57018239
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
TSL 131 Eb
15
9789027260178
06
10.1075/tsl.131
13
2020056535
DG
002
02
01
TSL
02
0167-7373
Typological Studies in Language
131
01
The Linguistics of Olfaction
The
Linguistics of Olfaction
Typological and Diachronic Approaches to Synchronic Diversity
01
tsl.131
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.131
1
B01
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
2
B01
Przemysław Staniewski
Staniewski, Przemysław
Przemysław
Staniewski
University of Wrocław
01
eng
495
xiii
481
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.TYP
Typology
06
01
This volume presents novel cross-linguistic insights into how olfactory experiences are expressed in typologically (un-)related languages both from a synchronic and from a diachronic perspective. It contains a general introduction to the topic and fourteen chapters based on philological investigation and thorough fieldwork data from Basque, Beja, Fon, Formosan languages, Hebrew, Indo-European languages, Japanese, Kartvelian languages, Purepecha, and languages of northern Vanuatu. Topics discussed in the individual chapters involve, inter alia, lexical olfactory repertoires and naming strategies, non-literal meanings of olfactory expressions and their semantic change, reduplication, colexification, mimetics, and language contact. The findings provide the reader with a range of fascinating facts about perception description, contribute to a deeper understanding of how olfaction as an understudied sense is encoded linguistically, and offer new theoretical perspectives on how some parts of our cognitive system are verbalized cross-culturally. This volume is highly relevant to lexical typologists, historical linguists, grammarians, and anthropologists.
05
<i>The Linguistics of Olfaction</i> can be seen as a benchmark in the exploration of olfactory language, and thus of olfaction itself, an often downplayed sensory modality that is deeply connected with our cognitive activities (Holley 1999: 180–181), emotions (Soundry et al. 2011), and memories (Strauch et al. 2019). Consequently, it contributes to the expanding field of sensory linguistics (cf. Winter 2019) and to a deeper understanding of how we perceive and make sense of the world around us.
Ádám Galac, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, in Argumentum 17: 871-877 (2021)
05
<i>The Linguistics of Olfaction</i> will be of interest to a wide audience both within linguistics and beyond. Naturally, (lexico-grammatical) typologists have the most to gain from this book, but there is also ample content relevant for linguists interested in metaphor, ideophones, cognitive linguistics, evidentiality, lexicology, and language change. I also recommend this volume to any anthropologists,<br />historians and cognitive scientists who have an interest in human olfaction and would like to know how smells are encoded across languages, and how this may change (or not change) over time.
Thomas Poulton, Monash University, in Linguistic Typology 2022
05
This book can be recommended for those researching the many domains in which typological generalizations are being discovered, providing as it does numerous references to work on other sense<br />modalities. Its overall theoretical agnosticism, and the sheer lack of barriers to entry in such a novel area of study, make it well approachable for those at the student level, such that it could provide some of the readings for a seminar on cultural or psycholinguistics, typology, and so forth. In fact its many pointers to needed further research might inspire many honors- and graduate-level research projects.
David Douglas Robertson, University of Victoria, on Linguist List 32.3678 (2021)
04
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1
Miscellaneous
1
01
Preface and acknowledgments
10
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tsl.131.loc
ix
xiii
5
Chapter
2
01
List of contributors
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.01jed
1
34
34
Chapter
3
01
Rendering what the nose perceives
An introduction
1
A01
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
2
A01
Przemysław Staniewski
Staniewski, Przemysław
Przemysław
Staniewski
University of Wroclaw
20
diachrony
20
olfactory perception
20
sense modalities
20
sense of smell
20
typology
01
In this chapter, we briefly overview the typological and diachronic research on olfactory expressions and point out possible further research questions. Essentially, we illustrate how linguistic olfactory terms interact with different areas of grammar, e.g. with morphology, and delineate some striking cross-linguistic patterns calling for a deeper unification of language-internal and language-external factors.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.02vib
35
72
38
Chapter
4
01
Why is smell special?
