 Cham 20 contact 20 inscriptions 20 loss of affixation 20 Mon-Khmer 20 monosyllabisation 01 Chamic languages have been spoken in Central Vietnam since about 600 AD. While Classical Cham (9th–15th centuries), had already lost a significant proportion of its Austronesian affixation, it also borrowed new affixes from Mon-Khmer. Modern Cham (16th–19th centuries) underwent another wave of reduction that led to a largely monosyllabic and affixless Colloquial Eastern Cham (20th–21st centuries). <br />In this paper I first look at representative Classical Cham inscriptions, establishing the extent to which they exhibit a reduction of affixation, and discussing possible contact scenarios that may have led to this reduction. I then assess the prevalence of affixation in Modern Cham manuscripts and in Colloquial Eastern Cham, and argue that the role Vietnamese played in Cham monosyllabisation must have been more indirect than previously assumed. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.03gil 119 212 94 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Dual heritage</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The story of Riau Indonesian and its relatives</Subtitle> 1 A01 David Gil Gil, David David Gil Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 20 complexity 20 creolisation 20 dual heritage 20 isolating 20 language contact 20 Mekong-Mamberamo 20 Riau Indonesian 01 How and why did Riau Indonesian acquire its isolating profile? Its isolating structure may traced back continuously through a series of increasingly large language networks – Malay/Indonesian koinés, Malay/Indonesian in general, Malayic, Western Nusantara, and the Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area – thereby refuting claims that it is the product of a recent event of creolisation. Riau Indonesian and its relatives exhibit dual heritage: Austronesian and Mekong-Mamberamo. From an Austronesian perspective, the isolating profile developed when Austronesian languages first spread into Nusantara, as a result of contact with the languages that were already present in the region. However, from a Mekong-Mamberamo point of view, the isolating structure may be viewed as the outcome of vertical inheritance dating back as far as we can see. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.04cro 213 252 40 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Voice and bare verbs in Colloquial Minangkabau</TitleText> 1 A01 Sophie Crouch Crouch, Sophie Sophie Crouch 20 bare verbs 20 Indonesian-type voice system 20 Minangkabau 20 Sundic-type voice system 20 voice 01 Minangkabau is an Austronesian language spoken primarily in West Sumatra. Previous studies of voice and morphosyntax, which have largely relied on elicitation-based methodology, suggest that Minangkabau can be characterised as an Indonesian-type language since its active/passive voice system resembles that of Malay/Indonesian. This study, which makes use of a corpus of naturalistic Minangkabau data, finds that the use of bare verbs (i.e. verbs that are unmarked for voice) is pervasive in informal and conversational contexts. Morphological underspecification for voice in the naturalistic data suggests that Colloquial Minangkabau is a distinct variety. The apparent optional nature of voice marking in Colloquial Minangkabau indicates that its function is primarily semantic and conceptual, and that Colloquial Minangkabau is better characterised as having a Sundic-type voice system. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.05con 253 286 34 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Javanese undressed</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">‘Peripheral’ dialects in typological perspective</Subtitle> 1 A01 Thomas J. Conners Conners, Thomas J. Thomas J. Conners University of Maryland 20 internal dialect variation 20 isolating morphology 20 Javanese 20 peripheral dialects 20 typology 01 This chapter makes two claims about Javanese, one concerning its internal dialect variation, and one concerning its place in mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) typology. First, Javanese exhibits extreme dialect variation, with many features of these variants not appearing in descriptions of Javanese, which mostly concern the Central variety. Second, the existence of these features changes the position of Javanese in the continuum of isolating-to-synthetic languages. Relevant features from six dialects of Javanese show that the Central variety – that of Yogyakarta and Solo – inadequately characterises Javanese as a whole; rather, the geographically and socially ‘peripheral’ dialects more strongly tend toward isolating morphology. Consequently, Javanese is less of an outlier in the MSEA Sprachbund than is generally acknowledged. Historical evidence shows that the Central variety is innovative with respect to Javanese overall. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.06eli 287 338 52 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual?</TitleText> 1 A01 Alexander Elias Elias, Alexander Alexander Elias University of California, Berkeley 20 Central Flores languages 20 Eastern Indonesia 20 isolating languages 20 Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area 20 substrate influence 01 The languages of Central Flores (Austronesian) are typologically distinct from their nearby relatives. They have elaborate numeral classifier systems, quinary numeral systems, and lack all bound morphology. McWhorter (2019) proposes that their isolating typology is due to imperfect language acquisition of a Sulawesi language, brought to Flores by settlers from Sulawesi in the relatively recent past. I propose an alternative interpretation, which better accounts for the other typological features found in Central Flores: the Central Flores languages are isolating because they have a strong substrate influence from a now-extinct isolating language which belonged to the Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area (Gil 2015). This explanation better accounts for the typological profile of Central Flores and is a more plausible contact scenario. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.07kla 339 368 30 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. From Lamaholot to Alorese</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Morphological loss in adult language contact</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marian A.F. Klamer Klamer, Marian A.F. Marian A.F. Klamer Leiden University 20 adult language contact 20 Alorese 20 Lamaholot 20 morphological loss 20 morphological reconstruction 01 Alorese is a prime example of a morphologically isolating language. This paper traces the process of morphological simplification it has undergone by addressing the following questions: (i) What was the morphological profile of its ancestor, pre-Alorese? (ii) When did Alorese start to lose its morphology? (iii) Which factors caused this loss? By comparing the morphological profile of current Alorese with its sister language, Lewoingu-Lamaholot, I conclude that the morphology of pre-Alorese was at least as complex as current Lewoingu-Lamaholot. Pre-Alorese underwent a process of drastic and swift morphological loss after its speakers migrated to Pantar island around 1300 AD. Pre-Alorese must have had a significant proportion of adult second language speakers who acquired it imperfectly, thus causing its morphology to be lost. Thus, this is a good example of morphological simplification due to imperfect adult learning in a small-scale language variety. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.08kli 369 390 22 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. Double agent, double cross?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Or how a suffix changes nature in an isolating language: <i>dór</i> in Tetun Dili</Subtitle> 1 A01 Catharina Williams-van Klinken Williams-van Klinken, Catharina Catharina Williams-van Klinken Dili Institute of Technology 2 A01 John Hajek Hajek, John John Hajek University of Melbourne 20 Austronesian contact 20 isolating language 20 language contact 20 morphological borrowing 20 Portuguese 20 Tetun Dili 01 In East Timor, there have been centuries of contact between the strongly isolating Austronesian language Tetun Dili and the morphologically-rich Romance language Portuguese. In all this time, only one derivational morpheme has been borrowed into Tetun Dili for use with native lexicon. This is -<i>dor</i>, a transparent agentive suffix which neatly fits the word order and stress patterns of existing Tetun Dili agentive compounds. Tetun Dili has borrowed numerous nouns with this suffix. However when in combination with native roots, it has shifted in terms of its semantics, word class of the root and derivation, and even word status, bringing it more in line with pre-existing native agentive morphemes. In other words, Tetun’s strongly isolating nature has won, at least for now. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.09sch 391 446 56 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. The origins of isolating word structure in eastern Timor</TitleText> 1 A01 Antoinette Schapper Schapper, Antoinette Antoinette Schapper Lacito-CNRS 20 convergence 20 irregularity 20 isolating word structure 20 lexicalisation 20 phonological erosion 20 Timor languages 01 This paper addresses the issue of isolating word structure and its origins in the Austronesian and Papuan languages of eastern Timor. McWhorter (2007) claims that both groups of languages evidence extensive loss of grammatical complexity as a result of “interrupted transmission” due to significant non-native acquisition. I refute McWhorter’s assertion that the eastern Timor languages are not “normal” through a detailed exposition of their morphological complexities. Whilst recognising that they are isolating leaning, I argue that there is nothing “unnatural” about the grammars of these languages and that phonological changes within the Timorese Sprachbund provide sufficient explanation of their morphological profiles. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.10don 447 482 36 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Becoming Austronesian</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Mechanisms of language dispersal across southern Island Southeast Asia and the collapse of Austronesian morphosyntax</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mark Donohue Donohue, Mark Mark Donohue Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages 2 A01 Tim Denham Denham, Tim Tim Denham The Australian National University 20 Austronesian 20 creolisation 20 family profile 20 Island Southeast Asia 20 language contact 20 substrate 20 typology 01 We examine the spread of Austronesian languages as a process that proceeded in different ways at different times, even in the same locale. We examine the many ways a language can show ‘Austronesian traits’, and confront this with the known presence of pre-Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, and the inferred similarity of social processes between mainland and Island Southeast Asia. We argue that many languages which are classified as Austronesian are indeed exemplary Austronesian languages, but that many others should be considered to be the outcome of creolisation processes, and yet others show the traces of scenarios involving (imperfect) language shift from earlier non-Austronesian languages. Indeed, ‘many’ of the languages should be considered to be non-Austronesian languages (‘Papuan’) with (in some cases minimal) Austronesian (lexical) veneers. 10 01 JB code tsl.129.11mcw 483 506 24 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Concluding reflections</TitleText> 1 A01 John H. McWhorter McWhorter, John H. John H. McWhorter 10 01 JB code tsl.129.index 507 510 4 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20201021 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 1065 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 59 14 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 14 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 14 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD