777032243 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 138 Eb 15 9789027243164 06 10.1075/tsl.138 DG 002 02 01 TSL 02 0167-7373 Typological Studies in Language 138 01 tsl.138 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.138 1 B01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese Università di Torino 2 B01 Giulia Mazzola Mazzola, Giulia Giulia Mazzola Newcastle University 3 B01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria Università di Torino 01 eng 525 vi 514 + index LAN009060 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 The study of the causal-noncausal alternation offers a unique window onto how languages represent causal relations and event structure. Among the strategies used to encode this alternation, anticausative markers, that is, markers that overtly signal noncausal situations, have received considerably less attention than causatives, particularly from a typological and a diachronic perspective. This volume addresses this gap by bringing together fourteen original studies that span a wide range of language families and geographical areas, while drawing on diverse methodologies and data sources. The chapters explore how anticausatives are realized across languages, how they interact with competing strategies such as lability and causativization, and how they are historically connected to other voice operations such as reflexives and passives. Several contributions also examine the origins and grammaticalization of anticausative markers, identifying previously overlooked diachronic sources and challenging the widespread view that anticausatives derive primarily from reflexive constructions. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.138.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027237880.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027237880.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.138.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.138.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.138.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.138.hb.png 10 01 JB code tsl.138.prelim i iv 4 Prelim pages -1 10 01 JB code tsl.138.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 0 10 01 JB code tsl.138.01ing 1 24 24 Chapter 1 1 A01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese Università di Torino 2 A01 Giulia Mazzola Mazzola, Giulia Giulia Mazzola Newcastle University 3 A01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria Università di Torino 20 anticausative 20 causal-noncausal alternation 20 diachronic typology 20 reflexive 01 This chapter opens the volume by offering an introduction to the typology and diachrony of anticausative markers, exploring their structural and semantic properties. We first provide a definition of what cross-linguistically counts as an anticausative marker and discuss how anticausatives may be distinct from other voice markers, including passives and reflexives. In doing so, we single out the crucial difference between autocausative and decausative situations. We also survey the grammaticalization of anticausative markers, showcasing the variety of sources from which they can emerge, which, contrary to a widely shared view, is not limited to reflexivity. Finally, we provide a succinct summary of the chapters featured in this volume. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.02nic 25 46 22 Chapter 2 1 A01 Johanna Nichols Nichols, Johanna Johanna Nichols UC Berkeley 20 anticausative 20 causal-noncausal alternation 20 derivational base 20 extension 20 reflexive verb 01 Causal-noncausal alternations are usually described as pairs, e.g. <i>fear/afraid: frighten</i>. In fact, at least for verb sets with a state component in the semantics there are three forms, with two noncausals, typically one unbounded and one bounded, usually ingressive: <i>fear, be afraid/scared</i> vs. <i>get scared, take fright.</i> This chapter proposes that we recognize causal triads as the basic set for causal-noncausal alternations. It offers terminology and a preliminary account of the semantics, derivation, and cross-linguistic distribution of the distinction, as well as criteria for deciding which of the noncausals is base for the other. It also raises some research questions and calls for inclusion of causal triad information in dictionaries. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.03mat 47 72 26 Chapter 3 1 A01 Simone Mattiola Mattiola, Simone Simone Mattiola University of Pavia 2 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Salerno 20 anticausative strategies 20 denominal/deadjectival verb formation strategies 20 diachrony 20 typology 01 This chapter explores denominal and deadjectival verb formation strategies (DVFSs), known as verbalizers, as potential diachronic sources of anticausative strategies (ASs). Specifically, it examines whether the anticausative function can serve as a bridgehead through which DVFSs extend into the domain of voice. We analyze synchronic relationships between the two strategies across a balanced sample of languages. We find two types of synchronic connections between DVFSs and anticausatives: (1) occasional anticausatives, where the DVFS applies to a limited set of non-nominal/non-adjectival roots to form intransitive change-of-state verbs that describe spontaneous events, and (2) established anticausatives, where the DVFS is systematically used to derive intransitive verbs. We propose that occasional and established anticausatives represent two diachronic stages in the reinterpretation of DVFSs as ASs. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.04ing 73 118 46 Chapter 4 1 A01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese University of Torino 2 A01 Jean-Christophe Verstraete Verstraete, Jean-Christophe Jean-Christophe Verstraete University of Leuven | Australian National University 20 anticausative constructions 20 Australian languages 20 complex verbs 20 conjugation class 20 intransitivization 01 This chapter explores the encoding of causal-noncausal alternations in Australian languages, with a focus on anticausativization. Using a genetically and geographically representative sample of 60 languages, we identified four major strategies involved in the anticausative pattern: verbalizers, complex verbs, conjugation class change, and verbal intransitivizers. Our survey reveals a range of distributional differences, in terms of base domain, geographic and genetic distribution. We traced diachronic sources and developmental mechanisms, showing that the four strategies may be connected via two main grammaticalization pathways: from reflexives to anticausatives, and possibly from complex verbs to verbalizers and to conjugation class markers (following McGregor 2002). These findings deepen our understanding of transitivity and voice in Australian languages and contribute to the broader diachronic typology of anticausative marking. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.05shv 119 152 34 Chapter 5 1 A01 Elena Shvedova Shvedova, Elena Elena Shvedova HSE University 20 anticausative 20 Aramaic 20 labile verbs 20 Neo-Aramaic 20 spontaneity scale 01 This chapter examines the evolution of anticausative marking (overt marker in noncausal verb) in Aramaic languages over a period of 3000 years. I describe the inventories of detransitivising markers (verbal stems) in Old, Middle and Modern Aramaic and show that the Aramaic material challenges typological assumptions about the stability of (de)transitivising morphemes. The Proto-Semitic anticausative N-stem disappeared early in Proto-Aramaic, while detransitive <i>t</i>-stems became more productive in pre-modern Aramaic and were then lost in most Modern Aramaic varieties. By studying 31 verb pairs in 10 Aramaic languages from different periods, I show that P-lability is increasingly replacing anticausative marking in all Modern Aramaic languages. This process was found to occur even in Modern Western Aramaic, which has preserved a productive (de)transitivising morphology. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.06tan 153 195 43 Chapter 6 1 A01 Iris Tanza-Kamil Tanza-Kamil, Iris Iris Tanza-Kamil Hebrew University of Jerusalem 20 Akkadian verb 20 argument structure 20 causal-noncausal alternation 20 morphosemantics 20 morphosyntax 20 Semitic verbal templates 01 This chapter provides an overview of the various strategies featured in Akkadian (East-Semitic) for the encoding of the causal-noncausal alternation. Akkadian could mark either the causal, the noncausal, or more rarely both alternants in the alternation. To mark causatives, Akkadian inserted its lexical roots into one of two causative templates, known as D and Š. To mark anticausatives, Akkadian marked verbal forms with the templatic morphemes <i>t</i>- and <i>n</i>-. Among inherited strategies to encode the alternation, roots more commonly make use of causative marking than anticausative marking. At least the anticausative markers are inherited from Afroasiatic, while the two causatives can only be reconstructed up to Semitic. Another strategy to mark anticausatives was innovated in Akkadian, however, and involved the productive <i>resultative</i> conjugation in all template patterns to denote states resulting from events with no specified causer. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.07hol 196 222 27 Chapter 7 1 A01 Axel Holvoet Holvoet, Axel Axel Holvoet Vilnius University 20 anticausative 20 antipassive 20 converse 20 facilitative 20 middle 20 passive 01 The chapter explores anticausatives in Slavonic and Baltic, focusing on subtypes that diverge in different ways from the canonical anticausative. It is often hard to identify their causal counterpart, which renders them hard to classify. Some arguably anticausative verbs could alternatively be viewed as antipassives, others show an agentive entailment that brings them closer to passives. All these verbs seem to constitute the periphery of the anticausative category, which is far from homogeneous. Alternative interpretations arise from a diachronic viewpoint: anticausatives can be defined as the result of lexical extension of an originally reflexive marker so that the verbs thus marked are no longer agents but patients or themes. Synchronically, the transitivity pairs singled out are often epiphenomenal. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.08ang 223 248 26 Chapter 8 1 A01 Marco Angster Angster, Marco Marco Angster University of Zadar 2 A01 Livio Gaeta Gaeta, Livio Livio Gaeta University of Turin 20 anticausative 20 contrastive co-reference 20 intensifiers 20 reflexivity 20 word-formation 01 Contrastive Co-reference (_{<i> <sc>cc</sc> </i>}) Markers (Angster 2023) are word-formation elements linked either formally or functionally to the class of intensifiers (König &#38; Gast 2006). Their function in word-formation is often interpreted as close to reflexivity — cf. König’s (2011) label <i>reflexive compounds</i>. In this chapter we will examine _{<i> <sc>cc</sc> </i>}Constructions — namely German synthetic <i>selbst-</i>compounds and their closest functional correspondent in Italian, i.e. <i>auto-</i>formations modified by a prepositional phrase introduced by the preposition <i>di</i> — in search for a possible anticausative interpretation of <i>selbst-</i> and <i>auto-</i>. We will show that an anticausative interpretation is possible when the verbs underlying a _{<i> <sc>cc</sc> </i>}Formation display a valency alternation, and in particular when the patient of a transitive verb is promoted to subject, while the subject is completely eclipsed. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.09ben 249 286 38 Chapter 9 1 A01 Delia Bentley Bentley, Delia Delia Bentley The University of Manchester 20 anticausative 20 causative 20 microvariation 20 middle voice 20 noncausative 20 Romance 01 Through comparative analysis of Italian and Spanish, I propose a method to investigate microvariation in the causative alternation in Romance. Taking a lexicalist perspective, I maintain that microvariation cannot be properly understood unless it is assumed that alternating verbs can figure in the intransitive as noncausative or causative verbal stems, the causative stems requiring anticausativization (causer suppression) in this domain. The contrasting behaviour of the scrutinised lemmas depends on the roles of the parameters [±<sc>definite change</sc>] and [±<sc>direct cause</sc>] in each language. In Spanish {−<sc>direct cause</sc>, +<sc>definite change</sc>} causative stems can anticausativize and figure as SE marked intransitives, while in Italian anticausativization is avoided with the same class. I propose an account of anticausativization in the two languages, highlighting the role of middle voice in the microvariation observed. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.10ing 287 332 46 Chapter 10 1 A01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese University of Torino 2 A01 Giulia Mazzola Mazzola, Giulia Giulia Mazzola Newcastle University 3 A01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria University of Torino 4 A01 Lorenzo Ferrarotti Ferrarotti, Lorenzo Lorenzo Ferrarotti University of Bergamo 5 A01 Bert Cornillie Cornillie, Bert Bert Cornillie KU Leuven 20 anticausative 20 Italian 20 lability 20 reflexive 20 Spanish 01 This comparative diachronic corpus study of Italian and Spanish focuses on the alternation between anticausativization (reflexive marking) and lability as noncausal marking strategies. By using mixed-effects logistic regression on historical data, we demonstrate the relevance of a variety of morphosyntactic, semantic, and cognitive parameters, and assess their stability across time and languages. Our results show that, diachronically, the alternation undergoes a telicity-based polarization and that SE spreads from controlled to non-controlled events. Our comparative findings suggest that the alternation in Italian is more sensitive to contextual factors (telicity), while in Spanish it responds, to a greater extent, to lexical constraints (causalness degree). To conclude, we discuss the interconnection among different factors and their relationship with the restructuring of the tense and voice systems from Latin to Romance. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.11ong 333 373 41 Chapter 11 1 A01 Tim A.F. Ongenae Ongenae, Tim A.F. Tim A.F. Ongenae Ghent University 20 anticausativization 20 lability 20 Latin 20 mediopassive 20 reflexivity 01 This chapter discusses how a corpus-based approach can contribute to a better understanding of the encoding variation in anticausativization and lability in Latin. Latin originally had three strategies to derive a noncausal alternant from a causal predicate (two marked and one unmarked), namely the mediopassive, the reflexive, and the labile strategies. First, I discuss how actionality played a role in the selection of lability over the marked anticausative strategies. Secondly, I discuss the role of control in the selection of the three strategies, especially in the distinction between the mediopassive and reflexive strategies. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.12pet 374 417 44 Chapter 12 1 A01 John Peterson Peterson, John John Peterson Kiel University 20 ambitransitives 20 anticausative 20 causal vs. noncausal 20 impersonal 20 Irish 20 plain vs induced 01 The present study gives a first overview of noncausal events and their marking in Modern Irish. Irish has two primary means of marking noncausal events: the first involves P-preserving labile verbs such as <i>iompaigh</i> ‘turn over (<sc>intr/tr)</sc>’. As a large percentage of these verbs end in -<i>(a)igh</i>, which goes back to a productive suffix in Old Irish, I trace the development of these forms in Old Irish, following Griffith (2010, 2013). The second means of marking noncausality is through impersonal verbal morphology, found with a handful of common predicates. I argue that impersonal marking allows for a reanalysis of it as an anticausative marker when the verb involves a final change-of-state. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.13bel 418 447 30 Chapter 13 1 A01 Kate Bellamy Bellamy, Kate Kate Bellamy Leiden University 2 A01 Martha Mendoza Mendoza, Martha Martha Mendoza Florida Atlantic University 3 A01 Calogero Rampello Rampello, Calogero Calogero Rampello Leiden University | University of Antwerp 4 A01 Mihai Tomoiaga Tomoiaga, Mihai Mihai Tomoiaga Leiden University 20 agglutinative languages 20 causal-noncausal alternations 20 Mesoamerican languages 20 P’urhepecha 20 valency-changing suffixes 01 In this chapter we present the causal and noncausal coding patterns for 31 verb pairs in P’urhepecha (isolate, western Mexico). We observe a strong preference for an equipollent coding type through contrasting suffixes, and a secondary preference for a suffix-marked causative type. The variety of suffixes used is striking; while <i>-kurhi</i> functions as the most common noncausal marker, causal meaning is mainly split between the three voice/valency suffixes <i>-ra, -ta</i> and <i>-ku</i>. The suffix <i>-ka</i> also surfaces in three verb pairs, as do spatial locative and direction suffixes with phoneme-level transitivity alternations. Explanations from previous literature cannot adequately account for these patterns. The presence of such variation suggests that P’urhepecha has undergone a series of diachronic processes of grammaticalisation and replacement. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.14aut 448 487 40 Chapter 14 1 A01 Gilles Authier Authier, Gilles Gilles Authier Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes 20 anticausative 20 antipassive 20 deagentive 20 deobjective 20 deponent 20 passive 01 Budugh, a highly endangered language of Azerbaijan, has causal-noncausal verb pairs, which can be analytic and equipollent, or synthetic and directed (causative or anticausative). We present here the synthetic anticausative derivation, available only in the imperfective aspect, and the corresponding labile perfective forms, their formation and usage, as well as semantic shifts associated with this valence change. Semantically regular alternating verbs are verbs of transformation or of controlled movement. More irregular are those belonging to derivational networks employing different spatial preverbs, and the possibility of anticausative derivation appears clearly linked to the overall meaning of the verb rather than to its root. Trends are identified that shed light on the history of the verbal lexicon diachronically, through internal or external comparison. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.15sve 488 514 27 Chapter 15 1 A01 Victor Bogren Svensson Bogren Svensson, Victor Victor Bogren Svensson Lund University 20 anticausative 20 Austronesian 20 Bunun 20 causative 20 Formosan 01 This chapter presents a first tentative analysis of transitivity alternations for causal-noncausal verb pairs in Takituduh Bunun (bnn, Austronesian: Taiwan). Takituduh Bunun uses both anticausative and causative grammatical structures for such transitivity alternations. These grammatical structures interact in complex ways with the Austronesian Voice System, although I argue that causativization and anticausativization are used independently to form complex stems upon which the Voice System layered. The distribution of the synthetic and analytic causatives and the anticausative in Takituduh Bunun adhere to the predictions made by the Spontaneity Scale. 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 December 2026 20261215 2026 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027237880 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 10 20261215 01 00 130.00 EUR R 01 00 109.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 169.00 USD S 190032242 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 138 Hb 15 9789027237880 BB 01 TSL 02 0167-7373 Typological Studies in Language 138 01 tsl.138 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.138 1 B01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese Università di Torino 2 B01 Giulia Mazzola Mazzola, Giulia Giulia Mazzola Newcastle University 3 B01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria Università di Torino 01 eng 525 vi 514 + index LAN009060 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.TYP Typology 06 01 The study of the causal-noncausal alternation offers a unique window onto how languages represent causal relations and event structure. Among the strategies used to encode this alternation, anticausative markers, that is, markers that overtly signal noncausal situations, have received considerably less attention than causatives, particularly from a typological and a diachronic perspective. This volume addresses this gap by bringing together fourteen original studies that span a wide range of language families and geographical areas, while drawing on diverse methodologies and data sources. The chapters explore how anticausatives are realized across languages, how they interact with competing strategies such as lability and causativization, and how they are historically connected to other voice operations such as reflexives and passives. Several contributions also examine the origins and grammaticalization of anticausative markers, identifying previously overlooked diachronic sources and challenging the widespread view that anticausatives derive primarily from reflexive constructions. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.138.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027237880.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027237880.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.138.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.138.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.138.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.138.hb.png 10 01 JB code tsl.138.prelim i iv 4 Prelim pages -1 10 01 JB code tsl.138.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 0 10 01 JB code tsl.138.01ing 1 24 24 Chapter 1 1 A01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese Università di Torino 2 A01 Giulia Mazzola Mazzola, Giulia Giulia Mazzola Newcastle University 3 A01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria Università di Torino 20 anticausative 20 causal-noncausal alternation 20 diachronic typology 20 reflexive 01 This chapter opens the volume by offering an introduction to the typology and diachrony of anticausative markers, exploring their structural and semantic properties. We first provide a definition of what cross-linguistically counts as an anticausative marker and discuss how anticausatives may be distinct from other voice markers, including passives and reflexives. In doing so, we single out the crucial difference between autocausative and decausative situations. We also survey the grammaticalization of anticausative markers, showcasing the variety of sources from which they can emerge, which, contrary to a widely shared view, is not limited to reflexivity. Finally, we provide a succinct summary of the chapters featured in this volume. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.02nic 25 46 22 Chapter 2 1 A01 Johanna Nichols Nichols, Johanna Johanna Nichols UC Berkeley 20 anticausative 20 causal-noncausal alternation 20 derivational base 20 extension 20 reflexive verb 01 Causal-noncausal alternations are usually described as pairs, e.g. <i>fear/afraid: frighten</i>. In fact, at least for verb sets with a state component in the semantics there are three forms, with two noncausals, typically one unbounded and one bounded, usually ingressive: <i>fear, be afraid/scared</i> vs. <i>get scared, take fright.</i> This chapter proposes that we recognize causal triads as the basic set for causal-noncausal alternations. It offers terminology and a preliminary account of the semantics, derivation, and cross-linguistic distribution of the distinction, as well as criteria for deciding which of the noncausals is base for the other. It also raises some research questions and calls for inclusion of causal triad information in dictionaries. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.03mat 47 72 26 Chapter 3 1 A01 Simone Mattiola Mattiola, Simone Simone Mattiola University of Pavia 2 A01 Andrea Sansó Sansó, Andrea Andrea Sansó University of Salerno 20 anticausative strategies 20 denominal/deadjectival verb formation strategies 20 diachrony 20 typology 01 This chapter explores denominal and deadjectival verb formation strategies (DVFSs), known as verbalizers, as potential diachronic sources of anticausative strategies (ASs). Specifically, it examines whether the anticausative function can serve as a bridgehead through which DVFSs extend into the domain of voice. We analyze synchronic relationships between the two strategies across a balanced sample of languages. We find two types of synchronic connections between DVFSs and anticausatives: (1) occasional anticausatives, where the DVFS applies to a limited set of non-nominal/non-adjectival roots to form intransitive change-of-state verbs that describe spontaneous events, and (2) established anticausatives, where the DVFS is systematically used to derive intransitive verbs. We propose that occasional and established anticausatives represent two diachronic stages in the reinterpretation of DVFSs as ASs. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.04ing 73 118 46 Chapter 4 1 A01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese University of Torino 2 A01 Jean-Christophe Verstraete Verstraete, Jean-Christophe Jean-Christophe Verstraete University of Leuven | Australian National University 20 anticausative constructions 20 Australian languages 20 complex verbs 20 conjugation class 20 intransitivization 01 This chapter explores the encoding of causal-noncausal alternations in Australian languages, with a focus on anticausativization. Using a genetically and geographically representative sample of 60 languages, we identified four major strategies involved in the anticausative pattern: verbalizers, complex verbs, conjugation class change, and verbal intransitivizers. Our survey reveals a range of distributional differences, in terms of base domain, geographic and genetic distribution. We traced diachronic sources and developmental mechanisms, showing that the four strategies may be connected via two main grammaticalization pathways: from reflexives to anticausatives, and possibly from complex verbs to verbalizers and to conjugation class markers (following McGregor 2002). These findings deepen our understanding of transitivity and voice in Australian languages and contribute to the broader diachronic typology of anticausative marking. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.05shv 119 152 34 Chapter 5 1 A01 Elena Shvedova Shvedova, Elena Elena Shvedova HSE University 20 anticausative 20 Aramaic 20 labile verbs 20 Neo-Aramaic 20 spontaneity scale 01 This chapter examines the evolution of anticausative marking (overt marker in noncausal verb) in Aramaic languages over a period of 3000 years. I describe the inventories of detransitivising markers (verbal stems) in Old, Middle and Modern Aramaic and show that the Aramaic material challenges typological assumptions about the stability of (de)transitivising morphemes. The Proto-Semitic anticausative N-stem disappeared early in Proto-Aramaic, while detransitive <i>t</i>-stems became more productive in pre-modern Aramaic and were then lost in most Modern Aramaic varieties. By studying 31 verb pairs in 10 Aramaic languages from different periods, I show that P-lability is increasingly replacing anticausative marking in all Modern Aramaic languages. This process was found to occur even in Modern Western Aramaic, which has preserved a productive (de)transitivising morphology. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.06tan 153 195 43 Chapter 6 1 A01 Iris Tanza-Kamil Tanza-Kamil, Iris Iris Tanza-Kamil Hebrew University of Jerusalem 20 Akkadian verb 20 argument structure 20 causal-noncausal alternation 20 morphosemantics 20 morphosyntax 20 Semitic verbal templates 01 This chapter provides an overview of the various strategies featured in Akkadian (East-Semitic) for the encoding of the causal-noncausal alternation. Akkadian could mark either the causal, the noncausal, or more rarely both alternants in the alternation. To mark causatives, Akkadian inserted its lexical roots into one of two causative templates, known as D and Š. To mark anticausatives, Akkadian marked verbal forms with the templatic morphemes <i>t</i>- and <i>n</i>-. Among inherited strategies to encode the alternation, roots more commonly make use of causative marking than anticausative marking. At least the anticausative markers are inherited from Afroasiatic, while the two causatives can only be reconstructed up to Semitic. Another strategy to mark anticausatives was innovated in Akkadian, however, and involved the productive <i>resultative</i> conjugation in all template patterns to denote states resulting from events with no specified causer. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.07hol 196 222 27 Chapter 7 1 A01 Axel Holvoet Holvoet, Axel Axel Holvoet Vilnius University 20 anticausative 20 antipassive 20 converse 20 facilitative 20 middle 20 passive 01 The chapter explores anticausatives in Slavonic and Baltic, focusing on subtypes that diverge in different ways from the canonical anticausative. It is often hard to identify their causal counterpart, which renders them hard to classify. Some arguably anticausative verbs could alternatively be viewed as antipassives, others show an agentive entailment that brings them closer to passives. All these verbs seem to constitute the periphery of the anticausative category, which is far from homogeneous. Alternative interpretations arise from a diachronic viewpoint: anticausatives can be defined as the result of lexical extension of an originally reflexive marker so that the verbs thus marked are no longer agents but patients or themes. Synchronically, the transitivity pairs singled out are often epiphenomenal. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.08ang 223 248 26 Chapter 8 1 A01 Marco Angster Angster, Marco Marco Angster University of Zadar 2 A01 Livio Gaeta Gaeta, Livio Livio Gaeta University of Turin 20 anticausative 20 contrastive co-reference 20 intensifiers 20 reflexivity 20 word-formation 01 Contrastive Co-reference (_{<i> <sc>cc</sc> </i>}) Markers (Angster 2023) are word-formation elements linked either formally or functionally to the class of intensifiers (König &#38; Gast 2006). Their function in word-formation is often interpreted as close to reflexivity — cf. König’s (2011) label <i>reflexive compounds</i>. In this chapter we will examine _{<i> <sc>cc</sc> </i>}Constructions — namely German synthetic <i>selbst-</i>compounds and their closest functional correspondent in Italian, i.e. <i>auto-</i>formations modified by a prepositional phrase introduced by the preposition <i>di</i> — in search for a possible anticausative interpretation of <i>selbst-</i> and <i>auto-</i>. We will show that an anticausative interpretation is possible when the verbs underlying a _{<i> <sc>cc</sc> </i>}Formation display a valency alternation, and in particular when the patient of a transitive verb is promoted to subject, while the subject is completely eclipsed. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.09ben 249 286 38 Chapter 9 1 A01 Delia Bentley Bentley, Delia Delia Bentley The University of Manchester 20 anticausative 20 causative 20 microvariation 20 middle voice 20 noncausative 20 Romance 01 Through comparative analysis of Italian and Spanish, I propose a method to investigate microvariation in the causative alternation in Romance. Taking a lexicalist perspective, I maintain that microvariation cannot be properly understood unless it is assumed that alternating verbs can figure in the intransitive as noncausative or causative verbal stems, the causative stems requiring anticausativization (causer suppression) in this domain. The contrasting behaviour of the scrutinised lemmas depends on the roles of the parameters [±<sc>definite change</sc>] and [±<sc>direct cause</sc>] in each language. In Spanish {−<sc>direct cause</sc>, +<sc>definite change</sc>} causative stems can anticausativize and figure as SE marked intransitives, while in Italian anticausativization is avoided with the same class. I propose an account of anticausativization in the two languages, highlighting the role of middle voice in the microvariation observed. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.10ing 287 332 46 Chapter 10 1 A01 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese University of Torino 2 A01 Giulia Mazzola Mazzola, Giulia Giulia Mazzola Newcastle University 3 A01 Eugenio Goria Goria, Eugenio Eugenio Goria University of Torino 4 A01 Lorenzo Ferrarotti Ferrarotti, Lorenzo Lorenzo Ferrarotti University of Bergamo 5 A01 Bert Cornillie Cornillie, Bert Bert Cornillie KU Leuven 20 anticausative 20 Italian 20 lability 20 reflexive 20 Spanish 01 This comparative diachronic corpus study of Italian and Spanish focuses on the alternation between anticausativization (reflexive marking) and lability as noncausal marking strategies. By using mixed-effects logistic regression on historical data, we demonstrate the relevance of a variety of morphosyntactic, semantic, and cognitive parameters, and assess their stability across time and languages. Our results show that, diachronically, the alternation undergoes a telicity-based polarization and that SE spreads from controlled to non-controlled events. Our comparative findings suggest that the alternation in Italian is more sensitive to contextual factors (telicity), while in Spanish it responds, to a greater extent, to lexical constraints (causalness degree). To conclude, we discuss the interconnection among different factors and their relationship with the restructuring of the tense and voice systems from Latin to Romance. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.11ong 333 373 41 Chapter 11 1 A01 Tim A.F. Ongenae Ongenae, Tim A.F. Tim A.F. Ongenae Ghent University 20 anticausativization 20 lability 20 Latin 20 mediopassive 20 reflexivity 01 This chapter discusses how a corpus-based approach can contribute to a better understanding of the encoding variation in anticausativization and lability in Latin. Latin originally had three strategies to derive a noncausal alternant from a causal predicate (two marked and one unmarked), namely the mediopassive, the reflexive, and the labile strategies. First, I discuss how actionality played a role in the selection of lability over the marked anticausative strategies. Secondly, I discuss the role of control in the selection of the three strategies, especially in the distinction between the mediopassive and reflexive strategies. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.12pet 374 417 44 Chapter 12 1 A01 John Peterson Peterson, John John Peterson Kiel University 20 ambitransitives 20 anticausative 20 causal vs. noncausal 20 impersonal 20 Irish 20 plain vs induced 01 The present study gives a first overview of noncausal events and their marking in Modern Irish. Irish has two primary means of marking noncausal events: the first involves P-preserving labile verbs such as <i>iompaigh</i> ‘turn over (<sc>intr/tr)</sc>’. As a large percentage of these verbs end in -<i>(a)igh</i>, which goes back to a productive suffix in Old Irish, I trace the development of these forms in Old Irish, following Griffith (2010, 2013). The second means of marking noncausality is through impersonal verbal morphology, found with a handful of common predicates. I argue that impersonal marking allows for a reanalysis of it as an anticausative marker when the verb involves a final change-of-state. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.13bel 418 447 30 Chapter 13 1 A01 Kate Bellamy Bellamy, Kate Kate Bellamy Leiden University 2 A01 Martha Mendoza Mendoza, Martha Martha Mendoza Florida Atlantic University 3 A01 Calogero Rampello Rampello, Calogero Calogero Rampello Leiden University | University of Antwerp 4 A01 Mihai Tomoiaga Tomoiaga, Mihai Mihai Tomoiaga Leiden University 20 agglutinative languages 20 causal-noncausal alternations 20 Mesoamerican languages 20 P’urhepecha 20 valency-changing suffixes 01 In this chapter we present the causal and noncausal coding patterns for 31 verb pairs in P’urhepecha (isolate, western Mexico). We observe a strong preference for an equipollent coding type through contrasting suffixes, and a secondary preference for a suffix-marked causative type. The variety of suffixes used is striking; while <i>-kurhi</i> functions as the most common noncausal marker, causal meaning is mainly split between the three voice/valency suffixes <i>-ra, -ta</i> and <i>-ku</i>. The suffix <i>-ka</i> also surfaces in three verb pairs, as do spatial locative and direction suffixes with phoneme-level transitivity alternations. Explanations from previous literature cannot adequately account for these patterns. The presence of such variation suggests that P’urhepecha has undergone a series of diachronic processes of grammaticalisation and replacement. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.14aut 448 487 40 Chapter 14 1 A01 Gilles Authier Authier, Gilles Gilles Authier Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes 20 anticausative 20 antipassive 20 deagentive 20 deobjective 20 deponent 20 passive 01 Budugh, a highly endangered language of Azerbaijan, has causal-noncausal verb pairs, which can be analytic and equipollent, or synthetic and directed (causative or anticausative). We present here the synthetic anticausative derivation, available only in the imperfective aspect, and the corresponding labile perfective forms, their formation and usage, as well as semantic shifts associated with this valence change. Semantically regular alternating verbs are verbs of transformation or of controlled movement. More irregular are those belonging to derivational networks employing different spatial preverbs, and the possibility of anticausative derivation appears clearly linked to the overall meaning of the verb rather than to its root. Trends are identified that shed light on the history of the verbal lexicon diachronically, through internal or external comparison. 10 01 JB code tsl.138.15sve 488 514 27 Chapter 15 1 A01 Victor Bogren Svensson Bogren Svensson, Victor Victor Bogren Svensson Lund University 20 anticausative 20 Austronesian 20 Bunun 20 causative 20 Formosan 01 This chapter presents a first tentative analysis of transitivity alternations for causal-noncausal verb pairs in Takituduh Bunun (bnn, Austronesian: Taiwan). Takituduh Bunun uses both anticausative and causative grammatical structures for such transitivity alternations. These grammatical structures interact in complex ways with the Austronesian Voice System, although I argue that causativization and anticausativization are used independently to form complex stems upon which the Voice System layered. The distribution of the synthetic and analytic causatives and the anticausative in Takituduh Bunun adhere to the predictions made by the Spontaneity Scale. 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 December 2026 20261215 2026 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 10 20261215 01 02 JB 1 00 145.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 153.70 EUR R 01 JB 10 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 GB 10 20261215 02 02 JB 1 00 122.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 Casemate Academic 610-853-9131 610-853-9143 Girard.Kratz@casematepublishers.com 01 https://benjamins.com 02 US CA MX 10 20261215 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 189.00 USD