<sc>A</sc> case study of a European language: Swedish
1
A01
Åke Viberg
Viberg, Åke
Åke
Viberg
Uppsala University
20
lexical semantics
20
lexical typology
20
olfaction
20
perception verbs
20
Swedish
01
Recent typological studies have described a number of languages with a rich inventory of abstract odor terms, which stand in stark contrast to Swedish and other European languages that are considered to have poor systems of such terms. However, there have been few thorough descriptions of the odor terms of any European language. This chapter presents a detailed corpus-based description of the noun <i>lukt</i> ‘smell’ and the verbs <i>lukta</i> ‘to smell’, <i>stinka</i> ‘to stink’, <i>dofta</i> ‘to smell good’ and <i>osa</i> ‘to smell of burnt fat’. In addition to the description of the lexico-grammatical structure, there is a detailed discussion of the way odor is talked about in Swedish based on word sketches. Unlike colors, which are treated as objective properties of physical objects, odors are often talked about as sensations that evoke affective reactions in humans. Odors are also often talked about as characteristic features of whole situations. The chapter ends with a discussion of what it is that makes smell special with respect to the other senses.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.03iba
73
112
40
Chapter
5
01
The domain of olfaction in Basque
The
domain of olfaction in Basque
1
A01
Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano
Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide
Iraide
Ibarretxe-Antuñano
20
Basque
20
metaphor
20
olfactory vocabulary
20
perception
20
smell
01
This chapter analyzes the domain of olfaction in Basque. Stemming from Ibarretxe-Antuñano’s (1999, 2013) previous work on smell verbs, it explores the role of other olfaction constructions in the encoding of physical and figurative meanings in data drawn from dictionaries and corpora. Results show that smell constructions encode two types of physical perceptual meaning and then develop their figurative meanings accordingly. Copulative perception is related to characteristics and feelings; active / experience perception to information, cognition, and search. Negative connotations usually associated to this sense (i.e. ‘to suspect’) do not necessarily hold in Basque. With respect to usage, few of these smell words are frequently used in present-day Basque, and some of them have undergone specialization and narrowing processes.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.04kob
113
136
24
Chapter
6
01
On olfactory terminology in Georgian and other Kartvelian languages
1
A01
Manana Kobaidze
Kobaidze, Manana
Manana
Kobaidze
Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society
2
A01
Revaz Tchantouria
Tchantouria, Revaz
Revaz
Tchantouria
Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society
3
A01
Karina Vamling
Vamling, Karina
Karina
Vamling
Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society
20
etymology
20
Georgian
20
Megrelian
20
olfactory perception
01
The present chapter is a study of the system of olfactory expressions in Georgian, Megrelian, and other Kartvelian languages, including questions of etymology and semantic extensions. Olfactory expressions in the Kartvelian languages are explored with Viberg (1984) as a point of departure, making a division into activity, experience and copulative (source-based) expressions. The study largely relies on data from text corpora of Standard Georgian as well as Georgian dialects. The Kartvelian languages are shown to exhibit specific olfactory terminology, but show numerous examples of expressions being used in several perception modalities.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.05bel
137
174
38
Chapter
7
01
Let me count the ways it stinks
<sc>A</sc> typology of olfactory terms in Purepecha (Mexico)
1
A01
Kate Bellamy
Bellamy, Kate
Kate
Bellamy
National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) – Lacito
20
olfactory language
20
Purepecha
20
smell canon
01
In this chapter <sc>I</sc> present a three-way typology of olfactory language in Purepecha, comprising: (i) abstract terms, composed of one of 15 perception roots and the smell-specific ‘spatial couplet’ morphology <i>-k’u</i> and <i>-nti</i>; (ii) descriptive terms whose root refers to another state or event, such as ‘to burn’, plus the spatial couplet morphology; and (iii) an odor source (usually a noun) introduced by a generic verb ‘to be, smell’ <i>ja-</i>. <sc>I</sc> discuss how different elicitation methods obtained varying proportions of these three types, as well as the distribution of the three generic roots referring to smelling. <sc>I</sc> then offer an historical perspective, demonstrating how the same three-way typology of smell terms has remained relatively stable over time. Implications for theories of word formation in Purepecha are also considered.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.06van
175
198
24
Chapter
8
01
Olfactory, gustatory and tactile perception in Beja (North-Cushitic)
1
A01
Martine Vanhove
Vanhove, Martine
Martine
Vanhove
Llacan (UMR 8135, CNRS, INALCO, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité)
2
A01
Mohamed-Tahir Hamid Ahmed
Hamid Ahmed, Mohamed-Tahir
Mohamed-Tahir
Hamid Ahmed
Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST, Khartoum, Sudan) and Omdurman Ahlia University (OAU, Omdurman, Sudan)/Omdurman Ahlia University (OAU, Omdurman, Sudan)
20
Beja
20
metaphor
20
perception
20
semantics
20
syntax
01
This chapter studies the perception words associated with the so-called “lower senses” (olfaction, gustatory and tactile perceptions) in Beja, a Cushitic language spoken mainly in Sudan, from three different perspectives. The first one concerns the organization of the related lexicon from the point of view of word categories, and their semantic aspects along a positive / negative and more intense / less intense continuum. Numerically, it shows a prevalence of the verb category over nouns and adjectives, and a more varied lexicon for smell, than for taste and touch. The second one provides a study of the syntactic constructions of perception words. It shows a prevalence of source-oriented constructions except in the tactile domain. The third one deals with the metaphorical extensions of the perception words for each sensory modality. The last section discusses the Beja findings in a broader comparative and typological perspective.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.07lam
199
220
22
Chapter
9
01
How to smell without a verb “to smell” in Fon
1
A01
Renée Lambert-Brétière
Lambert-Brétière, Renée
Renée
Lambert-Brétière
20
Fon
20
genitive constructions
20
ideophones
20
nominal compounds
20
serial verb constructions
20
support verbs
01
This chapter presents an overview of the constructions used in Fon, a Kwa language spoken in Benin, to express olfaction. There is no verb meaning expressly ‘to smell’ in this language, and the lexicon dedicated to this sensory modality is rather poor, even if a few ideophones are found to specifically qualify olfactory perceptions. It is then worth exploring the ways in which Fon speakers talk about odors and smell. A first strategy found in phenomenon-based constructions is to use a variety of support verbs conceptualizing the emission of the odor. The choice of verb varies according to the quality of the odor (e.g. positive / negative). A second strategy found in experiencer-based constructions is to use a neutral perception verb that is also found with other sensory modes like hearing, and by extension, knowing. Moreover, two serial verb constructions, one phenomenon-oriented and one activity-oriented, are employed to talk about smell. Another particularity of olfactory expressions in Fon is that they are used to convey abstract emotions. <sc>I</sc> show that odors are conceived as a reflection of their carrier’s identity. The acceptance, rejection, or concealment of odors reveal love, hate, or shame, respectively. Overall, this chapter shows that even if the linguistic domain of smell is not expanded, the Fon language has developed strategies to circumvent the gap.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.08bac
221
250
30
Chapter
10
01
How to talk about smell in Japanese
1
A01
Anthony E. Backhouse
Backhouse, Anthony E.
Anthony E.
Backhouse
Hokkaido University
20
collocations
20
Japanese
20
mimetics
20
olfaction in taste
20
smell
01
This chapter presents a corpus-informed description of olfactory language in Japanese, centering on everyday speech. Core smell vocabulary takes in the verbs <i>kagu</i> and <i>niou</i>, the nouns <i>nioi</i> and <i>kaori</i>, and the adjective <i>kusai</i>, and exhibits the clear presence of evaluation. Additional basic resources comprise major syntactic and collocational patterns, with smell nouns sharing combinatorial behavior with other perceptual nouns, as well as morphological patterns for complex adjectives in <i>-kusai</i> and sensory smell vocabulary involving mimetic adverbs with iconic encoding of temporal contour and intensity. Some smell terms describe intra-mouth perception as a component of taste in addition to regular olfaction. A review of smell vocabulary used in more formal registers again shows evaluation as a prominent feature.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.09lee
251
276
26
Chapter
11
01
An overview of olfactory expressions in Formosan languages
An
overview of olfactory expressions in Formosan languages
1
A01
Amy Pei-jung Lee
Lee, Amy Pei-jung
Amy Pei-jung
Lee
20
Formosan languages
20
olfaction
20
olfactory expressions
01
This chapter presents an overview of smell lexicon and olfactory expressions in Formosan languages (i.e., the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan) and their typological significance. The linguistic structure of olfaction in these languages is divided into abstract smell terms and source-oriented construction. Abstract smell terms include both generic and specific smell terms. Source-oriented construction in these languages is represented by the morphological schema [<sc>PREFIX</sc>-/<sc>PROCLITIC</sc>=(<sc>REDUPLICATION</sc>) <sc>X</sc>]. The factors [± human], [± polite], and [± visible] play a role in the choice of smell terms and olfactory constructions, which pragmatically pertain to euphemistic usage and verbal abuse. Olfactory expressions are categorized cognitively in relation to pragmatic functions and metaphorical mappings.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.10fra
277
304
28
Chapter
12
01
Olfactory words in northern Vanuatu
<i>Langue</i> vs. <i>parole</i>
1
A01
Alexandre François
François, Alexandre
Alexandre
François
20
corpus study
20
langue vs. parole
20
lexical semantics
20
Oceanic languages
20
poetry
01
This corpus-based study examines the lexical domain of olfaction in the Oceanic languages of northern Vanuatu. While a tropical ecology is sometimes believed to favor elaborate encoding patterns for smells, this does not appear to be the case in Vanuatu. Most languages there show a rather limited array of lexemes, whether to refer to smelling events (active, passive, experiencer-based) or to the odors themselves. That said, sources based on speakers’ competence (<i>langue</i>) rather than performance (<i>parole</i>) suggest that languages may in fact possess a latent elaborate olfactory lexicon, even if it surfaces rarely in ordinary speech. The low discourse frequency of specific terms may be explained by cultural factors, as smells appear to play a reduced functional role in traditional social practices of Vanuatu. Finally, my corpus of conversation and oral literature shows that when olfaction is mentioned, it is mostly associated, first, with the islands’ natural environment; and second, with the existential contrast between death and life.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.11avi
305
342
38
Chapter
13
01
Alternating <i>smell</i> in Modern Hebrew
1
A01
Bar Avineri
Avineri, Bar
Bar
Avineri
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
20
factivity
20
indirect perception
20
nominative vs. dative experiencer
20
perception
20
voice
01
Many studies on perception verbs have dealt with the typology and semantic properties of their clausal complements. Other studies have dealt with the lexical relatedness of different perception verbs with a common sensory modality. Bridging these two views, this work focuses on the Modern Hebrew verb <i>le-hariax</i> ‘to smell’, which alternates in the case-marking of the experiencer and in the type of complement clause, and on the semantic properties which accompany the alternation. The lexical relatedness between words with a common sensory base is expressed through morpho-syntactic means, shared with verbs of other sensory modalities, and these shed light on the linguistic manifestation of the sensory hierarchy and on the contribution of voice alternation within the field of perception.
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tsl.131.12hil
343
368
26
Chapter
14
01
Syntactic patterns for Romanian olfactive verbs
1
A01
Virginia Hill
Hill, Virginia
Virginia
Hill
University of New Brunswick – Saint John
20
evidentiality
20
perception verbs
20
Romanian
20
syntax
01
Romanian olfactive verbs generate two readings: One that captures the physical olfactive perception, and one that expresses a cognitive/inferential process. While this is cross-linguistically unsurprising, the Romanian data are informative when it comes to the factors responsible for the two readings. In this respect, this chapter argues that we do not need two lexical entries for these interpretations, as the second one can be read off the syntactic configuration. Along these lines, the direct evidence for smelling is encoded lexically, whereas the indirect evidence involved in the inferential readings arises from the mapping of evidentiality as a formal feature [evid] at the edge of v<sc>P</sc>.
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tsl.131.13str
369
402
34
Chapter
15
01
Smelling over time
The lexicon of olfaction from Latin to Italian
1
A01
Francesca Strik-Lievers
Strik-Lievers, Francesca
Francesca
Strik-Lievers
20
diachrony
20
Italian
20
Latin
20
olfactory lexicon
01
Sensory anthropologists have described societies that, compared to Western ones, attribute to the sense of smell a more prominent cultural role, and linguists are bringing evidence that a higher sociocultural status of smell tends to be reflected in language by a richer and more elaborated olfactory lexicon. Given that the relative prominence of one sense within the sensorium has been shown to vary not only across societies, but also over time, such variation may be expected to have linguistic reflections. This study explores whether and how the olfactory lexicon has changed from Latin to Italian. Is the alleged increased “deodorization” of contemporary Western societies associated with changes in the lexicon? The data show that, contrary to expectations, the overall size of the olfactory lexicon did not undergo appreciable changes. However, it progressively became more oriented toward the negative pole of evaluation (i.e., the expression of unpleasant smells). Implications and possible explanations are discussed in the light of the linguistic and sensory-historical literature.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.14sta
403
448
46
Chapter
16
01
To what extent can source-based olfactory verbs be classified as copulas?
The case of German and Polish
1
A01
Przemysław Staniewski
Staniewski, Przemysław
Przemysław
Staniewski
University of Wroclaw
2
A01
Adam Gołębiowski
Gołębiowski, Adam
Adam
Gołębiowski
University of Wroclaw
20
copula verbs
20
German
20
perception verbs
20
Polish
20
semantics-syntax interfaces
01
In recent decades, there has been growing interest in the semantics and syntax of perception verbs in various languages. This has led to establishing a widely accepted classification in activity, experiencer- and source-based verbs – also labelled copulative. This chapter deals with the latter category in the olfactory domain in German and Polish. It provides a general theoretical discussion of the copulas, the perception verbs and their interfaces. Further, it focuses on the main four construction types in which the source-based olfactory verbs can occur in order to determine, based on their contextual embedding, if they qualify as copulas. Ultimately, the influence of regarding the source-based verbs as (non-)copulas for the description of the olfactory perception is pointed out.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.15zaw
449
474
26
Chapter
17
01
Typology of metaphors with the olfactory target domain in the Polish perfumery discourse
1
A01
Magdalena Zawisławska
Zawisławska, Magdalena
Magdalena
Zawisławska
University of Warsaw
2
A01
Marta Falkowska
Falkowska, Marta
Marta
Falkowska
University of Warsaw
20
corpus
20
metaphor typology
20
olfactory metaphors
20
perfumery discourse
20
synesthesia
01
The relative scarcity of lexical olfactory field in Polish makes it difficult to describe the complex and subjective sensation of smell. Unsurprisingly, the Polish perfumery discourse is permeated with various types of metaphors. This chapter proposes a typology of metaphors on the basis of excerpts from the <i>Synamet</i>–Polish corpus of synesthetic metaphors. The annotation of a metaphorical unit in <i>Synamet</i> is based on Cognitive Metaphor Theory (<sc>CMT</sc>) and Fillmorean Frame Semantics. We distinguish several atypical metaphors: (i) mixed metaphors, i.e. metaphors involving several source frames; (ii) “entangled” metaphors, where syntactic dependencies in a metaphorical phrase conflict with the semantic relations between the elements; and (iii) narrative metaphors that exceed the boundaries of one sentence.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.lan
475
476
2
Miscellaneous
18
01
Languages index
10
01
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477
481
5
Miscellaneous
19
01
Subjects index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Amsterdam/Philadelphia
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20210426
2021
John Benjamins B.V.
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9789027208408
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John Benjamins e-Platform
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jbe-platform.com
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861018238
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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JB code
TSL 131 Hb
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9789027208408
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2020056534
BB
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TSL
02
0167-7373
Typological Studies in Language
131
01
The Linguistics of Olfaction
The
Linguistics of Olfaction
Typological and Diachronic Approaches to Synchronic Diversity
01
tsl.131
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.131
1
B01
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
2
B01
Przemysław Staniewski
Staniewski, Przemysław
Przemysław
Staniewski
University of Wrocław
01
eng
495
xiii
481
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.TYP
Typology
06
01
This volume presents novel cross-linguistic insights into how olfactory experiences are expressed in typologically (un-)related languages both from a synchronic and from a diachronic perspective. It contains a general introduction to the topic and fourteen chapters based on philological investigation and thorough fieldwork data from Basque, Beja, Fon, Formosan languages, Hebrew, Indo-European languages, Japanese, Kartvelian languages, Purepecha, and languages of northern Vanuatu. Topics discussed in the individual chapters involve, inter alia, lexical olfactory repertoires and naming strategies, non-literal meanings of olfactory expressions and their semantic change, reduplication, colexification, mimetics, and language contact. The findings provide the reader with a range of fascinating facts about perception description, contribute to a deeper understanding of how olfaction as an understudied sense is encoded linguistically, and offer new theoretical perspectives on how some parts of our cognitive system are verbalized cross-culturally. This volume is highly relevant to lexical typologists, historical linguists, grammarians, and anthropologists.
05
<i>The Linguistics of Olfaction</i> can be seen as a benchmark in the exploration of olfactory language, and thus of olfaction itself, an often downplayed sensory modality that is deeply connected with our cognitive activities (Holley 1999: 180–181), emotions (Soundry et al. 2011), and memories (Strauch et al. 2019). Consequently, it contributes to the expanding field of sensory linguistics (cf. Winter 2019) and to a deeper understanding of how we perceive and make sense of the world around us.
Ádám Galac, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, in Argumentum 17: 871-877 (2021)
05
<i>The Linguistics of Olfaction</i> will be of interest to a wide audience both within linguistics and beyond. Naturally, (lexico-grammatical) typologists have the most to gain from this book, but there is also ample content relevant for linguists interested in metaphor, ideophones, cognitive linguistics, evidentiality, lexicology, and language change. I also recommend this volume to any anthropologists,<br />historians and cognitive scientists who have an interest in human olfaction and would like to know how smells are encoded across languages, and how this may change (or not change) over time.
Thomas Poulton, Monash University, in Linguistic Typology 2022
05
This book can be recommended for those researching the many domains in which typological generalizations are being discovered, providing as it does numerous references to work on other sense<br />modalities. Its overall theoretical agnosticism, and the sheer lack of barriers to entry in such a novel area of study, make it well approachable for those at the student level, such that it could provide some of the readings for a seminar on cultural or psycholinguistics, typology, and so forth. In fact its many pointers to needed further research might inspire many honors- and graduate-level research projects.
David Douglas Robertson, University of Victoria, on Linguist List 32.3678 (2021)
04
09
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Preface and acknowledgments
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3
01
Rendering what the nose perceives
An introduction
1
A01
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Jędrzejowski, Łukasz
Łukasz
Jędrzejowski
University of Cologne
2
A01
Przemysław Staniewski
Staniewski, Przemysław
Przemysław
Staniewski
University of Wroclaw
20
diachrony
20
olfactory perception
20
sense modalities
20
sense of smell
20
typology
01
In this chapter, we briefly overview the typological and diachronic research on olfactory expressions and point out possible further research questions. Essentially, we illustrate how linguistic olfactory terms interact with different areas of grammar, e.g. with morphology, and delineate some striking cross-linguistic patterns calling for a deeper unification of language-internal and language-external factors.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.02vib
35
72
38
Chapter
4
01
Why is smell special?
<sc>A</sc> case study of a European language: Swedish
1
A01
Åke Viberg
Viberg, Åke
Åke
Viberg
Uppsala University
20
lexical semantics
20
lexical typology
20
olfaction
20
perception verbs
20
Swedish
01
Recent typological studies have described a number of languages with a rich inventory of abstract odor terms, which stand in stark contrast to Swedish and other European languages that are considered to have poor systems of such terms. However, there have been few thorough descriptions of the odor terms of any European language. This chapter presents a detailed corpus-based description of the noun <i>lukt</i> ‘smell’ and the verbs <i>lukta</i> ‘to smell’, <i>stinka</i> ‘to stink’, <i>dofta</i> ‘to smell good’ and <i>osa</i> ‘to smell of burnt fat’. In addition to the description of the lexico-grammatical structure, there is a detailed discussion of the way odor is talked about in Swedish based on word sketches. Unlike colors, which are treated as objective properties of physical objects, odors are often talked about as sensations that evoke affective reactions in humans. Odors are also often talked about as characteristic features of whole situations. The chapter ends with a discussion of what it is that makes smell special with respect to the other senses.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.03iba
73
112
40
Chapter
5
01
The domain of olfaction in Basque
The
domain of olfaction in Basque
1
A01
Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano
Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide
Iraide
Ibarretxe-Antuñano
20
Basque
20
metaphor
20
olfactory vocabulary
20
perception
20
smell
01
This chapter analyzes the domain of olfaction in Basque. Stemming from Ibarretxe-Antuñano’s (1999, 2013) previous work on smell verbs, it explores the role of other olfaction constructions in the encoding of physical and figurative meanings in data drawn from dictionaries and corpora. Results show that smell constructions encode two types of physical perceptual meaning and then develop their figurative meanings accordingly. Copulative perception is related to characteristics and feelings; active / experience perception to information, cognition, and search. Negative connotations usually associated to this sense (i.e. ‘to suspect’) do not necessarily hold in Basque. With respect to usage, few of these smell words are frequently used in present-day Basque, and some of them have undergone specialization and narrowing processes.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.04kob
113
136
24
Chapter
6
01
On olfactory terminology in Georgian and other Kartvelian languages
1
A01
Manana Kobaidze
Kobaidze, Manana
Manana
Kobaidze
Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society
2
A01
Revaz Tchantouria
Tchantouria, Revaz
Revaz
Tchantouria
Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society
3
A01
Karina Vamling
Vamling, Karina
Karina
Vamling
Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society
20
etymology
20
Georgian
20
Megrelian
20
olfactory perception
01
The present chapter is a study of the system of olfactory expressions in Georgian, Megrelian, and other Kartvelian languages, including questions of etymology and semantic extensions. Olfactory expressions in the Kartvelian languages are explored with Viberg (1984) as a point of departure, making a division into activity, experience and copulative (source-based) expressions. The study largely relies on data from text corpora of Standard Georgian as well as Georgian dialects. The Kartvelian languages are shown to exhibit specific olfactory terminology, but show numerous examples of expressions being used in several perception modalities.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.05bel
137
174
38
Chapter
7
01
Let me count the ways it stinks
<sc>A</sc> typology of olfactory terms in Purepecha (Mexico)
1
A01
Kate Bellamy
Bellamy, Kate
Kate
Bellamy
National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) – Lacito
20
olfactory language
20
Purepecha
20
smell canon
01
In this chapter <sc>I</sc> present a three-way typology of olfactory language in Purepecha, comprising: (i) abstract terms, composed of one of 15 perception roots and the smell-specific ‘spatial couplet’ morphology <i>-k’u</i> and <i>-nti</i>; (ii) descriptive terms whose root refers to another state or event, such as ‘to burn’, plus the spatial couplet morphology; and (iii) an odor source (usually a noun) introduced by a generic verb ‘to be, smell’ <i>ja-</i>. <sc>I</sc> discuss how different elicitation methods obtained varying proportions of these three types, as well as the distribution of the three generic roots referring to smelling. <sc>I</sc> then offer an historical perspective, demonstrating how the same three-way typology of smell terms has remained relatively stable over time. Implications for theories of word formation in Purepecha are also considered.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.06van
175
198
24
Chapter
8
01
Olfactory, gustatory and tactile perception in Beja (North-Cushitic)
1
A01
Martine Vanhove
Vanhove, Martine
Martine
Vanhove
Llacan (UMR 8135, CNRS, INALCO, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité)
2
A01
Mohamed-Tahir Hamid Ahmed
Hamid Ahmed, Mohamed-Tahir
Mohamed-Tahir
Hamid Ahmed
Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST, Khartoum, Sudan) and Omdurman Ahlia University (OAU, Omdurman, Sudan)/Omdurman Ahlia University (OAU, Omdurman, Sudan)
20
Beja
20
metaphor
20
perception
20
semantics
20
syntax
01
This chapter studies the perception words associated with the so-called “lower senses” (olfaction, gustatory and tactile perceptions) in Beja, a Cushitic language spoken mainly in Sudan, from three different perspectives. The first one concerns the organization of the related lexicon from the point of view of word categories, and their semantic aspects along a positive / negative and more intense / less intense continuum. Numerically, it shows a prevalence of the verb category over nouns and adjectives, and a more varied lexicon for smell, than for taste and touch. The second one provides a study of the syntactic constructions of perception words. It shows a prevalence of source-oriented constructions except in the tactile domain. The third one deals with the metaphorical extensions of the perception words for each sensory modality. The last section discusses the Beja findings in a broader comparative and typological perspective.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.07lam
199
220
22
Chapter
9
01
How to smell without a verb “to smell” in Fon
1
A01
Renée Lambert-Brétière
Lambert-Brétière, Renée
Renée
Lambert-Brétière
20
Fon
20
genitive constructions
20
ideophones
20
nominal compounds
20
serial verb constructions
20
support verbs
01
This chapter presents an overview of the constructions used in Fon, a Kwa language spoken in Benin, to express olfaction. There is no verb meaning expressly ‘to smell’ in this language, and the lexicon dedicated to this sensory modality is rather poor, even if a few ideophones are found to specifically qualify olfactory perceptions. It is then worth exploring the ways in which Fon speakers talk about odors and smell. A first strategy found in phenomenon-based constructions is to use a variety of support verbs conceptualizing the emission of the odor. The choice of verb varies according to the quality of the odor (e.g. positive / negative). A second strategy found in experiencer-based constructions is to use a neutral perception verb that is also found with other sensory modes like hearing, and by extension, knowing. Moreover, two serial verb constructions, one phenomenon-oriented and one activity-oriented, are employed to talk about smell. Another particularity of olfactory expressions in Fon is that they are used to convey abstract emotions. <sc>I</sc> show that odors are conceived as a reflection of their carrier’s identity. The acceptance, rejection, or concealment of odors reveal love, hate, or shame, respectively. Overall, this chapter shows that even if the linguistic domain of smell is not expanded, the Fon language has developed strategies to circumvent the gap.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.08bac
221
250
30
Chapter
10
01
How to talk about smell in Japanese
1
A01
Anthony E. Backhouse
Backhouse, Anthony E.
Anthony E.
Backhouse
Hokkaido University
20
collocations
20
Japanese
20
mimetics
20
olfaction in taste
20
smell
01
This chapter presents a corpus-informed description of olfactory language in Japanese, centering on everyday speech. Core smell vocabulary takes in the verbs <i>kagu</i> and <i>niou</i>, the nouns <i>nioi</i> and <i>kaori</i>, and the adjective <i>kusai</i>, and exhibits the clear presence of evaluation. Additional basic resources comprise major syntactic and collocational patterns, with smell nouns sharing combinatorial behavior with other perceptual nouns, as well as morphological patterns for complex adjectives in <i>-kusai</i> and sensory smell vocabulary involving mimetic adverbs with iconic encoding of temporal contour and intensity. Some smell terms describe intra-mouth perception as a component of taste in addition to regular olfaction. A review of smell vocabulary used in more formal registers again shows evaluation as a prominent feature.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.09lee
251
276
26
Chapter
11
01
An overview of olfactory expressions in Formosan languages
An
overview of olfactory expressions in Formosan languages
1
A01
Amy Pei-jung Lee
Lee, Amy Pei-jung
Amy Pei-jung
Lee
20
Formosan languages
20
olfaction
20
olfactory expressions
01
This chapter presents an overview of smell lexicon and olfactory expressions in Formosan languages (i.e., the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan) and their typological significance. The linguistic structure of olfaction in these languages is divided into abstract smell terms and source-oriented construction. Abstract smell terms include both generic and specific smell terms. Source-oriented construction in these languages is represented by the morphological schema [<sc>PREFIX</sc>-/<sc>PROCLITIC</sc>=(<sc>REDUPLICATION</sc>) <sc>X</sc>]. The factors [± human], [± polite], and [± visible] play a role in the choice of smell terms and olfactory constructions, which pragmatically pertain to euphemistic usage and verbal abuse. Olfactory expressions are categorized cognitively in relation to pragmatic functions and metaphorical mappings.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.10fra
277
304
28
Chapter
12
01
Olfactory words in northern Vanuatu
<i>Langue</i> vs. <i>parole</i>
1
A01
Alexandre François
François, Alexandre
Alexandre
François
20
corpus study
20
langue vs. parole
20
lexical semantics
20
Oceanic languages
20
poetry
01
This corpus-based study examines the lexical domain of olfaction in the Oceanic languages of northern Vanuatu. While a tropical ecology is sometimes believed to favor elaborate encoding patterns for smells, this does not appear to be the case in Vanuatu. Most languages there show a rather limited array of lexemes, whether to refer to smelling events (active, passive, experiencer-based) or to the odors themselves. That said, sources based on speakers’ competence (<i>langue</i>) rather than performance (<i>parole</i>) suggest that languages may in fact possess a latent elaborate olfactory lexicon, even if it surfaces rarely in ordinary speech. The low discourse frequency of specific terms may be explained by cultural factors, as smells appear to play a reduced functional role in traditional social practices of Vanuatu. Finally, my corpus of conversation and oral literature shows that when olfaction is mentioned, it is mostly associated, first, with the islands’ natural environment; and second, with the existential contrast between death and life.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.11avi
305
342
38
Chapter
13
01
Alternating <i>smell</i> in Modern Hebrew
1
A01
Bar Avineri
Avineri, Bar
Bar
Avineri
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
20
factivity
20
indirect perception
20
nominative vs. dative experiencer
20
perception
20
voice
01
Many studies on perception verbs have dealt with the typology and semantic properties of their clausal complements. Other studies have dealt with the lexical relatedness of different perception verbs with a common sensory modality. Bridging these two views, this work focuses on the Modern Hebrew verb <i>le-hariax</i> ‘to smell’, which alternates in the case-marking of the experiencer and in the type of complement clause, and on the semantic properties which accompany the alternation. The lexical relatedness between words with a common sensory base is expressed through morpho-syntactic means, shared with verbs of other sensory modalities, and these shed light on the linguistic manifestation of the sensory hierarchy and on the contribution of voice alternation within the field of perception.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.12hil
343
368
26
Chapter
14
01
Syntactic patterns for Romanian olfactive verbs
1
A01
Virginia Hill
Hill, Virginia
Virginia
Hill
University of New Brunswick – Saint John
20
evidentiality
20
perception verbs
20
Romanian
20
syntax
01
Romanian olfactive verbs generate two readings: One that captures the physical olfactive perception, and one that expresses a cognitive/inferential process. While this is cross-linguistically unsurprising, the Romanian data are informative when it comes to the factors responsible for the two readings. In this respect, this chapter argues that we do not need two lexical entries for these interpretations, as the second one can be read off the syntactic configuration. Along these lines, the direct evidence for smelling is encoded lexically, whereas the indirect evidence involved in the inferential readings arises from the mapping of evidentiality as a formal feature [evid] at the edge of v<sc>P</sc>.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.13str
369
402
34
Chapter
15
01
Smelling over time
The lexicon of olfaction from Latin to Italian
1
A01
Francesca Strik-Lievers
Strik-Lievers, Francesca
Francesca
Strik-Lievers
20
diachrony
20
Italian
20
Latin
20
olfactory lexicon
01
Sensory anthropologists have described societies that, compared to Western ones, attribute to the sense of smell a more prominent cultural role, and linguists are bringing evidence that a higher sociocultural status of smell tends to be reflected in language by a richer and more elaborated olfactory lexicon. Given that the relative prominence of one sense within the sensorium has been shown to vary not only across societies, but also over time, such variation may be expected to have linguistic reflections. This study explores whether and how the olfactory lexicon has changed from Latin to Italian. Is the alleged increased “deodorization” of contemporary Western societies associated with changes in the lexicon? The data show that, contrary to expectations, the overall size of the olfactory lexicon did not undergo appreciable changes. However, it progressively became more oriented toward the negative pole of evaluation (i.e., the expression of unpleasant smells). Implications and possible explanations are discussed in the light of the linguistic and sensory-historical literature.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.14sta
403
448
46
Chapter
16
01
To what extent can source-based olfactory verbs be classified as copulas?
The case of German and Polish
1
A01
Przemysław Staniewski
Staniewski, Przemysław
Przemysław
Staniewski
University of Wroclaw
2
A01
Adam Gołębiowski
Gołębiowski, Adam
Adam
Gołębiowski
University of Wroclaw
20
copula verbs
20
German
20
perception verbs
20
Polish
20
semantics-syntax interfaces
01
In recent decades, there has been growing interest in the semantics and syntax of perception verbs in various languages. This has led to establishing a widely accepted classification in activity, experiencer- and source-based verbs – also labelled copulative. This chapter deals with the latter category in the olfactory domain in German and Polish. It provides a general theoretical discussion of the copulas, the perception verbs and their interfaces. Further, it focuses on the main four construction types in which the source-based olfactory verbs can occur in order to determine, based on their contextual embedding, if they qualify as copulas. Ultimately, the influence of regarding the source-based verbs as (non-)copulas for the description of the olfactory perception is pointed out.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.15zaw
449
474
26
Chapter
17
01
Typology of metaphors with the olfactory target domain in the Polish perfumery discourse
1
A01
Magdalena Zawisławska
Zawisławska, Magdalena
Magdalena
Zawisławska
University of Warsaw
2
A01
Marta Falkowska
Falkowska, Marta
Marta
Falkowska
University of Warsaw
20
corpus
20
metaphor typology
20
olfactory metaphors
20
perfumery discourse
20
synesthesia
01
The relative scarcity of lexical olfactory field in Polish makes it difficult to describe the complex and subjective sensation of smell. Unsurprisingly, the Polish perfumery discourse is permeated with various types of metaphors. This chapter proposes a typology of metaphors on the basis of excerpts from the <i>Synamet</i>–Polish corpus of synesthetic metaphors. The annotation of a metaphorical unit in <i>Synamet</i> is based on Cognitive Metaphor Theory (<sc>CMT</sc>) and Fillmorean Frame Semantics. We distinguish several atypical metaphors: (i) mixed metaphors, i.e. metaphors involving several source frames; (ii) “entangled” metaphors, where syntactic dependencies in a metaphorical phrase conflict with the semantic relations between the elements; and (iii) narrative metaphors that exceed the boundaries of one sentence.
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.lan
475
476
2
Miscellaneous
18
01
Languages index
10
01
JB code
tsl.131.sub
477
481
5
Miscellaneous
19
01
Subjects index
02
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